Wireless Telecommunications is the Transfer of Information Between Two or More Points That Are Not...

7/31/2019 Wireless Telecommunications is the Transfer of Information Between Two or More Points That Are Not Physically C

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Wirelesstelecommunicationsis the transfer of information between two or more points that are

not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few metres for television remotecontrol, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometres for deep-space radio

communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portabletwo-way radios,

cellular telephones,personal digital assistants(PDAs), andwireless networking. Other examples

ofwireless technology includeGPSunits,Garage door openersor garage doors, wirelesscomputer mice,keyboardsandHeadset (audio),headphones,radio receivers,satellite television,

broadcast televisionand cordlesstelephones.

[edit] Introduction

Wireless operations permit services, such as long range communications, that are impossible orimpractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the

telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and

receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some form of

energy (e.g.radio frequency(RF),acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without the use of

wires.[1]Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances.

[edit] Wireless services

This unreferenced section requirescitationsto ensureverifiability.

Common examples of wireless equipment include:

Telemetry control and traffic control systems Infrared and ultrasonic remote control devices Modulated laser light systems for point to point communications Professional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) and SMR (SpecializedMobile Radio) typically

used by business, industrial and Public Safety entities.

ConsumerTwo way radioincluding FRSFamily Radio Service, GMRS (General MobileRadio Service) and Citizens band ("CB") radios.

TheAmateur RadioService (Ham radio). Consumer and professionalMarine VHF radios. Airbandandradio navigationequipment used byaviatorsandair traffic control Cellular telephonesand pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile

applications, both personal and business.

Global Positioning System(GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats andships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth.

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Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards andprinters can also be linked to a computer via wireless using technology such asWireless

USBorBluetooth

Cordless telephonesets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cellphones.
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_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_way_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-FS1037C-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headset_%28audio%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_door_openerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication


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Satellite television: Is broadcast from satellites ingeostationary orbit. Typical servicesusedirect broadcast satelliteto provide multipletelevisionchannels to viewers.

[edit] Wireless networks

Wireless networking(i.e. the various types of unlicensed 2.4 GHz WiFi devices) is used to meetmany needs. Perhaps the most common use is to connect laptop users who travel from location to

location. Another common use is for mobile networks that connect via satellite. A wirelesstransmission method is a logical choice to network a LAN segment that must frequently change

locations. The following situations justify the use of wireless technology:

To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling, To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure, To link portable or temporary workstations, To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or To remotely connect mobile users or networks.

[edit] Modes

Wireless communications can be via:

radiofrequency communication, microwavecommunication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly directional

antennas, or short-range communication,

infrared(IR) short-range communication, for example fromconsumer IRdevices such asremote controlsor viaInfrared Data Association(IrDA).

Applications may involvepoint-to-point communication,point-to-multipoint communication,broadcasting,cellular networksand otherwireless networks.

[edit] Cordless

The term "wireless" should not be confused with the term "cordless", which is generally used to

refer to powered electrical or electronic devices that are able to operate from a portable powersource (e.g. a battery pack) without any cable or cord to limit the mobility of the cordless device

through a connection to the mains power supply.

Some cordless devices, such as cordless telephones, are also wireless in the sense thatinformation is transferred from the cordless telephone to the telephone's base unit via some type

of wirelesscommunications link. This has caused somedisparityin the usage of the term

"cordless", for example inDigital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications.

[edit] History
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[edit] Electromagnetic spectrum

See also:Spectrum management

Light, colors, AM and FM radio, and electronic devices make use of theelectromagnetic

spectrum. The frequencies of theradio spectrumthat are available for use for communication aretreated as a public resource and are regulated by national organizations such as the Federal

Communications Commissionin the USA, orOfcomin the United Kingdom. This determineswhich frequency ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom. In the absence of such

control or alternative arrangements such as a privatized electromagnetic spectrum, chaos might

result if, for example, airlines didn't have specific frequencies to work under and anamateur

radiooperator were interfering with the pilot's ability to land anaircraft. Wirelesscommunication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz. Henreich Hertz was the discoverer

of the electromagnetic wave, it gave a platform for further inventions in wireless communication.

[edit] Applications of wireless technology[edit] Mobile telephones

One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is themobile phone, also known as a

cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end

of 2010.[6]

These wireless phones use radio waves to enable their users to make phone calls from

many locations worldwide. They can be used within range of themobile telephone siteused tohouse the equipment required to transmit and receive theradio signalsfrom these instruments.

[edit] Wireless data communications

Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing.[7]The various

available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance,[8][9]

and in

some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch betweenthem. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used,[10][11]or

amobile VPNdeployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, singlevirtual network.[12]

Supporting technologies include:

Wi-Fi is a wirelesslocal area networkthat enables portable computing devices to connect

easily to theInternet.[13]

Standardized asIEEE 802.11a,b,g,n,Wi-Fiapproaches speedsof some types of wiredEthernet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in

private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots.[14]

Some businesses chargecustomers a monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it for free in an

effort to increase the sales of their goods.[15]

Cellular data service offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearestcell

site.[8]

Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies

such asGSM,CDMAandGPRS, to3Gnetworks such asW-CDMA,EDGEorCDMA2000.[16][17]
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Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are

unavailable, such as in largely rural areas[18]

or remote locations.[8]

Satellitecommunicationsare especially important fortransportation,aviation,maritimeand

militaryuse.[19]

[edit] Wireless energy transfer

Main article:Wireless energy transfer

Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a powersource to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use ofinterconnecting wires.

[edit] Computer interface devices

Answering the call of customers frustrated with cord clutter, many manufactures of computer

peripherals turned to wireless technology to satisfy their consumer base. Originally these unitsused bulky, highly limited transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard andmouse, however more recent generations have used small, high quality devices, some even

incorporatingBluetooth. These systems have become so ubiquitous that some users have begun

complaining about a lack of wired peripherals.[who?] Wireless devices tend to have a slightly

slower response time than their wired counterparts, however the gap is decreasing. Concernsabout the security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007, when it was revealed that

Microsoft's implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models was highly insecure .[20]

[edit] Categories of wireless implementations, devices and

standards Radio communication system Broadcasting Amateur radio Land Mobile RadioorProfessional Mobile Radio:TETRA,P25,OpenSky,EDACS,

DMR,dPMR

Cordless telephony:DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) Cellular networks:0G,1G,2G,3G,Beyond 3G (4G), Future wireless List of emerging technologies Short-range point-to-point communication :Wireless microphones,Remote controls,

IrDA,RFID (Radio Frequency Identification),TransferJet,Wireless USB,DSRC(Dedicated Short Range Communications),EnOcean,Near Field Communication

Wireless sensor networks:ZigBee,EnOcean;Personal area networks,Bluetooth,TransferJet,Ultra-wideband(UWB fromWiMedia Alliance).

Wireless networks:Wireless LAN(WLAN), (IEEE 802.11branded asWi-FiandHiperLAN),Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks(WMAN) and (LMDS,WiMAX, and

HiperMAN)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-Geeks-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-Geeks-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radio_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radio_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSkyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSkyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSkyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDACShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDACShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDACShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordless_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordless_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-widebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-widebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-widebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMedia_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMedia_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMedia_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiperLANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiperLANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless_Metropolitan_Area_Network&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless_Metropolitan_Area_Network&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless_Metropolitan_Area_Network&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Multipoint_Distribution_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Multipoint_Distribution_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Multipoint_Distribution_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiperMANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiperMANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiperMANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Multipoint_Distribution_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless_Metropolitan_Area_Network&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiperLANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMedia_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-widebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordless_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDACShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSkyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radio_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-Geeks-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#cite_note-17


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[edit] See also

Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to:navigation,search

"3GSM" redirects here. For the mobile exhibition, seeMobile World Congress.

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a

third generationmobile cellular technology for networks

based on theGSMstandard. Developed by the3GPP(3rd

Generation Partnership Project), UMTS is a component of

theInternational Telecommunications UnionIMT-2000standard set and compares with the CDMA2000 standard

set for networks based on the competingcdmaOne

technology. UMTS employsWideband Code Division

Multiple Access(W-CDMA) radio access technology to offer

greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network

operators. UMTS specifies a complete network system,

covering theradio access network(UMTS Terrestrial RadioAccess Network, or UTRAN), thecore network(Mobile

Application Part, or MAP) and the authentication of users

via SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module).Features

UMTS supports maximum theoretical datatransfer ratesof 42Mbit/swhenHSPA+is

implemented in the network.[2]

Users in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to384 kbit/s for R99 handsets, and 7.2 Mbit/s forHSDPAhandsets in the downlink connection.

These speeds are significantly faster than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit

switched data channel, multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels inHSCSDand 14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne

channels.

Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of beingupgraded withHigh Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA), sometimes known as3.5G.

Currently, HSDPA enablesdownlinktransfer speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s. Work is also

progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with theHigh-Speed Uplink Packet Access(HSUPA). Longer term, the3GPP Long Term Evolutionproject plans to move UMTS to 4G
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Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_World_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless&action=edit&section=17


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speeds of 100 Mbit/s down and 50 Mbit/s up, using a next generation air interface technology

based uponorthogonal frequency-division multiplexing.

The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a heavy emphasis on telco-

provided mobile applications such as mobile TV andvideo calling. The high data speeds of

UMTS are now most often utilised for Internet access: experience in Japan and elsewhere hasshown that user demand for video calls is not high, and telco-provided audio/video content has

declined in popularity in favour of high-speed access to the World Wide Webeither directly ona handset or connected to a computer viaWi-Fi,Bluetooth,InfraredorUSB.

[edit] Technology

The technology described in UMTS is sometimes also referred to as Freedom of MobileMultimedia Access (FOMA) or 3GSM.[1]

UnlikeEDGE(IMT Single-Carrier, based onGSM) andCDMA2000(IMT Multi-Carrier),

UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations.

Contents

GSMFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


For other uses, seeGSM (disambiguation).

The GSM logo is used to identify compatible handsets and equipment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#cite_note-othernames-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#cite_note-othernames-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#cite_note-othernames-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GSMLogo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GSMLogo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GSMLogo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GSMLogo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#cite_note-othernames-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDM


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GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spcial Mobile), is astandard set developed by theEuropean Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI) todescribe technologies for second generation (2G) digitalcellular networks. Developed as a

replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally

described a digital, circuit switched network optimized forfull duplexvoicetelephony. The

standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switched data transport, then packet datatransport viaGPRS(General Packet Radio Services). Packet data transmission speeds were later

increased viaEDGE(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) referred as EGPRS. The GSM

standard is more improved after the development of third generation (3G)UMTSstandarddeveloped by the3GPP. GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth

generation (4G)LTE Advancedstandards. "GSM" is atrademarkowned by theGSM

Association.

Personal Communications ServiceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


This article is about the mobile phone service type. For theNorth American Numbering Plan5XX area

codes, seePersonal Communications Service (NANP).

At the most basic level Personal Communications Service or PCS describes a set ofwirelesscommunications capabilities that allows some combination of terminal mobility,personalmobility, and service profile management.[1]More specifically, PCS refers to any of several

types of wireless voice and/or wireless data communications systems, typically incorporating

digital technology, providing services similar to advancedcellularmobile orpagingservices. In

addition, PCS can also be used to provide other wireless communications services, includingservices that allow people to place and receive communications while away from their home or

office, as well as wireless communications to homes, office buildings and otherfixedlocations.[2]

Described in more commercial terms, PCS is a generation of wireless-phone technology thatcombines a range of features and services surpassing those available in analog- and digital-

cellular phone systems, providing a user with an all-in-one wireless phone, paging, messaging,

and data service.[3]

TheInternational Telecommunications Uniondescribes Personal Communications Services as a

component of theIMT-2000(3G) standard. PCS and the IMT-2000 standard of which PCS is a

part do not specify a particularair interfaceandchannel access method. Wireless serviceproviders may deploy equipment using any of several air interface and channel access methods,

as long as the network meets the service description characteristics described in the standard.[4]

InCanada,Mexicoand theUnited States, PCS services are provided in the 1850-1990 MHz

frequency band (commonly referred to as the "1900 MHz band").[5]

This frequency band was

designated by the United StatesFCCandIndustry Canadato be used for new wireless services toalleviate capacity caps inherent in the originalAMPSandD-AMPScellular networks in the 800-

894 MHz frequency band (commonly referred to as the "850 MHz band"). These frequency
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bands are particular to North America and other frequency bands may be designated in other

regions.

Wireless LAN

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


For the radio stations in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, seeWLAN (AM)andWLAN-FM.

Thisnotebook computeris connected to awireless access pointusing aPC cardwireless card.

An example of a Wi-Fi network.

A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wirelessdistribution method (typicallyspread-spectrumorOFDMradio), and usually providing aconnection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move

around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern WLANs

are based onIEEE 802.11standards, marketed under theWi-Fibrand name.
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Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and in commercial

complexes offering wireless access to their customers; often for free. Large wireless networkprojects are being put up in many major cities:New York City, for instance, has begun a pilot

program to provide city workers in all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.[1]

Radio waves Wireless ad-hoc networkFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


A wireless ad-hoc network is a decentralized type ofwireless network.[1]

The network isad hoc

because it does not rely on a preexisting infrastructure, such as routersin wired networks or

access pointsin managed (infrastructure) wireless networks. Instead, eachnodeparticipates inrouting by forwarding data for other nodes, and so the determination of which nodes forward

data is made dynamically based on the network connectivity. In addition to the classic routing,

ad hoc networks can usefloodingfor forwarding the data.

An ad hoc network typically refers to any set of networks where all devices have equal status on

a network and are free to associate with any other ad hoc network devices in link range. Veryoften, ad hoc network refers to a mode of operation ofIEEE 802.11wireless networks.

It also refers to a network device's ability to maintain link status information for any number ofdevices in a 1 link (aka "hop") range, and thus this is most often aLayer 2activity. Because this

is only a Layer 2 activity, ad hoc networks alone may not support a routeable IP network

environment without additionalLayer 2orLayer 3capabilities.

The earliest wireless ad-hoc networks were the "packet radio" networks (PRNETs) from the1970s, sponsored byDARPAafter theALOHAnetproject.

Contents

[hide]

1 Application 2 Technical requirements 3 Medium-access control 4 Simulation of wireless ad-hoc networks 5 See also 6 References

[edit] Application
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tp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_%28computer_science%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ad-hoc_network#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ad-hoc_network#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ad-hoc_network#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Information_Technology_and_Telecommunications


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The decentralized nature of wireless ad-hoc networks makes them suitable for a variety of

applications where central nodes can't be relied on, and may improve the scalability of wirelessad-hoc networks compared to wireless managed networks, though theoretical[2]and practical[3]

limits to the overall capacity of such networks have been identified.

Minimal configuration and quick deployment make ad hoc networks suitable for emergencysituations like natural disasters or military conflicts. The presence of dynamic and adaptive

routing protocols enables ad-hoc networks to be formed quickly.

Wireless ad hoc networks can be further classified by their application:

mobile ad-hoc networks(MANET) wireless mesh networks(WMN) wireless sensor networks(WSN)

[edit] Technical requirements

An ad-hoc network is made up of multiple nodes connected by links.

Links are influenced by the node's resources (e.g. transmitter power, computing power andmemory) and by behavioral properties (e.g. reliability), as well as by link properties (e.g. length-

of-link and signal loss, interference and noise). Since links can be connected or disconnected at

any time, a functioning network must be able to cope with this dynamic restructuring, preferablyin a way that is timely, efficient, reliable, robust and scalable.

The network must allow any two nodes to communicate, by relaying the information via other

nodes. A path is a series of links that connects two nodes. Various routing methods use one or

two paths between any two nodes; flooding methods use all or most of the available paths.[4]

[edit] Medium-access control

In most wireless ad hoc networks, the nodes compete for access to shared wireless medium,

often resulting incollisions(interference). Usingcooperative wireless communicationsimprovesimmunity tointerferenceby having the destination node combine self-interference and other-

node interference to improve decoding of the desired signal.

[edit] Simulation of wireless ad-hoc networks

One key problem to Wireless Ad Hoc networks is foreseeing the variety of possible situations

that can occur. As a result, Modeling and Simulation using extensive parameter sweeping andwhat-if analysis becomes an extremely important paradigm for use in ad hoc networks.

Traditional M&S tools includeNS2,(and recently NS3),OPNET Modeler, andNetSim.

However, these tools focus primarily on the simulation of the entire protocol stack of the system.

Although that can be important in the proof-of-concept implementations of systems, the need for
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a more advanced simulation methodology is always there. Agent-based modeling and simulation

offers such a paradigm. Not to be confused with multi-agent systems and intelligent agents,agent-based modeling[5]originated from social sciences, where the goal was to evaluate and view

large-scale systems with numerous interacting "AGENT" or components in a wide variety of

random situations to observe global phenomena. Unlike traditional AI systems withIntelligent

agents, agent-based modeling is similar to the real world. Agent-based models are thus effectivein modeling bio-inspired and nature-inspired systems. In these systems, the basic interactions of

the components the system, also calledComplex Adaptive System, are simple but result in

advanced global phenomena such asemergence.

Electromagnetic spectrum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of

frequencies and wavelengths

The electromagnetic spectrum is therangeof all possible frequencies ofelectromagnetic

radiation.[1]

The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object is the characteristic distribution of

electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object.

The electromagnetic spectrum extends from low frequencies used for modernradio

communication togamma radiationat the short-wavelength(high-frequency) end, therebycovering wavelengths from thousands ofkilometresdown to afractionof the size of anatom. It

is for this reason that the electromagnetic spectrum is highly studied for spectroscopic purposes

to characterize matter.[2]

The limit for long wavelength is the size of theuniverseitself, while it

is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of thePlanck length,[3]although inprinciple the spectrum isinfiniteandcontinuous.

Range of the spectrum

Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following three physical properties:

thefrequencyf,wavelength, orphotonenergyE. Frequencies range from 2.41023

Hz (1GeV
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