Wireless Design Project

17622467 ELE5TDE FINAL PROJECT

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Mobile network management is a complex process that needs proper balance between cost

factors and the target specification with the deployment of new technologies. Mobile

Frequency spectrum and the antennas should be deployed very precisely because they need to

last for many years of time. Moreover the increasing demand of data rates in mobile

technology has raised the bars of need of physical infrastructures. This is where Long Term

Evolution (LTE) technology comes into play. It is a different technology than the traditional GSM

and CDMA mobile telephony. And because it is very cost acquiring project to implement

directly such infrastructures, a simulation tool is very handy to use.

1.2 The Cell planner

In this project, we are introduced to Cell Planner 11.5 software planning tool for

designing and planning cellular mobile telecommunication networks. CellPlanner is an

advanced software for the design and optimization of mobile radio networks. It helps in the

planning and optimization which saves time and money during network establishment of 2G,

3G, WiMAX, and also the LTE networks. This tool helps in the deployment of a network and the

simulation for a given area accordingly.

1.3 LTE (Long Term Evolution) antennas.[1]

LTE provides the fastest mobile broadband service commercially available today. The high

speeds are made possible by using more radio spectrum per connection, multiple antenna

paths and more efficient encoding on the data sent and received. Some elements that are

required to build an LTE are:

Antennas and radio base station called eNode B

A Transport Network(optical fibers and IP routers)

A Gateway(connection to internet and IP networks)

A mobility management entity(MME)


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Home subscribers database

A policy management system

IP multimedia subsystem(To handle voice over LTE)

Everything starts from our personal handset device. Let’s say we are using voice over LTE phone

call, sharing video, and sending heavy emails all at the same time. The MME establishes the

connection to the end terminal and is responsible to the signaling to the end terminal. Using

LTE all our datae is sent and received using IP packets. Ip packets are like transporters off all our

datae like emails, voices and videos. This information embedded in packets is carefully sent to

the eNode B Base stations. Then the base stations take information in the packets through the

microwave link to the gateway, a system made out of several levels. The serving gateway routes

the data towards its journey. This is the pillar of exchange of information between mobile and

the packet networks. Then ignoring the technology involved, the data is routed according to the

destination address. While all this process are carried out, the policy management counts all

the data packets and applies policy rules according to the personal subscription plan. Some of

the advantages of LTE include:

Improved browsing and online experience.

Better performance of multimedia application.

Enhanced voice communications with higher voice quality and shorter call establishment

time.[1]

1.4 LTE Modulation Techniques

LTE uses the multiple input multiple out (MIMO) scheme with the combined modulation

techniques of QPSK and QAM.

I. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK): This is spectral efficient technique which uses 2 bits

transmitted per symbol. In LTE this modulation scheme is switched to cover farther areas than

the eNode B.

II. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM): QAM is the combined modulation technique of

phase and amplitude modulation. When the symbols are combination of amplitude and phase,

more bits can be carried per symbol. Example, 8QAM takes four carrier phases with two

amplitude levels to transmit 3 bits per symbol.


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1.5 Code rate

Code rates are the ratio of information bits to a coding process to the total number of bits

created by the coding process. If the coding rate =1/2 indicates for each information bit into the

coding process there will be 2 bits created for transmission purpose. Example, the 4Mbps data

rate is selected for the transmission output of 8Mbps.

1.6 Bit Error Rate (BER)

During any study interval, BER is the number of bit errors per total transferred bits. This is one

of the most important factor that keeps up with data fidelity across the medium.


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2. DESIGN OBJECTIVE AND CONSIDERATIONS

The real life cellular project is dependent on various external constraints apart from antenna

height and power. Microwave signals show various properties like reflection, refraction and

diffraction across the medium and topology.

Figure 1 Topography of the area[2]

Figure 2 Morphology of the area


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The major constraints introduced in this project are:

a) Topology: Topology is responsible for varying reflection, refraction and diffraction along

with the signal attenuation properties of the signal. Area given to us has various range of

altitude zones, starting from 30 m to 139m. Majority of the topology has an altitude of the

range 70-99 which is almost 50% of the area. Second majority altitude zone ranges from 40- 59

m and the least one is 130-139 m.

b) Morphology: Morphology describer the density and height of man-made obstructions.

Morphology is the study of vegetation and habitation of a particular region for example rura,

urban, sub urban etc. It is another important field of study in the design of cellular wireless

networks like LTE. Majority of the area are urban and dense urban area so the presence of tall

buildings and other obstructions are expected. There are also some high and low vegetation

areas where there is less human habitation. Our major concern was to provide high data rates

for the urban and dense urban areas.

We have used Cell planner as our simulation tool to meet certain target specified for the

project.

This project is divided into two sections

a) Non-sectored design: This part of the project aims to give coverage to the given area

with optimum data rate of above 10Mbps for all the regions. This is to be done by using non-

directional (omnidirectional) antenna.

b) Sectored design: This is the second part of the project that aims to give coverage to the

given area with data rate above 35 Mbps for 20% regions and above 12Mbps for rest of the

area. The antennas used are sectored directional antennas with sectoring angle as per the

requirement.[3]

2.1 Area: The given area has co-ordinates of

North 32°, 29’, 21.0” N;

South 32°, 21’, 00.9” N ;

East 093°, 44’, 50.0” W;

West 093°, 57’, 50.0” W


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2.2 System parameters: For system parameters configuration, topography and

morphology database needs to be enabled. This is done by selecting the specific area given to

our project group. The frequency table of GSM39 is selected. The base station (eNode B) height

is above the morphology and the subscriber antenna height is above the ground.

2.3 Radio configuration: Bandwidth is restricted to 10 MHz and the modulation schemes

of QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM are selected for both parts. The difference is, code rate can be

varied for the second part whereas it should be constant at 1/3 for the first part. The Duplexing

mode for part 1 and part 2 are taken as FDD rather than TDD since our priority is data rate.

2.4 Service Configuration: Bit error rate on demand is 10-4. This is the maximum bit

error rate tolerable for both parts of the project.

2.5 Environment configuration: Mobility is selected as static for the first part whereas it

is selected as vehicular (120km/ hr) in the second part.

2.6 Radio Base station:

part 1: Antenna is omnidirectional with no sectoring done. Beam width of an omnidirectional

antenna is 360o which means that power is equally distributed in all the direction. While no

sectoring is done, there won’t be any significant interference due to the use of omnidirectional

antenna. We used AO1909 model with gain of 9 dBd, 1.5m diameter and the operational

frequency is 850 to 970 Mhz and the beam width can be shown in figure 1.

.

Figure 3 A01909 Antenna[2]


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Maximum power is allowed upto 80 Watts and maximum height is 15m. Channel resource can

be selected from 1-9.Part 2: The antenna is directional with 3 sectors. We used 7146-11

sectored antenna whose nominal gain is 5.5 dBd and operates at the frequency for ranges 0.87

GHz to 0.96 GHz. Beam width is an important parameter for any antenna which is the

measurement of power strength in a particular direction. Its azimuth beam width is 120o and

elevation Beam width is 65o. This means that power is concentrated in a particular direction,

thereby reducing the interfering regions for other BTS.

Figure 4 7146-11 Antenna[2]


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3. Simulation analysis and results

By the initial study of the topology, our plan was to mount antennas with lower heights to the

high altitude zones so that the coverage will be assisted by the topology. We didn’t succeed in

some areas spots because Some of the regions in the area (Example Top right corner) although

were dense urban area, the antenna placement was hindered with the topology barrier and

morphology itself. So, we had to deploy relatively high number of BTS for those specific areas.

As per the design objective of the project, we have used the minimum number of BTS with

highly optimized antenna heights and antennas power. Unlike open space, real time cellular

network coverage depends on various external constraints as mentioned already. Yet we

obtained the coverage area of 90% with the required data rates for both parts. As the summary

of our results, we obtained tradeoff is the key lesson of every experiment which will be

discussed in the detail further.

3.1 Part 1: Non sectored design.

This part of the project is a basic non sectored antenna design. One of the major advantage of

using non-sectored design in the project is, there are more channels available for a particular

region which results in the increased trunking efficiency. We have put 22 LTE base stations

deployed across the area so that we could achieve 90% of coverage with above 10 Mbps. The

table for antenna height and power is given at appendix A table 1.The average power is 61.73

watts and the average height is 13.18 m


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3.1.1 Composite signal level.

Figure 5 Composite SIgnal Level(Downstream) Figure 6Composite Signal (upstream)

The maximum signal intensity for downstream is -80dBm which is present for 99% of the area

and for upstream, there is -80 dBm for 84% , -85 dBm for 14% and -90dBm for 2% of the total

area. There is non-uniform pattern seen in the upstream because for downstream, the

transmitter is radio base station whereas for upstream, the base station is receiver and user

equipment is a transmitter which cannot transmit at high intensity for far distances.

3.1.2 Composite SNR

Figure 7 S/N for upstream Figure 8 S/N for downstream


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Maximum Signal to noise ratio for downstream is 50dB whereas it is 40dB for the upstream.

3.1.3 Maximum data rate / user

Figure 9 Maximum data rate for downstream

Figure 10 Maximum data rate for upstream

The maximum data rate of any LTE base station is highly dependent upon the modulation

scheme and the code rates. The maximum data rate thus obtained for downstream is above 10

Mbps for 90 % of the area. For 8% of the area we have given a coverage at above 2 Mbps which

is not suitable for high speed data connection but sometimes call connectivity is more

important. Thanks to QPSK with lower code rates. We could deploy more Base stations but that


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would cost us a lot just to increase a small coverage region. So we decided to optimize between

antenna heights and power with minimum number of base stations required.

3.1.4 Interference

Figure 11 Interference (downstream) Figure 12 Interference(upstream)

There were 9 radio channels given to us for which we had to assign to 22 base stations. We did

maintain a high frequency reuse distance there by reducing co-channel and adjacent channel

interferences. Frequency assignment was quite easy because there were very less interfering

antennas unlike the sectored antennas. We got C/I above 12 db for both the downstream and

upstream. Initially we had few problems related to the interference because the morphology

and topology allows reflection, refraction and diffraction during the propagation of microwave

signals. Some unexpected interference was incurred due to the multiple reflection through the

medium.

Figure 13 Frequency planning


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3.1.5 Scheme selection

Figure 14 Scheme selection(Upstream) Figure 15 Scheme selection(Downstream)

Higher the code rate, the higher will be percentage of error correction overhead and error

detection because there will be less coded bits per the data bits.

The modulation scheme selected for LTE deployment were:

64-QAM with the code rate1/3: There are 6 bits per symbol. This is responsible for the high

data rate at the near regions. The calculated bit rate is 16.8 Mbps. However the obtained data

rate is around 11 Mbps.

16-QAM with the code rate 1/3: There are 4 bits per symbol. This is responsible for the

coverage at the middle regions. The calculated bit rate is 11.2 Mbps. We were getting the

coverage by 64 QAM and the QPSK but not the 16 QAM because the code rate of 1/3 for 16

QAM couldn’t get implemented for the bit error rate of 10-4

QPSK with the code rate 1/3: This helps in providing a good coverage at the farther distances.

The calculated bitrate is 5.6 Mbps. However we have obtained the data rate of around 3 Mbps

for the non-sectored design.

Refer to Appendix B for the calculations.


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Modulation Scheme Code rate Data Rate(calculated) Data Rate(Observed)

64-QAM 1/3 16.8 Mbps 11Mbps

16-QAM 1/3 11.2 Mbps N.A

QPSK 1/3 5.6 Mbps 3 Mbps

3.1.6 Stress the design

Figure 16 Datarate at BER 10^-15 Figure 17 Datarate at BER 10^-16

While all our assumptions were limited to the Fixed Bit Error Rate of 10-4, we were asked to

stress our design and check the data rates for the bit error rates 10-5 and 10-6. One of the direct

observations of reducing the BER was the reduction in the coverage area which was 61% for the

10-5 and 29% for the 10-6. At the same time, the low bit error is promised for the covered

regions. This design was done for the BER of 10-4 and when we decreased the BER, the coverage

wasn’t as before because all the coverage areas in the previous parts were not that robust to

the bit error.


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3.2 Part 2: Sectored Design.

Coverage and the data rates were highly dependent upon the topography of the given areas.

There were about 50% of the dense forest regions but we were able to place the LTE sectored

antennas in appropriate locations with optimum height and power parameters. The coverage

zone for majority of the area has been main focus of the mobile cellular communication. It

requires that even in the dense vegetation region, there should be mobile network coverage.

One approach can be made to give low data rate but good coverage for such regions. We used

25 Radio base station to give coverage at the given target specification. The table for average

height and power is given in the appendix 1, table 2. The average height was 24.053 and the

average power was 55.8.

Our aim was to operate at low power for the dense urban regions because there is high

radiation at the high power microwave. The sectoring angle and down tilting were done

according to the topographical requirements. Similarly the coverage on dense urban areas was

the highest priority.

Coverage test: From the experience of part 1 of the project, we managed to be more

organized for the second part of the project and this time we did a coverage test on an

individual BTS for the height and power optimization. For an illustration we can show the

parameters optimization for eNode10. Keeping the height constant at 30m and varying

transmitter power from 20 watts to 80 watts, we got the following output table. These data are

taken at the distance of 3km.

Power (watts) Signal Level(dBm)

20 -69.1

30 -67.2

40 -66.0

Similarly another observation was done keeping the power level constant at 80 watts and

varying the antenna heights from 10m to 30 m

Height(meters) Signal Level(dBm)

10 -74.9

20 -68.2

30 -64.5


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This proves that increasing height is more effective in gaining more coverage area. But it is not

the case every time that we can increase height according to our wish. We have the height

limitation of 30 m and the power limitation 0f 80 watts.

3.2.1 Composite Signal Level

Figure 18 Composite Downstream Figure 19 Composite Upstream

The highest signal level for downstream was -60 dBm which was obtained for 49% of the area

for downstream analysis. Similarly the signal level was -60dBm at it’s maximum for only 12% of

the total area.

3.2.2 composite SNR

Figure 20 Composite S/N Downstream Figure 21 Composite S/N upstream


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Maximum composite Signal to noise ratio (SNR) for the downstream is 60 dB whereas the it’s

50 dB for the downstream.

3.2.3 Maximum datarate/user

Figure 22 Maximum Data Rate Downstream

Figure 23 Maximum Data Rate Upstream


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The maximum data rate for the downstream obtained is above 35 Mbps for 33% of the total

area and above 12 Mbps is 56% which makes it total of 89% of the area above 12 Mbps. If we

had to increase the coverage for above 12Mbps, the available options were:

a) Increase the antenna height: This would result in high interference with the

neighbouring base stations and unsuitable for most of the regions.

b) Increase the antenna power: Power should be significantly increased to increase the

coverage. But in the urban areas, this cannot be possible due to the radiation problem.

c) Increase the number of BTS: This is very cost inefficient solution because cost of 1 LTE

base station including it’s operating cost is very much high.

So, the effective solution was the optimization of antenna height,power and the number of

base stations.

3.2.4 Interference

Figure 24 INterference Downstream Figure 25Interference Upstream

Interference test: Interference test was very crucial to the project. Getting a good coverage

across the given area wasn’t the only challenge. One of the major challenges of the project was

to cancel the interference and get the C/I ratio above 12db for all the regions. Composite signal

level.


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There is always a tradeoff inherent in the selection of parameters for radio base station.

Example, high power and height selection creates an excessive co- channel and adjacent

channel interferences among the neighboring base stations. So our initial concern was to

minimize the heights and power of the radio base stations and also minimize the number of BTS

used. Another demarcation point was the frequency channel selection. There were total 9

frequency channels and 25*3=75 antennas to be assigned individually. So this was a bigger

challenge than the 1st part of the project. The interference test was carried out by taking three

base stations in a pair. And assigning different frequency channels given to us which is again 3

frequency for a single base station. The channels available to us were 1 to 9, making total of 9

frequency channels. The separation between frequency was another important task. We

decided to give enough gaps in frequency channels and formed three groups of frequency:

(1,4,7); (2,5,8);(3,6,9).These channels were assigned to the individual sectors and the

neighboring cells. The major intention was to keep the co- channels and the adjacent channels

at a safe distance.

Figure 26 Frequency Planning

Another observation while inspecting the interference was that sometimes due to the uneven

topography of the area, same sets of frequency channels can also be reused at a near distance.

This is an interesting part of our observation where we could reuse some sets of frequency at

very near distance.


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3.2.5 Scheme Selection

Figure 27 Scheme slection Downstream Figure 28 Scheme Selection Upstream

Scheme selections for the sectored design were:

64 QAM with the code rate of 5/6: 6 bits per symbol were transmitted using the 64 QAM and

by selecting the code rate of 5/6 we are transmitting 6 coded bits per 5 data bits. This was done

in order to increase the data rate in near regions. The calculated bit rate for this scheme was42

Mbps but what we obtained is 35 Mbps.

16 QAM with the code rate of 3/7: 4 bits per symbol were transmitted using the 16 QAM

modulation scheme and by selecting the code rate of 3/7 we are transmitting 7 coded bits per 3

data bits. The calculated bit rate for this scheme was 14.4 Mbps was we obtained 12 Mbps.

QPSK with the code rate of 1/3: 2 Bits per symbol were transmitted using the QPSK modulation

scheme and by selecting the code rate of 1/3 we are transmitting 3 coded bits per 1 data bit.

The calculated bit rate for this scheme was 5.6 Mbps but we obtained 4 Mbps.

Refer to Appendix B for the calculation.


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Modulation Scheme Code rate Data Rate(Calculated) Data Rate(Observed )

64-QAM 5/6 42 Mbps 35 Mbps

16-QAM 3/7 14.4 Mbps 12Mbps

QPSK 1/3 5.6 Mbps 4 Mbps

3.2.6 Stress the design

Figure 29 Data Rate for BER 10^-5 Figure 30 Data Rate for BER 10^-6

Stress test was performed for the BER of 10-5 and 10-6. While the BER was reduced to 10-5, the

coverage area for 35Mbps region reduced to 8% of the total area where it further reduced to

2% while implementing the BER of 10-6. Higher the data rate higher will be the chances of error,

so if we limit our BER to lower values, the corresponding data rate should also reduce which is

demonstrated in our observation.


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4. Discussion and Conclusion

4.1 Discussion

LTE antenna design in practical is a completely different scene than the ideal case of the

simulation labs. The first major thing to consider before designing a cellular network is to

analyze the given area in term of morphology and the topology. Some regions may have heavily

dense forest s and base stations would be wasted when placed in such areas to give a high data

coverage. It is also unreasonable to give the best coverage to the areas with very few

habitations. We should consider the cost factor in each and every step of the project design. A

successful project needs a successful survey at the initial stage.

After the morphological and topographical analysis is complete, antenna parameter selection

would be a major job to do. Antenna height, power, type, scheme selections etc can be

considered as important antenna parameters. Unfortunately there is always the restriction for

these parameters. Most of the time these are dependent on the location where antenna is

built. There is always a trade-off within the antenna parameters. For example, if we increase

antenna power excessively, we will increase the coverage area but at the same time, we will be

increasing the interference between the neighboring antennas. Sometimes, when we want to

increase the data rate by increasing the code rates and the selecting the proper modulation

schemes but that is possible at the expense of degraded BER. There are also various trade-offs

at the modulation scheme selection too. QPSK with lower code rates will have good coverage

for far distances but is not robust to the bit errors. So there is a multi-faceted trade-off

phenomena observer in cellular network design project.

Another important part of the design is the interference cancellation by selecting frequency

channels from the given limited sets of channels. Frequency is a limited and prone-to-

interference parameter which should be very carefully assigned to every single base stations or

sectors. Adjacent and co-channels should always be kept at a significant distance from each

other.

4.2 Problems encountered and Solutions


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We were very new to the telecommunication design project. So there were much confusion

while designing the real LTE antenna design project. Some of the problems that we faced during

the time of the project were:

Our initial approach was hexagonal cell with cell formation and splitting concept. This

concept assisted us with the initial coverage. But later we couldn’t get uniform coverage due to

the topography barrier.

Increasing the number of Base stations would increase the coverage area and push it

even further but then we had to deal with hardcore interference problems. So we did the best

optimization keeping the cost factors in mind.

The data rates from calculation and observation were somewhat different.

Antenna placements had no fixed rules so we had to base on the hit and trial method

for it’s placement for most of the times. The solution was we could carefully see the profile of

each base stations and identify the scenario.

4.3 Conclusion

While designing the LTE based antenna project, we got to learn in depth about the LTE systems

and thus got to know the footsteps for the design of the real project in the simulation

environment. We came across various external and internal important factors for the design

considerations like the morphology, topology and antenna parameter optimization. There is

always a clear trade-off phenomenon exhibited in the parameters design process. We should be

careful about the real demand of the project first. For example if it is coverage or the data rate

or the service for the consumers. Market research and cost optimization is another important

thing that should be considered.


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APPENDIX A: TABLES OF EXPERIMENT DATA.

Table 1 Antenna heights and power for non-sectored design

Base station power Antenna height

BTS0001111 80 15 BTS0002 80 15

BTS0003 60 12 BTS0004 60 14

BTS0005 60 14 BTS0006 40.1 12 BTS0007 80 15 BTS0008 50 11 BTS0009 60 12 BTS00010 70 14 BTS00011 30 4 BTS00012 50 15 BTS00013 75 13

BTS00014 60 14 BTS00015 60 13 BTS00017 60 15 BTS00018 63 14 BTS00019 60 12 BTS00020 60 13 BTS00021 80 15 BTS00022 60 13 BTS00024 60 15


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Table 2: Antenna heights and power for a sectored design

Base station sector Power(watts) Antenna

height(m) Azimuth eNode12 1 60 23 30

2 60 23 165

3 60 23 300

eNode7 1 50 24 60

2 50 24 180

3 50 26 300

eNode8 1 60 22 60

2 60 22 180

3 60 22 300

eNode6 1 45 24 90

2 45 24 215

3 45 24 315

eNode25 1 60 25 60

2 60 25 135

3 60 25 240

eNode1 1 60 24 30

2 60 25 150

3 60 25 255

eNode3 1 60 23 30

2 60 23 130

3 60 23 270

eNode5 1 50 20 0

2 50 20 120

3 50 20 240

eNode4 1 60 28 75

2 60 28 195

3 60 28 305

eNode13 1 55 23 0

2 55 23 120

3 55 23 240

eNode10 1 50 18 0

2 50 18 120

3 50 18 240


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eNode14 1 55 21 75

2 55 21 195

3 55 21 305

eNode20 1 55 22 30

2 55 22 150

3 55 22 270

eNode16 1 70 28 30

2 70 28 150

3 70 28 270

eNode18 1 60 25 0

2 60 25 120

3 60 25 240

eNode24 1 40 25 120

2 40 25 220

3 40 25 330

eNode11 1 50 21 30

2 50 21 150

3 50 21 270

eNode17 1 50 22 60

2 50 22 180

3 50 22 270

eNode19 1 60 28 30

2 60 28 140

3 60 28 240

eNode2 1 60 24 75

2 60 24 195

3 60 24 305

eNode15 1 50 25 60

2 50 25 180

3 50 25 285

eNode23 1 60 28 0

2 60 28 110

3 60 28 250

eNode22 1 65 28 0

2 65 28 135

3 65 28 235

eNode9 1 60 25 0

2 60 25 135

3 60 25 240

eNode21 1 50 24 0

2 50 24 120

3 50 24 240


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APPENDIX B: CALCULATIONS

Suppose 64 QAM is used. Then channel bits per resource block = 6 bits* 7 * 12 =

504bits.

Bandwidth=10 MHz; channel bit rate = (50*504 bits)/(0.5* 10-3 secs)= 50.4 Mbps

So, data bit rate= channel bit rate * code rate

When code rate = 1/3; data bit rate = 50.4 * 1/3 = 16.8 Mbps

When code rate = 5/6; data bit rate = 50.4 * 5/6 = 42 Mbps

Suppose 16 QAM is used. Then channel bits per resource block = 4 bits* 7 * 12 =

336bits.





Suppose QPSK is used. Then channel bits per resource block = 2 bits* 7 * 12 = 168bits.





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REFERENCES

[1]……………………………………………………………………………. www.ericsson.com /LTE explained

[2]………………………………………………………………….. Celplanner 11.63 software

[3]…………………………………………………………………….Project specification pdf


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TELECOMMUNICATION DESIGN EXERCISE

ELE5TDE Project based on 4G LTE technology

Group C9

Submitted to : submitted by:

Associate professor David Tay Mahesh Tripathy

Department of Electronics Engineering Roll No: 17622467

Date: 16th October 2014


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Abbreviation

LTE Long Term Evolution

BTS

BER

Base Transceiver Station

Bit Error Rate

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

UE User Equipment


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ABSTRACT

Communication system has experienced an unprecedented development in the current

decades. The choice of voice over the wireless networks has raised their bars and is no

more limited to the voice communication. This voracious appetite for the data usage

has introduced Long Term Evolution (LTE) for the mobile broadband services

commercially available today. LTE eliminates the latency incurred by 3G networks by

introducing a complete IP based system.

In this project, we get introduced to a simulation tool called Cell planner that will help

us simulate the network coverage from LTE for a given area. LTE design is an expensive

project. The major aim of this project is to consider all the trade-offs that can be risen

in a LTE network and optimize them in order to create a robust and long lasting design

while keeping in mind the potential cost of the project. The project is divided into non-

sectored and sectored part. We will be deploying the proper number of LTE base

stations with optimized parameters across the given area to achieve the specified

target. We were able to optimize average heights for part 1 to be 13.18 meters and

corresponding average power to be 61.73 watts with the total of 22 base stations.

Similarly we were able to optimize average heights to 24.053 meters and the

corresponding average power was 55.8 watts. With the use of 25 LTE base stations


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Table of Contents 1.INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1-2

1.1 Background and objective ....................................................................................... 1

1.2 The cell planner ....................................................................................................... 1

1.3 LTE antennas ......................................................................................................... 1-2

1.4 LTE Modulation Techniques .................................................................................... 2

1.5 Code rate ................................................................................................................. 3

1.6 Bit Error Rate ........................................................................................................... 3

2. DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................... 4-7

2.1 Area.......................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 System parametrers ................................................................................................ 6

2.3 Radio configuration ................................................................................................. 6

2.4 Service configuration ............................................................................................... 6

2.5 Environment configuration...................................................................................... 6

2.6 Radio Base station ............................................................................................... 6-7

3. Simulation analysis and results ............................................................................... 8-20

3.1 Part 1: Non sectored design ............................................................................... 8-13

3.1.1 Composite Signal Level ..................................................................................... 9

3.1.2 Composite SNR ................................................................................................. 9

3.1.3 Maximum data rate/user ............................................................................... 10

3.1.4 Interference .................................................................................................... 11

3.1.5 Scheme selection ............................................................................................ 12

3.1.6 Stress the design............................................................................................. 13

3.2 Part 2: Sectored design ..................................................................................... 14-20

3.2.1 Composite Signal Level ................................................................................... 15


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3.2.2 Composite SNR ............................................................................................... 15

3.2.3 Maximum data rate/user ............................................................................... 16

3.2.4 Interference .................................................................................................... 17

3.2.5 Scheme selection ............................................................................................ 19

3.2.6 Stress the design............................................................................................. 20

4. Discussion and conclusion .................................................................................... 21-22

4.1 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 21

4.2 Problems Encountered and solution ..................................................................... 22

4.3 conclusion ............................................................................................................. 22

5. Appendix A:Tables of Experiment Data ............................................................... 22-25

6. Appendix B: Calculations ........................................................................................... 26

7.References ................................................................................................................... 27


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Wireless Design Project

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