Windows NT Scalability

Windows NT Scalability

Jim Gray

Microsoft [email protected]

http/www.research.Microsoft.com/~Gray/talks/

OutlineOutline

• Scalability: What & Why?

• Scale UP: NT SMP scalability

• Scale OUT: NT Cluster scalability

• Key Message:

– NT can do the most demanding apps today.

– Tomorrow will be even better.

Scale OutScale Out

Scale Up

Scale DownDown

Scale OutScale Out

Server ClusterServer Cluster

What is Scalability?

• Grow without limits– Capacity– Throughput

• Do not add complexity– design– administer– Operate– UseS

cale

Do

wn

Do

wn

Win TermWin TermNetPCNetPC

HandheldHandheld

PortablePortable

TVTV

Sca

le U

pSuperSuperServerServer

ServerServer

PC PC WorkstationWorkstation

Scale UP & OUT Focus Here

• Grow without limits– SMP: 4, 8, 16, 32 CPUs– 64-bit addressing– Huge storage

• Cluster Requirements– Auto manage– High availability– Transparency– Programming tools & appsapps

Scale OutScale Out

Server ClusterServer Cluster

Sca

l e U

p

SuperSuperServerServer

ServerServer

Scalability is Important• Automation benefits growing

– ROI of 1 month....

• Slice price going to zero– Cyberbrick costs 5k$

• Design, Implement & Manage cost going down

– DCOM & Viper make it easy!– NT Clusters are easy!

• Billions of clients imply millions of HUGE servers.

• Thin clients imply huge servers.

ServerServer

Q: Why Does Microsoft Care? A: Billions of clients need millions of servers

Expect Microsoft to work hard on Scaleable Windows NT and Scaleable BackOffice.

Key technique: INTEGRATION.

0300600900

1,2001,5001,8002,1002,4002,700

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

UnixUnix

WindowsNT WindowsNT ServerServer

NetWareNetWare

Servers Shipped per year

(97-01 are MS estimates)

How Scaleable is NT??The Single Node Story

• 64 bit file system in NT 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

• 8 node SMP in NT 4.E, 32 node OEM

• 64 bit addressing in NT 5

• 1 Terabyte SQL Databases (PetaByte capable)

• 10,000 users (TPC-C benchmark)

• 100 Million web hits per day (IIS)

• 50 GB Exchange mail store next release designed for 16 TB

• 50,000 POP3 users on Exchange (1.8 M messages/day)

• And, more coming…..

Windows NT ServerEnterprise Edition

• Scalability– 8x SMP support (32x in OEM kit)– Larger process memory (3GB Intel)– Unlimited Virtual Roots in IIS (web)

• Transactions– DCOM transactions (Viper TP mon) – Message Queuing (Falcon)

• Availability– Clustering (WolfPack)– Web, File, Print,DB … servers fail over.

What Happened?

• Moore’s law: Things get 4x better every 3 years (applies to computers, storage, and networks)

• New Economics: Commodityclass price/mips software $/mips k$/yearmainframe 10,000 100 minicomputer 100 10microcomputer 10 1

• GUI: Human - computer tradeoffoptimize for people, not computers

mainframeminimicro

time

pric

e

Billions Of ClientsNeed Millions Of Servers

MobileMobileclientsclients

FixedFixedclients clients

ServerServer

SuperSuperserverserver

ClientsClients

ServersServers

All clients networked All clients networked to serversto servers May be nomadicMay be nomadic

or on-demandor on-demand Fast clients wantFast clients wantfasterfaster servers servers

Servers provide Servers provide Shared DataShared Data ControlControl CoordinationCoordination CommunicationCommunication

ThesisMany little beat few big

Smoking, hairy golf ballSmoking, hairy golf ball How to connect the many little parts?How to connect the many little parts? How to program the many little parts?How to program the many little parts? Fault tolerance?Fault tolerance?

$1 $1 millionmillion $100 K$100 K $10 K$10 K

MainframeMainframe MiniMiniMicroMicro NanoNano

14"14"9"9"

5.25"5.25" 3.5"3.5" 2.5"2.5" 1.8"1.8"1 M SPECmarks, 1TFLOP1 M SPECmarks, 1TFLOP

101066 clocks to bulk ram clocks to bulk ram

Event-horizon on chipEvent-horizon on chip

VM reincarnatedVM reincarnated

Multiprogram cache,Multiprogram cache,On-Chip SMPOn-Chip SMP

10 microsecond ram

10 millisecond disc

10 second tape archive

10 nano-second ram

Pico Processor

10 pico-second ram

1 MM 3

100 TB

1 TB

10 GB

1 MB

100 MB

Future Super Server:4T Machine

Array of 1,000 4B machinesArray of 1,000 4B machines1 bps processors1 bps processors1 BB DRAM 1 BB DRAM 10 BB disks 10 BB disks 1 Bbps comm lines1 Bbps comm lines1 TB tape robot1 TB tape robot

A few megabucksA few megabucks Challenge:Challenge:

ManageabilityManageabilityProgrammabilityProgrammabilitySecuritySecurityAvailabilityAvailabilityScaleabilityScaleabilityAffordabilityAffordability

As easy as a single systemAs easy as a single system

Future servers are CLUSTERSFuture servers are CLUSTERSof processors, discsof processors, discs

Distributed database techniquesDistributed database techniquesmake clusters workmake clusters work

CPU

50 GB Disc

5 GB RAM

Cyber BrickCyber Bricka 4B machinea 4B machine

The Hardware Is In Place…And then a miracle occurs

? SNAP: scaleable networkSNAP: scaleable network

and platformsand platforms Commodity-distributedCommodity-distributed

OS built on:OS built on: Commodity platformsCommodity platforms Commodity networkCommodity network

interconnectinterconnect Enables parallel applicationsEnables parallel applications

Thesis: Scaleable Servers• Scaleable Servers

– Commodity hardware allows new applications

– New applications need huge servers

– Clients and servers are built of the same “stuff”

• Commodity software and

• Commodity hardware

• Servers should be able to – Scale up (grow node by adding CPUs, disks, networks)

– Scale out (grow by adding nodes)

– Scale down (can start small)

• Key software technologies

– Objects, Transactions, Clusters, Parallelism

Scaleable ServersBOTH SMP And Cluster

Grow up with SMP; 4xP6Grow up with SMP; 4xP6is now standardis now standardGrow out with clusterGrow out with clusterCluster has inexpensive partsCluster has inexpensive parts

ClusterClusterof PCs of PCs

SMP superSMP superserverserver

DepartmentalDepartmentalserverserver

PersonalPersonalsystemsystem

SMPs Have Advantages

• Single system image easier to manage, easier to program threads in shared memory, disk, Net

• 4x SMP is commodity

• Software capable of 16x

• Problems:– >4 not commodity– Scale-down problem

(starter systems expensive)

• There is a BIGGEST one

SMP superSMP superserverserver

DepartmentalDepartmentalserverserver

PersonalPersonalsystemsystem

Tpc-C Web-Based Benchmarks

• Client is a Web browser (9,200 of them!)

• Submits – Order– Invoice– Query to server via Web

page interface

• Web server translates to DB

• SQL does DB work

• Net: –easy to implement –performance is GREAT!

HT

TP

HT

TP

OD

BC

OD

BC

SQL SQL

IISIIS= Web= Web

1987: 256 tps $ 14 million computerA dozen peopleTwo rooms of machines

1997: 1,250 tps $ 50 k$ computerOne person1 micro-dollar per transaction (1,000x cheaper)

What Happens in 10 Years?

Ready for the next 10 years?

1988: DB2 + CICS Mainframe65 tps

• IBM 4391

• Simulated network of 800 clients

• 2m$ computer

• Staff of 6 to do benchmark2 x 3725

network controllers

16 GB disk farm4 x 8 x .5GB

Refrigerator-sizedCPU

NT vs UNIX SMPs• NT traditionally ran on 1 to 4 cpus

– Scales near-linear on them

• UNIX boxes: 32-64 way SMPs– They do 3x more tpmC– They cost 10x more.

• 10 way NT machines are available– They cost more– They are faster

• My view (shared by many)– Need clusters for availability– Cluster commodity servers to make huge systems– a la Tandem, Teradata, VMScluster, IBM Sysplex, IBM SP2 – Clusters reduce need for giant SMPs

tpmC vs Time

05,000

10,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,000

Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97

tpm

C

tpmC vs Time

05,000

10,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,000


tpm

C

hh

UnixNT

tpmC vs Time

05,000

10,00015,000

20,00025,000

30,00035,000


tpm

C

hUnix

NT

Transaction Throughput TPC-C• On comparable hardware: NT scales better!

• SQL Server & NT Improving 250% per year

• NT has best Price Performance (2x cheaper)

tpmC on Intel CPUs

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

tpm

C

NT

UNIX

h

h

hhhh

tpmC vs Intel CPUs

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

tpm

C

NT all

NT Best

Unix best

hh

NT Scales Better Than Solaris• Microsoft SQL

NTIntel scales to 6x

• Beats Sybase Solaris UltraSPARCup to 11-way

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

0 10 20cpus

tpm

C

Sybase/Solaris

/UltraSPARC

MS

SQL/N

T/Inte

l

New News: WOW! HPUX-HPPA-Sybase

• Sybase on HP 16x SMP scales to 40 ktpmC!

• Price/Performance is flat (no diseconomy)

Sybase & HP tpmC vs CPUs

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

0 5 10 15 20

cpus

tpm

C

HP + Sybase $/tpmC vs tpmC

$0$20

$40$60

$80$100

$120$140

0 10000 20000 30000 40000

tpmC

$/tm

pC

TPC Price/tpmC

10

17

6 64

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

processor disk software net total/10

Unisys-Microsoft 12 ktpmC @ 39$/tpmC

TPC Price/tpmC

20 21

10

6 6

10

17

6 64

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


SUN-Sybase 11.6 ktpmC @ 57$/tpmc


TPC Price/tpmC

37

33

16

79

20 21

10

6 6

10

17

6 64

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

processor disk software net total

HP-Sybase 39K tpmC @96$/tpmC



TPC Price/tpmC

4138

50

6

13

37

33

16

79

20 21

10

6 6

10

17

6 64

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


Sun Oracle 52 k tpmC @ 134$/tpmC

HP-Sybase 39K tpmC @96$/tpmC



Low end More Competitive

• premium on CPUs, disks, & Oracle

Only NT Has Economy of Scale

• NT is 2x less expensive40$/tpmCvs 110$/tpmC

• Only NT has economy of scale

• Unix has dis-economy of scale

Transactions/k$ by vendor

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000

tpmC

tpm

C/k

$

DB2/Unix

Sybase/Unix

Informix/Unix

Microsoft/NT

Oracle/Unix

TPC-D Decision Support Benchmark

• NT has good performance and price/performance.

TPC D 100 GB results

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Performance

Pri

ce/P

erf

($/Q

thD

)

Lowerprice

More Througput

NT

NT

NT

Scaleup To Big Databases?• NT 4 and SQL Server 6.5

– DBs up to 1 Billion records,

– 100 GB

– Covers most (80%) data warehouses

• SQL Server 7.0

– Designed for Terabytes

• Hundreds of disks per server.

• SMP parallel search

– Data Mining and Multi-Media

• TerraServer is good MM example

ExcelExcelspreadsheetspreadsheet

Manhattan phone book Manhattan phone book (15MB)(15MB)

Human GenomeHuman Genome (3GB) (3GB)

Dayton-HudsonDayton-HudsonSales recordsSales records(300GB)(300GB)

SatelliteSatellitephotos of photos of

Earth (1 TB)Earth (1 TB)

Database Scaleup: TerraServer™• Demo NT and SQL Server scalability• Stress test SQL Server 7.0• Requirements

– 1 TB– Unencumbered (put on www)– Interesting to everyone everywhere– And not offensive to anyone anywhere

• Loaded – 1.1 M place names from Encarta World Atlas– 1 M Sq Km from USGS (1 meter resolution)– 2 M Sq Km from Russian Space agency (2 m)

• Will be on web (world’s largest atlas)• Sell images with commerce server.• USGS CRDA: 3 TB more coming.

TerraServer System

• DEC Alpha 4100 (4x smp) +

• 324 StorageWorks Drives (1.4 TB)

• RAID 5 Protected

• SQL Server 7.0

• USGS 1-meter data (30% of US)

• Russian Space dataTwo meterresolutionimages(2 M km2

2% of earth)

SPIN-2SPIN-2

http://msrlab/terraserver

Demo

Manageability Windows NT 5.0 and Windows 98

• Active Directory tracks all objects in net

• Integration with IE 4.–Web-centric user interface

• Management Console–Component architecture

• Zero Admin Kit and Systems Management Server

• PlugNPlay, Instant On, Remote Boot,..

• Hydra and Intelli-Mirroring

Windows NT ServerWindows NT Serverwith “Hydra” Serverwith “Hydra” Server

Dedicated Dedicated Windows Windows terminalterminal

Existing, Existing, Desktop PC Desktop PC

MS-DOS, MS-DOS, UNIX, UNIX, Mac Mac clientsclients

Net PCNet PC

Thin Client SupportTSO comes to NT

lower per-client costs

Best of PC andBest of PC andcentralized computing advantagescentralized computing advantages

Windows NT 5.0IntelliMirror™

• Extends CMU Coda File System ideas

• Files and settings mirrored on client and server

• Great for disconnected users

• Facilitates roaming

• Easy to replace PCs

• Optimizes network performance

OutlineOutline

• Scalability: What & Why?

• Scale UP: NT SMP scalability

• Scale OUT: NT Cluster scalability

• Key Message:

– NT can do the most demanding apps today.

– Tomorrow will be even better.

Scale OutScale Out

Scale Up

Scale DownDown

Scale OUTClusters Have Advantages

• Fault tolerance: – Spare modules mask failures

• Modular growth without limitswithout limits– Grow by adding small modules

• Parallel data search– Use multiple processors and disks

• Clients and servers made from the same stuff– Inexpensive: built with

commodity CyberBricks

How scaleable is NT??The Cluster Story

• 16-node Tandem Cluster– 64 cpus– 2 TB of disk– Decision support

• 45-node Compaq Cluster– 140 cpus– 14 GB DRAM– 4 TB RAID disk– OLTP (Debit Credit)

• 1 B tpd (14 k tps)

microsoft.com• Production

– Windows NT.4 and IIS.3• 20 HTTP, • 3 download, • 3 FTP• 5 SQL 6.5• Index Server + 3 search

• Stagers– Site Server for content– DCOM Publishing wizard

• Network– 6 DS3– 4 TB/day download capacity

• Replicas in UK and Japan

• 90m hits/day– 17m page views– #4 site on Internet

• 900k visitors per day• Not cheap

– Data Centers– Bandwidth– 27 people on content – 22 people on systems

Tandem 2 Ton

• 2 TB SQL database

• 1.2 TB user data

• 16 node cluster

• 64 cpus, 480 disks

• Decision support parallel data-mining

• Will be Wolf Pack aware

• Demoed at DB Expo in

• ServerNet™ interconnect

Billion Transactions per Day Project

• Built a 45-node Windows NT Cluster (with help from Intel & Compaq) > 900 disks

• All off-the-shelf parts

• Using SQL Server & DTC distributed transactionsDCOM & ODBC clientson 20 front-end nodes

• DebitCredit Transaction

• Each server node has 1/20 th of the DB

• Each server node does 1/20 th of the work

• 15% of the transactions are “distributed”

Type nodes CPUs DRAM ctlrs disks RAIDspace

WorkflowMTS

20CompaqProliant

2500

20x

2

20x

128

20x

1

20x

1

20x

2 GB

SQL Server

20CompaqProliant

5000

20x

4

20x

512

20x

4

20x36x4.2GB7x9.1GB

20x

130 GB

DistributedTransactionCoordinator

5CompaqProliant

5000

5x

4

5x

256

5x

1

5x

3

5x

8 GB

TOTAL 45 140 13 GB 105 895 3 TB

Billion Transactions Per Day Hardware

• 45 nodes (Compaq Proliant)

• Clustered with 100 Mbps Switched Ethernet

• 140 cpu, 13 GB, 3 TB (RAID 1, 5).

Cluster ArchitectureSwitch

DriverDatabase

DTC

Control

VIPDC2 VIPDC3 VIPDC4 VIPDC5 VIPDC6 VIPDC7 VIPDC8 VIPDC9 VIPDC10 VIPDC11


VIPDTC1 VIPDTC2 VIPDTC3 VIPDTC4 VIPDTC5


DebitCreditDriver

DebitCreditComponent

DatabaseDriverThread

Local Debit Credit

1

2

4

5

7

89

12

13

14

Loop

3 Run

6 Init

10DebitCredit 11

DebitCredit

Distributed Debit Credit - Same DTC

Database1

DebitCredit

Database2

DTC

11

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22 UpdateAcct

Distributed Debit Credit - Different DTC

Database1

DebitCredit

Database2

DTC1

11

12

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DTC2

14

15

16

19

2727

18

17

25

23

20

2122

28 2932

33

3030

3131

3434

26

35

24

UpdateAcct

1.2 B tpd• 1 B tpd ran for 24 hrs.

• Out-of-the-box software

• Off-the-shelf hardware

• AMAZING!•Sized for 30 days•Linear growth•5 micro-dollars per transaction

48

Millions of Transactions Per Day

0.1

1.

10.

100.

1,000.

1 Btpd Visa ATT BofA NYSE

Mtp

d

Millions of Transactions Per Day

0.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.900.

1,000.

1 Btpd Visa ATT BofA NYSE

Mtp

d

How Much Is 1 Billion Tpd?• 1 billion tpd = 11,574 tps

~ 700,000 tpm (transactions/minute)• ATT

– 185 million calls per peak day (worldwide)

• Visa ~20 million tpd– 400 million customers– 250K ATMs worldwide– 7 billion transactions

(card+cheque) in 1994 • New York Stock Exchange

– 600,000 tpd• Bank of America

– 20 million tpd checks cleared (more than any other bank)– 1.4 million tpd ATM transactions

• Worldwide Airlines Reservations: 250 Mtpd

1 B tpd: So What?

• Shows what is possible, easy to build

– Grows without limits

• Shows scaleup of DTC, MTS, SQL…

• Shows (again) that shared-nothing clusters scale

•Next task: make it easy.– auto partition data

– auto partition application

– auto manage & operate

ParallelismThe OTHER aspect of clusters

• Clusters of machines allow two kinds of parallelism– Many little jobs:

online transaction processing• TPC-A, B, C…

– A few big jobs: data search and analysis• TPC-D, DSS, OLAP

• Both give automatic parallelism

Kinds of Parallel Execution

Pipeline

Partition outputs split N ways inputs merge M ways

Any Sequential Program

Any Sequential Program

Any Sequential

Any Sequential Program Program

Data Rivers

Split + Merge Streams

River

M ConsumersN producers

Producers add records to the river, Consumers consume records from the riverPurely sequential programming.River does flow control and buffering

does partition and merge of data records River = Split/Merge in Gamma = Exchange operator in Volcano.

N X M Data Streams

Partitioned Execution

A...E F...J K...N O...S T...Z

A Table

Count Count Count Count Count

Count

Spreads computation and IO among processors

Partitioned data gives NATURAL parallelism

N x M way Parallelism

A...E F...J K...N O...S T...Z

Merge

Join

Sort

Join

Sort

Join

Sort

Join

Sort

Join

Sort

Merge Merge

N inputs, M outputs, no bottlenecks.

Partitioned DataPartitioned and Pipelined Data Flows

Clusters (Plumbing)

• Single system image

– naming

– protection/security

– management/load balance

• Fault Tolerance

– Wolfpack

• Hot Pluggable hardware & Software

Windows NT clusters• Key goals:

– Easy: to install, manage, program

– Reliable: better than a single node

– Scaleable: added parts add power

• Microsoft & 60 vendors defining NT clusters– Almost all big hardware and

software vendors involved

• No special hardware needed - but it may help

• Enables – Commodity fault-tolerance– Commodity parallelism

(data mining, virtual reality…)– Also great for workgroups!

• Initial: two-node failover

– Beta testing since December96

– SAP, Microsoft, Oracle giving demos.

– File, print, Internet, mail, DB, other services

– Easy to manage

– Each node can be 4x (or more) SMP

• Next (NT5) “Wolfpack” is modest size cluster

– About 16 nodes (so 64 to 128 CPUs)

– No hard limit, algorithms designedto go further

So, What’s New?• When slices cost 50k$, you buy 10 or 20.• When slices cost 5k$ you buy 100 or 200.• Manageability, programmability, usability

become key issues (total cost of ownership).• PCs are MUCH easier to use and program

New MPP &NewOS

New App

New MPP &NewOS

New App

New MPP &NewOS

New App

New MPP &NewOS

New App

Customers

MPPVicious CycleNo Customers!

CP/CommodityVirtuous Cycle:Standards allow progressand investment protection

Apps

Standardplatform

Thesis: Scaleable Servers• Scaleable Servers

– Commodity hardware allows new applications– New applications need huge servers– Clients and servers are built of the same “stuff”

• Commodity software and • Commodity hardware

• Servers should be able to – Scale up (grow node by adding CPUs, disks, networks)

– Scale out (grow by adding nodes)

– Scale down (can start small)

• Key software technologies– Objects, Transactions, Clusters, Parallelism

Web Web sitesite

DatabaseDatabase

Web site filesWeb site files

Database filesDatabase files

AliceAlice BettyBetty

BrowserBrowser

WolfPack ClusterIIS & SQL Failover Demo

Web Web sitesite

DatabaseDatabase

AliceAlice BettyBetty

SummarySummary

• SMP Scale UP: OK but limited• Cluster Scale OUT: OK and unlimited• Manageability:

– fault tolerance OK & easy!– more needed

• CyberBricks work• Manual Federation now• Automatic in future

Scale OutScale Out

Scale Up

Scale DownDown

Scalability Research Problems • Automatic everything

• Scaleable applications– Parallel programming with clusters– Harvesting cluster resources

• Data and process placement– auto load balance– dealing with scale (thousands of nodes)

• High-performance DCOM – active messages meet ORBs?

• Process pairs, other FT concepts?

• Real time: instant failover

• Geographic (WAN) failover

Windows NT Scalability

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