wind energy talk - Amazon Web Services...Wind and Solar PV Penetration 15 [ Source: 2016 Wind...

Challenges and Opportunities

in Integrating Large Amounts

of Wind and Solar Energy

into Utility Grids

Lucy Pao

Lucy Pao – August 20172


Outline

Lucy Pao

[ images from proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]

3


Power Systems

When synchronous

generators that are

operating at nearly

the same frequency

are interconnected,

they will “swing”

together at nearly

the same frequency.

Large

deviations in

frequency can

destabilize the

network of

connected

generators.

[Based upon a slide from Mark Ahlstrom of WindLogics]

Most traditional power plants have synchronous generators.

4


Generation Load

Frequency Fluctuationsgoverned by swing equation

fgrid = 50 Hz fgrid < 50 Hz fgrid > 50 Hz

M

PP

dt

dfLGgrid

[Slide courtesy of Jacob Aho]

5


Generation Load

Frequency Fluctuationsgoverned by swing equation

fgrid = 50 Hz fgrid < 50 Hz fgrid > 50 Hz

Equivalent Power

Generation

M

PP

dt

dfLGgrid

[Slide courtesy of Jacob Aho]

5


Balancing Electrical Generation and Load

❖ Traditionally, generation is controlled to match

varying load

▪ Operational reserves needed

▪ Imbalance causes frequency variations on utility grid

Generation

coal nuclear hydrogas

Load

appliances,

lighting, gadgets,

cooling, heating, etc.

6


Balancing Electrical Generation and Load

Larger frequency fluctuations can cause load

shedding, or even blackouts

❖ Traditionally, generation is controlled to match

varying load

▪ Operational reserves needed

▪ Imbalance causes frequency variations on utility grid

– Frequency should be kept within 1% of nominal set point

6


Maintaining Balance with Changing Load

System

Load

Hour of the Day

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

Nuclear

Coal

Hydro

Gas

[Based upon a slide

from Mark Ahlstrom of WindLogics]

7


Typical Demanded Power Levels

Lucy Pao

[ images from overstock.com, pcworld.com, apple.com, tesla.com ]

Laptop Mobile

phone

TV

Dishwasher

Area

heater

Coffee

machine

Toaster

Electric

kettle

Iron

Hair

blow

dryer

Vacuum

Microwave

Oven

Clothes

dryer

Air

conditioner

~ 1 kW~ 1 W~ 10 W

~ 100 W

Electric vehicle charging

~ 1 kW to 100 kW

8


Outline

Lucy Pao


9

The

Opportunities


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

510

5

Growth of Wind Power

[data from apps2.eere.energy.gov, gwec.net, navigant.com, and wwindea.org]

Since 2007,

average annual

growth of

installed wind

capacity is:

❖ 21% globally

❖ 57% in China

❖ 23% in the US

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

510

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

510

5 Installed Capacity [GW]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

510

5

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

02007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

10

China windWorld wind US wind

USA


Esti

mate

d W

ind

Gen

era

tio

n a

s a

Pro

po

rtio

no

f E

lec

tric

ity C

on

su

mp

tio

n

De

nm

ark

Po

rtu

ga

l

Ire

lan

d

Sp

ain

Ge

rma

ny

Ro

ma

nia

U.K

.

Sw

ed

en

Au

str

ia

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Po

lan

d

Tu

rke

y

Un

ite

d S

tate

s

Ita

ly

Ca

na

da

Fra

nc

e

Au

str

ali

a

Bra

zil

Ind

ia

Ch

ina

Me

xic

o

Ja

pa

n

GL

OB

AL

50%

45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

Approximate Incremental Wind Penetration, end of 2016

Approximate Cumulative Wind Penetration, end of 2015

Wind Penetration

11

[ Source: 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report,

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab ]


How Does Wind Energy Work?

[ figure from

www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk

based upon original

from US Dept. of Energy ]

Tower

Gear box

High-speed shaft

Generator

Low-speed shaft❖ Goal is

to maximize

power

generation

12


Outline

Lucy Pao


13

The

Opportunities


Since 2007,

average annual

growth of

installed wind

capacity is:

❖ 21% globally

❖ 57% in China

❖ 23% in the US

Growth of Wind and Solar PV

[data from apps2.eere.energy.gov, gwec.net, navigant.com, and wwindea.org]

Installed Capacity [GW]500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

02007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

14

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

510

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

510

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

510

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

510

5

World wind China wind US wind

USA

World solar PV China solar PV US solar PV

Since 2007,

average annual

growth of

installed solar

PV capacity is:

❖ 48% globally

❖ 113% in China

❖ 54% in the US


Esti

mate

d W

ind

Gen

era

tio

n a

s a

Pro

po

rtio

no

f E

lec

tric

ity C

on

su

mp

tio

n

De

nm

ark

Po

rtu

ga

l

Ire

lan

d

Sp

ain

Ge

rma

ny

Ro

ma

nia

U.K

.

Sw

ed

en

Au

str

ia

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Po

lan

d

Tu

rke

y

Un

ite

d S

tate

s

Ita

ly

Ca

na

da

Fra

nc

e

Au

str

ali

a

Bra

zil

Ind

ia

Ch

ina

Me

xic

o

Ja

pa

n

GL

OB

AL

50%

45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

Wind and Solar PV Penetration

15

[ Source: 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report,

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab ]

Approximate Incremental Wind Penetration, end of 2016

Approximate Cumulative Wind Penetration, end of 2015

[ 2016 solar data from iea-pvps.org ]

Approximate Solar PV Penetration, end of 2016


How Does Solar PV Work?

❖ PV panel consists of layers of

material that produce electricity

when light shines on it

❖ Lower-end PV solar cells now

achieve about 11-15% efficiency

❖ Higher-end solar cells can


❖ Research laboratories have

demonstrated > 40%

❖ Goal is to maximize power

generation[ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell ]

16


Outline

Lucy Pao


17

The

Challenges


Changes due to Wind and Solar

❖ Wind turbines and solar PV arrays are typically decoupled

from the grid through their power electronics

▪ Wind and solar generally do not participate in “balancing

services”

▪ Creates increased burden on remaining generating units

Generation

coal nuclear hydrogas

windsolar

18

Load

appliances,

lighting, gadgets,

cooling, heating,

battery charging, etc.

etc.


Changes due to Wind Energy

System

Load

Hour of the Day

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

Nuclear

Coal

Hydro

Gas

Often

more wind

power

available

at night

Remaining system load that must be

met with other generating sources

[Based upon a slide


19


Changes due to Wind and Solar Energy

System

Load

Hour of the Day

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

[Based upon a slide


Solar power

available during the

daytime

Remaining

system load that

must be met with

other generating

sources

Nuclear

Coal

Hydro

Gas

19


How Does Wind Energy Work?

[ figure from

www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk

based upon original

from US Dept. of Energy ]

Tower

Gear box

High-speed shaft

Generator

Low-speed shaft❖ Goal is

to maximize

power

generation

12


How Does Solar PV Work?

❖ PV panel consists of layers of

material that produce electricity

when light shines on it

❖ Lower-end PV solar cells now


❖ Higher-end solar cells can


❖ Research laboratories have

demonstrated > 40%

❖ Goal is to maximize power

generation[ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell ]

16


Outline

Lucy Pao


20

Possible

Solutions


Possible Solution: APC of Wind and Solar

❖ Active Power Control of

Wind and Solar Power

Plants

▪ De-rate wind and solar

power plants

▪ Enable wind turbines and

solar photovoltaic panels

to follow changing power

reference commands[figure from a presentation by A. Kowli,

original from SVK (Swedish national grid)]

21


Wind Turbine Field Test Results[ 2013 – 2015, Aho, Buckspan, Fleming, Pao ]

Rated Power

IdealField Test Input

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

Fre

qD

evia

tio

n[H

z]

500

510

520

530

540

550

Po

wer

[kW

]

0 50 100 150 200Time [s]

Commanded Power

Generated Power

22

Wind can be

faster than

conventional

generation.


Solar PV Array Field Test Results[ 2016, Hoke and Maksimovic ]

7 7.5 8 8.5 9

Time [s]

-1

-0.5

0

Fre

q

Dev

[Hz]

1

2

3

Po

wer

[kW

]

Actual

Ideal

Estimate of Possible Power

Commanded Power

Generated Power

23

Solar PV can also be faster

than conventional generation.


On-Going Challenges

❖ Interactions among wind turbines on a wind farm

Horns Rev 1 Shallow-Water Wind Farm, Denmark. [Photographer Christian Steiness]

❖ Proper market incentives should be established

25


Other Possible Solutions

❖ Curtail wind and solar as needed

❖ More transmission lines

❖ Improved wind and solar forecasts

❖ Demand-side management

▪ Thermal storage

▪ Time-of-use pricing and “optimal”

pricing strategies

[figure from a presentation by A. Kowli,

original from SVK (Swedish national grid)]

❖ Storage (at GWh scale)

▪ Expensive

▪ Effect of millions of electric

vehicles, whose batteries can be

either a load or a supply

24


Outline

Lucy Pao


25

While there are many challenges,

there are many solution possibilities.


Wind Energy Control Area Acknowledgments

Research supported by:

as well as other industry (who wish to remain

anonymous)

26



Collaborators:

Ned Patton

Paul Fleming

Kathryn Johnson

Erik Ela Alan Wright

Bonnie Jonkman

Bob McLeod

Rod Frehlich

Neil Kelley

Jason Marden

J-W. van Wingerden

Yingchen Zhang

Vahan GevorgianAndrew Scholbrock

Rick Damiani

Patrick Moriarty

Eric Loth

Martin Kühn

27


Wind Energy Area Acknowledgments

Recent Students, Current PhD Students/Postdoc, and Visiting Students:

Andrew Buckspan

MS ‘13

Jason LaksPhD ‘13

July

2013Eric Simley

PhD ‘15

ShervinShajieePhD ‘15

Jacob Aho

Fiona DunnePhD ‘16

FlorisTeeuwisse

MS ‘13

Pieter GebraadPhD ‘14

Jen AnnoniPhD ‘16

Na WangPhD ‘13

Daniel Zalkind

David SchlipfPhD ‘15

BartDoekemeijer

MS ‘16

RóbertUnguránChris Bay

Michael Sinner28



29

Michael Sinner(CO PhD student)

Dr. VlahoPetrović(Post Doc)

Prof. Dr. Martin Kühn

Mehdi Vali(PhD student)

July

2017

2016-2017


Thanks to Professor Ho

30

1998 Japan-USA-Vietnam

Symposium

Dim Sum in Beijing, 2012

First contacted Larry

in 1991

ONR program reviews

1997-2000

Sabbatical at Harvard

2001-2002


50 MW Segmented Ultralight Morphing Rotors (SUMR)

for Wind Energy

2016 – 2019

[ E. Loth, D. T. Griffith, K. Johnson, P. Moriarty, L. Pao, M. Selig ]


P̂

• Feedback controller

• Additionally using feedforward can improve performance

• For point-to-point maneuvers, different trajectories can lead to different settle-time performance

• On-line adaptation can enable increased performance

− Varying environmental conditions

− Slightly different plants across a population

yd

C-

u

Py

+ +FCL

FP

ydTrajectory

Generator

Sys

ID

Closed-Loop Input

Plant Input

Pao Research Group Interests

Combined Feedforward / Feedback Control

3

Combined

Feedforward / Feedback

Controller


Disk Drives

Wind

Turbines

Atomic

Force

Microscope

sPhotodetectorLaser

Beam

Tip

Surface

Cantilever

Line Scan

Tip Atoms

Force

Surface Atoms

Tape Drives

Pao Research Group Interests

Example Applications

4


Total Year End 2016 Wind Capacity: 487 GW

Installed in 2016: 55 GW

Data from 2016 Wind Technologies

Market Report, Lawrence Berkeley

National Laboratory

Worldwide Wind Power Capacity

8

China 35%

US 17%

Germany 10%India 6%Spain 5%

UK 3%

France 2%

Canada 2%

Brazil 2%

Italy 2%

Other 16%


Worldwide Solar PV Capacity

12

Total Year End 2016 PV Capacity: 303 GW

Installed in 2016: 74 GWData from iea-pvps.org

China 26%

Japan 14%

Germany 14%

US 13%Italy 6%

UK 4%

India 3%

France 2%

Australia2%

Spain 2%Other 14%

wind energy talk - Amazon Web Services...Wind and Solar PV Penetration 15 [ Source: 2016 Wind...

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