William Makepeace Thackeray 1

William Makepeace Thackeray"Thackeray" redirects here. For other uses, see Thackeray (disambiguation).

William Makepeace Thackeray

Photograph of William Makepeace Thackeray

Born William Makepeace Thackeray18 July 1811Calcutta, British India

Died 24 December 1863 (age 52)London, England

Occupation Novelist, Poet

Nationality English

Period 18291864 (published posthumously)

Genre Historical Fiction

Notable works Vanity Fair

Spouse Isabella Gethin Shawe

Children Anne Isabella (18371919)Jane (1838?1839?)Harriet Marian (18401875)

William Makepeace Thackeray (/kri/; 18 July 1811 24 December 1863) was an English novelist of the 19thcentury. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of English society.

William Makepeace Thackeray 2

BiographyThackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta,[1] India, where his father, Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781 13 September 1815), was secretary to the board of revenue in the British East India Company. His mother, AnneBecher (17921864) was the second daughter of Harriet Becher and John Harman Becher, who was also a secretary(writer) for the East India Company.William's father, Richmond, died in 1815, which caused his mother to send him to England in 1816 (whilst sheremained in India). The ship on which he travelled made a short stopover at St.Helena where the imprisonedNapoleon was pointed out to him. Once in England he was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick andthen at Charterhouse School, where he was a close friend of John Leech. He disliked Charterhouse, parodying it inhis later fiction as "Slaughterhouse". (Nevertheless Thackeray was honoured in the Charterhouse Chapel with amonument after his death.) Illness in his last year there (during which he reportedly grew to his full height of6' 3")postponed his matriculation at Trinity College, Cambridge, until February 1829. Never too keen on academicstudies, he left the University in 1830, though some of his earliest writing appeared in university publications TheSnob and The Gownsman.He travelled for some time on the continent, visiting Paris and Weimar, where he met Goethe. He returned toEngland and began to study law at the Middle Temple, but soon gave that up. On reaching the age of 21, he cameinto his inheritance but he squandered much of it on gambling and by funding two unsuccessful newspapers, TheNational Standard and The Constitutional, for which he had hoped to write. He also lost a good part of his fortune inthe collapse of two Indian banks. Forced to consider a profession to support himself, he turned first to art, which hestudied in Paris, but did not pursue it except in later years as the illustrator of some of his own novels and otherwritings.

Thackeray portrayed by Eyre Crowe, 1845

Thackeray's years of semi-idleness ended after he married (20 August1836) Isabella Gethin Shawe (18161893), second daughter of IsabellaCreagh Shawe and Matthew Shawe, a colonel, who had died afterextraordinary service, primarily in India. They had three children, allgirls: Anne Isabella (18371919), Jane (died at 8 months) and HarrietMarian (18401875). He now began "writing for his life", as he put it,turning to journalism in an effort to support his young family.

He primarily worked for Fraser's Magazine, a sharp-witted andsharp-tongued conservative publication, for which he produced artcriticism, short fictional sketches, and two longer fictional works,Catherine and The Luck of Barry Lyndon. From 1837 to 1840 he alsoreviewed books for The Times.[2] He was also a regular contributor toThe Morning Chronicle and The Foreign Quarterly Review. Later,through his connection to the illustrator John Leech, he began writing

for the newly created Punch magazine, where he published The Snob Papers, later collected as The Book of Snobs.This work popularised the modern meaning of the word "snob".

Tragedy struck in his personal life as his wife succumbed to depression after the birth of their third child in 1840.Finding he could get no work done at home, he spent more and more time away, until September of that year, whenhe realised how grave her condition was. Struck by guilt, he took his ailing wife to Ireland. During the crossing shethrew herself from a water-closet into the sea, but she was pulled from the waters. They fled back home after afour-week domestic battle with her mother. From November 1840 to February 1842 she was in and out ofprofessional care, her condition waxing and waning.

William Makepeace Thackeray 3

Caricature of Thackeray by Thackeray

She eventually deteriorated into a permanent state of detachment fromreality, unaware of the world around her. Thackeray desperately soughtcures for her, but nothing worked, and she ended up confined in ahome near Paris. She remained there until 1893, outliving her husbandby thirty years. After his wife's illness, Thackeray became a de factowidower, never establishing another permanent relationship. He didpursue other women, in particular Mrs. Jane Brookfield, and SallyBaxter. In 1851 Mr Brookfield barred Thackeray from further visits toor correspondence with Jane. Baxter, an American twenty years hisjunior whom he met during a lecture tour in New York City in 1852,married another man in 1855.

In the early 1840s, Thackeray had some success with two travel books,The Paris Sketch Book and The Irish Sketch Book. He achieved morerecognition with his Snob Papers (serialised 1846/7, published in bookform in 1848), but the work that really established his fame was thenovel Vanity Fair, which first appeared in serialised installmentsbeginning in January 1847. Even before Vanity Fair completed itsserial run, Thackeray had become a celebrity, sought after by the verylords and ladies whom he satirised; they hailed him as the equal of Dickens.

He remained "at the top of the tree," as he put it, for the remaining decade and a half of his life, producing severallarge novels, notably Pendennis, The Newcomes, and The History of Henry Esmond, despite various illnesses,including a near fatal one that struck him in 1849 in the middle of writing Pendennis. He twice visited the UnitedStates on lecture tours during this period.Thackeray also gave lectures in London on the English humorists of the eighteenth century, and on the first fourHanoverian monarchs. The latter series was published in book form as The Four Georges. In Oxford, he stoodunsuccessfully as an independent for Parliament. He was narrowly beaten by Cardwell (1070 votes, against 1005 forThackeray).In 1860 Thackeray became editor of the newly established Cornhill Magazine, but was never comfortable as aneditor, preferring to contribute to the magazine as a columnist, producing his Roundabout Papers for it.

Thackeray's grave at Kensal Green Cemetery, London, photographed in 2014

His health worsened during the 1850sand he was plagued by a recurringstricture of the urethra that laid him upfor days at a time. He also felt he hadlost much of his creative impetus. Heworsened matters by over-eating anddrinking and avoiding exercise, thoughhe enjoyed horseback riding (he kept ahorse). He has been described as "thegreatest literary glutton who everlived". His main activity apart fromwriting was "guttling and gorging".[3]

He could not break his addiction to spicy peppers, further ruining his digestion. On 23 December 1863, afterreturning from dining out and before dressing for bed, Thackeray suffered a stroke and was found dead in his bed inthe morning. His death at the age of fifty-two was entirely unexpected, and shocked his family, friends, and reading

William Makepeace Thackeray 4

public. An estimated 7000 people attended his funeral at Kensington Gardens. He was buried on 29 December atKensal Green Cemetery, and a memorial bust sculpted by Marochetti can be found in Westminster Abbey.

WorksThackeray began as a satirist and parodist, writing papers with a sneaking fondness for roguish upstarts like BeckySharp in Vanity Fair and the title characters of The Luck of Barry Lyndon and Catherine. In his earliest works,writing under such pseudonyms as Charles James Yellowplush, Michael Angelo Titmarsh, and George SavageFitz-Boodle, he tended towards the savage in his attacks on high society, military prowess, the institution ofmarriage, and hypocrisy.

Title-page to Vanity Fair, drawn byThackeray, who furnished the

illustrations for many of his earliereditions.

One of his earliest works, "Timbuctoo" (1829), contained his burlesque upon thesubject set for the Cambridge Chancellor's medal for English verse (the contestwas won by Tennyson with "Timbuctoo"). His writing career really began with aseries of satirical sketches now usually known as The Yellowplush Papers, whichappeared in Fraser's Magazine beginning in 1837. These were adapted for BBCRadio 4 in 2009, with Adam Buxton playing Charles Yellowplush.

Between May 1839 and February 1840, Fraser's published the work sometimesconsidered Thackeray's first novel, Catherine, originally intended as a satire ofthe Newgate school of crime fiction but ending up more as a rollickingpicaresque tale in its own right. He also began work, never finished, on the novellater published as A Shabby Genteel Story.

In The Luck of Barry Lyndon, a novel serialised in Fraser's in 1844, Thackerayexplored the situation of an outsider trying to achieve status in high society, atheme which he developed more successfully in Vanity Fair with the character ofBecky Sharp, the artist's daughter who rises nearly to the heights by manipulatingthe other characters.

He is best known now for Vanity Fair, with its deft skewerings of human foiblesand its roguishly attractive heroine. His large novels from the period after this,

once described unflatteringly by Henry James as examples of "loose baggy monsters", have faded from view,perhaps because they reflect a mellowing in the author, who became so successful with his satires on society that heseemed to lose his zest for attacking it.

The later works include Pendennis, a sort of bildungsroman depicting the coming of age of Arthur Pendennis, a kindof alter ego of Thackeray who also features as the narrator of two later novels, The Newcomes and The Adventures ofPhilip. The Newcomes is noteworthy for its critical portrayal of the "marriage market", while Philip is noteworthy forits semi-autobiographical depiction of Thackeray's early life, in which the author partially regains some of his earlysatirical zest.Also notable among the later novels is The History of Henry Esmond, in which Thackeray tried to write a novel inthe style of the eighteenth century. In fact, the eighteenth century held a great appeal for Thackeray. Not onlyEsmond but also Barry Lyndon and Catherine are set then, as is the sequel to Esmond, The Virginians, which takesplace in America and includes George Washington as a character who nearly kills one of the protagonists in a duel.

William Makepeace Thackeray 5

Family life

Anne Becher and William Makepeace Thackeray,c.1813

Thackeray's father, Richmond Thackeray, was born at South Mimmsand went to India in 1798 at age sixteen as a writer (civil servant) withthe East India Company. Richmond fathered a daughter, SarahRedfield, in 1804 with Charlotte Sophia Rudd, his possibly Eurasianmistress, and both mother and daughter were named in his will. Suchliaisons were common among gentlemen of the East India Company,and it formed no bar to his later courting and marrying William'smother.

Anne Becher, born 1792, was "one of the reigning beauties of the day"and a daughter of John Harmon Becher (Collector of the South 24Parganas district d. Calcutta, 1800), of an old Bengal civilian family"noted for the tenderness of its women". Anne Becher, her sisterHarriet, and widowed mother Harriet, had been sent back to India byher authoritarian guardian grandmother, widow Ann Becher, in 1809on the Earl Howe. Anne's grandmother had told her that the man sheloved, Henry Carmichael-Smyth, an ensign of the Bengal Engineerswhom she met at an Assembly Ball in 1807 in Bath, Somerset, haddied, and he was told that Anne was no longer interested in him;neither of these were true. Though Carmichael-Smyth was from a distinguished Scottish military family, Anne'sgrandmother went to extreme lengths to prevent their marriage; surviving family letters state that she wanted a bettermatch for her granddaughter.

Anne Becher and Richmond Thackeray were married in Calcutta on 13 October 1810. Their only child, William,was born on 18 July 1811. There was a fine miniature portrait of Anne Becher Thackeray and William MakepeaceThackeray, about age 2, done in Madras by George Chinnery c. 1813.[4]

Anne's family's deception was unexpectedly revealed in 1812, when Richmond Thackeray unwittingly invited thesupposedly dead Carmichael-Smyth to dinner. After Richmond died of a fever on 13 September 1815, Anne marriedHenry Carmichael-Smyth on 13 March 1817. The couple moved to England in 1820, after having sent William off toschool there more than three years earlier. The separation from his mother had a traumatic effect on the youngThackeray which he discussed in his essay "On Letts's Diary" in The Roundabout Papers.Thackeray is also an ancestor of UK financier Ryan Williams, and British comedian Al Murray'sgreat-great-great-grandfather.

William Makepeace Thackeray 6

Reputation and legacy

Etching of Thackeray, ca. 1867

During the Victorian era, Thackeray was ranked second only toCharles Dickens, but he is now much less read and is knownalmost exclusively for Vanity Fair. In that novel he was able tosatirise whole swaths of humanity while retaining a light touch. Italso features his most memorable character, the engaginglyroguish Becky Sharp. As a result, unlike Thackeray's other novels,it remains popular with the general reading public; it is a standardfixture in university courses and has been repeatedly adapted formovies and television.

In Thackeray's own day, some commentators, such as AnthonyTrollope, ranked his History of Henry Esmond as his greatestwork, perhaps because it expressed Victorian values of duty andearnestness, as did some of his other later novels. It is perhaps forthis reason that they have not survived as well as Vanity Fair,which satirises those values.

Thackeray saw himself as writing in the realistic tradition anddistinguished himself from the exaggerations and sentimentality ofDickens. Some later commentators have accepted this self-evaluation and seen him as a realist, but others note hisinclination to use eighteenth-century narrative techniques, such as digressions and talking to the reader, and arguethat through them he frequently disrupts the illusion of reality. The school of Henry James, with its emphasis onmaintaining that illusion, marked a break with Thackeray's techniques.

2 Palace Green, a house built for Thackeray in the 1860s, is currently the permanent residence of the Israeli Embassyto the United Kingdom.[5] A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque was unveiled in 1887 to commemorate Thackeray atPalace Green.His former home in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, is now a fine dining restaurant named after theauthor.Wikipedia:Citation needed

List of works

Wikisource has original works written by orabout:William Makepeace Thackeray

The Yellowplush Papers (1837) ISBN 0-8095-9676-8 Catherine (183940) ISBN 1-4065-0055-0 A Shabby Genteel Story (1840) ISBN 1-4101-0509-1 The Irish Sketchbook (1843) ISBN 0-86299-754-2 The Luck of Barry Lyndon (1844), filmed as Barry Lyndon by Stanley Kubrick ISBN 0-19-283628-5 Notes of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo (1846), under the name Mr M. A. Titmarsh. Mrs. Perkins's Ball (1846), under the name M. A. Titmarsh The Book of Snobs (1848), which popularised that term- ISBN 0-8095-9672-5 Vanity Fair (1848) ISBN 0-14-062085-0 Pendennis (18481850) ISBN 1-4043-8659-9 Rebecca and Rowena (1850), a parody sequel of Ivanhoe ISBN 1-84391-018-7 The Paris Sketchbook (1840), featuring Roger Bontemps

William Makepeace Thackeray 7

Men's Wives (1852) ISBN 0-14-062085-1 The History of Henry Esmond (1852) ISBN 0-14-143916-5 The Newcomes (1855) ISBN 0-460-87495-0 The Rose and the Ring (1855) ISBN 1-4043-2741-X The Virginians (18571859) ISBN 1-4142-3952-1 Four Georges (1860-1861) - ISBN 978-1410203007 The Adventures of Philip (1862) ISBN 1-4101-0510-5 Roundabout Papers (1863) Denis Duval (1864) ISBN 1-4191-1561-8 The Orphan of Pimlico (1876) Sketches and Travels in London Stray Papers: Being Stories, Reviews, Verses, and Sketches (1821-1847) Literary Essays The English Humorists of the eighteenth century: a series of lectures (1867) Lovel the Widower Ballads Christmas Books Samuel Titmarsh Miscellanies Stories Burlesques Irish Sketchbook volume 2 Character Sketches Critical Reviews Second Funeral of Napoleon

References[1] Calcutta was the capital of the British Indian Empire at the time. Thackeray was born on the grounds of what is now the Armenian College &

Philanthropic Academy on the old Freeschool Street, now called Mirza Ghalib Street.[2] Gary Simons, 'Thackeray's Contributions to the Times, Victorian Periodicals Review, 40:4 (2007, pp. 332354[3] Bee Wilson, "Vanity fare", New Statesman, 27 November 1998 (http:/ / www. newstatesman. com/ vanity-fare). Retrieved 4 January 2014[4] Ooty Well Preserved & Flourishing (http:/ / gibberandsqueak. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 02/ ooty-well-preserved-flourishing. html)[5] British History website (http:/ / www. british-history. ac. uk/ report. aspx?compid=49873#s21)

Sources Catalan, Zelma. The Politics of Irony in Thackerays Mature Fiction: Vanity Fair, Henry Esmond, The Newcomes.

Sofia (Bulgaria), 2010, 250 p. Sheldon Goldfarb Catherine: A Story (The Thackeray Edition). University of Michigan Press, 1999. Ferris, Ina. William Makepeace Thackeray. Boston: Twayne, 1983. Monsarrat, Ann. An Uneasy Victorian: Thackeray the Man, 18111863. London: Cassell, 1980. Peters, Catherine. Thackerays Universe: Shifting Worlds of Imagination and Reality. New York: Oxford

University Press, 1987. Prawer, Siegbert S.: Breeches and Metaphysics: Thackeray's German Discourse. Oxford: Legenda, 1997. Prawer, Siegbert S.: Israel at Vanity Fair: Jews and Judaism in the Writings of W. M. Thackeray. Leiden: Brill,

1992. Prawer, Siegbert S.: W. M. Thackeray's European sketch books: a study of literary and graphic portraiture. P.

Lang, 2000.

William Makepeace Thackeray 8

Ray, Gordon N. Thackeray: The Uses of Adversity, 18111846. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955. Ray, Gordon N. Thackeray: The Age of Wisdom, 18471863. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. Ritchie, H.T. Thackeray and His Daughter. Harper and Brothers, 1924. Rodrguez Espinosa, Marcos (1998) Traduccin y recepcin como procesos de mediacin cultural: 'Vanity Fair'

en Espaa. Mlaga: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Mlaga. Shillingsburg, Peter. William Makepeace Thackeray: A Literary Life. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001. Williams, Ioan M. Thackeray. London: Evans, 1968.

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The Thackerays in India and Some Calcutta Graves (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3SoZAAAAMAAJ)By William Wilson Hunter

Works (http:/ / ebooks. adelaide. edu. au/ t/ thackeray/ william_makepeace/ ) available at eBooks @ Adelaide(http:/ / ebooks. adelaide. edu. au/ )

Works by William Makepeace Thackeray (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ William_Makepeace_Thackeray)at Project Gutenberg

Works by William Makepeace Thackeray (http:/ / librivox. org/ search?q=William+ Makepeace+ Thackeray&search_form=advanced) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

On Charity and Humor (http:/ / bartleby. com/ 268/ 4/ 19. html), discourse on behalf of a charitable organisation Pegasus in Harness: Victorian Publishing and W. M. Thackeray by Peter L. Shillingsburg (http:/ / www.

victorianweb. org/ authors/ wmt/ pegasus/ contents. html) "Bluebeard's Ghost" by W. M. Thackeray (1843) (http:/ / www. surlalunefairytales. com/ bluebeard/ fiction/

williammakepeacethackeray. html) PSU's Electronic Classics Series William Makepeace Thackeray site (http:/ / www2. hn. psu. edu/ faculty/ jmanis/

thackeray. htm) "The Adventures of Thackeray on his way through the World: An online exhibition at the Houghton Library

(http:/ / hcl. harvard. edu/ libraries/ houghton/ exhibits/ thackeray/ )

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsWilliam Makepeace Thackeray Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=622621302 Contributors: 19thPharaoh, ABCD, Advance, Aetylus, Ahmed SHareef2nd, Allissonn,Amontilado, Anais9000, Andy Dingley, Antandrus, Arrogant Papist, Ashot Gabrielyan, Assassin15, AtStart, BRUTE, Balthazarduju, Banaticus, Bigjimr, Bill Thayer, BillFlis, Biruitorul, Bmcln1,Bobblewik, Bodders, BozMo, BrownHairedGirl, Calabe1992, Camboxer, Camembert, CanisRufus, Castillodecastellar, Celuici, Charles Matthews, Chzz, Colonies Chris, Currylj, D6, DO11.10,Danielbech, Danny, Dantadd, Dcastor, Deb, Debresser, Deeday-UK, Deflective, Diamantina, Dimadick, Djordjes, DocWatson42, Dori, Dr pda, Dsp13, Dzlinker, ELLusKa 86, ElKevbo, Elonka,Epicgenius, EugeneZelenko, Everyking, Farrtj, FeanorStar7, Flyer22, Freederick, Gaius Cornelius, Gaius Octavius Princeps, Gareth E Kegg, GateKeeper, Geenius at Wrok, Gettingtoit,Gloriamarie, Grunt117, Guan, Hans Dunkelberg, Hesperian, Hirpex, HoichitheEarless, Homagetocatalonia, Hornplease, Hotspur23, INeverCry, ISD, Ian Pitchford, Iceaxejuggler, Icey, Ike524,Imaek, InvisibleSun, Ipoellet, Iwnbap, J JMesserly, J.J. Boone, J293339, JCpromotion, JMcFerran, JackofOz, Japanese Searobin, Jeff3000, JoeSmack, John, John K, John Vandenberg,Johnpacklambert, Joyous!, Jpbowen, Keppx0r, Kevinalewis, Khunglongcon, Kilaiditis, Kingturtle, Kwamikagami, LaForge, Levin, Librarygurl, Life of Riley, Little red cap, Lucobrat, Lugnad,LutP, MRSC, Madchester, Magnus Manske, Mandel, Marcol, Marcus334, MarmadukePercy, MattHucke, MeltBanana, Mfcayley, Mike hayes, Missmarple, Mjroots, Mkweise, MrBook, Mrdude,Muriel Gottrop, Naddy, NellieBly, Niallsomhairle, OccultZone, Ohconfucius, Omnipaedista, Orbicular, Ortolan88, Ozzieboy, PBS, Pagony, Pamplemousse, Paul A, Paul Barlow, Paulannis,PhilKnight, Philip Cross, PhilipLS, RJHall, RLamb, Rachel1, Ray Yallop, Raymondwinn, RetiredUser2, RevRagnarok, Ricardiana, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rob at Houghton, Robertgreer,S19991002, Sacttergun76, Samwilson, SandFish, Sannse, Santoshrohini, Scewing, SchreiberBike, Scutigera, Seaphoto, Seresin, ShelfSkewed, Shyamal, SiobhanHansa, Skyring, Sophie Waywax,Spencerberus, Spinningspark, Stevertigo, Sugarbat, SummerWithMorons, Suslindisambiguator, Tagishsimon, Thackeray, TimBovee, Timeineurope, Tony May, Tony1, TonyTheTiger,Tpbradbury, Trappist the monk, TubularWorld, Valentina-Monica Barba, Varlaam, Vsmith, WadeSimMiser, Wahabijaz, Wik, WillieWillie&G, WoodstockEarth, Woohookitty, Xezbeth,YeshuaDavid, Zariane, Zoe, , 200 anonymous edits

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