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TigerFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the big cat. For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation).

"Tigress" redirects here. For other uses, seeTigress (disambiguation).

The tiger(Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, reaching a total body length of up to 3.3 metres (11 ft) and weighing up to

306 kg (670 lb). It is the third largest land carnivore (behind only the Polar bearand the Brown bear). Its most recognizable

feature is a pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with lighter underside. It has exceptionally stout teeth, and

the canines are the longest among living felids with a crownheight of as much as 74.5 mm (2.93 in) or even 90 mm (3.5 in). [4] In

zoos, tigers have lived for 20 to 26 years, which also seems to be their longevity in the wild.[5]They are territorial and

generallysolitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey requirements. This,

coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant

conflicts with humans.

Tigers once ranged widely acrossAsia, fromTurkey in the west to the eastern coast ofRussia. Over the past 100 years, they

have lost 93% of their historic range, and have been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands

ofJava and Bali, and from large areas ofSoutheast andEastern Asia. Today, they range from the Siberiantaiga to

open grasslands and tropical mangroveswamps. The remaining six tiger subspecies have been classified

as endangeredby IUCN. The global population in the wild is estimated to number between 3,062 to 3,948 individuals, down

from around 100,000 at the start of the 20th century, [6] with most remaining populations occurring in small pockets that are

isolated from each other. Major reasons for population decline include habitat destruction,habitat fragmentation and poaching.

[1] The extent of area occupied by tigers is estimated at less than 1,184,911 km2 (457,497 sq mi), a 41% decline from the area

estimated in the mid-1990s.[7]

Tigers are among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. They have featured prominently in

ancientmythology andfolklore, and continue to be depicted in modern films and literature. Tigers appear on manyflags, coats of

arms, and asmascots for sporting teams.[8]TheBengal tigeris the national animal of Bangladesh and India.[9][10]

Taxonomy and etymology

In 1758, Linnaeus first described the species in his workSystema Naturae under the scientific nameFelis tigris.[3] In 1929, the

British taxonomistReginald Innes Pocock subordinated the species under the genusPanthera using the scientific

name Panthera tigris.[11]

The word Panthera is probably ofOriental origin and retraceable to theAncient Greek wordpanther, the Latin wordpanthera,

the Old French wordpantere, most likely meaning "the yellowish animal", or frompandarah meaning whitish-yellow. The

derivation fromGreekpan- ("all") and ther("beast") may befolk etymology that led to many curious fables.[12]

The word "tiger" is retraceable to the Latin word tigris meaning a spotted tigerhound of Actaeon.[13] The Greek word tigris is

possibly derived from aPersian source.[14]
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rismatic_megafaunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_armshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_armshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#cite_note-Linn1758-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantherahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#cite_note-pocock1939-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_(disambiguation)


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LionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, seeLion (disambiguation).

The lion (Panthera leo) is one of the fourbig cats in thegenusPantheraand a member of the family Felidae. With some males

exceeding 250 kg (550 lb) in weight,[4]it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger. Wild lions currently exist in sub-Saharan

Africaand inAsia (with anendangered remnant populations reside inGir Forest National Parkin India) while other types of lions

have disappeared from North Africa andSouthwest Asia in historic times. Until the late Pleistocene, about 10,000 years ago, the

lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans. They were found in most of Africa, across Eurasia from western

Europe to India, and in the Americas from the Yukon to Peru.[5] The lion is avulnerable species, having seen a major population

decline of 3050% over the past two decades[date missing] in its African range.[2] Lion populations are untenable outside designated

reserves and national parks. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood, habitat loss and conflicts with humans are

currently the greatest causes of concern. Within Africa, the West African lion population is particularly endangered.

Lions live for 1014 years in the wild, while in captivity they can live longer than 20 years. In the wild, males seldom live longer

than 10 years, as injuries sustained from continual fighting with rival males greatly reduce their longevity.[6] They typically

inhabit savanna and grassland, although they may take to bushandforest. Lions are unusually socialcompared to other cats. A

pride of lions consists of related females and offspring and a small number of adult males. Groups of female lions typically hunt

together, preying mostly on large ungulates. Lions areapex and keystone predators, although they scavenge as opportunity

allows. While lions do not typically hunt humans, some have been known to do so. Sleeping mainly during the day, lions are

primarilynocturnal, although bordering on crepuscular[7] [8] in nature.

Highly distinctive, the male lion is easily recognised by its mane, and its face is one of the most widely recognised animal

symbols in humanculture. Depictions have existed from the Upper Paleolithic period, with carvings and paintings from

the LascauxandChauvet Caves, through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they once occurred. It has been

extensively depicted in sculptures, in paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. Lions have been kept

in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire, and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoos over the world

since the late 18th century. Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangeredAsiatic subspecies.

Etymology

The lion's name, similar in many Romance languages, is derived from theLatinleo;[9] and theAncient Greek (leon).

[10] The Hebrew word (lavi) may also be related.[11] It was one of the many species originally described byLinnaeus, who

gave it the name Felis leo, in his 18th-century work, Systema Naturae.[3]

Taxonomy and evolution

The lion's closest relatives are the other species of the genusPanthera: thetiger, thejaguar, and the leopard. P. leo evolved

inAfricabetween 1 million and 800,000 years ago, before spreading throughout theHolarcticregion.[12]It appeared in the fossil

record in Europe for the first time 700,000 years ago with the subspecies Panthera leo fossilis at Isernia inItaly. From this lion

derived the later cave lion (Panthera leo spelaea), which appeared about 300,000 years ago.[13] Lions died out in

northern Eurasiaat the end of the last glaciation, about 10,000 years ago;[14] this may have been secondary to

the extinction ofPleistocene megafauna.[15]
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LeopardFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Leopards" redirects here. For other uses, see Leopards (disambiguation).

For other uses, seeLeopard (disambiguation)andLeopardi (disambiguation).

The black leopard is one of three animals called "panther" the others are the blackjaguarand the cougar.

The leopard (pron.:/lp r d/), Panthera pardus, is a member of the Felidaefamilyand the smallest of the four "big cats" in

the genusPanthera, the other three being the tiger,lion, andjaguar. The leopard was once distributed across eastern and

southernAsiaandAfrica, from SiberiatoSouth Africa, but its range of distribution has decreased radically because of

hunting andloss of habitat. It is now chiefly found in sub-Saharan Africa; there are also fragmented populations in

the Indian subcontinent,Sri Lanka,Indochina,Malaysia,Indonesia, andChina. Because of its declining range and

population, it is listed as a "Near Threatened" species on the IUCN Red List.[1]

Compared to other members of the Felidae family, the leopard has relatively short legs and a long body with a large skull. It

is similar in appearance to thejaguar, but is smaller and more slightly built. Its fur is marked withrosettes similar to those of

the jaguar, but the leopard's rosettes are smaller and more densely packed, and do not usually have central spots as the

jaguars do. Both leopards and jaguars that aremelanistic are known asblack panthers.

The species' success in the wild is in part due to itsopportunistichunting behavior, its adaptability to habitats, its ability to

run at speeds approaching 58 kilometres per hour (36 mph), its unequaled ability to climbtreeseven when carrying a heavy

carcass,[2] and its notorious ability for stealth. The leopard consumes virtually any animal that it can hunt down and catch. Its

habitat ranges from rainforesttodesert terrains.

Description

Leopards are agile and stealthy predators. Although they are smaller than other members of thePanthera genus, they are able to take large prey due to

their massive skulls that facilitate powerful jaw muscles. Head and body length is usually between 90 and 165 cm (35 and 65 in). The tail reaches 60 to

110 cm (24 to 43 in) long, around the same length as thetiger's tail and relatively the longest tail in thePantheragenus (thoughsnow leopards and the

much smallermarbled catsare relatively longer tailed).[3][4]Shoulder height is from 45 to 80 cm (18 to 31 in). The muscles attached to the scapula are

exceptionally strong, which enhance their ability to climb trees. They are very diverse in size. Males are about 30% larger than females, weighing 30 to

91 kg (66 to 200 lb) compared to 23 to 60 kg (51 to 130 lb) for females. Large males of up to 91 kg (200 lb) have been documented in Kruger National

ParkinSouth Africa; however, males in South Africa's coastal mountains average 31 kg (68 lb) and the females from the desert-edge inSomalia average

23 to 27 kg (51 to 60 lb). This wide variation in size is thought to result from the quality and availability of prey found in each habitat. The most diminutive

leopard subspecies overall is theArabian leopard (P. p. nimr), from deserts of theMiddle East, with adult females of this race weighing as little as 17 kg

(37 lb).[5][6]

Other large subspecies, in which males weigh up to 91 kg (200 lb), are theSri Lankan leopard(P. p. kotiya) and theAnatolian leopard (P. p. tulliana).

Such larger leopards tend to be found in areas which lacktigersandlions, thus putting the leopard at the top of the food chain with no competitive

restriction from large prey items.[7]The largest verified leopards weighed 96.5 kg (213 lb) and can reach 190 cm (75 in) in head-and-body length. Larger

sizes have been reported but are generally considered unreliable.[8][4]The leopard's body is comparatively long, and its legs are short.[9]

Leopards show a great diversity in coat color and rosette patterns. Their rosettes are circular in East Africa but tend to be squarer in southern Africa and

larger in Asian populations. Their yellow coat tends to be more pale and cream colored in desert populations, more gray in colder climates, and of a

darker golden hue inrainforesthabitats. Overall, the fur under the belly tends to be lighter coloured and of a softer, downy type. Solid black spots in

place of open rosettes are generally seen along the face, limbs and underbelly.[5]

Leopards may sometimes be confused with two other large spotted cats, thecheetah, with which it may co-exist inAfrica, and thejaguar,

a neotropicalspecies that it does not naturally co-exist with. However, the patterns of spots in each are different: the cheetah has simple black spots,

evenly spread; the jaguar has small spots inside the polygonalrosettes; while the leopard normally has rounder, smaller rosettes than those of the

jaguar. The cheetah has longer legs and a thinner build that makes it look more streamlined and taller but less powerfully built than the leopard. The

jaguar is more similar in build to the leopard but is generally larger in size and has a more muscular, bulky appearance.[10]
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CheetahFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Cheetah (disambiguation).

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is a large feline(familyFelidae, subfamily Felinae) inhabiting most ofAfricaand parts of

the Middle East. It is the only extant memberof the genusAcinonyx. The cheetah can run faster than any other land animal as

fast as 112 to 120 km/h (70 to 75 mph)[3][4]

in short bursts covering distances up to 500 m (1,600 ft), and has the ability to

accelerate from 0 to over 100 km/h (62 mph) in three seconds.[5]

This cat is also notable for modifications in the species' paws. It is one of the few felids with semi-retractable claws.[6]

The cheetah's chestis deep and itswaist is narrow. The coarse, short fur of the cheetah is tan with round black spots measuring from 2

to 3 cm (0.79 to 1.2 in) across, affording it somecamouflage while hunting. There are no spots on its white underside, but the tail has

spots, which merge to form four to six dark rings at the end. The tail usually ends in a bushy white tuft. The cheetah has a

smallheadwith high-set eyes. Black "tear marks" running from the corner of its eyes down the sides of the nose to its mouth keep

sunlight out of its eyes and aid in hunting and seeing long distances. Although it can reach high speeds, its body cannot stand long

distance running, because it is more suited to short bursts of speed.

The adult cheetah weighs from 21 to 72 kg (46 to 160 lb). Its total head-and-body length is from 110 to 150 cm (43 to 59 in), while the

tail can measure 60 to 84 cm (24 to 33 in) in length.[13][14][15][16] Cheetahs are 66 to 94 cm (26 to 37 in) tall at the shoulder. Males tend to

be slightly larger than females and have slightly bigger heads, but there is not a great variation in cheetah sizes and it is difficult to tell

males and females apart by appearance alone. Compared to a similarly sized leopard, the cheetah is generally shorter-bodied, but is

longer tailed and taller (it averages about 90 cm (35 in) tall) and so it appears more streamlined.

Some cheetahs have a rare fur pattern mutationof larger, blotchy, merged spots. Known as "king cheetahs," they were once thought to

constitute a separate subspecies but are in fact African cheetahs; their unusual fur pattern is the result of a single recessive gene.[17] The "king cheetah" has only been seen in the wild a handful of times, but it has been bred in captivity.

Comparative illustration of a leopard (left) and cheetah (right)

The cheetah's paws have semi-retractableclaws (known only in three other cat species: thefishing cat, the flat-headed cat and

the Iriomote cat), offering extra grip in its high-speed pursuits. Theligamentstructure of the cheetah's claws is the same as those of

other cats; it simply lacks the sheath of skin and fur present in other varieties, and therefore, with the exception of the dewclaw, the

claws are always visible. The dewclaw is much shorter and straighter than that of other cats.

Adaptations that enable the cheetah to run as fast as it does include large nostrils that allow for increased oxygen intake, and an

enlarged heart and lungs that work together to circulate oxygen efficiently. During a typical chase, its respiratory rate increases from 60

to 150 breaths per minute.[8] While running, in addition to having good traction due to its semi-retractable claws, the cheetah uses its tai

as a rudder-like means of steering[citation needed] to allow it to make sharp turns, necessary to outflank prey animals that often make such

turns to escape.

Unlike true big cats of subfamilyPantherinae, the cheetah can purras it inhales, but cannotroar. By contrast, the big cats can roar but

cannot purr, except while exhaling. The cheetah is still considered by some to be the smallest of the big cats. While it is often mistakenfor the leopard, the cheetah does have distinguishing features, such as the aforementioned long "tear-streak" lines that run from the

corners of its eyes to its mouth, and spots that are not "rosettes". The thinner body frame of the cheetah is also very different from that

of the leopard.

The cheetah is a vulnerable species. Of all the big cats, it is the least able toadapt to new environments. It has always proved difficult

to breed in captivity, although recently a few zoos have managed to succeed at this. Once widely hunted for its fur, the cheetah now

suffers more from the loss of both habitat and prey.

The cheetah was formerly considered to be particularly primitive among the cats and to have evolved approximately 18 million years

ago. However, new research suggests the last common ancestor of all 40 existing species of felines lived more recently than about 11

million years ago. The same research indicates that the cheetah, while highly derived morphologically, is not of particularly ancient
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lineage, having separated from its closest living relatives (Puma concolor, thecougar, and Puma yaguarondi, thejaguarundi) around

five million years ago.[11]These felids have not changed appreciably since they first appeared in thefossil record.

The horse (Equus ferus caballus)[2][3] is one of twoextantsubspeciesofEquus ferus, or thewild horse. It is anodd-toed ungulatemammalbelonging to the

taxonomic familyEquidae. The horse has evolvedover the past 45 to 55 million years from asmall multi-toed creatureinto the large, single-toed animal of today.

Humans began todomesticatehorses around 4000 BC, and theirdomestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the

subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild asferal horses. These feral populations are not truewild horses,

as this term is used to describe horses that have never been domesticated, such as the endangeredPrzewalski's horse, a separate subspecies, and the only

remaining truewild horse. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomyto life

stages, size, colors,markings,breeds,locomotion, and behavior.

Horses' anatomy enables them to make use of speed to escape predators and they have a well-developedsense of balance and a strongfight-or-flightinstinct.

Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. Female horses, calledmares,

carry their young for approximately 11 months, and a young horse, called afoal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training

undersaddleor inharness between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average l ifespan of between 25 and

30 years.

Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such

asdraft horsesand some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing

on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are more than 300 breeds of horses in the world today, developed for many different

uses.

Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits, as well as in working activities such aspolice

work,agriculture, entertainment, andtherapy. Horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety ofriding and drivingtechniques developed, using

many different styles ofequipmentand methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals

extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water and shelter, as well as attention from specialists suchasveterinarians and farriers.

ElephantFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, seeElephant (disambiguation).

Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidaeand the orderProboscidea. Traditionally, two species were known,

theAfrican elephant(Loxodonta africana) and theAsian elephant(Elephas maximus), although some evidence suggests

thatAfrican bush elephants andAfrican forest elephants are separate species (L. africana and L. cyclotis respectively).

Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, andSouth andSoutheast Asia. They are the only surviving

proboscideans, although several extinct species have been identified, including the elephants' close relatives, the mammoths.

Elephants are the largest living terrestrial animals; male African elephants can reach a height of 4 m (13 ft) and weigh as much

as 7,000 kg (15,000 lb). These animals have several distinctive features, including a long proboscis or trunk that they use for

numerous purposes, particularly for grasping objects. The ear flaps are particularly large and help to control the temperature of

their massive bodies. Theirincisorsgrow into large tusks, which serve as tools for moving objects and digging, as well as

weapons for fighting. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs while Asian elephants have smaller ears and a

convex back.

Elephants areherbivores and they can be found in numerous habitats, includingsavannas,forests,desertsand marshes, and

prefer to stay near water. Elephants are considered to bekeystone speciesdue to the impact they have on their environments.

Other animals tend to keep their distance, and predators such aslions, tigers,hyenasand wilddogs usually target only the

calves. Females or cows tend to live in family groups, which can consist of just one female with her calves or several related

females with offspring. The latter are led by the oldest cow, known as the matriarch. Elephants appear to have a fission-fusion

society in which multiple family groups come together for socialising. Males or bulls leave their family groups when they reach

puberty, and may live alone or with other males. Adult bulls mostly interact with family groups when looking for a mate and enter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguarundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah#cite_note-Mattern_and_McLennan-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah#cite_note-Mattern_and_McLennan-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah#cite_note-Mattern_and_McLennan-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_fossilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_fossilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse#cite_note-MSW3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse#cite_note-MSW3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse#cite_note-MSW3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyracotheriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyracotheriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyracotheriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_horseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_horseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_horseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przewalski's_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przewalski's_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_coat_colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_coat_colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_markingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_markingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_markingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrioceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrioceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_harnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_harnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmbloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmbloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_(horse)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_tackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_tackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_tackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscideahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscideahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_forest_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_forest_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission-fusion_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission-fusion_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguarundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah#cite_note-Mattern_and_McLennan-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_fossilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse#cite_note-MSW3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyracotheriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_horseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przewalski's_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_coat_colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_markingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrioceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_harnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmbloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_(horse)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_tackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscideahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_forest_elephanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission-fusion_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission-fusion_society


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a state of increasedtestosterone and aggression known as musth, which helps them gain dominanceandreproductive success.

Calves are the centre of attention in their family groups, and rely on their mothers for as long as three years. Elephants

communicate by touch, sight, and sound and useinfrasound and seismicsfor long-distance communication.

Elephants are intelligent, and have been compared to primates andcetaceans in this regard. They appear to haveself-

awareness and show empathyfor dying or dead individuals of their kind. African elephants are listed asvulnerable by

the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), while the Asian elephant is considered to be endangered. One of the

biggest threats to elephant populations is theivory trade, as the animals are poached for their ivory tusks. Other threats to wild

elephants includehabitat destructionand conflicts with local people. Elephants are used as working animalsin both Asia and

Africa and are employed for a numbers of tasks. In the past they were used as instruments of war, and are still put on display

in zoosandcircuses. Highly recognisable, elephants have played iconic roles in human cultures, and have been featured in art,

folklore, religion, literature andpopular culture.

Zebras (/zb r/ZEB-r or/z ib r/ZEE-br)[1] are several species ofAfricanequids(horse family) united by their

distinctive black and white stripes. Their stripes come in different patterns, unique to each individual. They are generally

social animals that live in smallharems to large herds. Unlike their closest relatives, horses and asses, zebras have never

been truly domesticated.

There are three species of zebras: the plains zebra, the Grvy's zebraand the mountain zebra. The plains zebra and the

mountain zebra belong to the subgenus Hippotigris, but Grvy's zebra is the sole species of subgenus Dolichohippus. The

latter resembles an ass, to which it is closely related, while the former two are more horse-like. All three belong to the

genus Equus, along with other living equids.

The unique stripes of zebras make them one of the animals most familiar to people. They occur in a variety of habitats,

such as grasslands, savannas,woodlands, thorny scrublands, mountains, and coastalhills. However, various

anthropogenic factors have had a severe impact on zebra populations, in particular hunting for skins and habitat

destruction. Grvy's zebra and the mountain zebra are endangered. While plains zebras are much more plentiful, one

subspecies, the quagga, became extinct in the late 19th century though there is currently a plan, called the Quagga

Project, that aims to breed zebras that are phenotypically similar to the quagga in a process called breeding back.

Etymology

Zebra in English dates back to c.1600, from Italian Zebra, perhaps fromPortuguese, which in turn is said to

be Congolese (as stated in theOxford English Dictionary). The Encarta Dictionarysays its ultimate origin is uncertain, but

perhaps it may come from Latin Equiferus meaning "Wild horse," from equus "horse" and ferus "wild, untamed".

Taxonomy and evolution

See also:Horse evolution

Zebras in Mikumi, Tanzania

Zebras evolved among the Old World horses within the last 4 million years. Grvy's zebras (and perhaps also Mountain

Zebras) are, together with asses and donkeys, in a separate lineage from other zebra lineages.[2]This means either that

striped equids evolved more than once, or that common ancestors of zebras and asses were striped and only zebras

retained the stripes. Extensive stripes are posited to have been of little use to equids that live in low densities in deserts

(like asses and some horses) or ones that live in colder climates with shaggy coats and annual shading (like some

horses).[3]
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inghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haremshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_zebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy's_Zebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_zebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrublandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaggahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quagga_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quagga_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_backhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra#cite_note-Phylogeny-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra#cite_note-Hoofed-3


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Fossils of an ancient equid were discovered in the Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument in Hagerman, Idaho. It was

named the Hagerman horsewith a scientific name ofEquus simplicidens. It is believed to have been similar to the Grvy's

zebra.[4]The animals had stocky zebra-like bodies and short, narrow, donkey-like skulls.[5] Grvy's zebra also has a

donkeylike skull. The Hagerman horse is also called the American zebra or Hagerman zebra.

GiraffeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected fromGirafe)

For other uses, seeGiraffe (disambiguation).

The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is anAfricaneven-toed ungulatemammal, thetallestlivingterrestrial animal and the

largest ruminant. Its species name refers to its camel-like appearance and the patches of color on its fur. Its chief distinguishing

characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-likeossicones and its distinctive coat patterns. It stands 56 m (16

20 ft) tall and has an average weight of 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) for males and 830 kg (1,800 lb) for females. It is classified under

the familyGiraffidae, along with its closest extant relative, the okapi. There are nine subspecies, which are distinguished by their

coat patterns.

The giraffe's scattered range extends from Chad in the north to South Africa in the south, and from Nigerin the west

toSomalia in the east. Giraffes usually inhabitsavannas,grasslands, and open woodlands. Their primary food source

isacacia leaves, which they can browse at heights that most other herbivores cannot reach. Giraffes are preyed on by lions, and

calves are also targeted by leopards, spotted hyenasandwild dogs. Adult giraffes do not have strong social bonds, though they

do gather in loose aggregations if they happen to be moving in the same general direction. Males establish social hierarchies

through "necking", which are combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon.Dominantmales gain mating access to

females, who bear the sole responsibility for raising the young.

The giraffe has intrigued various cultures, both ancient and modern, for its peculiar appearance, and has often been featured in

paintings, books and cartoons. It is classified by theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) asLeast Concern,

but has beenextirpatedfrom many parts of its former range, and some subspecies are classified as Endangered. Nevertheless,

giraffes are still found in numerous national parks andgame reserves

CamelFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, seeCamel (disambiguation).

A camel is aneven-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.

The two surviving species of camel are thedromedary, or one-humped camel, which is native to theMiddle East and the Horn of

Africa; and the Bactrian, or two-humped camel, which inhabits Central Asia. Both species have been domesticated; they

provide milk, meat,hairfor textiles or goods such as felted pouches, and are working animals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman_Fossil_Beds_National_Monumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman,_Idahohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman,_Idahohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girafe&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girafe&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_mammals#Even-toed_Ungulates_.28Artiodactyla.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_mammals#Even-toed_Ungulates_.28Artiodactyla.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossiconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossiconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycaon_pictushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycaon_pictushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extirpatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extirpatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extirpatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrian_camelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman_Fossil_Beds_National_Monumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman,_Idahohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girafe&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_mammals#Even-toed_Ungulates_.28Artiodactyla.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossiconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycaon_pictushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extirpatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangeredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrian_camelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animal


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[edit]Etymology

The term "camel" is derived via Latin and Greek (camelus and kamlos respectively) from Hebrew orPhoeniciangml,

possibly from a verb root meaning to bear or carry (related toArabicjamala).[4][5]

"Camel" is also used more broadly to describe any of the six camel-like mammals in the family Camelidae: the two true camels,

and the fourSouth American camelids: thellama and alpaca are called "New World camels", while the guanacoandvicua are

called "South American camels".[6][7]

[edit]Biology

The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50years.[8][9] A fully-grown adult camel stands 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) at the shoulder

and 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the hump.[10]Camels can run at up to 65 km/h (40 mph) in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to

40 km/h (25 mph).[11]

The male dromedary camel has in its neck an organ called a dulla, a large, inflatable sac he extrudes from his mouth when

in rutto assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of its mouth.

[12]

Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground, with the male mounting from behind. The maleusuallyejaculates three or four times within a single mating session.[13][14] Camels are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting

position.[15]

[edit]Ecobehavioral adaptations

Camels do not directly store water in their humps as was once commonly believed. The humps are actually reservoirs of fatty

tissue: concentratingbody fat in their humps minimizes the insulating effect fat would have if distributed over the rest of their

bodies, helping camels survive in hot climates.[16][17] When this tissue is metabolized, it yields more than one gram of water for

every gram of fat processed. This fat metabolization, while releasing energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs

during respiration(as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a net decrease in water.[18][19]

A camel's thick coat is one of their many adaptations that aid them in desert-like conditions.

TheHorn of Africa has the world's largest population of camels.[20]

Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source

of water.[17] Unlike other mammals, theirred blood cellsare oval rather than circular in shape. This facilitates the flow of red

blood cells during dehydration[21]and makes them better at withstanding highosmoticvariation without rupturing when drinking

large amounts of water: a 600 kg (1,300 lb) camel can drink 200 L (53 US gal) of water in three minutes. [22][23]

Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperatureand water consumption that would kill most other animals. Their

temperature ranges from 34 C (93 F) at dawn and steadily increases to 40 C (104 F) by sunset, before they cool off at night
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpacahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanacohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanacohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-wordnik-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-bornstein10-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-nationalgeo-dromedary-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-nationalgeo-dromedary-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-nationalgeo-bactrian-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-camello-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-camello-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-camello-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-bigfacts-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulla_(organ)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaculateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaculateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-mukasa81-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-sandiegozoo-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-sandiegozoo-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-roberts86-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-vannjones-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-rastogi71-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-Bernstein-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-Bernstein-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-roberts86-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-roberts86-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-mares99-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eylcamel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camel_portrait.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpacahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanacohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-wordnik-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-bornstein10-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-nationalgeo-dromedary-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-nationalgeo-bactrian-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-camello-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-bigfacts-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulla_(organ)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaculateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-mukasa81-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-sandiegozoo-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-roberts86-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-vannjones-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-rastogi71-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-Bernstein-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-roberts86-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-mares99-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_temperature


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again.[17] Camels rarely sweat, even when ambient temperatures reach 49 C (120 F).[8]Any sweat that does occur evaporates

at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat; the heat of vaporization therefore comes from body heat rather than

ambient heat. Camels can w

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