Who’s Not Going Back to School?

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1 Center or American Progress | Who’s Not Going Back to School? How Sequestration Is Scaling Back Early Childhood Education Program

Who’s Not Going Back to School?

How Sequestration Is Scaling BackEarly Childhood Education Programs

By Katie Hamm August 28, 2013

As his summer draws o a close, children, parens, and eachers across he counry have

begun he annual riual o reurning o school. Sores are adverising sales on school

supplies, and schools have reopened so ha eachers can begin decoraing classrooms

and readying heir lesson plans. Brigh yellow school buses are once again a mainsay o he morning commue. Many children across he counry are beginning a new school

year, as heir parens wave goodbye and send hem o o new learning experiences.

Unorunaely, in many communiies across he counry, some children won’ be show-

ing up or school his year. Classrooms will shu down and eachers will look or oher

employmen opporuniies. Tis school year approximaely 57,000 o our younges

children in he Head Sar program won’ be going back o school.1 Tese cus are he

resul o sequesraion. In March 2013 a sequeser order canceled $85 billion in ederal

unds, which included a $405 million cu o he Head Sar program.2 Looking ahead,

anoher sequeser is possible in he nex scal year i Congress canno agree on how omee esablished spending caps.

Te Head Sar program, esablished in he 1960s as par o hen-Presiden Lyndon B.

Johnson’s War on Povery, provides comprehensive preschool services, along wih medi-

cal, denal, and menal-healh screenings and ollow-up services, nuriional services,

and social services or amilies. Head Sar reaches nearly 1 million children across he

counry, he vas majoriy o whom are rom amilies wih incomes a or below he

ederal povery level. In 2012 Head Sar had a budge o almos $8 billion.3 In 1994 he

Early Head Sar program began serving pregnan women and children rom ages 0–3; i

now reaches more han 100,000 inans and oddlers.4

While long lines a he airpor and canceled Whie House ours have made naional

headlines, cus o early childhood programs have been less visible. Media oules have

repored grim consequences, including a lotery in an Indiana Head Sar program o

deermine which children were cu5 and program closures in Kansas6 and New York.7

When programs close heir doors, children who atended hem lose ou on access o

high-qualiy early learning opporuniies, amilies aren’ able o work wihou access o

child care, and sa are le looking or jobs.




Cus o early childhood programs are paricularly problemaic because we know

ha early childhood educaion is a sound long-erm invesmen ha pays or isel

and prepares our naion’s uure workorce or success.8 Insead o discussing how o

absorb cus, he conversaion should ocus on how o expand early childhood educa-

ion o more children, as Presiden Barack Obama proposed in his FY 2014 budge.9

Sequesraion’s impac on Head Sar direcly

harms economic recovery by eliminaing jobs andservices o children and amilies ha help hem

move ino he middle class.

Children are losing

early learning opportunities

As Head Sar programs sruggle o cu heir bud-

ges aer he March sequeser, he loss o children’s

access o programs is an ineviable consequence.Families o he 57,000 children who compleely

los access o Head Sar will sruggle o nd

alernae opions, and mos will likely lose access

o high-qualiy early learning. In some communi-

ies—such as Neodesha, Kansas, where he Head

Sar program has o close down12—Head Sar

is he only cener-based program available o amilies. Families ha live in saes wih

robus preschool programs migh be able o enroll heir 4-year-olds, bu naionally, only

abou one-ourh o children are enrolled in sae-unded preschool programs, and only

eigh saes serve more han hal o heir 4-year-olds in preschool.13

Tree-year-olds areeven less likely o nd access o publicly unded programs, as only 4 percen o hem are

served naionwide.14 Low-income amilies ha are unable o nd sae-unded preschool

programs will be hard pressed o nd oher opions. In he privae child care marke, he

average annual cos o cener-based care or a 4-year-old ranges rom $4,000 per year in

Mississippi o $12,000 per year in Massachusets.15

O he children cu rom Head Sar, abou 6,000 are inans and oddlers in he Early

Head Sar programs.16 Tese children are he leas likely o nd access o anoher

program, as ew saes und cener-based programs or children under age 2. Te average

cos o cener-based child care or an inan ranges rom $5,000 per year in Mississippi o

$15,000 per year in Massachusets.17 Mos children in Early Head Sar come rom poor

amilies who canno aord such high uiion raes. Many o hese children will likely end

up in unregulaed or poor-qualiy care so ha heir parens can coninue o work.

President Obama proposed an initiative that would provide $75 billion ov

the next 10 years to enroll all 4-year-olds in the United States whose hous

holds earn up to 200 percent of the federal poverty level in high-quality

preschool programs.10 The proposal would build on the 40 state-funded

preschool programs already in existence by providing federal dollars,

matched by the states, to expand access to high-quality programs. Quality

standards would include early learning standards, comprehensive data an

assessment systems, teachers with bachelor of arts degrees and compens

tion comparable to K-12 teachers, low child-to-teacher ratios, and comprehensive services for children and families. The proposal also includes $1.4

billion to expand Early Head Start through partnerships with child care an

$15 billion over the next 10 years for the home-visiting program. 11

President Obama’s Early Learning Initiative




Laino and Arican American children are likely o be hi he hardes by cus o Head

Sar. O he 10 saes ha will lose he mos children rom he Head Sar program,

he op wo saes mosly serve Laino children. wo oher saes serve mosly Arican

Americans, and he larges block o children served by mos saes are children o color.

(see able 1)18

TABLE 1

States facing the largest cuts to Head Start serve highproportions of Latino and African American children

StateChildren

cut

Percent of children served

who are Latino

Percent of children served

who are African American

California 5,611 74% 9%

Texas 4,410 70% 17%

New York 3,847 38% 24%

Pennsylvania 2,812 20% 31%

Ohio 2,782 9% 37%

Tennessee 2,442 11% 40%

Michigan 2,204 12% 37%

Massachusetts 2,015 40% 17%

Mississippi 1,817 4% 81%

Georgia 1,750 12% 70%

Source: CAP analysis of 2012 Head Start Program Information Reports.

Even among programs ha are no cuting enrollmen, many are cuting back on

program hours. According o he Deparmen o Healh and Human Services, or HHS,more han 1.3 million school days have been cu rom Head Sar naionwide because

programs eiher ended early las school year or delayed he sar o he school year his

all. Programs also shorened he school day by cuting 18,000 hours naionwide.19

Cuting children rom early learning programs and reducing he school day or school

year will backre as a long-erm sraegy. Research shows ha high-qualiy early learning

programs pay o in he long erm, providing a reurn on invesmen o $7 or every $1

invesed.20 Moreover, he amoun o ime spen in class in early childhood does seem o

mater, and children who atend ull-day exended-year programs do beter on measures

o mah and lieracy han children who atend shorer programs. 21 A he end o he Head

Sar program, children who atend he program show improvemens across a range o

cogniive domains and lieracy skills, compared o heir peers who do no atend. In addi-

ion, Head Sar children show reduced raes o behavioral problems and hyperaciviy. 22

Over he long erm, children in he Head Sar program have a reduced need or special

educaion and grade reenion as well as higher raes o high school graduaion. 23




In order o reap he benes o early childhood educaion, we need o spend more,

no less. Prior o sequesraion, Head Sar served only hal o all eligible children. As

menioned above, sae-unded preschool serves only a racion o 3- and 4-year-olds.

Te long-erm benes o early childhood educaion—including improved academic

perormance, reduced need or special educaion and grade reenion, higher high

school graduaion raes, and higher wages—necessiae greaer invesmens. While

mos counries—including he Unied Kingdom, Mexico, and China—have pledgedlarger invesmens in early childhood educaion, he Unied Saes is scaling back is

programs.24 I he Unied Saes is o remain compeiive in he global marke, we mus

ollow sui and ramp up our invesmens in our young children.

HHS has come under re laely because a recen sudy ound ha hese benes are no

deecable when children reach he hird grade.25 Researchers have debaed some o he

mehodological issues in he sudy, bu i is clear ha children do make gains during he

Head Sar year and ener kindergaren beter o han i hey had no atended Head

Sar.26 Te program also made some imporan reorms by requiring he lowes-perorm-

ing programs o compee or unding wih oher early childhood educaion providers inhe communiy.27 Head Sar helps prepare children or success in school; reducing access

o i means ha poor children are less likely o ener school ready or kindergaren.

Families are losing social services

Since is launch in 1965, Head Sar’s approach o early childhood educaion has been

comprehensive, aking all o children’s needs ino accoun o ensure ha hey are no jus

academically ready or school bu also physically, menally, and emoionally ready. In

addiion o providing children wih access o preschool, he Head Sar program deliv-ers medical, denal, nuriional, and menal-healh services, as well as reerrals o social

services or amilies. Many programs also provide ransporaion o ensure ha children

have access o he program, even i heir amilies do no have access o a vehicle or have

work schedules ha preclude dropping hem o and picking hem up.

As programs absorb sequeser cus, hey mus coninue o provide children and ami-

lies wih he comprehensive services required by law. Te ull impac o sequesraion

on social services or amilies is no ye clear. While hese services are program require-

mens ha mus be mainained even a reduced unding levels, he qualiy o hese

services will likely suer. Higher caseloads or amily social workers, or example, could

lead o slower response raes and ollow-up services. A leas one program in Norhern

Virginia repored ha i laid o saers who were responsible or providing social

services o amilies.28




Approximaely 20 percen o programs are cuting back on or eliminaing ransporaion

services, as his is an opional service ha is no required by law.29 For low-income ami-

lies ha migh no have reliable access o a car, cuting back on ransporaion is akin o

cuting access o preschool. Many low-income amilies ha qualiy or Head Sar work

jobs ha require irregular hours and do no have fexible schedules ha would allow

hem o drop o and pick up heir children rom school. Tis problem is paricularly

pronounced in rural areas and oher areas wih limied public ransporaion opions. InPalm Beach Couny, Florida, or example, he Head Sar program canceled ranspora-

ion services or 2,300 children and eliminaed 14 jobs.30 Te Washingon Pos repored

ha programs in Norhern Virginia will also cu back on ransporaion services, and he

program direcor worries ha some children will no longer be able o paricipae.31

Reducions in services will limi access or he needies children and compromise he

eeciveness o early childhood programs. Comprehensive services ensure ha children

receive services or special needs, medical and denal reamen, and nuriious meals.

Tey also help amilies access services available o hem o secure sable housing and

oher basic needs. Te presiden’s Preschool or All program includes comprehensive services as par o preschool educaion.32 Expanding preschool wih comprehensive services

provides a mulipronged approach o povery reducion or children and heir amilies.

Such an approach is needed o reduce povery and prepare children or success in school.

Working parents are losing child care

For many amilies, early childhood programs no only prepare heir children or school

bu also provide much-needed child care ha allows parens o work. In Head Sar

nearly 40 percen o amilies included wo working parens or a single working parenin 2012.33 As Head Sar programs cu days rom he program year and shoren he

lengh o he school day, working parens wih ew opions are le o nd alernae

child care arrangemens.

Te cos o child care is oen prohibiive. As menioned above, he cos o child care in

he privae marke ypically exceeds wha low-income amilies can pay. In mos saes

he average cos o wo children in cener-based care exceeds average housing coss.34

Child care subsidies are available or some amilies, bu only abou a quarer o eligible

amilies are able o receive a subsidy due o high demand and limied unding. Many

saes have long waiing liss or subsidies, and saes are eliminaing an esimaed 30,000

child care slos his year due o sequesraion.35

A paren in Pennsylvania saw her child’s Head Sar program reduced rom ve o our

days per week. She describes her sruggle o nd child care ha had he same qualiy

learning environmen as he Head Sar program:




I am a working mom so i pus a srain on me nding somewhere or him o go during

he ime he would usually be in school. I can rus he school, [bu] no so much every-

one else. I hink he should be in a posiive environmen as much as possible. … I cus

down remendously on he learning ime he is geting every week.36

Oher parens are le wihou child care compleely when hey lose access o Head

Sar. A Bloomberg repor on sequesraion highlighed he experience o Kelly Burord,a paren in aneyown, Maryland, whose son, Bradyn, los access o he Head Sar

program.37 She worked as a deparmen sore clerk earning $7.25 per hour. Aer losing

access o Head Sar, she qui her job o care or her son. In Maryland cener-based

child care or a preschooler coss more han $9,000 per year, which would have nearly

consumed her salary.

Many parens will nd hemselves unable o aord o work in he absence o he Head

Sar program. Given he lack o aordable high-qualiy child care opions, some will be

aced wih he unenable choice o using subsandard child care or quiting heir jobs.

Cus o early childhood programs are no a viable soluion o reduce unemploymen. Any plan ha ges people back o work mus include an invesmen in child care and

early childhood educaion programs o mee he needs o working amilies. In a repor

rom earlier his year, he Cener or American Progress proposed preschool or all

3- and 4-year-olds and a large expansion o child care, doubling he number o inans

and oddlers served and increasing he subsidy rae.38 Te Obama adminisraion’s plan

would ake some imporan seps oward his goal by serving all low-income 4-year-olds

and doubling access o Early Head Sar hrough parnerships wih child care programs.

Early childhood educators are losing jobs

According o HHS, approximaely 18,000 Head Sar sa members have experienced

job loss or salary cus as a resul o sequesraion.39 Tese cus disproporionaely impac

low-income women, who comprise he majoriy o he early childhood workorce. In

Head Sar abou hal o he sa who work direcly wih children are people o color.

Te average salary or a Head Sar eacher is $28,000 per year, while an assisan eacher

makes an average o $18,000 per year.40 Many o hese women live in povery or jus

above he povery line and canno aord any reducion in pay or benes.

Cus o early childhood educaion and he poenial or urher cus in he uure lead o

job insecuriy and could urher exacerbae reenion problems in he early childhood

eld. Early childhood educaion has nooriously high urnover due o low wages and a

lack o proessional developmen and advancemen. In 2012, 14 percen o Head Sar

eachers le heir jobs.41




Te Head Sar program will be hard pressed o reain eecive eachers and sa

wihou some level o job securiy. A sie manager in he Neodesha, Kansas, Head Sar

program saw her posiion reduced rom ull ime o par ime when he program closed

is cener and began a scaled-back home-visiing program. She worries abou her own

job securiy and her abiliy o coninue serving he amilies and children in her commu-

niy in he uure, elling CAP:

Tere is a lo o uncerainy or me and my new eam because we know ha seques-

raion cus may have jus begun. I wan o be an efecive eacher. I wan o make a

diference. I know ha securiy is imporan or children bu i is imporan or me, my

amily, and my eammaes oo. Sequesraion equals ear. Fear o he unknown, ear o

more cus; ear ha my posiion will no even exis nex year. 42

A large-scale invesmen in early childhood educaion would reverse his rend and

creae jobs, especially or low-income women. When ully implemened, Presiden

Obama’s Preschool or All proposal would serve approximaely 2 million children, crea-

ing an esimaed 200,000 new jobs. Te adminisraion also proposed pay pariy wihhe public school sysem and degree requiremens or eachers, which would improve

salaries and benes or early childhood educaors and proessionalize he eld.

Conclusion

Sequesraion is moving our counry away rom economic recovery. In he Head Sar

program alone, sequesraion is cosing ens o housands o jobs and denying our

younges and mos-vulnerable ciizens he benes o a high-qualiy early learning pro-

gram. Raher han across-he-board cus, Congress and he adminisraion should ocuson sraegic invesmens in areas ha will grow our economy and our workorce over he

long erm. Early childhood educaion oers boh a shor-erm payo by creaing jobs

and an opporuniy o improve he workorce or he nex generaion.

Kaie Hamm is he Direcor o Early Childhood Policy a he Cener or American Progress.




Endnotes

1 National Head Start Association, “Head Start Fact Sheet:National Sequestration Impact” (2013), available at http://my.nhsa.org/download/states/sequestercuts/National%20Summary%20FS.pd .

2 Anna Chu, “The Impact o the Sequester on CommunitiesAcross America” (Washington: Center or American Progress,

2013), available at http://www.americanprogress.org/is-sues/budget/report/2013/02/22/54244/the-impact-o-the-sequester-on-communities-across-america/.

3 Administration or Children & Families, Head Start ProgramFacts: Fiscal Year 2011 (U.S. Department o Health and Hu-man Services, 2012), available at http://eclkc.ohs.ac.hhs.gov/hslc/mr/actsheets/2011-hs-program-actsheet.html.

4 Stephanie Schmit and Danielle Ewen, “Putting Children andFamilies First: Head Start Programs in 2010” (Washington:Center or Law and Social Policy, 2012), available at http://www.clasp.org/admin/site/publications/les/Head-Start- Trend-Analysis-Final2.pd ; Jamie Colvard and StephanieSchmit, “Expanding Access to Early Head Start: State Initia-tives or Inants & Toddlers at Risk” (Washington: Center orLaw and Social Policy and ZERO TO THREE, 2012), availableat http://www.clasp.org/admin/site/publications/les/eh-sinitiatives.pd .

5 Pamela Engel, “Strapped by sequester, Head Starts dropkids,” The Journal Gazette, March 13, 2013, availableat http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20130313/news07/303139938/1067.

6 Sean Stein, “Sequester Pushes Head Start Families To ThePrecipice,” The Hungton Post, July 9, 2013, available athttp://www.hungtonpost.com/2013/07/09/sequestration-head-start_n_3562607.html.

7 Lyndsey Layton, “Sequestration hits Hispanic amilies hard,”The Washington Post , July 21, 2013, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/sequestration-hits-hispanic-amilies-hard/2013/07/21/7788e412-eb07-11e2-aa9-c03a72e2d342_story.html.

8 James J. Heckman, “The Case or Investing in Disadvan-taged Young Children.” In Big Ideas for Children: Investingin Our Nation’s Future (Washington: First Focus, 2008), pp.49–58, available at http://www.rstocus.net/sites/deault/les/r.2008-9.15._.pd .

9 U.S. Oce o Management and Budget, “The President’sBudget or Fiscal Year 2014,” available at http://www.white-house.gov/omb/budget (last accessed August 2013).

10 Oce o the Press Secretary, “Fact Sheet President Obama’sPlan or Early Education or all Americans,” Press release,February 13, 2013, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-oce/2013/02/13/act-sheet-president-obama-s-plan-early-education-all-americans.

11 Oce o the Press Secretary, “Fact Sheet President Obama’sPlan or Early Education or all Americans.”

12 Personal communication between Linda Broyles and SarahBaron that included communication rom Kristi Gro,August 14, 2013.

13 W. Steven Barnett and others, “The State o Preschool 2012:State Preschool Yearbook” (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Na-

tional Institute or Early Education Research, 2012), availableat http://www.nieer.org/publications/state-preschool-2012.

14 Ibid.

15 Child Care Aware o America, “Parents and the High Cost o Child Care” (2013), available at http://www.naccrra.org/sites/deault/les/deault_site_pages/2012/cost_report_2012_-nal_081012_0.pd .

16 National Head Start Association, “Head Start Fact Sheet.”

17 Child Care Aware o America, “Parents and the High Cost o Child Care.”

18 Center or American Progress analysis o 2012 Head StartProgram Inormation Reports, available at http://hses.ohs.ac.hhs.gov/pir.


20 Arthur J. Reynolds and others, “Age 21 Cost-Benet Analysiso the Title I Chicago Child-Parent Center Program” (Madi-son, Wisconsin: Institute or Research on Poverty, 2002),available at http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pds/dp124502.pd.

21 Kenneth B. Robin, Ellen C. Frede, and W. Steven Barnett, “IsMore Better? The Eects o Full-Day vs Hal-Day Preschoolon Early School Achievement” (New Brunswick, New Jersey:National Institute or Early Education Research, 2006), avail-able at http://www.nieer.org/publications/nieer-working-papers/more-better-eects-ull-day-vs-hal-day-preschool-early-school.

22 Michael Puma and others, “Third Grade Follow-up to theHead Start Impact Study” (Rockville, Maryland: Oce o Planning, Research and Evaluation, 2012), available athttp://www.ac.hhs.gov/programs/opre/resource/third-

grade-ollow-up-to-the-head-start-impact-study-nal-re-port.

23 W. Steven Barnett and Jason T. Hustedt, “Head Start’s LastingBenets,” Infants & Young Children 18 (1) (2005): 16–24, avail-able at http://depts.washington.edu/isei/iyc/barnett_hus-tedt18_1.pd.

24 Donna Cooper, Adam Hersh, and Ann O’Leary, “TheCompetition that Really Matters: Comparing U.S., Chinese,and Indian Investments in the Next-Generation Workorce”(Washington: Center or American Progress, 2012), availableat http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2012/08/21/11983/the-competition-that-really-matters/; Juliana Herman, Sasha Post, and Scott O’Halloran,“The United States Is Far Behind Other Countries o n Pre-K”(Washington: Center or American Progress, 2013), availableat http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/report/2013/05/02/62054/the-united-states-is-ar-behind-other-countries-on-pre-k/.

25 Michael Puma and others, “Third Grade Follow-up to theHead Start I mpact Study.”

26 W. Steven Barnett, “Getting the Facts Right on Pre-K and thePresident’s Pre-K Proposal” (New Brunswick, New Jersey:National Institute or Early Education Research, 2013), avail-able at http://www.nieer.org/sites/nieer/les/Getting%20the%20Facts%20Right%20on%20Pre-K.pd .

27 Administration or Children and Families, “45 CFR Part 1307Head Start Program; Final Rule,” Federal Register 76 (217)(2011): 70009–70032, available at http://www.gpo.gov/dsys/pkg/FR-2011-11-09/pd/2011-28880.pd .

28 Michael Alison Chandler, “Head Start eliminated servicesto 57,000 children in U.S. as a result o sequester,” TheWashington Post , August 19, 2013, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/head-start-eliminated-services-to-57000-children-in-us-as-a-result-o-sequester/2013/08/18/e1181810-06d9-11e3-9259-e2aa-

e5a584_story.html.

29 Chandler, “Head Start eliminated services to 57,000 childrenin U.S. as a result o sequester.”

30 Andy Reid, “Sequester cuts to cost Palm Beach Countyelderly, children under measures approved Tuesday,” SunSentinel , April 2, 2013, available at http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-04-02/news/sf-sequester-cuts--palm-beach-county-elderly-20130402_1_automatic-spending-cuts-sequester-cuts-shelley-vana.

http://my.nhsa.org/download/states/sequestercuts/National%20Summary%20FS.pdf



http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/budget/report/2013/02/22/54244/the-impact-of-the-sequester-on-communities-across-america/



http://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc/mr/factsheets/2011-hs-program-factsheet.html


http://www.clasp.org/admin/site/publications/files/Head-Start-Trend-Analysis-Final2.pdf



http://www.clasp.org/admin/site/publications/files/ehsinitiatives.pdf


http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20130313/news07/303139938/1067


http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/09/sequestration-head-start_n_3562607.html


http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/sequestration-hits-hispanic-families-hard/2013/07/21/7788e412-eb07-11e2-aa9f-c03a72e2d342_story.html




http://www.firstfocus.net/sites/default/files/r.2008-9.15.ff_.pdf


http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget


http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/13/fact-sheet-president-obama-s-plan-early-education-all-americans



http://www.nieer.org/publications/state-preschool-2012

http://www.naccrra.org/sites/default/files/default_site_pages/2012/cost_report_2012_final_081012_0.pdf



http://hses.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/pir


http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/dps/pdfs/dp124502.pdf


http://www.nieer.org/publications/nieer-working-papers/more-better-effects-full-day-vs-half-day-preschool-early-school



http://depts.washington.edu/isei/iyc/barnett_hustedt18_1.pdf


http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2012/08/21/11983/the-competition-that-really-matters/



http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/report/2013/05/02/62054/the-united-states-is-far-behind-other-countries-on-pre-k/



http://www.nieer.org/sites/nieer/files/Getting%20the%20Facts%20Right%20on%20Pre-K.pdf


http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-11-09/pdf/2011-28880.pdf


http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/head-start-eliminated-services-to-57000-children-in-us-as-a-result-of-sequester/2013/08/18/e1181810-06d9-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html





http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2013-04-02/news/sfl-sequester-cuts--palm-beach-county-elderly-20130402_1_automatic-spending-cuts-sequester-cuts-shelley-vana



































http://www.nieer.org/publications/state-preschool-2012
































31 Chandler, “Head Start eliminated services to 57,000 childrenin U.S. as a result o sequester.”

32 Oce o the Press Secretary, “Fact Sheet President Obama’sPlan or Early Education or all Americans.”

33 CAP analysis o 2012 Head Start Program InormationReports.

34 Child Care Aware o America, “Parents and the High Cost o Child Care.”

35 House Appropriations Committee Democrats, “Report on

Sequestration” (2013), available at http://democrats.ap-propriations.house.gov/images/Sequestration%20ull%20report.pd .

36 Personal communication between Cierra Harrison and KatieWright, Sarah Baron, and Trevor Williams, August 14, 2013.

37 William Selway, “Parents Losing Jobs a Hidden Cost to HeadStart Cuts,” Bloomberg, August 12, 2013, availab le at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-12/parents-losing- jobs-a-hidden-cost-to-u-s-head-start-budget-cuts.html.

38 Cynthia G. Brown and others, “Investing in Our Children:A Plan to Expand Access to Preschool and Child Care”(Washington: Center or American Progress, 2013), availableat http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/report/2013/02/07/52071/investing-in-our-children/.


40 2012 Head Start Program Inormation Reports.

41 Ibid.

42 Personal communication between Broyles and Baron thatincluded communication rom Gro.

http://democrats.appropriations.house.gov/images/Sequestration%20full%20report.pdf



http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-12/parents-losing-jobs-a-hidden-cost-to-u-s-head-start-budget-cuts.html



http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/report/2013/02/07/52071/investing-in-our-children/










Who’s Not Going Back to School?

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