Matter

Matter

1. Where do atoms come from?

2. Are new atoms being made right now on the earth?

3. If so, how? Where?

4. Are new atoms being made anywhere right now?

5. If so, how? Where?

Matter

1. Elements - contain only one type of atom2. 90 naturally occuring elements (Uranium, 92

heaviest naturally occuring)3. Transuranium (synthetic) elements4. Types of elements

a) Monoatomic – Fe, Au

b) Molecular – H2, N2, O2, P4, C60

Elements

Matter

MatterOrigin of the Elements

MatterOrigin of the Elements

Matter

Supernova

Remnant

Matter

Abundance (by mass)

Earth’s Crust: 46% O

Body: 65 % O

Universe: 90% H and 10% He

Origin of the Elements

Matter

Democritus

1. Atomos – Indivisible (~400 B.C.)

2. Smallest particle of a substance that retains the properties of that substance

3. Only “Atoms and the Void”

History: The Atom

Matter

Matter

John Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803)a. All matter is made of indivisible

particles called atomsb. Atoms of same element have same

propertiesc. Atoms combine in small, whole #

ratiosd. Chemical reactions are merely the

rearrangement of atoms

History: The Atom

Matter

Jons Berzelius – standardized names and symbols of the elements

Strontium = Sr

Symbols for Elements

Matter

Matter

a. Greek & Latin

Na = Natrium

K = Kalium

Li = Lithos

b. Places (Ge, Fr, Cf)

Y, Yb, Er, Tb = Ytterby

c. Scientists (Es, Fm, Cm)

Names for Elements

Matter

J.J. Thomson (1897) – discovered the electron with a Cathode Ray Tube

History: The Electron

MatterHistory: The Electron

MatterHistory: The Electron

MatterHistory: The Electron

MatterHistory: The Electron

Matter

Matter

Thomson Plum Pudding Model

History: The Electron

Matter

Rutherford (1911)

1. Discovered Nucleus

2. Gold Foil Experiment

History: The Nucleus

MatterHistory: The Nucleus

1:8000 bounced back (10,000 miles/s)

Matter

MatterHistory: The Nucleus

Matter

3. Results

a. Nucleus is heavy and dense

b. 99.9% of atom’s mass is in the nucleus

c. Electrons “orbit” the nucleus

d. Most of the atom is empty space

History: The Nucleus

Matter

Matter

Rutherford (1914)

1. Had been suspected to exist since 1886 (Goldstein’s canal rays)

2. 1836 times heavier than the electron

History: The Proton

Matter

1. Discovered last (1932) by Chadwick

2. Roughly same mass as proton

History: The Neutron

MatterThe World’s Most Famous Neutron

Matter

~1 g/mol0Neutron

0.00055 g/mol

(1/1836)

-1Electron

~1 g/mol+1Proton

MassChargeParticle

Matter

MatterHistory: The Atom

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

MatterHistory: The Atom

Matter

Reading the boxes

3 9

Li F6.941 18.994

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

Matter

1. Isotopes – Atoms with the same # of protons, but different # of neutrons

2. Elements often exist as a mixture of isotopes

Protons Neutrons Electrons

Copper-63

Copper-65

Isotopes

557955

111311

233Th

385038

92Zr

Enp

Isotopes

Matter

• Cancer treatment (60Co gives off gamma rays)

• Medical Tracers (24Na for circulatory system)

• 14C datinga. Mummiesb. Shroud of Turin

4. Nuclear fuel (235U and 239Pu)

Isotopes

Matter

1. Some isotopes are more common

2. Hydrogen example1H2H (deuterium)3H (tritium)

3. Atomic Mass – Weighted Average of the isotopes

Isotopes

Matter

Matter

4. What is the ave atomic mass of Gallium if it exists as 60.30% 69Ga (68.926 g/mol) and 39.70% 71Ga (70.926 g/mol)?

(Ans: 69.72 g/mol)

Average Atomic Mass

Matter

5. Out of 400 chlorine atoms, 302 are 35Cl (34.969 g/mol), and 98 are 37Cl (36.966 g/mol). Average atomic mass?

Average Atomic Mass

6. What is average atomic mass of Copper if 69.09% exists as 63Cu (62.9298 g/mol) and the rest exists as 65Cu (64.9278 g/mol)?

(0.6909)(62.9298) = 43.48

( )(64.9278) = 20.07

63.55 g/mol

Matter

• Cation – positive ion (more p than e)

• Anion – Negative ion (more e than p)

181817

233026

10109

23Na+

16O2-

enp

Ions

15N3-

182119

364435

24Mg2+

181816

141616

90Sr

13C

enp

Ions

Matter

Group the following

Au H2O O2

C P4 P2O5

Be N2 C2H4

C60 NH3 Cl2

Te S8 C6H12O6

Matter

1. Compounds - Composed of two or more different elements

2. Examples

H2O, CH4, NaCl, Fe2(SO4)3

3. Are there more elements or compounds?

Elements –

Compounds -

Compounds

MatterWhat is a Molecule?

1. Group of atoms held together by covalent and polar covalent bonds (SHARING)

2. Usually composed of non-metals

3. Separate (discrete) groups of atoms

4. Molecular Elements - H2, P4

Molecular Compounds - CH4, H2O2

MatterDiatomic Molecular Elements

H2 Hydrogen

N2 Nitrogen

O2 Oxygen

F2 Fluorine

Cl2 Chlorine

Br2 Bromine

I2 Iodine

MatterDiatomic Elements

Matter

MatterDiatomic Elements

Matter

1. Usually start with a metal

2. Composed of ions – No sharing but stealing of e-

cation – positive ion

anion – negative ion

3. Example: NaCl, CaCl2, FeSO4

4. Formula Unit – instead of molecule

What is an Ionic Compound?

Matter

Matter

Ionic or molecular?

HCl CO2 VO3

H2O BaF2

Write the formula for the compound between:

Na+ and O2-

Al3+ and O2-

K+ and PO43-

Ba2+ and NO3-

Br- O2- N3- NO3- SO4

2-

K+

Ca2+

Al3+

NH4+

Cu2+

Matter

CO32- Protons Electrons

C=

O =

NH4+

Matter

QuarksProtons

Neutrons

Electrons

Elements Compounds

The Key to the Universe

Matter

Matter10. (d)

11.a) 193, 79 b) 132, 52 c) 118, 53

d) 39, 17

13. protons neutrons electrons

92 142 92

92 143 92

92 146 92

21.Palladium (Pd)

23. 1H is the most common

Matter15 Isotope Isotopic Notation

Atomic # Mass # Protons Neutrons Electrons

Tungsten-184

18474W 74 184 74 110 74

Sodium-23

2311Na 11 23 11 12 11

Astatine-200

20085At 85 200 85 115 85

Promethium-148

14861Pm 61 148 61 87 61

Palladium-109

10946Pd 46 109 46 63 46

Vanadium-48

4823V 23 48 23 25 23

Scandium-50

5021Sc 21 50 21 29 21

MatterIon Protons Neutrons Electrons Ion

14N+ 7 7 6 80Br-

15N2+ 7 8 5 24Mg2+

14N- 7 7 8 27Al3+

81Br- 35 46 36 27Al2+

56Fe2+ 26 30 24 19F-

31P3- 15 16 18 238U2+

119Sn4+ 50 69 46 123I-

Mattera) 24.28 g/mol

b) 12.01 g/mol

c) 63.55 g/mol

d) 6.925 g/mol

e) 20.192 g/mol

f) 28.09 g/mol

g) 178.55 g/mol

h) Boron-11

i) Bromine – 80

j) Chlorine - 35

Matter28. 64.27 g/mol

58.a) 38, 36 b) 15, 18 c) 23, 20

d) 15, 14 e) 40, 42

60.a) Sn2+ b) I- c) AlO2- d) ClF3

+

Matter48 Ca(ClO4)2 Mg3(PO4)2 Cr2(C2O4)3

51 b) Ni(ClO4)2

53 a) Al2S3