*When citing material that has been digitized from other archives, … · 2013. 12. 5. · Document...
39
Document Title: Operational Research in Bomber Command Author(s): Basil Dickins Date(s): Not Dated. Document Type/Physical Description: Type-written manuscript, 622 pgs. Fonds/Collection Name: Ronnie Shephard Fonds Series: Operational Research and Strategic Bombing File/Box Number: Box 2 Original Archival Reference: N/A Item Description: This is a draft manuscript of a lengthy report compiled by the RAF Bomber Command Operational Research Section, probably some time in 1945. The report was authored by Dr. Basil Dickins, a rising star in the field of physics who served as Section head during the war. Using a thematic approach it explores in excellent detail the challenges inherent in strategic bombing, making it a valuable source for both historians of air power and those studying Europe in the Second World War. Keywords: Bomber Command; Operational Research; Operations; Technique; Bombing; Navigation *When citing material that has been digitized from other archives, the LMH Archive encourages users to cite the original reference information provided in the above field. The purpose of the Laurier Military History Archive is to acquire, preserve and make available documents relating to the Canadian and international experience of military conflict in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Website: http://www.lmharchive.ca/ E-mail: [email protected]
Transcript of *When citing material that has been digitized from other archives, … · 2013. 12. 5. · Document...
Document Title: Operational Research in Bomber Command
Author(s): Basil Dickins
Date(s): Not Dated.
Document Type/Physical Description: Type-written manuscript, 622 pgs.
Fonds/Collection Name: Ronnie Shephard Fonds
Series: Operational Research and Strategic Bombing
File/Box Number: Box 2
Original Archival Reference: N/A
Item Description: This is a draft manuscript of a lengthy report compiled by the RAF Bomber Command Operational Research Section, probably some time in 1945. The report was authored by Dr. Basil Dickins, a rising star in the field of physics who served as Section head during the war. Using a thematic approach it explores in excellent detail the challenges inherent in strategic bombing, making it a valuable source for both historians of air power and those studying Europe in the Second World War.
Keywords: Bomber Command; Operational Research; Operations; Technique; Bombing; Navigation
*When citing material that has been digitized from other archives, the LMH Archive encourages users to cite the original reference information provided in the above field.
The purpose of the Laurier Military History Archive is to acquire, preserve and make available documents relating to the Canadian and international experience of military conflict in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Website: http://www.lmharchive.ca/ E-mail: [email protected]
qiu
glit.PTFfr 5
f,tvDY fEcnntqYB-S
sr$ fd#*pkru..#neqd4flffin?qy lr.Ls'ts "ppuwqt{gaHtraqi!,f,*4Inthesectaysafradava.daton*lvi-gatLonondl'mgbxvtlevelopctlaarkius
techn-tquee l,t J"s &tfftoult to forts an atlequeto conceptS'on of ths dltfffaultlos
vshich oonfroutedt boubEr orswsr a*tocrpts at rel&tng en$r{V targetr at nlgbt at
,ou **uft.It,$. was fornpdl. 1[ho onfur atds annlx.nrble to the uavL6ctsr-crrn'
borab,-airusr grs aoexlessl E&p' troop ffiil' nextant, s6ebia6d rrl'th sush vtnratr'
f,&entlftcation of 6roundl elstotl sE hs was sble to us&e by gtarl!6htn nooul"Lghtn
or 5.n tho Ltrght of au sesssionsl" unslmfrodt fl,are. lhe problro ln these dla'ye
ums not onLy oue of narrl"&st$n8 to the target cwo, hr$ hartog Berfornedl l#tu
task the navlsstor wae tbEn facett with ths eti,ll noro 'iltff{onxtl t'hott6[ uost
!.srportarrtr Ftrt of, hl,s ntssi.on, nanolsr tlwt of gtttting e tisuptr f,Lq al'th+r
of thE target Ltsslf, or o.f, eolae oloarLy ttlenttfil'abla lsadlselih wtthtn a fer
ml,Lss of the aLm{.ng poLnt frm whLsh a il$sd. reckonilag nrn oouul bs nailE'
rni.nit thogE oontlitionsl Lt ta eany !'o od' ths Laclr gf suoaees whl,ch
atterdeit maqlr of or.rr nlght ral'&e $.tfc "{^}drt,
A, f,ew tlayu efter tbe foSnation of tho 0.R.$., Sonber Sonxn*,ntl oelt{'aa at*
sn attack *ga!.nst thg LnBo$tant sSnrtbettE rtrbber plaut at S$[s (6ft $optmbsr
rhio prosers of searohrns far the tYftlffS-#{Sllf$.#c1ffi.$ t$.P.nnLnutool ard wa sonetines oontlnu.eiL--ior inort thao nn trour{ardr bbattug ln
19ht). Grswsr rePurtc wsro vsrJr but subse$rspt PttotograPhig
:et. a$i[ w"wTrffitntrooounalessnse rsvoaledl. no ilnoaeo6to t]re t) ** f,f,r.st of0.[.$. to i.nvosti'6ato. llbo a,nallrsLu ns'*s
its t34pe, seflrsit to cl$monstrtto the us6nttuils od lryortanse sf tbs puqbltcE
i-nvolvecl. 0a fhlq. sooe'Ig-vtno{l+
photograpac Whffifr Ls'bven
s wsrs i|.eep*toherln but Jrd'gnsg fton tbe
thq olsocst to tho te'r$st wae ll*.
uilep f,ron thE o1n1ng poirt. It u'as eub'tequout}"trr founff thst tbo f,srqc
ottackoil sn slsbofeto ileaty l,nrtcllattron tsn $!'Lee fnsn the tar6et. tbn
reEults sf, firis !.nvestigetion owl"n5 to the aoenty nature of, ths evf'&enes1 dld
uot gnrorc ngoh liglt sa ths ll.|oa.son fsr fatlurer but sbsr$sil tbs nsstl fsrf,urttrer stltqy of the rosulte of attogks !.n vo,r!.sus *sethar sofilti"ti'on$ end gn
tggota sf varioue tXryeo. they etao stres$€i[ tlre urgent rssd f,o!' a oueb
h{gbEr proportLon of, ca$era eaffiqftry ocrtLeo [n qrd,Er thnt noro ooo4tl.ote
'Lnfornatlon oa the tlLEtr{butlon of borblug ntsbt be Ab'tetne{[.
lhree raf.d.E on thp Ba1tto port of $tettln la Sopteanber llll+t provtiledl
uuterie1 f,ar frorthpr aoal.lfwo wh{eh, au Ln tbe oo$E of the Srfl8 ratclr ile$e
baeed on utght photognaBhs en/il ss i.nfotteti.on aqrprli'ttl an tfic{.}i.&n f**'graphic fLottlug f,orss enit epeotal lnteroeat*!ffiPo1'ts' fn e{L'tltionr the
navtgstolt s logs were exalolncdl. As already frt*-the actual rcrt of
(r) E D^be", {-'41 o'R'E ' eefe M"'e'J
nfis?nI0tsD/ ti$nrprsttng
{
5l
ir s. t g,J s q.;g p_p.
tuterEretlae au!, p}otttng the nis,ht phsto$rapho wec dass by t$t Seurhios ofthe Seutnsl fnter?netet$"on Un[t. Shc $tsttl.n ratdk were ln*tnmtil,vr boseuus
one of, tkeu, t&rat of 5S $epteurbErfi &ctobqr' s&t romarhably *uooemfutr" Strf,gse
even by the hleh sta,s:dl,erd reashedtr X.aters S0 per cent of trho Bhotc6repho be1u6
pLo';ted ;,r!t!rln two nil.es of tbe oixing potntr whereas on ths other trcoscosiorts verlr f,ew of the crswe rvere suscseful. tn f,Idtrg.the tar6et, tbsustl
most erf thsun navigatod. suece*ofully to tbe target a.roe.\ r/ ?he *lf,f,erence f,a
the $ond.ition of the noon on the thnoo uimhte was Ebows to be the eh!"ef {'ectorfor tlro vsrtattron is suqoeso3 though fir**p probahS.g daooyrl lu open oolurfirto the nortbw st of, the city, $roes an {naFottant tubeicld,ary osus6 of faiLul's on
tno oecasion$. The lnvpstfuetLons s,lso d,efiouotrsteil tfio lnberontunrol"iabi.lity of srs'ra.{l: reponts erd. tl'ls cl,an6er of baoi^ng utqr concl"u*ioe6 es
to the $uo6o$s of the ettaek on these alons. Shus, of tho unruoosEsf,u.l
photographs confi.dentLy clai.uecl, to havE bssn ta.kEn svEr ttro oentry of Stettlad.rrrlng tho thnEe rel{lu, about ?0 per sost wero pLuttefl eCIrs thus {ffi.f"* enou
the sontre of, ths sl,tyr sevEraL betue ttrloe or three tluac thst ctfet&Desr
The genern"l ercperienoo satnseL aa a re*ult of, theso sarl,:f rat8 analyterenphcsieedl that the dLffieuiti,Es tnvoLteit Ln nartgating to the tcrget ars&,
great as they serof wEre relatively rusl,l ooilper€d. rlth ttlr iti,ff{oulty ofi.dentl$rlng tlhe targot Ltaelfp espaoially oa dar* rd,6bta1 anet sneblgil thfrnony probl.erns Lnvslvedl to be clearty fsnnu"Lotodl. the n&ote quortioa cf, targ6tltl,enti.ficctlou was dLssuseotl ot, an $.utrsmcl, meottug oallsil by tho 0rB.$. atllead,qual*ers Bonbeg conneart-oq 6.Qqoeuber 19b1, whd.eh wao ottoud"url. byrexrresentatlvec or,P*.r, "kiwftLwf"#t?id-hffi, qrow wmob rt nas
consj.&eredl ttrat ftrturro nosearcb arul dwElopneut sh,sg&l, ba eoduoteil $610
LnourporafuA fu 0r&',r$. Meuo X{or gg.(2} Arnoag the woqomodqttono a8de tnthle rsport wa$ one to thE effect that sonstiteretfe$ slrouLdl bo glma torthe foroa'tlon of, apeoia-ti.st oquad.rons to Ld.ttats raldls encl. to rsiao f,l.rost,wblcb &r;pears ts te the fli.rgt uef,srenEo to tho goesibLllty of a epeotal I
Stftfi"ef,n6 S** eush ae was eventualLy tnstituts* Lu Arrgrrtt of ttre fotrtovri.ng
Sser"rr sr,utlrer r.ssorunendo,tion gtreseed the need f,or tho ruso of FocorurtLc${bnpgfLares by a nrlrnbur of eLrareft fn co-olaratlonr, o teohn:Lque whi.oh f,o;I1nail tbebass-e of nearly s3.1 tho tur6et eer,&fng nethod$ aubrcquently 4evetropedlr
Thn {}rRr::i. investigatLens lnto the probleu of, terget lrtentlflEatioa nt:r5.ght fe^lt uncl.Er tiho follourllrg thrae hoadll,ngu.
( ") Hxtenslvs *nal'ysse of, nJ.ght pbotographlc ev!.rilenoq to Setsrul,nolrnd,er $hat ssutiff.ons tba groat*et guoergg ftas ttksly to beaahiaveil, anfr sbqt $rpo of tsrdnarks rero noat eultsble forvt suel ld.enttfisetl.on.
(r) &,t{.Brftrr1.1:?4:/zz/S( St-+.- cbr o.R-g. I*- f't44,*,t'lo. s'l) ,
(e) s.r{.g.,r't$y'wt/zVj,
RSS$&.rctrDI {b'
$a
ffi
(U) Invortiga*"i.on of posslbS.o a!&,s to vLser,. tdtenttfLscrtlsauhtch ntght be of, tnns{Lf.eto oporationaX. apBl,tcct!.on"
( *) louger term rsne,arsb on probl,ee$ etr vlsual litenfiL*lcatloaof grouni[ f,eatums nt n{,ght.
JL* rogerdo the f,ir"$t headingy En ndd,itioncl questioa wee add,e{ ts ths
tiishL fhotoerani*o ffuttio6 forms whiah clxr&Lt rsith ths Locsti.on of the arsapiroto6:"apherl, ofhl.g weer-
( *) 
s3
s*$"-$.4&L"il-L-$**,
les,st srrbJeot trr oneruy Sntorfer^ance. $hi.c ,e.stwstlort sao l"at*r Bnovuitr by
the ooursE of $rants to hs,ve bo*n cunapiletsty Juutlfi.eel,n for a}tbou$ ttte tfisk
of vl"su*,1 tdentlfleetion sub*otpror,rtl.y beorEme rolegate& to cpoofoX,i.stil utw*ti.t re*nf,net untl-l tke cn;L of ths nr&r ths basi"s of uost.ofr.the target narkS"ng
*nefrnl.luog us*d. on *argeta boyoad. tho rango of f;'bos o{#. It woe tbouefose
deei.dleet, at the en$ of, {$t}lr to proeee* wtrth lr eorc eatqns:L$o cllsvfiy of *ltrthe f*.stors vhleh nl.ght poss{'bly haue a beoriug on ths probloor sucb os tlrcuce nf nleht 6ilnc*asn thn nost *rrltabtp type of f;Lsres far lllrrol,uatlo*npossible uqd.ifls*tions irn ai.roru,ft douign wirl.ch n!.ght scstst vigual. ldentlf,l'eatioul, thr rleuirabil.tty of strleatc.rL traia{ng et night v:Lc!.on s$il th€ Li,see
a3.cng which such tr*.iniug ohouLil be son0uatsd. The saoXre of the ir*uostt-gatlons snfl ths ptlogrtls$ nrtd,e is &ixcussoiL Ln a late" outpt"t.(l)
fhe,ssg of *pe*as a T*Hltt ld$ntlfic*ti-on ald BggrEtnfi 4em1qo
As n result of thq oxpori';rncs lu ni",Sht borobilry 6nlnoi[ ln {9lr{r i.t was
nbundaatLy oloar that, oxeopt urrdsr olcer r*oonlLglrt cotf,ition*r llttlo $ussegs
cou"ld be ecrpsated. with tha nethof,.t tholl i.rr ueer *rnd, that a.X.thau6h tiee use of,
bLnscrrltsa r**4. flnros of $upr.,ovoit. tSrpes and, lnc:res,eed. tr"e,infsg tn ntght vlsltnni,ght, ln the Gourss of, tfu*o, bd.sg rrbuut sws Sln1rmvs$e$t, no nar*6d1, *&vane$
could be oxg,oote{ unttL tha fu*,rn*ucfion sf rs{ii.o ald,s wbich wa.reld nnhsuccs:lsf:rl night ra$"dN"l-rry loon ctrrpendent on rrisu{t} Lilevvttftus.tton of grcunit
fsaturss. She f,lest sush tle'rj-cq ttr be ussd i.n Bonber Comnrs.d wes tsRt539r
.r*o:: krlown a-s Soa, whieh w&s d.tvel*p*d. by t"B.E. tmd' *i-rat 'asotl operetione,lly
on th,o figecn r*$dl on 8/9 lfiarcU 191*:"
fho Oee s;irtenn t*rlth ls besed. on the $eesuromest Ln ths alrcraft pf tbsph*.er di.ffsreneo betwseu ulgn*.lr tuunsnlttodl frop t]:rcs dllfforent emumd
st*tl.ons, was primr*rXly fl*s$.gnoil ao an erccrlrste navigatlonn]. ald,n whoee obJeot
was to enabls Lnrge rnrsher.s of $trcrnft to navlgatE wtth oortntuty to targstoJ.rr Ge*r.*ny, grarbicularly ln the &uhr rrl*Fa wlro$p nost of, {the hoovy lsdtuetrilsawors sl"tuste& and. whi.sh presented, the 6reatest dLdfficulty frfim tbs p.oint 6f,
vtow of visunl tflentlficn.tionr W:Lth thLe tn rad.nfi the f!.ret obaln (thoS,n.steru Cha1n) un*s sstshl.tshed mith {.ts naxlnun rccuracy (fEr a glvcn r*,uge)
ovor ths nnlrrr
Methoils of SElng Gee
$evoral nsntbs beforo SeB cese lato operat!.snel use, the 0*R,$. lssu€ril a.
Teport x**r?t8) **u"isla6 tlne op6re.ti6naL fectL[tiss rhfoh i.t ooutrd bo
expoct*d to Srrovltle, aud puttlug fore'ac{ sons $og$!ble taetLcal uuor of thsil,EvLce. tn vLqw of the fnet tbat tbo operati.snaL re$go of, &ss utght bo
ltmttsil af,ter a conpar*tlvel.y short t{ne by snsey J*"u:,'flng" ault ths soanograent
neces*l.ty of explotttug the f,evl.ee to ths ftrll fron ths bo6J.Bntr€, it u**suggcirstedl by *hc 0.8.$r tbrrrt reEsarch $hauXd. bo carrlsdt out b*figre Oeo rssbrought into operatlonal uss lR ortlsr to d.etem5.Be the bsEt netfrod,o of uskg
(t) see Chep.f.(2) i|,w** cL o.8+ P-f 6/c-C23 (hox;. {c-,.^tz.t Ltr,,n \,
ns$fnrcfsD / tne
5t+RESfBIGIED
the aqutpuont" lrr * oub*eqrmr* reBort {no. sp6)(o} ,u*u* alctatlc of ttutlrpe of expenineuts rcld,db slffirl$ be mrg"le{ out by the recently dblufi{ *S*rDevel.opoont Sltgbtt rere gf,von*
Ss tho res$l* qf, thts repol4l e oeot.ng ws,s ooJ.l,€it hy tho Soffru1i[ersis*Glrj.ef on ,lT JarnrnrSr 1|il+? bstnegn rsp:resontati.voe of the str $toff a,nd. thsO.,fi.$rs to el,i'*susa the who,X,s qlwati.on sf, ths opar*t*,enal ueE of, Ggs. ft rcsagreed tlrat, sf the tuo ru*,i,n tylwe of eperat$on vLsl*
{") Sp*ratlons Le$ hy *ee eirss.*ft,(b) Uuose oardedl out by soe mtronnft or*y {tmnfl. bsmbrw,}
t;pc (a), lx viow of ths Ifu,lted. n*Ebe!, of $*e ais*rnft wtd.qb wprr}dt brsvei!-t+,b:"e at flrst, e-hou},l. be usortr unii"or poor weather conditions, &eR lt msunl"ilcely thet sthsr bcnbers wsutrti. be abLe ts ftnet tbe tnr6et, ev*n [fs.ssistod by Geu riireru:,ftr siili rnger-fl to otr;erettons of tlpo (E), ths thrs*t:ossrl,bJ.e ;rctlmcio by v:hlch ths Oee {iircrsif,t eg}rlf, l.ss/i the ryhels fEror tg tUfit;:.r';lot. EGrs oLrrl$1d.orod, risi*
(r) Tl$ ti6e ai.reroft to ant esf{,ro reLssrs* $or'oqui.ppodleiroref't t* bqnb thE flres",:,
(u) 0ee e{rsrsft to _drrop fLsrps ts tllunl.n*otn te,r6ot erd.thereby enaureff'euaider of fsrae te bmb vte'nrr.y -,
(ff$,) fomation ettsekB Lac[ by &ee airuraft" \
Swt"ng tq the taotlcal dtfrtouS.til.og a$s*Gi.ats{ xv{.th fsmatton ffy[nS at ntf,htrurethcx!, (fi.r) w*s rst tbongbt to be pnao'tlenbl.e, $tethsds (t) uo* (tr),however, w$re *ubs'oguentLy ad.cptes o;rd. formE0 the basts of, the $an$on anil$h{*rer tecbrrl.qu*s usef, &rrrrnE ,t9t#. rt wes agrood, *t t}.re noet{lB thstexperimente obou.trit bs sarvitil out ln srfl"Er ttt fievgttp * netbod tf pull,abara*tisn bstwoen the fllare &uopptng atrqr.e.ft equippod wtth tee +.ud[ ths r$orrffisc*troraft not sn eqtr{.pped.. fho 0.p.Sr sfl,$ ontnrcted *tth t$a trs& Ef {f!rid.38up dota*.tredl pleno fsr *ucb etryeu4ments.
fha rste of iilan wa shoasn as s suctp.brs tcrget for tho e*pcrrmonte,bseause the nocur*oy of, tiee tn thnt {rroa !e&s a,rproxlmctel.y the seno sr itc::t':%":3t 3ry lgrop*"dirls to ths pil"*a tr$,siustly pur f,sr{sar€, W tar;;1,";;;;"ffiHte*get at uono hotrr and', aftsr drwpptnS 0ne ftrare eaohl ssrs to cribr.t E{fl UAh{a sesoud' runl attompt{ag to trLont${y ttaa tanget vl,sunLly ard. st tho ra*" ttuerittpt'i'nE enother florer fi.!,to6ethor six suoh o*d.ts wers to be nadlo, *bowbyko*pinE the ta.qlat i1l.ua{"nntes f'er a period. of sbout ?o nlnutesr fhe gbJrgtnf theso fln:re* wns twr*folsn namely to provrd.o s ?rnscon to gutgg tho uon*o'ru*ppod r*$'rurnft to tho tnrgat, :a.:r4 ta ttrl.rurfsr,eta ths tnr6a?1 thua nelctagvt*un'L tr{rubl'nq poss{.b}e" Ths non*equLppedl sLroraft raw el$$ to itrop ano
( t ) rr"i{.Br,ftr /6glz\a, smot r lo?s,( e) 6',,",t+'' Cse, 0. R,S , kfl- . Ah. i. So ( ftw tl*. 5",A,.<- U*) ,
Hu$tftrsrsD/ narq
55NS$TRICTSD
fls.re spsti in thE *ree wlretr tbo sther fllo.vss rtoro brnrnLng* Tbe plan of, thg
exorciu n knpwn by the ooflo worcl Sr,*alc*rs, vlas lrlt.er ogtenda& to i.natrlda tihg
use of, fJ.ars Eti.*ke fsn itl.ustuatlon ani!. ts tost thE valuo of oolaured f,I'arga
ncid aearoher f,lsresr fn onler to got tbe nsrcimtm anount of Lnforrnetion ou$
of the s:isrsisg E d'otsllorL que**lor*rairs was dlrawn upr to be oonpLotutt by
pll,sts cnd qbsonrars st tntertogetioa" the 0.R.$* Ef,so saut ff, ggounil.
obsenrelr to th* IoIE of, $fenn
She fi.rst oxeroise; u&lioh taok p}*.ce sn thq nlsbt of t5 Pebru*qp tgtrgl
was r*ther *poitt by a grouadl *tatton feutt wbtoh resuttsat tn tha ftrares befryIn*.tt f.n two ssowsr $s$6re[ nllps aports ond, by e. Tersr htab trtdr It dl.i!,1
i'rorreverf sefirs to estah].i,sh th6{t the tlhrstnsti.en protttl,erl. by si.ngle f;lares
itroppod on 6oo at tho rate ef {2 eveqy thres nilnntatr althsus& *atlcf,actoqras s, he$onn for attraotLns t'he sa,tn f,onos to ths tnrgat srsar wtto quite
tn*rdequate for visuml. ident&fipatlon ef ths lsrystr $ttuka sf fleroaconutstf rW sf s{,.x buw*tes of tbse flarsu *pa,eed ous d.tre apart,n bowererl
gave excelllant recultr, a,rd, Lt mes esssrqni,sgllr cLssi.dtod to organtsd a ftuthsrexereiuss Sraukurs llp to tspt nnr.e fully thts uuthsd, qf fl,ere drugptn6 *d toil,se,t{to ori tbe be*t rymber of flareE amt stlclt spacfuU tE uss.
Tho roiLwe6l stati"on et S$rslgl,r (ttorttr s,al.er) waa ths rta,rgetr for thl,e
s,aEonrl exscicLser wluiah tooh p' ace oa the night of 19/gO I'ehrusrtr unil,er s:[oui[*
loss but sd,sqwhat h&W csnctttlousr fh!.s rxsroL*s sss fully susoo$$ft1 sd,on tbe b**sfu of the resrilts ths O.R.Sr $rorki.ug tn cun$nnction wlth Sor ) euarywere able to put forwartt $ rl.sta,l.ls0 plan f,ar il,tqnnnetlag o targot for cpettoct uf t5 ni.nutes rith sueeess{vs w&rss of 6s6 *$scraft, eeeh carrylng lEbirnd.loe of, ttrres flarss to be ilrorrpsd at tsn ssuqsd, tatefiratc.\ l) ro tu"]Jgbt of these fLares au tnces&inr"y fuuee would thBn ettark betreou S safi E
pl.ue 15 Xfehtf,ng up the torget for the nain str{.klng fowe, tro reu!..if bo* tJxs
fi,res.Attacka on Sasen Usln*r Saetu
ths abovE pls$r rvh*.o,h formsit tho ba*la qf tlbe teotm!.que knssrn by tb5,co&e wonl Shnherp uas fl.rst put l.nto oparafi"on oa tbs nfgbt sf q/p ilaruh tgb2rThe targat wno il*sens aad tdgh hopen wero hold that e realty hoevy bllrr uroulilat X.ast be etrlrrek at thls noot tqrcrtcet bst vuqy ilLfftcr,rlt target. A furaoof €11 airoreft wss rl,aspatehoil" i.*eJ.ud,ing fll" oquf.pped uith 6eo1 anil raafimnrovel.the tarqqt wae 6ooi[ epnrt frrom the uoual grcrrrsi ha&s. fhe nrld l*atEr[rorfl"nouru lffi*ootes, but thE resul,te wem rtr.aappointx.ng, and, poct rat*csv€r revsalsd no Smaage to tlr.o m*ta targot erean tbo'U*r a few alrsraft mreshown b.y thei.r ntght photogrnpht to hetrs hffibsd the gouthstrr outshl"rts of t"lr*town. Ari 0"Rrs. nnatyste of thts raid (Re
"*f$lt{)(z) "nnr,*A that, slthrNfih
the fl,arq trayirsg su.B srt tha wilgLs sotisf*ctorlr,'lnory of the iaoord,l,*r1r fsrtcd^td' not arti.vo unttl' tho flLsttod sstrrc out anil ssatte!,eg thgtr Lo*cts svcr e rldlsers&, ruostr,y shorb of, tlur targ*t1 tiwr-oby ettr*,cti.rrg oibsr oimreftr
_\1/ lotter f*rsro $Ior 5 srtrui: i{.Q.1 &efsronae N/$a1?6/Uap* dcted 3o Fabr{M.( a) s,ir.B*,/m,1}}/t/g*
s.ssTRrsffiD ,/ wrtru,n
i]'!,.1 i,r
RESTRICTHD
Wittrta tho Esunne of the nert three nontbar eleven ftlrtlren usJglr
operati.oua uuf.ng Oao wero o*r"r$.Edl out u,gni.ntt Suuon, i.acludS,ng cno of $FS
eircraf,t,l trut d.c.yll.ght yessnnatssnsos l.rdLcotef[ tba.t sF qaJer clanego htd. b**nlnfltctEd either ou }tr:uppra viotrhs or CIn Bose$ town, gn& tf bacaos eleqr the*tbo d,iff,ieu1tiEe of, tbs $qw ustbodl sf, attack hail, bCIqn asrlouol,y urrlar*es*inetod,r 0n upEt of thenE rsaiiN.s tbe uri6S.notr, $ha,kor techm{.quon uith uironvnrdatLons iJr tini,rr.q, w*s enployod,g brrt ou fg/ff ffinrch flagm ryere not rrssrlr
tho fr*b airersft evappkW ?5S porrnd. i"ncend,Lanlec bI!.rartty tc a.st *s a bsecan
for the $a$.n .Yryrcsr ?h,Ls wss tbe fi"rut ope*atlon of the Ss-qson t]ryer uei,ch
wus used Ln pref,eranoE to $ibs,ksr when $t weq thougbt th&t $sathsr raud,l.tl.ss*ovor tho targut muld, $$t be good. enougb for viuunl trlentiftostl.oa.
DtttnlLe& onalysen of n1.1, these e*rdy CIoe op*rat{sns wers oa.nriort out bythe fi.s.$. ln ordor to triy an-* {liseover thE aauges of fa{}lrro] ss I prollatn*ery to suggeetlug rensflisl sotr$er€ar S, nunbor of theso were-pubX,d,$bnril, ea
reports ln tho'Bt feries, goueral suomsrJr of t*ro first WapaygltiEas Ell,tr
bn forsd^ tn S.Ep-ort &{l{\tl and, in a report sntrtlsfl Woto sn [tteah onr EsasarwhLeh wao urrltten by tho 0.h.$i esd l.ssrls8 W t.}re ALr Staf,f, for i[istrlbuttonto aLL Bqubar Coumau$ st$ti.ons. At tbs ss$s t{.tle lnveet{,g*ti.qng ssse otntt!,ndlcut into tbo oporCItisnal accrrr{tsJF of &ee, bagsd, on ths plottad Bos!.tlomn of,the pirotogreph$ taken by ai-rcreft whicb were lmosa frou thatr sorH.e rald,repurts to harE hsm,beil bLl,rd.ly"
Afthsugtt the eeeuracy of $ee !.n the ftulw one nhgnqylsnil wae feud to befiwre thd&, throe tLnet lrorso tlrsn thnt, aslriavsd. by anprrt sutws of $o. f4{gFttght over thJ"s ooirntrryr.,the 5O por oont rono boiqq sibout f:vo n{tros f,nrs,rtius (F,eport t+q, sh?)it) tt rnae slear thst th!.s aloso wns uot rotponsib].ofor the f,atlure to b1.t ssaenr iloruoveri" Goe operatl.ens ogalaut frth@r gj.tlgcsueh ns cotosrs (Bepo$s Bro$:' Broe1'}#? n1rslf F) ; ;*r-* aonet6orrrhr.xrgfeetor sucsessf snd' i.t rn$a aonslud,ga th*t ths rel,at$vt lask of Buoo*a8 o* .
sssen was ilue tn a Lergs nsse$urs to tba peo*rll,ar situatton of, thst tar6st;Ln p*rticuter, the ls.ck of unqp cloerly roe gnl.rsLg xardnarka ln the nsaavf'cln*'ty sr:c' thn pruxfunf.ty of wony'othor ln,fulstr{el, tounn cf si.qlfxar stuarnnad'e sssen e \rsqr d's'f,fteutrt tar6et f,or any nEtho{ of atteukn stroh oe ths she&s3.technique, vrhloh Sepon{oet on vi.sue} id.entifl"euti.on. Evcil wbsn uno ssa uLr*craft suoseod'ed' 5.n ley{"n6 r,m ad,oquento cc$oentrotlon of f!.erEgr 1go evar Brx*entinduEtrj.aS. h.ngs so Ece.bterqd the lif-J* firat rr*cusl l*snfLfloatioa of, tho Ssoumewf,^s vsc1r dllf,fr uLt+ .t'tr6 a, reuutrts the :lnasnrl"!.argr f,oruo on tuo occa,sio&aattaehsd tho rrmrg town, vl.s Hes&otf! on g/r0 ffarctr nnc. $clr-srolm os ,Ufi Aprri.lI''urther'tt1o1''6, thi' f,act th&t tho rnatn stnlki.rw f,orcen utrf.ch was n&t tqrd.gpof, w*ttl$oo' vns lnstHrct*d- to bolsb on th,e *ires .qtnrteil ,by 5irsvioua "q.Lrursrt scade tbenver"y vulnerablo to enaroy decoy act{vi.ty, and, t}n two rald* furfns $esoh lgt+l a(r)(e)
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t,,rr"B.ftr./Wi/9,t .i1.B.ftt/69/157..r.ririr.,/trpg/ift.W.a.,r.e./I I tt l, lr.A.u.o.p l6t lts7,fr.t+.slg istl,l, . s E s r & tr o r F D
,/ ttrge
6?n"Eii'faIc?sD
Lar6e proportLos of, ths foroe we* is foat r!"lrrsrtscl hy &oeoE f!,rc siteo st
Itheinber6, so$g tCI $LLos nest'ttorbipsEst of $ssenr
Tha $a$'rssn te*hntque, whioll '*s's ueoa on tho snsst sf io/tt Mawfu se& ag
$rsr€ sussqssful. fipart fnsn ths poor tnntns sf the 6ss sl'ssra,ftr tftn gSCI
porrnd. inc+*r:d,{nx{.e* niiri,c}r they ilnoppod rrore qulto i,uouff,lsi.elrt to provLdn e
bi:*coyr for the nstn o*{.ltfutg fosco (nepert gJgl)"(l) fhsrE n*n cl.ocr*5r a
need. far n f,mr moro dtstL+etive typo of sarksr bqnb lf t?exh,tis*s of ift&l
type were to be co.r'ri.sd[ out e*eEsrof,i.ll1y.
lfsJor Go* *.ttereks on othar torgsts oarryledl, out &rlr|ug the earily trs[ffiifof {glr-t were rrualyssrt Ln p, si.nitr.r*r fanhi.sn Ln order to o}nu:l,il*te tho fuuclop-nent of the ra[r[s, nr far ae tho ll'elted pbotoglraphic evtd*nos sorrld alLowt
r.*nd wherever !$sel"bl.e ts rnake s*roxnueud!,sti.o$e ns to bosr tho boobdas tsgbdEp*trsis*It bo i.nprwedl. In or{sr thst *he ro$lrfta shottld be.of ths uaat"ww
aperattonrX. values ncrfi, theit uue squlil ]o ns&e of thsn in tits pl,unntng ofSrrturp operetton$1 sr$r.y ef,furt was aeilo te publt*h tbsnn Ftthi,s a rsals sf the
operation.At the enf,, of &prIl 1944 aftw Gee hed 'beetr Ln oper*t{onoL uEe fsr
nearly trvo rro,nths, rJ! attanrgt rwo ncado to assoss the gvera3l" effEct thtgh l.tgLntrod.rrctton ha.fr. lrod ou the suacoss qf Bsnber 0Emmsrd operat{ow" A.lthowbthi.s was by ao !!6*rns ae 6roat ae lrrui boon hopod[ fer or oxpectedl,, en
s"ppreciebk lmprovesout i.u our bourbiug w!&€Er 6srte$.u ooud.ltlona sqs ootcd,(a.oport s,pe;.(z) shus, for ratr.d,s sft nr$r targeto ln nod.ornte ecather
c.rnrX.ltiono, the por*ontags of su$$sseftxL fbstqss*Fhs sh$lrlrrg t&g tar-get a$Ee
tnc!'eussd. fbon 1'l per sent uvsr tke perioil Juoe t9lr0 to Febnln$r tgb? tE lSger ecnt d,urtng tlre montPre Ef tdarqob sad Arlrtl 19lr0r nhen Oes u&tl rtr€ilr lSrndriiti.on, ttrers w*ro &. murired i,ryrmnenront {,n the peroortage of Eo3trj.es
reportlng e*tack on tbs pr*raarSr taqget, e$ sffect whl.eh mas alrnsstsartaLatr^y
':.:ttnibr**able to th.s tntrodlrretlon qf Oae. i!" rnow siton$tve anal,;rais a,l,oag tb6s*ne Li:res w&,4 ap,r:'J.ed, out early tn i9&!r *wL eomp*"r6il, tbe perrecnta6o of,pl"ottoblo photoeraphs wtrlab wErs wtthtn thr'ee ratlou qf the aintng Foftft fop cperi"od of esven ntvrths bEfone and s$"s $ouths aftgr ttre lnt$odustti* of, Gge
;
(x*o i,lo. l{F5).(5) thj.s aonfi:ueit the fincllnge of the earl!.ar anal,5rrsa tbettire bsrrofisiel oflfsot* of Ooe rvsrs confinEd, to *nt0s [n eertutq m*thorcond.ltlons uud. sn oertaS.lr ol,s.eEec of, targat, $g utght hase bEou orqra6gerl LnvtEw of j.tE Li4{,tod" ra$S$r th,a i.npr*vsnrent was mogt mgrkcdL c6atnot thr shortu ,
r{ruge talrgetsp $nd ulsler corutrittoas ebich wese unfovotpabtro f,on v!.cuall,i.Enttf,ie+r,tlun {rr,rr 6f,5q[y, haa$r sr nosnless ooaitltisns. U'rdtr OpttnWs$n'l.itj-ons of 'brtElat nocnl,iqht nrns go,od vlsibility thers us.o 60 avlitanso that0ee he.d had. ouy "siEni.fl"o+r,nt *ffect on the ro*ults of oporationae
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ths fa,et th6t S6s sileb:tod, susq6ssfir!1 *'!taahl to bo oaExl,sd CIrt wl,tthput
thu nsatstaa&s sf, msoutr;l,sht u*o of, cou$[&er,te. ]"6 fiupouturme fwo t.h Butnfr gfvLEw of nd,uu*.rig c*sual"ttas fuom $nsrsy f5..$rtrr q.t'liaeks ncfi f,fiilH Apfdl t$lpanw$fi$,s {.t beonars tbe pul{cy to nttwok t*r6etc fu eernary chtofl*y tu thenon-noos porloil.
$n*nry i.ntqrforunca rs$.th the fiqs *p"mtom wso fLrst suepoetcdl rs tlrc fi*ghtof, 6/? dl,ugr.r*t 19t+% snd wsa senfi,msll bc3'ond. rs&ssnsbLe.pocaiblLfty Of dsl&'ton tirs rni.dl on sffisbrrusk on $/tg Ausust lnupo#l'sfo1.(t] rhe offsst sf ttotsJ,q$EiJrS wss tn retlnco the uffrottrvg f{s$trg uf; rlas f,rqo r ebout ll$ d.jl,w tE25S * ]00 m:l"Lss from $anor:try, wj.th th*l resrr],t th$t {irl &rnqan torg*ta wemou*afid,rd coxroseg&r Con*equellt}yp &oo *ould. no LEn6sr bo u*ec[ afi ee eIS totmrget {d.qn'bl,flcmtl,on +nd. boinb:|ag s-$ 06.rttsn turgo&c, though !t rssu ggi.I! tf,con iserebls uss u$ u n*rfgatJ.ona3. ntil, msr the poutw pers of thu rc$tGr&,3.thouf,{ix frum *snc to ti.no &e trtr*'*tfon wlle tryryere+r$,}gr Improvod W thsi.ntrv{uctLon of v*,x"l,ous suur*erusti'surus (neriorr.6fl'5$, 6r$l $69)r(*) ri b*arosel't*r tlrslt the $hmkor anil $au,Eon toufuii.ques wsutd. hmvo to be rab*nd.ord,t aildlneru nothqd.e of torgst unr*ttng flevt*ed,.
Apnrt flmo tfis 5wnor*l twss&rsb l.nto the tCIet$.qnf tnploSaneut of, Sor, noon*ido.aabl"o slsouut of rE*sash wer easr-l.ud, out wltb a vlnrr to lnsreasf$B [t$sc$ur{ricy anil, l.n ronnEetr.ou wi"tb ths Jcnfia*us pf th$ itwl,Ee W the $sos*ffues* e*p*cbe s$e dlssusssd f,n dst&tJ in Ch;ag;tor ll ,
t lrne foruotton of rpet*,ail,l,ot upuoflronu to !,utH,utq rnditsrl rss lnsosq$osdlod,
11{*1ut'o' mc eur}3r ss DeeswbEr t$l+ltjJ end ths m#Js*t of, n ryru!.al tsesot
fincirw forEs wns much und,sr rittarugstsn 8uri.65 th6 f1!'St ha,tf of tgt+gr $t amsstsrls on td &pr*,3.rettendc& by reproeartotivca ef, thp o.s"$;:jtbr somsdsr*ln'ch{sf $tat$dt t}aat hs peu'aouoL}y wes ronti.nety n6otwt arythl,.a& thnt wrd,{llesu}t ,n tho s*qonu{.ng OCP Of, u$rnrtrrons, an$n6 ts i.tr CffOet c6 e6ptr"o(&}tr'rail i"t tr&s 6&n86q$sat$r not m*{r sutr lghtr af,tor c l,on8 *t*** p+r{oeof trgostntfonr fimt firo F*thfr.n*or smreE mr frnal&p bou,*" ltu bnart[PrwstF$'tot'e€1 by tho sar.{E{,u whi'rh hmil erlssn us e, s€euxt of, t&r su*, J**t.ig*f {ieo" t'hs ffiret op*rati.on nel by ths Fatbfl-d,er fiouce wsr t&at {8eiwt!.Ien*burg on f8y'tg fuWust.
$rdllg to thg B$esssupet!.su of srllrs. t st tblo tiss wtth p$uiblmtconueotwd, witb {Jro Jsmefus of soo, no dets,Lr.sfl $ecsuute sf thc rnr1y F*th*flnd,Er relrls wexo publiilh@d, but ftnn tl.ne to tluc fipnuroL rlv!.,orr sf thssttBntrpn srsre un*Ert*ksn la ordov to arsre,u wtmt ofrfbrt tho Fafirftuflor s8pqswao huvtng Eu th6 generul suuo&s$ of opoaratLoao. frhs b*ci.e gf, rert sf, thgteohnx.queE ursd, by trh, pathfrud.w.r d.u ths Lnttor pert af, rgrrg r*s rfc*eruno,rMr6 of ths ntni,n6 polllt ilJ"tb sel.voos cf, AS rcUndt Joperdltor{.os( tb:!.ou f,tr*u;) s,n tba ueht of f,rerF',s sr es st Fssskftrrt uu ?#ffi 0otoibw, inir)(e)(s)( t-)
)+* tt^ ,^ -.-rrr ri r :r r/ il / h9/ 2.1 C la.sr&)Arl6glaf o.A"l{"T$r/fi.rv'.t+t/evl (Emuor. c$s" $.s"sr *,* sse,. wsr S&}ri3;,.-i,pn{-.fr' F.u ,.$-$tu.,f
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*#fRESIRTCTSD
soanlt6btr 0osestounlly esl;ourlud flnroo were ucsfrr o'ttb$r for nnr*[og thaai.ntng Bo{nt or ths wtrsnEtt!.o$ cf tho tar6et, Flo,tmr rero tLruppaet on Gm,
on tnrgotc n&sra thf,.u eou nvnLlsbler but utual"3.y uthqr ne.thot[*, suoh ss st$nsd. run f,ronn u noa$lrlr l,ordnnt*n hn& to bs ussdl bg tbo f,i,rst atrsraf,b torsach tho turget. *, nnrhstL artruouee $"n ths teohni.quo of tl}uuinetl.qn uqs
msele on 't&llT $epteuber, wheu ths fLsue f,qrog wea for tho fLrut tinedl.lffsroutl.stsil, rnto tf,rnesrsr, uhoss ftrnctien wa* to fuop l,ong sttrss sffl.ares ri.6ht eorioss thn trur6nt s$oa.l sn* rllt"uildmtotrot, whs werr {tota11e4 toill"trntnats tJm ainnrng polnt ttss!,f sri.th nu6fu rhcrtcr rttslm of, flawe.Ana"lvses of Harly Petirfl"ncler Bald,a
rct t5 pe.thflnilsr o5rarati"or(t) Uateatoathn-t etx of, thsso had, ytettlert bettsr rcaultr tluil wquld, bsrs bssn olwa6tsal s$ths hae{.s of praui,oua ox or!,wre* agnLn*t those tcrgetsr of, the rwsts6trgssvon oporeti,onur forrr sehfeveil sfiutlsr resultr sndl thr6s uere !.ess suoqwdu,l,them pa*t ratil.E" 0n tso of the L&ttsry rstdts fotlurs wns dus ts ths faotthot the wrory target waE attoek6d,.
rt noro sxtEnslrye prd" dLEtelterl. frff*ctlgotton isto tlhe f$.rst t,t ottas5g Lsilby the lr$th*Lndley Sorosl covor{.ng-t$e peri.orl, iS/lg d6ugunt to aqlat Sow&or1gl*! wes nafls et tlra ord, af fJt*P.(al ,to tn ttra provlotrc prslfuml,saa.3r rrpcrogths effe*t of tbo Fathf,Lrdor Faros sn tho rsuultr r&i.eryoitr nas borufr sn nL6btpbotsgrntr{rte svidenss, rnthor thsu on t}rs *ruount of Oauoge oau*s{[ to t&ntargCIt, eLnoE tlre Lattso aepoudf*n unry foetor,rl ouoh ar target ri.re, bo&*l"oeule cornj.erl, aud tytrle f b*it&lngg g.n tha targot &D&a., sn {rhlsh thsFathfi&&e:' Foroo obviouel$r hud no tntrlusnooe llhs ur{.tud.oa of rusesss u&r*g*in takeu ae the poroentago of photogrupbs plsttcit, ulthta tiurce nll,sc of, ttusal,mlng pstnt **sit tlrl.o vue oompcrredt, ni.th the ocrr*opond,i.ug lrs$gestags vb*,shwoul'd hsro bssn sxpestd ln the ebcencs uf thp Patbfl.dsr Fonrel qs cc6mst&1frsm r"esu.ltp sf oarlier reld,ur Iu octclf,ttonrcpEotnl, cttcntton ucu pr,id tothsse re$'dta tn whish t'lro FCI.th*lnd,qru dll,il not oarry$ sut the.r pr.o,nunrl t{€g1d,quswlth couplEte susss$$1 X.n orilcr to sss,ert*i.u th,o ohtef, osuaaa of, fslltuee
shl's Llryectl'$ats'ou brctrght te x"{.ght uary poLrets of oporattouaL tnpsrtafiFowtth rogard ts t*re tlluutnation shit uorkLag of, taqEotl by tbe pat&ftnilprsnoreeo Thu*, tho oonpLtts ff parttal, fe,iLu!'e of qt Iseot fl,ve ro$.d,c wessEtabl"Lsberl aa beiug ualn]y {l,us to an lnarloquato mubqr of, fLnd,cr $.nor*f,t, ofwlrtolr !t was osts.snto& tlrnt at lsaEt 6isbt to {8 rere roqulm{, en nn*u*Ltc,rget*s por-ti.ontel*y whou wes,thor qoud,$.tio[$ trsFo not orypOotoil to lls ldlsal,0n Fast rstdr the suaher qf f,luitsrr mploSrof, bnd, $cuffltry been connirloroblgrLess than th18. rn si[dtttou tt wao fa{,rl;r cluw thot tho prsornt f,Lars fulown'o not t\motiqnttg *etl,sf,uotorlly u$dl, tltegrous o&set waee reportoil by ownoof fl*ros openLng too hLsh, thuo frtltng to Lll$nnnato t&p gnor*rdl, pmprrrtgr euil
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$t tlre ssss tlmo coueS"ng con$i$ur6hls d,auols. ft sgs thesefur& rqsomnsnit#,
thnt e cpeoL*J. Llwoctlgation sbsul.$ bp mad,s to 0nterElus rrlrothsr tlre fufislnoedlodl roesllbrsttngr unil thet tho &evolnpaont of, the nsr b*rffistrLs fusaei:ouLd bn puohuil f,orwar.{, ao qul,ok},y *e pocs5.ib!.o,
tstrs samo *.uveotf.gatLun elao sbowod thet thr no{ihsd,r of groun& mc,rhtug
ths$ i"n Ess wsryE $ot sntlrol6r autLof,*otolBr ths E*tvqes of 5O Bsua*l cnel
?,5CI Boun$ {.ncentu.arilee dlnoppo& by tfre, n!,sus], marhsrs wsrs ofte,E ittffiqntt toss6r ssp4c{4,11ry qh+}s tbo tar6et war S.Lluplu*tscl. by ft"ereo, nrr&, tPt$b Fasslscr(hro0O Sound, gtf 9ffiurreroriec) rhieh h*tl. beon ueod for nort$.ug on s fw re!&r'althoug.h voriy dliatLnotLvE whi.L*t buruttngr dltdl. rct l.u*ro a.ny psiffiailsat nertrfhere was slserLy * rycat noecl f,or epeol*L co]"or.rrsdt uerksr b<rmbun f,heprototytrros of auch boubu hnd, elrea$y been proprrg& and. tsstoil by tho SrA.Fr*nd" f.t $n$ rsoomuord.ed that thdy sh*uld. bs l.ntrud,uee0 tnto operatlone witht*,te lemat po*$iblq dol-a.y.
rn goneral tt waE for,rn& that uB tE Eq/gr urn*turft+fi Fetbftrdw Fcrech,ed' ?,sen sucnousful in carqrLng +ut t,hsflr plomd, tar6nt uorhl.t6 tun&n$,qar lnous thlril, of, the etta*ks on $ormonSr llfufeh thoy had t6d[, suit Serttelfilreuocessful $n *rluoet ex$ther tht$ci, Stthou*h tlrste rosults do nst an d&squrfass e$pser vorTr 0fttd,$.table, $.t nust bo remsu$srort tbat ta,rget rark{,n6rsethe&s nqrs st thl,t sta6o cttil fun ths arpor{-uoontal. rtqgol *'ndl thnt trhePothfiud.ffi Fosae wat uot au yot oempooed. of cx3rul{r* liloroqvsr tbqr uq.u aotdurlng t'lti'c purlotl pmvfded" stth nny epocJ.*,l.. uevlgntton*t or terg*t fi.adlng orruarklu6 equtpnontr Eafi, on *smon torgoto snsm$r i"$torfer"erso ha8 d.gprivsll t&mof the use of 0E&r sgeinot ftoI.Iorr tar'6oto; rhsru ths roethsr wnu qs4eerbetton snd. thE els:Peness Less he*vy tlten wsr oorser{fr nssults uE;,g nuph mwsat'isfsstory; tho tergot u*rH.ng fel.Ltry *n only txro qut sf nl"ne occaalonr.
Duris$ t9lrt ar$ tb* early p*rt of lltLg tt ncp ths respon*1bil,!,ty of, esohin&lviduu.I cws to I'dentlfy sd baub tlre det{l5.lsd q{rof,n6 pol,nt. gh* errornrlu,e to ulstd,snt!.fi"eu.tlon ond[, to n Lssesr orxtest to bea, bonb-aimfuffi, rsroof,tsn vorjr Lna"E.e, brrt, on ths wbol.o wsro fr.i.rtarlbu*sf !,n a renrl.uug rurnsor eboutthu stnqtre poLntr $poe{.nt seso$ ed,vtue r$.ao to!\tua,L bmb puttaun it$.&refsorrr {$} oe6ur f,ucom tins to tj.uos Ec wben *f. ***O Aer*blo proBcrtiolr sf, thcforse was flivorttd fros tho te,rgot by cl,oeoy aettyi.ty or otbsr oeuars, but [ngonoral ths rssu"lt of thts tSrpu of bonbtng.rsts-$ wlil.oLy dloperuedl pettcru ufbombe wrro*s Mlhl'fr4/Vtwem pednt of i.npactltft$'t-t m elo*o to the cf,rlne 1ntut.$he ohlef, Broiblam whiqh fq'oedt the Cournauil et thi.s t$lne wes hpu to rwmr li$ornntlou orfttr of bcmbi,ngr ed tbe trGroilustl,un sf t&6 tochnl,que of ta,qgetumrlsln8i by s epoei.al Pathflndor For€on wao, tn fect, un nttorqrt ts rotj,E thLrproblen. fhi.r a.ttompt wnr hLgh!,trr suoossrful Wrssul"tui!' tn en funmod,inte e$[ tcry coupi.d,urqblo rsilugti.on tn f,bo ranrton .ofitrrof boubtng;"CD n, tho sf,so tl,,ourhowoverrp*uther ssri.sua aorr66 of erlrlor ses
(t) 'rd-tt{Br,/'trrwwr/gg/3 (sontcr csil ors.$, rtrft t{qn. }ts. 6r}.
RI:StRCTUb/ t.mroaueaa
i.-i
l
.,\.
nss$n,fcgssffi
lntmd,unod.. JLs t&rs }$r.rtu Foreo wdrs ns longsr ilstn{.X,orit to nim tt the ni.ntng
pol.nt lteolf, bnrt st mr,rst{or boobs itropp'o'i. hy tho Pathfin&er Forcon the tt.F.I'of ths roaulttng borub-trrr*ttsn'n ilo Lorger oo!.ne{itecL with the {infng po{"nt butwn* d.etErmS.ned 3.argo3"y by tho poeltl"ot of ths msir&@ boubs. Aqy orr"oru La
pl.aclng tho m*rkera tborefone wers llhsly to be porpetrr,r*,ted, thro,,rg;hrrut tho
vlhsle atteokl ooua[ng tho t{"ft.I. of the bonbiln6, to bo displtleed firun the afntryps{.n+,. Tho dlstanuo bstwssn the !,trrPrl. af the bamb$.ng alsl the airaing polntb$knovrs ns thc ovorall oyotouo,tl"o €rr:$tr .rn k b$&i#e lntrodusti*n of tkeisnthf*us!.er lroncE the quoeti.En of how to rod,ucr tiri.s oourc,s of srror t* ltaloriest poseiblo llnlts V*e WtW/rQ the cirlef pno'b}.gn confrontlnE ths Wl,A.\. C.; P, €. F. oavl e;t l^,&4*O. R.5. s*zVo rtatuE**9d affL^lia+r.iffi;s/ Altlror$h mrieh was dsue d.r.rrins 191+3t t9lr.t+ and,
1913$ to neeltrss tha mapitudo of thte errsr by l,mpnovtng tho s,ecurf,.cy sf thorirnrktrrg metl.roits usE& d'h6 prro'blem w&.$ orut that sas neysr eoupLeteLy reral"vedl,
nn ths ssvsn nrsnth.s prtor to tho furt$oiluotlon of tho Fatbflrd.pr teohrdqrlo
onJ.y abo*t llr por o*nt of *lL rsld* serrf.sd out ehoweit nrqlr rnrnrhetl f,{.ogilaae*
mentt of tho li[*F,X, uf boobfng from thg a.lning potr$, vrl]oroes il,urdug thofol-lowtllg E'wot] months eomathtng ltks 67 pen oont of attacks ehosedl an
app:rer:L*bX"o syetemnt5,o emsrr Elra sffect af thiu on the overal3. succgss qfoperntlons ls atr[ki.v16g].-"r l,ll,ustr*todl ty tbu fr]tLo*tng stattst{asl*({)
Fsniorl, &nruh FsnSoO &ugust19&t tn "euguet fglr"Z ts Maroh
{!}lf8
(Fre*PnF.F.)
3v&
r!p",(F.F.F")
Wfi0vurfill pertcntn&p of photarplotteil, ri.th$n threq nn$.Ieuof cer*tre sf eenosf*rstLcn
OvsmJfi. poruertagp of, photoapl,otted wt.thi.n thres mLls,cof atntn5 polnt
3M
As the aborc fLgureu luil$.ente, tlre consii.darshile tucreusE i.n oonsontrstionaolrC,ovecl as o rosult of tho i*rtrs&ustLon of, the Pothfi.ld.er Forca wdl& lnrg,f,fulottget by tlm
3ffi
of systeqatl.c errorEr so. that the over:all ineraaseri^*l{.. U.F* aix hr.Ita d[tk FF.F.was'oonaSarattvoly susl,Lru S,s ln tho os,so of Osstn of,ficnsnsy sf tb#
ttra artnnnteg s seuf,s.trsd by thn Patbflxd,sn Sorqs wsro found. to be 6reatect f,arraidLs i.n nod,ona,te woatbEr eomfilti.ons.
trlp to tto enil of '191r*2 tbo F*thflnser ForE6 had, no rectar old-s to ssutsttirse Ln theln tsok of, targot flnrtlrrg ar$ rro cposf.nL norksr* to enable thom tsenfi{t the t*,rget satlsf,notorily. $arly i"n 191+5 both tbsEo hmnflloaps u.er6
reuovsd. ond, a &'ox, sr0. l"rr the teolrnlquo of, targot nlrrkXry was Lrd.tLafeil" 0boe
lderlc I uas fLrrt brou6ht lnto uso fon tha :rcfd, on Du*rclrlord' on )t Docer*ber
lgl+21'l Xanucrlr t9L5., tergot in&lEstor grour**ner{rors on BorLtn ou
lVrT.fnnrlary, nni[ lt$ ou fi*rnbuqg on t#]t Janu.an5r' Ths Lntroriluctl.En sf sU,thore d$vLcqc proueirtodl & net eor{,sa cf t*stlool problmr whtch engssod tira
(t) A,rn.$ry'XxVtlq;t/Wl (somber Cm'j[* or$.$* f,nt t{snr tor 6}}.,/ attq.rtt*n
$nf,ns$
IlT.rqn1}T{!r^fr'.th
cttsnt$"on of 0.S.$rrls tUroupout tSlr} and the errty msaths cf, 1941* qsfl whf,sh
ars tlescribsil asnq fuflg tq tho $hs.ptsm oa the opcretion$,l uss of, ]lfs and,
the otrroratlonnt, u;e sf 0#W?0 rappl,p.pllo,n _*p*- 4f SpJ, Ersy,$f ?Ssfg@&/ ka
In rd.dttLoa to these dota,i.X,q8 msoerohoe lntc tlro marldng toohniquoau*erlr tho 0" "$r s!8s oom{e4 out i.nvost$.gatlonr sf wi.ilsr mop$ i$to thsgonerul organi.eati.on of tho P+*.thf{nd.ur ltoree, awl f,tqam ti.ne tc ti,us nedto
eooomnordotLann os to how litro of,flcJ.en*y of the f,orso might bo lnonoaoed.&n o-rta,rrplo of, Eush rocemuff!f,s*ione tts eo!.rt&fuiod !,n an intornnl ****uod*,{*}which w&s prepa.rerl bB the $.fi.$r at the noqtregt sf, tirs Gornsnnd,ar-in-Shtefs'f,ter cunsrrltntto[ {eith ttre Al,r Off,tqer Somu,nrttng Fsthfi,nd.er Fos*o* Inttet'o report ths mothoal of Eolest$.ng oruca for thc Fnthf,i.ndor Snonoa Wa6
tws el.tennatl,ve rusthodto of solsctfun ffi#sugceste&r ft oro*
that tho tntrinl4q of Srotourtl,*l nrsrker srerr$,wht'sb ooue1Etsel of e fltg*d.ay oourse at th* $avLgatlon ?ratnXng UnLt, nne
$$-gf$,ffiU0il inndequ*r,te to f,Lt theu Sor tb& d{.ffisr*t ffir* important dtuttsswh$qt* tluy had to oarry outr tho bulk of the *pool,all,at tnCIgr{n6 ofPathftn&ar Gtrswc raa Ln f;act d.one on opst?ti.one nuel ?rr&s sou$sqrrentl;r opread"
over e aoncleleruhl,a parlo&r fhrlla wyrtw hnd proryt{[ both waetofut anili'nefftoi,ent sl,noo not onl6r wsrr6 e oorenidlsrnbl,e nunbor of the Ntcrrttnl narlsgrotrclss wLaulag bsfqrs ttrop rmm firLly trflIfio$r but ths susosst cf operntiuunscns constnntly Jsopnr{tsod hg tbe presonos of par$lelllr treinodtlffir*ricsrs,ItoEomiaendteti"ott$ rrtrs therqforo malle that the tfervlg*t{on fral,rJ.rg lln:it eaulrobo I'ongthensl to n ulni-:nr,m of two welce, w,hf"Eh woutrl g$.ve auff,lsJ.e$t tfuao fontr thrrough graundlng fn the usE sf opoolal app*urotur, partleu!,arly IdlS, nndl,
tcsuld Enahle a proLiul.seqr assesusnsnt cf, the capabttrS.t!.es cf snoh crsw ta hsnnd.e. At thg sffio t*ue n r."'ociLJr*atmpnt of the sotabllshnent of ths Fnth*f,5,nd,er rquadlrona urafi] sus8ooted, so th*t onch potontt*l mr.*r.]rqr crss, sfteroonpLatf,ng f,Lrre operetlgufi fsil $ryportor cqul,$ ho ntsort c[onn f,or on6 rt6s& sflntsnstve upcci,altot tralntag, etth*r u" * frltofi ffarker, a vl,aual fiarltsr osa $*ictcer-r{p.
Coneldsrnt{.prr wae aLoo 6lven to the ntanbor of Fattrfln&or crails nssscserJrto car4r out a oettrfaEtarXg I{?$ otta;ek r*nd. tho saneluEton Tffl$ rsnshoil, tbnttho utrength of the ssthf.Lrd.or f*ruo at that tros (trugnot tgr+rr) uar rrotrecll'y mf,oqwnto for unark*.n$ r$ru tho,n ono tar6at autsi.dl,e Oboa ran6o per nf,ght,when ssndlttonc wsrtl sueh fhsf: prolrl*iqa for a okymnrkln$ attnak ,soutdl hevcto bo n*rlgr
studf of the sortie roI.$ *roports xotwnmfl by ffio,la Sorqo oro$s t$ 1gh3hn{ rEtsa}ocl s stn*o of Luqnorenoa oa the perrb of, e*nil or!B$s, oonoormlagP&thf,i'nd,sr nnstbo&s eilit i,t weE obv!.ous that n*ny clttt not un+sqr*t*nd[ evon the
ilffit*ffiF*.r rneree$i,rr# L orme[onoy of r]rs ]i.irrp.(t sopt., tgld$). eYsv*'vrr Yr vr* ' r'
,/ uac*s
)Q
$ss88S
f-1
Ii,ta/
B-g-3i-LJ-c Es q.
bo,slc prt-ncj.ples of tho nnrud.nq n6thod,$ ornplo.yef,, or tho ilLffioultios ''tith_irifft4dl4
! $w6oh ths FatSfi.nder ctre$s hsr1 t* contend. Tt waa in an attenpt na 'g*LWA
thle sto.te of affalrs anel, to brfiry about a better underEtor*ling between tr{atn
' Porce a.d PnthfiniLer srsws th*t1F"t.$' prepared' *t llt u"d tf 1Fl+5' a somewhat
pOpUlartseil aqe+,:rtt of' rllfietlrO&s'cf Target lfi.qrkinet.\ '/ fhis paper wR$
prlnteet ond was l,ssued by lle*d,qunrtors Somber Conmnnd' for d'istribution to el1
Bonbe:r Commsnd ctrltlgn$" { leeond, reviseti aditton wae pub}'ished' tn
ffia.rch 'f iill5.At about the soms tine s lnCIr€ 6st$ilod eocount sf tlte use of fli2$ for
ta.r,got marlcLng at nlght Hss Freperod. for the 6guidnncs of the i{orthsesb Afrlean
"tlr For*ea n*io at that tLme wene bsi.ng oquiSrped wttlr l{2$ nr,rd wers forrilnn a
Pethfinder Forso cf thelr ""o.(2)
ghe gnp.$r $as also roeponsibLe, in coniunetLon nrith the $irec;torate of
Canrouf,Lagel $tlni.stry of ilOso Securlty, for tho production of rl seriss of
lantsrn strtite tllustrati.n6 tho devetropuont of various t3ryes of, atf'aek'
These slLdos w6r€ intqnited, to bo uctd to illustrate lectures to er&vancs&
pupll-orews on methoils of target nnrfilng" *,sses*i"ltg of a.i^ni'ng pointst rj'r+ngers
of un4en-shoottng and. the l"iko' Pul,]. deta.iLs of, tlrls vrrrk wiLl' bo foonrl in
Chapter e.I
The Onerationnl IIs.s of E?S
ggp, "i, $Ss,.*p,gqghg*,c,gggo{raS9$ 'res esuantLolly cttfferont fm tt* trrrod.*ce**orir Sso antl, Obool tn that
the whEle of tho aqlefimsnt vrffi eLdboruo so tlrst tbsrs ser6 ns llnl,tstionsrangc f,ron erouruL Sl$ol& *rtvlous redor d,evl,css.
snell. tr3,al.s o*w'1si[ out b\$.F.U) n"s l9ht heit ltlil.ieats'fl
and, oiml-[sr ooust&'uctloRe of epprsqLebls alse asulil ba pi.ckoil out
froo othor grour.ret f;eatunoe, andl {:;hat laildl could bo cLoarly dlstlrtguishadt f,rsn
ssterr ,[.lthqu$ tho shape wa* ssus{rbet d$.otos*ett eud trtre ctsflnlt{on poorp
sone ltsgros Gf Xd,onttfto*ttos m&s pon*LbX.e. It uas cloar f"bat in splto ef Lts
ohort;goutus$, tho potentL*X" velue of t#* squd.fm0ilt to Boobsr cownand wa$ vorSr
Sp@stl srd tt $a,s sonsequently de'oldsd!, to go ahsad wltb thE produotton ofMark I equ*p*o"t.(5)
S2$ wss orig$.n*tLy elartgneet to snnbLe nn a,Lrcraft to d.rop lts bonbE on a
bu.Llt*up-ereo1 but ao lt wuuldl, obvtr"ouoly bo gorne eonsLd[arahLe tLmE before elrSr
nppreaL*tl,e proBortl.on of the bonbEr foroE oouldt bo equipp€fl en$ traineit, itrss dleoidl,edll as sn Lr*erim ss&slltrsf to eruploy Lt as a Pethfi,niltug devloe. fhe
flrst prodl,uotlou uotc rsere sqnseq*nntLy mad,o *vcl,labls tn Novonbsr 191+4 to tlreFstM{,sd,er Forco ard. by Iannaqrl!}hj two fLi.gbto of, *trcnoft hnd, beon equlFFeil.
At ths end of $eptenber 19165 alJ, thr heeqr elxraf,t of the Fathflnilor $'orse hecl
been eqndppEdt and, by Februa.qy lglr4 8! eguad.r'ons af 'hbs fral.rr f,r"** a3.eo hsdl SgS.
(f ) Gopy to be found. lnl[.I{.8. &s.rtrr rTbe R.A.F. ln the Eooblng Cf,fensivengatnct Oernnqyn Vol' VfI Annsx Bn
(?) A.Il,?.lrIn/Wt/aufi {soubor csd. 0.fi,$. Int }fsu. No. 100).
(,) the itovol.cgmsnt of S?.$ end tts appli.sat{on te honbsr oparat!.onu,&,.0r0. Pethfdre&e! Fotroe, $erph 19t15.
tmpocorl byFr$foratithat tovns
npsrnlc{sD lxt
NESfRIC.ITBD {,,,"r
S.t thts tilmo thore war ruelt {l,*suasLon aa to whother SP$ ohEuLfr eontLnus to bs
uset[ es e PstbfLn&sr rtevtoe, o:r sbcuXit be emptcryod, fsr bll,nd, boubl,ng by the
lpln {oroe, tho p${po$s for wtr:l,ch f,t $es ori,gi.naXly d.oot6necX.* Tbe nostpo*urSr$ oplnlon fayoursd. the vl-ew that Lts prtna4r use ehouldt cofitL$uo to be
f,or target mork!,,n6, and thet ths Dtats &** shoulf, use t18* for novtgatloap|,,
Bursosou onlyr aod. thl.s rea tho poltoy uh{,ch was f,ol.loracl by the Conn*nd.n\ '/0.&.S. contrqlbutlon ta {lsvolopnent of E?$ tornet*n"rtcln.q {bghtdanoE
,Aa tn the onue of, *ee aailr to a leEser extentj Oboe, t*re uss of, t1?$ forterget uurklng brought ^nfth it a new aor{"os of tastlooS. prob!.one uhLch on6aga$.
ths atteatlon of WneHffA throughorlt t$b' enfl the eortry part of tgtr&. Ingenoro,L the nothod u"geil, tn eoLvl.rg thesE probl.emo $e8 ons of trt*L *nd. erron,and thg gart plq.ye* by tho 0.R.$. ooneisted, largely of pointl,ng out to tha Atrstaffirf-#ffia?ffidgrlcer conmnandtng Fnttrf;tr"rd,en Fo,ruo whsra .bho3, consid"ered,
osbor$ hnd bton narler nr$ !.n ouggentfun6 tmproved mothodlo nhlcb mtrght be tr{.eilon auboeqn$rt sporetl.onar SomEttnss tlrg roasons for the f&tlurs or tlreparttal' fail,rrE of aa o6,eret{.on rena f*irly obrloual bet uecaltSr thi.g ras aottho osEe atd. a vorlr ileteLlofi lnteustve atuity sf tha rLevelopuerrt sf the raLclwoe often neossserlr before a,ry deftrrtte tonclug{sns esuld, be reaoheri, as to thopflnar.v Gsuso of; fsiLsnof of slrgssetl"one naf,e *s ts how ttre rano qi.atake oouldlbe avoidld, Ln fufurro operationor. DotaLXaf, strdlss qf fi,$s t3r;le w*re carrd.ed.
out f,or uearly aLx the noJor rsldu tn t9lr5 anil tlrn early Pert of lglr.rr f,or. wlrleh
nl€ht photo6raphi.s evLilenso $&E *vallnhlpr J\ f\ll,L acEount of ttro nethodN,s of,nnalyois ueed rrlll be fotrndl. Ln 0hsptor d1 *d wtll aot be ref;arreiL to j.n&etelt ln tha I1*X.onrl.n6 p*r'agrophrl the purposs of wtri.sh Ls to deaor"i,he thoroeults aohLevedlr anrl to nbow howl and. to rhst srtont4 t]rils nor.lc by ths g.Rr$"
contrlbutedl to the {wul.opwent of suouesefirl fifr$ ssrkiss toc}urlquea" $hrnarlctng teohnl,qr'res useel rrere at fi.rst fluld, ofton varXr!.ng rlrtely f]om ntght toaishtt but 6ra&uatXyi *a nqrer'!,on6a iras galnedp undestrebtre f,entur+a w€se
al{$t$Eteits Lnprovenonts vatrs irrtrud.uo*d,, end ths toc}prique* becanE nore end.
noro ostabli.sttsdl. In order to atrryrooLeta {.1.lllg the prooblems i.nvol.veil and thead'vancss na,ele lt I's neesesary flrst of *11 to deaostbs trhe ner*tng toehniquesusedl oo the earl5r BS ratdl"r.
llho arerege nunbsr of H3$ squlspsd a{rnrs,ft f,!.epatohe* per rad.dt dluyln8the f,trEt two an theo nonthg of fgb} raa about ll+r of, rhLoh fcur rEne unueSlyiletsllod ts ottacls et $sfr& horrn snl the rsna,i,nilor ssre sp i.osdl. tJrroughout thea.ttaek et $,ntsrrlrcls of oue, tno or thros nlnutes dtepen0{.ug on the lengt}r of t}reraiil. Xn vl,slF of, the uncertaintSr of, wea*her oorrd,Lt{sna oyor t}re tar;rot,pa$iculall'y tn tbs anonnt of haaa whJ.sh woutd. be enaou$tered, enoh H?$ sir*raf,tnormally oarrtsdl' lseonnai.es&nse ft*rean tnrgnt !,rd.ioptsrs plus narlcera anit two.-colourod, o@ru{rfn6 flareo, aacl lt rar X,s b to ttrs di.*crEttr"on of, the Gs,ptal,n
(t) Hi.nsr of st6"1 g2 spr* {g&&. (B.c.ls.eggoq/?1 ItoL rrl, snel. rog
RF$r&Icrgs/ otrettrer
RE$rnrcss:D tt+
wlrether ho shouldl lllum.tnate, . gtuuailnarlr or ekyeork the target" Wlrsn tiro
weathsr was obvt ousfy rlot gslng to be 6ood. enough for rlaua.l l"dtEattf,lcation ufthe terget,, a$ on tho fLrst two ltffi oporatlons, ll].umlnatlng f,l.arss tera uotcarri.etl, and tht tarlgut weu grouullnerlcedt rlth targnt Lnilfoatsr$ sr shmer&ef,
with oo3.,guro0 filapss iloponli.ng on 'btre amour* of otroud enEurlrrtErodr It war
reollsqd. thot llf$ fias not ou prmeLoe o narlttng &er1ee ao Oboo, and, tfrst assrteiJil *ca.ttsr of narlcetrs was to be erpeotodp thou5tr thEre wae at th$,s ti"ne
Little Lnfolr{rtl.$lt olr how gtroat tht i scetter wao !.lhely to bs, Iu order tooverso&s thls &tfflcrd,ty sn &v€rastng teohnt q$€ sas usecl' the maLn forrcs b*lgglnetructe0 to a.tm thEir hombar not at o partJ.cul*r target lnd.toertor rnarkor, butat tbE ld.F.I. of all tbe nf,rliors ss€$+ trn ortl'gr to asslst then to i0ontifp *he
i*t.F.Ir &sd, tq Ensuro oonttnuLQl Ef uarlsi,ng thrraughodt tho rafuL & now type ofms,riror elreraft ln*t l,ntrottuoedl, tbE Lasrsr*up (l.atEr known as s Vlsual €entren],wlross funet[on was to agtfurats ths M. 'f,n of tho tar6eb Lndlsnturs elreppecl bytrre lffnn ilalil(srs and, to n*rk thl"s psfnt nrl*h tnqgot indi.eators of a oeootd,
oolour. sl,re *acu€rsqlp 'rEre use0 sn the f,lrst lls oBoratton but on' subsequent rald.s thts nmbor ses lncrsa*eil ts abou! P0, es fLvs re*o foun* to bs
gulte tmd,equ*ts to mslntsin the negsgsarJl ooneentratJ"oa of uarlcersr $lhea
aonttltLon$ rssro good o*ou6b f,or tllumLnntlon of the ter$et, thg .taskerg*rrp,sss0dstails0 tq ${-n thei.r so}voes of target Lnslloatqn nsrkelra visually st ttre aluingpolnt {n the L{Sht of, the f,larresr
$hs ebovE plan of attack wld.oh nppaareil, thso retl.oally soundl. andl *riebseomed'p sn Bstr)orf t'o bs pra*tloa.Lly f,goLpnoof, Ln pmratLeo provedt unsotLofaotoryLn nnn;r nespooto' Durdng the ftrst two aonthe qf,:tsr l.ts lutrpiluoti.ou t] m*,Jor
operattron* tlutng H2S wEre sarrledl,ostr but of these only three aauneiL en;r
aBpreeiable ttanego to ths tu"gat*tl) Neysr+trelsssr Ln *pLte sf, these soos$hotd'tsappoi,atfng rerul"trs vsluabls expsts.eac wss galnedl amdt many tactl,oaL LEssons
werE I'oarnt whtah onab}od, flrrtbEr an& norE sussessfuX. toohns.ques to be rlevJ"EecL
OurJ.ng Fobrnr*qr siln ffero$ {9h} S,R*$, Wcarr{.eil eut dlotalls* lnvEsti-gationu into ten raiels on whl,eh $t$ wnr uee{L f,sr target nanklng, tbe raaults sfrulrtetr were publ{,shod l,u roport* of, thot #. Suot*u Scr dltstr{butj"on w,5.tlrln theCo$rnnnitc & trrunnortrr of the tH"f;ff.eu1t$,eg onoountgredl on theae ear11r Seg ,
;ffiq{.r# of the taat*.set Isaeons tr'ssrnt wl.Ll. be founrt t#Ifitr-
One of the ctdef, rsessns f,on tho Lngk of, $uossss of thEge early II?$operat{ons w&s feuudl to be the vory sman nurqbor of prCnary targot Lnrt{cntars(i"o. thsqe ibnopp*O bLtnitlp sm Se$) shloh wws btrrntns at arsr ono txua &urlng araLdr Dstslladl ul06 ans,l.ysea of the ra*.d[e slro$€al tlpst it ruso unusual f,sr ths
(t) $,"t1rs,,/rx/59/trlg tnoqbeir 6d, s.R*$. Rspt, t{o" B.tgt)*{a) rbf,dL
RnsrnrcflsD,/ ear{v
f :i'
t.,.- , ,,
W
6af,lly lt*lr*n**up whea they artivsdt st ths targot, to flnf, mo:l.6 th6n on6 6r.
two pr{.narA targot i.rdf.estgrn bumlng sn the S$ouidt lnetes'iL of t}ro flve or
air exXrootat6 trt weo sons.sqn6fltLy wrg &,{.f,ftaullt f,or thom to ser1.[re tho
ralr} acsuratel,y *n* lt rs,s Oftgn Fssslh1s f,or alry elngle prt"nary ta'rget
lnd,lcatsr, irrospectirq of, Lts asc$reSys to attrost ths hnshsr*-utrlt lnefilf
reldg ir.ere f,on .thl.s ronnoa * lon$ wey offisentrsr A;part frnom ttre oonF6retive:y
few !la$-o!.roreft a+v*ilsllle et thJ.* tl.ne arrd. ths 1ow sollvLcosbiltty of tbc
eqrripruont d.urln6 the drtrst fow monthp (only 55 par osat of $CIftj.et efriss& to
tb.e targot snea u!.th sex'vlewable sats) sevorel ethcr factors aontnlbuteil" to
ttrln oparsessss of, prflrnary narhing. It was foun&s for oxampLal thct of, tbo
srowr who *r:rivedl tn the target area F.t]r aervlces,ble equtpxnent rather leE*
th*14 twlf aetrrallSr rreod, it for bLlnd' nnarkln4i ths feirnalail,or releasing tholr
targot inepeator$ yLsuelJ"lh ofto,ls l*ryW b*.ulttug*up nerksrs alroady d,own andl"
glre d.efsetirrg the urroro6l.ng teobariquen flle f,Ew eflrtt,aft which dld llsE thutr
li2.S for blLnd narkLng oftsa na&e tr"argo etrsrs an{ tbe eLtuatton wae further
eggr*nu.trrl1 eupec5.ally on *hs ],on&or rengs tcr6ott ]ry Boor tlnitng s'f, the $nrlser
*ircrsft. the }atten woe p*rtLy it&o to t'he f&ct thnt ths $tlrllngc, wh5.ch at
ttris ttee conrprs.eect about half the m*Jrlcer foroe, ha{ * very ern*3"3, tolorance l.n
opeed,..
In oritor to ovsroons tlrese ,illfftoulti"eg tho 0rfi..5r nads a ntncber sfre*onr:rsrd,attoaop most of n&leb $ero $sbsaquently adoptodl hy tbn PathfLudlslr
t'orcs. &ton6rt ttr* r ast i"mportant of thoeo setrel*
(*) fhsfr P6thft$6sr stlose whoso nUS #*or{ctng Estlsfeoto1dly
uust u.$6 {t {hn rna,r,kl,n61 alriL uuet rNot bs tonptotl, to rel;easo
on rrl,euel LdontifLoatton'(1) fh* ilangera of retrying on
vtnual tttsntlfs.sntl,oa rgro wglL illustratoct by the raLil' qu
sl.l"hellaahgrten on rSAg Fobnrery {9h} *hEn sevure} of tbs
bffne ignr&ors, ottemptin6 to rel,eess vLsu&llyr sLstook s.
ll.ns of enokp gonertt ro f,o:r the soeetlino er3[, as a neouStl
oerltil'edt tha etteok sffiQ fllte a{,}cc f,rpu tbe ntntqg poJ'ntr
(t) fhsf ths SSLni[ Usrksf;s, tssteal& of, be*ag apl.ead tbrougho*t
the ettsok, shou.lel aLl bs dste{Ls& to attesk *t thsbe6inntug of tha $ate (*t sero ntausS, or i.f, cons{&sltstr
Roccsserlrr Ln tmo w&TE6r one nt the be6f.nnln6 end orp Ln
the ulrtdl,o of, tbe raf.d!.r tlltn plan wao ailoptodl' otSlllrellnshsvon sn 19/80 s*bnra,rtrr tSbI e!!it on al]' aub*eguortt
lt8$ rai.d.sr
(c) In v!.ow of tlre fnet thet reS.i!,u on uhl.oh vi,suet nerkLn6 Ln
thg ltgbt of fLa^"oe !.a$dt by SS oi"rswf,t hsA been uEsil as
tho pr{uaqr ns$k.t.$S mst}md[ had, provnil uush nqrs sucoessftr,L
tha,n thoEo on wtrL*b purs:[tr bltael neldrlaS naa eurpl"oSrodlp lt xatrooomonilo8 thst th[,s teo&*S,Eue be ursdl silre$over Hs6.thar
f r) Dor*+*^ tfu1 g.R.S. g+dt ff4s. b.zl, B.lt=;,-E=e*.. q"-d\'' A. H- B./ii I sYi rla(cr"[,s. RE"lrtNo.ts,l5D'
EBgSRICfED
,/ oondli.tl.*ns
ITI,'/ ]
R S p,g*&,.f,.$ ssp
esdf,t{sna w$uld, pormlt"({} *mo sqc,umrentlatitn rao also
oootrrtoil hy the Patlrfinf,er F'or:Pe. euil f,orss& t]re bnsLc oftho fsenhavtar mthodl l**u W )'
(0.) ttrre ralil on ffitlhe].nshnsori on {9120 Sebrunrgr ws* shl}wn to
hnvo gono aotrag o*l* ts the fe,ot tbetr tl89 op*r*{a*."ulrstook sI ns$ st$tc.bs,n orea to the noxth f,or the tott lt 1:P.(?)
Blrj.s subultgn fffoo, was aot shoillr on tho l{f$ tnrgot napt usoilr
${nso tt was prubabll,s that nany other of the fr?s tanget nnapu
thsn i.n ugo tqore s:t${lnrly out of ilrts 5.t $es rscoamer*Eil
tbat the maps of poasitle Ilffi tergots bE rsvlseil fircm the
latEet eltt cwor" ond Lnstmations that thgs bo flone wEne
fcsusi[ by the Septrty Gsnnanilet*i.n-C]def.
fhsm dtfftou.ltl"sr of oahl.evtrqq catisfectory pr{nary narktng of the target
ue{ng lil?$ werr by uo &sen* the ontSr gnea eneorrntero&. It was fouud,rfor gffia*pq
thn* eren on raJ.elp stlers tho pri-u*qy ne.rlthog $as sattsfactor{l5r aaaonp}lshsit
that the sttsgk an a whsle saa vory naretr;r eesttrsdt on the Frinary **f*tetilae *nalyaes nsvesJ.o&, that tho$6 !ra.s a mnrlce& tors!.ency for tlro raldl tsronoopt baaknsd.u slo,rr$ tlrg L.i.ns of approach. Tho cma}yuea eles r-anealsdL
grat tAJ.s sftrtf,t ln the oontre of tho attaeb we,$ l6rg$1.y *tttributoble to thet
baokerE-up who ahssod a stronE tendtncy to und"orchoot tho nel,n coilsentrati'en.
$!,noo those rutroffift droppe& thets tsrg*t ludi.esters at trntorifnls tttrougheut
the raid,, easb atnlng at tho oentre of the tawgst in&ios.tors al.neatty tl,noppecl",
thls w$tsrahsott$g wsa crrnulati-ve, arxl &a o, reeult it wes posslblos l,n an
attssk of, gF nLnutee dlunntionl f,or the id.P.I. to ehi.f't by as nrleh as EwEratr
ni.lssr Sao of the f,astorg contributin6 to ttd.e und.ershsoti.sg wes ths faot
ttratl at thle tl*o1 no allowance waE natl,e f,or ths feot that the tergst
lrrltostor markers brrut in ttre aLr erul, that their f,ormard tratEJ, wss thsn
arrsstod. ,{ eugge*tion nres ***(}) tha* thla faetor sb.ou.Ld be oLl'oued, fcr Wl.ntroduql"ng s, cerry ti.uro of epXiroxinotoly thr'*o poso$*s fsr e'lL alraraftdropps,ng tcrget lud,tcator'E ancl tbf$ 'r{es auheequentl,y accompS.iahe$ by
epBroprtate mof,lftgstlon of thE d.irtributor, Shi,e aeticns *ltliough a step lntim cight d,treotlonr by no 6sonr Eli"ud&rtsit ur,Lershooting anf oonoequeut $hi"trU
Ln tlre oontrs of tho att*ch1 wb,eb rerneLnsfi thmWhout, 19tr.5 one of tho uoEt
sorious problene of target markin6. Vartous thoor{.ee were put f,orwalt tgacsount for thls offset snd, a nrenber of suggostions wsre ns.lq by the O.Rr$*
nni othar,s as ts hss thj.s drr.t-t of thE s.tt*ok m,i.ght b+ erueetiod." It wss
o1eer, for exalrples fwru sauo of tho ennlyues of early $2$ attacksr thet usilEr
lachors*,lp and ttetn, $roe eiroref,t wore nct in f,nrrt etrel,rg at the M.P.& ofths rnarkos p.*tten;4$Jffi.*{:ffi@*Ln et the ftrat tarset lnf,l'eatorsEncorentergil* llbts fuSarlc ln emhe q*.$es to a not trnnatural, eleairs to 6st l^:L0
(t) &.H,s.Ar/.'9fi/e {Borebcr cmfi srn,$. tept" Iqo. 8.151).
te) btb" AN( o f ,g. (?s4at No. I' tz'1,
irl fo*g* r*t o'R't. q,r b' B' ft7 '
Rlt.qfRlcfED/Pt
il..o
eEstRrgfED
of the bonbs er sssfl al poos,lble; but another innporte*t feiotof waa tbs
r.olmtXvg vletbtli.ty uf f,tf,fsrent target trd,Lsators frcn the aLrr thoso t$*tnore lying shq!.'t of ths target Ln open countqy belng muoh more eastly eeen
than the noro dlata,r$ onos rn ttre targot *.tsolf which were of,ten partLalLy
Mdt&en by buil,&lrNgs or sbsours bp oncoke. Aitempts to t*l{"td.na.te undor-
shootlng pror{ng u!!suqo6ss{\*1, sugrestionu wcra prt fonna"rrL fqr Equrrtor*otln6
{ts offecten either by detai3ln6 tllg hoke****lp to aln at the f,ar glii.e of tho
concentratlon of ***kensr(t) u* by ohoosi* ."rtt*ng point well tonar{. ths
far aLd,s of the vu}*rrable strsft of *tre targot.\ -/ tho technlque oftr*cEntr{ngt with I{2$ at fultortsle thnaughor* the rcl,il, tlsg olso tr5.6il. &Xl
sf, these prooad,ures hs* a eorrtsia a.usount of *aoasos Rnd^ Letl, ts so&e &sprtlrg*
msnt Ln the situetf,on, but thE reol solutLon of, th* probtem rlid not oona unti,l19114 when, try onpLay{ng s$uil,1er forces *rui by f,urthor conssntratirg tbe airor*f,ttn tine, tt bosmE poosibl,e to l*nit the sttCI.e& to ths d,uration of tbo pr,C*aryy
uaricingl thuo to * Lnrge errtont el,in!.ne,ti"$S the neoonulty for baslrcrsrrrpr
The NeqhageJr Teahqloue
As * reErrlt of, thc erryorLonco ga"lnod, durdrry Februargr e,$d. ldersh *rxl of lihE
lossons learnt {"F}.P}" auatrgraae of tbo early ltrffi rs,td, 1 tbe lfs$haven tochni.Erc
[*, H./was deyel.ondd1fu *prll 'l9h}t anct provad, oo suseesef,rdl thatr lritb tr*rious n{aornoclif,J"o*t1,onr1 ft rem*lned, the star*q,uf, tr{g$ mer.lrtng teohniquo uatiL tbe snil ofthe ustrr
nn tbs orf,6J.na.1 forn of, ths l{swhavsn aothod the attsch wos oponed by awevs of fi?$ atrorsft, all A*teilsrl to sttspi( at tbo sane tlser wbo would hlfud*naardc tho talget utth targeh lncl,tsators and at *he sa.ee tlne i,Llunfnate tt wtthsttohs of f,lerscr Shass $fton frarkon iffrr*utor$r*s thslr wcrs o*lLeiLrrorrr
foll,orvecl sfter an i.ntswa]. of ebput two &lnuteo by a srndller nuubsr of Ylsustr
fprkere, shoae fienctisn, rnso to tdeutt{y aiuins potnt vleually in t}rE trlg*rt sfthe flaroq 6ni[ to nnrk C.t acsunrte]y wi,th terget f,rdi.catore of o il-lett$etl,vosulour. If, tbey uore unable ts &o thlss on &E$firnt of upeether. or e$y etherressonr ttrey would rrf'rain fronr drqps{.ng tneir m*rlsa'rsr $'inelly cone thab*uuur**trrs attackin6 a.t the HLte of ons or two p*r nimrte throughaat t*leelure,tl,en of tho *ttaohl $ho v{qi.l}& eithsn bs"nk*tlp tbe V$.sua} frlarkerf s tnqgetindioatori otr, if thsos hsf,^$st been clmgroe[ rmoul,d Gsntm the attsok on ths&.FrI. sf tho $fn* fipr{serr e targot i,nillcatens' $ho tster 6*ok*o".orp,erriving sf,tor tho pr{"uar;r uarkoru hd, di,ed out" would sontlnuE to i.rsotq*rg *{rs
tsrggt Lrd,{eatons of preirtouE &chors*w.$n tho oer}f t{owhnrrsn &ttasko both tl,ra ilLrwal l{arkers snf,, th$ hecherc-lrp
both useel th* salce sotour terget Lrdtieator*r ,fhl,s wac a bighty il,*u6;oroue
proeofltrre siilse i;}re bschcr64ry h&l no leoolls of, telH.ng nlretber they weno i.nfaot baaki,s6 llp the prd,.nur;r narkf,ngl sr w6ro atrapX.y atn1ng at target {"nd.l.oatopc
(t) A.tr.B.ftT/.6gl.zlS(g) (Bonlror Csd o.F..s. Ropt. No. $.99) and.a.I{.8.4V59/l/2 (Sonbor Csd o.R.s. Rept. Ilo. B.lFt).
{a) ,*.H.B"AV}gh/g (8onum Gilfr o.fi*$. B6pt. ffo. 8,flr4).
liils'"rp.rcTED,/ aropped
,:. .t
&E $ r B rl;_s I D
it$opped by praviouo $aeksrs-up whtch nlght or ni$trt not bs eGauFetor trt was
also unsatltfootory fyon thc potnt sf; rl.aw of the &rnforco sho' hnd no no*hodl
of distiryuiulutp6 the msre aocurst* nleual target lnfll.eators from the Lsss
aecurats sesonilanl' target tnil.tEetqre* Thl"s pJ,nn of stteok rao pa*tLy
norponstbLe for tn* W/r#.Miffi!]rssulto of thE attaek on ths Skod'a Works atpllsen sn ti/I\,mey {91+5(t) whlctr ted tbs 0.F..$. to put f,ornu,ril a suS8ootLom
for n nodi-f{sd. fom of $Ievrhaven att**k ennploytng targat lndLcatora of threE
d.tffsrent colours. It rcas or*g6*rted that tho tnfofi fi*rlrens ahould' uss y$l,X'ow
target !.n&*"entors, the Vlsus-l. fdnrkors neitl an& tUn *,*ct*ono-up 6reonr $ho
three oof.our t{ewlmven was f,l-rst tr"tgd' out on the Fat}flnd!.sr S'orco o:tX}E!4ssnte1
raid un M11jster m 11/1? .Tune 1glrfu nnrS rsn&insd. Ln generaX. use threr.ghottt t9lr3r
Tho use of yellow tar6et ind.icators by the ifit * tlnf,::srs nes eventuaily
abenrlonoel whann aemly lu l$lp[, the hoodlpd f]"are cnrse into Senoffa]' u$qr si.ilgd
j-t was fourul thnt thece fl;asep when rfswsd, thrnngh hapo wsre 11abLs te ba
slstnksrr frlr ye "I"ov tnr:r:et i.nfli.o*tor*o $hfs was thoughtrto have Led to somo
er:nfusiori sm the ra,f.i!. on frenkfiu't on il0/*1 il*cember 19b3ttl erd on subsequemt
attncks the coLo,.rr sch€me was ohs.ngod to grefln for bli,n{|. nanlcLngl rmd. gr 3"arge
snlvoEc of nnlxoit red, rrnd" Srsen f*r nl,stdnl m.trl,r5.xrg, *lttd S$6su for baglsLngrtrpr
$bo ftrst r*i.d. on':*r**h this nod'tftert col.our schena srss t$.6d (stettinp7l6 ,lnn6asy lgtrJ+) was not an uutst*rLLng nueee.'()) br:t on autrsequent
cperattons tho saheme proltor$ r'rasonoltly *atf, 'tfactorXr.tho 6fe*t vfltr.lo of the Nowlra'ren method, wne tlwtn *horrild t]ts $aather prooo
unetr{"ts,bls for v{sual n,trkflng of the a.{.nrfng poi.r*n tr}rrr attack muLd, eutu*
nn*LoaL1y develop nE e Bl"furcl l{ffi $rnrrndmar,'k!.ng rla{f,* In f 9L} ovsr heLf stl*
!{evtr. ren c+tteots* 41fi1 Ln fact, devel"op tn tbl.s n&ntrsrr but dturl,ug '19lr.1+ ar$
{qL[ ns the rffLetenoy of the $nunbntf.on nnrL ths sldLX" of, the Yisrlali6erikera
i.ncransed., en ffstr lnarc*slng p:roport{on o It?$ attncks ,ievelopecl as VLaual
llevhsvsn-q. l$ld n rrs$ oue or t$.p$.Ujftomdmfbutlne to tho otoeAsT
lnprove$snt ln the affl"clenoy of the40ommanil as the- sar progreseatl.
$HMWhen the wssthor foyocaet *howsdt a ebs,aoo of oonsLdlurable oluud svof ths
targe*rtrrovlsLon woo u*u*lLly uqa{s f*}r * akylnnrktutg *tt&fik &B an nLttrnetl"ve toNeyuhsrcn ar Sllnit lfflS Srorrnlmartci.ngr Xn att*clts of thi,s type t"ke li2$ a.trernf,t
ralsasedl *lqmnr*clng fllnrrle of a ch*racterfst{o oolour, nmd. tha tt*r"fu folqgs *€r*inst:nrctedt to aj.n at tho 0lnF.X* of thsss fls,noB. Owtnq to the dd.f,t of th*fLnres ttrg rrsus]l tnckLng*ttp teehnlques oouldl not be enployd on slqmor&i"try
att*Ek*r andl tn or'dlep to malataln *n adlequatg cormeatrstf.on of, flIarst Lt waa
n"ess*s&tTr tc plnn frr H?S atr+rxf;t to etttaok at *,ntonrals throudlout thef,ur*ti^on +f the ra:[d,. the timi,ng reqtd"romerrto for nn [t3$ akSrnaridng attsu&
ruere thsref,ore tnsompatfb!.e $tth thsro for an H?$ gtrrw$nsutc.ng *ttaclrl wbors !"t
weg necesnaqy to FI*.n fgr s, msxi.xmrt eonoentrntton of llton t|nrltasa *,t thtbees.ns&ng of the ruldr(1) ft.$"BrfiVT9/'t/? [Boedbol'Smd, 0rF"r$' ,$ept' For 8.159]*(P) Ihlfl ($omber firsfi 0.R.8. Reptr !{o. $rlSg).(,) f,b10 (soubsr $nfi O.Rr$r R{pt+ tr{o' B*!9?).
it$stnxsTED ,/ nomber
;+nEsrnIcfED
'rLt,r.nW?ffi*.ktfrl.attoupterl to poLve thl,e probteur by &ivtotw {$e bLtatl
nnorkLng f,oroa tnto two eeoti.on*, hnom rtnpeotlvoly a* F*"O ar$ feoord,ety
$lt6 rtatrkerar Wnc frmeriy lfro& tarhers rou!,cL attash ot the begfrrnt'np of
the raid., rilropplng eithor target lnillastor sorkEn or s1qrmorlr5.n6 fl'ureet
aooor{i.ng to slqud eonetttlons, nhl,le tba Fscondlury $f** ilnrhers noul.dt at*sek
at 1ntsrva.lu throu6hout tho ratd rlroppl.ng skpruarklng fl.nrss onlly If, olotd,
conflltiou$ {rof6 suah that targot l"ufri.ea,tor raarksvs soulil mt be $o€Rr $he
nim{rnru rats of attsek f,or tho SeuonrlarTr bfio* ffarlcsrsr lf an adegtrate
qoneentratton of flaros u*a to be ueLntal$sil1 w&s o$tl'nsted by the S.&'$. t$
be tbroe Xrer nrlauto but ths avallnbS.s numbsr of tf*A Sa.rker e!'sw& rarolsr
ena,bladl, thi.s eoneentrsrtion to be achiovsd. As a resrrlt tho s,f,sra$e munber tfstcfrmarklng f,lareo burnlnE ovqrr the tanglet et *ay one ti.ne flurt'ttg tho !'elf,
nveragedl only three ar f,our ar$l [n the oaae of Eonee o tho r$Fnnrlctng atteeko
on l,lerli.n s,&s &s low sr ono or twor $uoh eural} $wnbers sf, fLaroe norq
tnndLortrunto to provldto &. trsasons.tlSe reEntrsf anrll, tn tho optn*,on of the 0.S.$'
th1c $ag ono of the otlief squgs* fEr the d.l,sappotatLug results of our $?$
stgrmerhtng sttachs ln tgtt.}.(l) It $.o intcrEsting tq note tbat orr the one
eccasfon whon a goci|, oonoentratLon of flarea wac eohleve*; vir. [eip&i'g
I/li Dsoembsr iglr!, whore tho overago numbEr of f,lnres slteht st onEe ras 6'3n
a tr*.sht;r suoqassf,ui. attech tras oa,:tteil outn
Attscks on BerllnBer1lq o$e of Bouber Conn"ansts noat i.uport*nt torgetr, t* Brovedt i't*etrf
also one of, the nost dl.lfflsuX.t to sttaok succosofirJ.ly. f,ho shi.of, cources of
d,i.fftcuXty were tbs vnrry largs si.sq of tha budlt-up-area, whl.oh nsnnt that ttnas uot po*sible f,sr itP$ airor*ft to lrme tLtree'tl.y on to a preci*e atnJ'*g
pol,nt uitbin tho lJmntu of, thq oLty, sr,ld. ths abeenoe sf suf,fie*fltr,"-rr.&d,tst!.nsttvo laniluarks in ths aoar vf,etulty of tho target frm fftf,' tffi*-s.ou].6 be nsfl€. In actilitloa the 1on6 range o{i the target nsdlo aoourate tlniWsf the rnJ.{|. qxtremeS.y d.tf,fLuult. &Ll ths l!2$ attaoke on tbLs targot uere
blfud grsotu[- or otry.marleirrg attaekon anil although ttre polslbtllty of usL*6
tlro l{anhavsu teohni,![us srao dH.sousuedl sn tovero,]. oEcaslonsl thLs mef,lrEd wn*
ns?or urodt agaLnst Borli.n so tt wsg oonsLdl,ersil very tloub]fuf. ff lt soulil be
possLb3o to sshLevs * suf,f,l.oleat sonsslrtratlsn of flerosot8ffJ$sdrnatiffittssQAJ/
aohi,evoild-nEether trbe nlrusl, narkerp ldsrfld, bE nble to i.dtcntLfy thoi'r eitqlnfi
pslnt ln sush a larga bui.3'ttrp*o,rea.
the fl.rst r*tdt on Serlln us*ng Hffi wos En t/2, !ilCIrch {9&}r nhelr the di.reet
hq,n{,n6 technsque was ugerl. Owtnn to the dlf,ffioulty ref,erredl to oboss thE HBS
oLrcrsf,t droppeil theJ.r il,s,nker* on ths south*nsst srrbutss of l$o d'Wr sid
aLthough entenslua d[aua,6e n*r sausadl ia th$.s a,rscr tm rho];rffi,* was about ei"s
rns,lgu off oontra. In tlre{.r tntsr{s report on t}rLs stteok\-/q0nR.$. itrnew
(t) &.fl*8",/frr{Wtzg3 (soubor 0ftd[ 0.F.$. trnt $ts$i, il{,99).(a) ht"'-a,a C'rat o - F-t W1^ fu o . lL' rL&'
NE$fRICTSD,/ attenti.srl
RESTNICTgD
attentlon to tho dtLffLsr"rtrtlor sf, hofii"rfq on to suoh s large $u[[f,*up*ailsa cndl
sr.lggUate& es a$ aLtomgti$ technlquo the uoe of n ti,,nsd run f,ruu aomo eaeiLy
lder1xLftnb[e polnt Eutsf.el,e tho targut arear fhts uottracl waa edopteil on ths
next sttsok or-r 4gfiA M*noh, tho t{,"wsdl u*m botng mads f,mn ths NUe6ol' 9eer uhi'nh
ras to be !"IlumLnateit ctith flgres arr& !.d^srrtffnd vleuel'ly. Tlrts teohulque
prons,l nuch none a*t!.sfaotory and noat sf, the early bltntr*urtcors elroppecl thotrtorgat lniLj.sntors wtthin tlrree nL.les of, ttw alnlng po!.nt.\ '' lJnfortun*.toXyt
owtng to bort weather on rout@, ths ffl.tn F*u feilatl to srrlve et the target l.nt$.ne to taks advsntago of th{,s uarkl.ngs ond. by the tlmo they ili"d afi'lrre ms.rkerg
5ac1 s!-so heen dLropgld. to the ssulttr*anst of the olty, ald, it ns,s arouffl thsso
that the a&taok evontualLy d"evelopo&. Tho l"assons lenrnt os the result sf tbs
O.R.S. *nalSrriu of thts attaok ssro sru$arlssd, i*n a letter frorn ttread.que*ters
whish wos *snt to ell grou1ls of the fonmaniln
Sho rel,atfye lnok of ouseope of tbcso ea.rly SB$ *ttaskp sn Ser:lln badl
eup esleed, ow 3,ask of to*owlerlge oonnonnlng the $?$ r6$F\snsss of legee
brri3,t-\rp-ar6as and. ea a result Of s. rooo&momtotion aad,o by 0rli*S"\ti the Comrnsndl
&.ad,ar $aotlon, l,n cooporatlou wtth ths Bosbl,n6 Devol.opnont Sntt oarri"etl out an
lntsnsLvo imro*,tlgetlon of the tr12$ respsnigs of the I'ordon 8r6sr It wss shsrs
that t{2S fiark I wao incepable of, bqsblng *acur*tely an efupLng poLnt withLn e'
lnrge sltgrr excopt by ref,aranso to easl.ly d.l"sttilgunshobns lsnilnnrkE, clue to tlreoonfucsil n$,turn sf the rsspsnss naffir "* Trfllu filrther rsesgmond"e{l that
sieiler tr4ats bo csr.riedt out wtth'ft+lIe anil. $*rtrTl t[?S bsfore thery uere put(5)lnto opemtion.'
0n tho ne$t two largo scale attaolca on $erll.Lu (,Zl/W rtuguet nnfl 5f &rguatl
I $eptourbor fs15)p tbo [ff"A ilarlse * werrs dtEtslX.ofl to neleaso thel,r targetS.rd.icntor$ oil e rsrys and banrdng ftx on o hoohes llroJoctlon ou the rsrthenn
eitge of thn buflt-ugrft,rea, but eEr,tour dl$ffLoulty wes enooulrtereqt lnrooegnlsi,ng thi.o En tho P3,an Pootti,cn lrrdtl.oator and. tho tec'gst lrdscetsrs &geln
fELl wel.tr to ths eoutbwest of, the oitprr A. Eubsl.ittery oen,s€ of f,siture on the
es*on$ of ths*a attasles sss the Lmorrsct wlnel forsoast, t*rlch ssaln upset the
tinlng of tha ettsak anct brorrght the hins*u !r on tho nmng trect.(h) 0n
#l* soptsnuor thE lsrueeL $oE wE* ogaln urd "a
* sterbtng pof,nt for * ticed wno
whtrlnt other Bl.lrd Markor oqua*rolrs *Wamptetl to get sn !I2$ fJ.x on Br*ncleriburs.
Th* 0cR.$, analy*{.a of thLs **for(5} s}rowed^ ths.t althCIugh tt wsg consl*6reb1gr
noro succsgsfrrL than drlrE prerLouu tnol the maSa acnnerlt:n*tLon of bonrhLng waE
asein en tho oil6e Lnoteafl of Ln tho sontas of the torget, snd. thst ontry obout
onE thLrd Ef, the bomba *rofpefi fol.l" sn thq butlt,qxp*stqgaf
(il \ar+,- a,'d' o'c-sffio ' s' t?2 ' .
(z) Bv'"t.- c"i o'R's ' W rto' 8''? P.
(l) f,.fl.s./Ire/WVr/56 (sornuer cr*d[ 0eR,$. sqFt* ![o. $.106]r(U) *.$.s.,/trr/59fi/2 (nonucr Gndl o"a.s. R€pt, X{o. 8*168).(5) A.$trB*Aql39fi/g {sonber find, o.Iir$" &ept. Ne" 8.169)*
B8$9S, 0f F$/tn
RE$fBICTUD 7e
In Septetaber 19lr5r at tha roguert sf tho tFehiofr s ahort aotowas proiluaef,. by the 0.Sr$r oa tho pood.b].o nethoils of ottaslrl"ng Bortl,u wtthfie$.(l) fhe baai,s sf thE nsthfil, euggosteil s&o & d.ead, rssi{onlng ruo frou am
XgS ffu( outoi{ts t*lo targot area, but sl.nee thors rssre ns retS.able [2$ f!.xeswltbl.n ten nilas of the oontro of, BerLl"np it wao suggestedl that the nrn besarrtedl, out l"n two stager. lfhe starttng poi.nt for the ftnst steg* woul,el bsen $gS fix sn one of ttrsee tsss* withLu 3O or tr+O u!.Lss of tha targat (I{ew Rrpptn,Furstenwstrcle or Srardanburg 'rers suggasted[ s* ordtable), whtlot tho $6eord,
atnge sf, tlhe nun nlgulil be starts0 frou a vtsusl flx sn a Landnank rrltLrLn tenn:l'Lee of the oi.rc.rrg point. fhe letter wsuld. bs ilLurntaatadl wlth ftares arulgrsundser*sd uain6 ttrs t$errhs,veil teuhri.que"
fhe ehl"ef obJeotlon to the use of o tX.neodl run nethod on a heavtly dtefondl.adl
targot auoh as Berlln xss that tbe erassvs aotlon norrnal,S.gr praoti.mdl, was l.Lafuleto uslre sush:nurs nerSr {.aaceurat6. Xn order to^overeome thl,s dlffi.culty anodlftos,tion of tho sbove ashene u*r put fonwart(?) vlrerovSn the rqno wrouLd, beoa.rg{sd' eut w:i.tlr the ssslstauoe of thE S,roundl Pssitisn trud;icatonr As scon &&
the s.P'I. booane avail,abJ.e ia the Fathfind,or Foreo lt w*s l,n faot used for tbl,spuriloFer thou6h the twe uta6* 8earl, roclront"ng nrn method, suggesteil. by tha g*Rr$rwas Dtsssr ts'tedl out in prno !,ea.
lfhs nal.a rf*tttrs sf, Berllul star*erl i.n Novoubsr rgr*] endr, eEnti.uued. untllFobruarJr {91&" Eud.ng t}r1s ttms .l5 raaJo* attaskr nene d,elLvered and, a.lthoughthe resultt s,ohievoel were perlrape aot ae greot as they nigbt heva been] onormsu'dl.amage naE oauss& to tha 0emsn oapi.taL. Host of, theae atts,sks uero esmerhtugfai,f,* oarttedt' out otcrr t$/f OtU* olor.rit allil owLng to the nbsER$e of, phetographtoevldense tbE 0.fi."$r w&& not able to oarrgr eut Lte u*ue} analyaesl ancept l,n oneon two !"nrtuoop**(5)
tfark IxI (tnree eontLnetr*] ggn wss f,Lr*t usodl by the psthfinitar $orce Lntbo Batt1t of $erltn, a,uA snsh sv!.dsnso 8$ thers l,s ruggasts that the rosultsashJ"etodl' by tJrc ilar& Ixtr oqulpnent $ore son€nlrst bettor thea those of sark II[h)lbere l"E ao itoubt, however, that, ortng to the speeiL rith wblgh Ssr& fiI nacbnought l.nto oporatd"oa wtrlqh nsoess{t*toil tho onioui.ssr of ttro usual SonblngEove .opnent llnit esr,ui,cs tr{.otr n, that ttle beEt uss !se$ not dnrqeiliatoly nad.s ofthe equtpnentl Fd- thet {t weo net unti.l Letor tbat Lts potontlallties l9oFFfully rualtaed,.(5)*acuraoy$f, HZS trarkf.E
fu af,dt'tlon to thstr detetlod *.nvoctf,gatlons i.nto narlcLng teohnLquorl 0,R*$.o1*o kept a eont*'nuouc oheok thrreu8hout ,f 9t*5 ard' ,lglC* on the eccursar5r of blidn*rklng wl'th Sfi$. Uee w*a narls-of thsse mosrdo Ln ttro.pr,oparati.on of BsqibErGosmarilt orn*$. &epo*t rsss. s+g9,(6) *.rggr(z) ** $.;r("ui ;;; *"*h of, tho
2)5)
}}
rl8)
(t) Sornbsr €dd[* 0'&r8, Int* ilem* rl(otca otr poseible netbsils of attaokLngBerli,n ntth SSt.Boubol,Gndt. O*&*$. Bept* Sor B,lTSr
^,,ry.B}7"59/ya^ (Bgnpey 0nd.r 0.8.$r B,rpt' rfos. B.ig6 and, tgg).
l.H: B',/tv6g1ei 5! fl )*( sonuar c*a. o.n.$* Rept. ro" -s
Hai ; - "'
ssnbcr $nd'f 0ra,*q.-trit. ffenr so.tlgO i$ie-6i lie$*rnr target nar&lng *tn{ghtr.^.fl"A./Tl/6g/etgl9),
' -.--L.H,B.ftr./69/n g(a\ .*.H,B.ftV6g/ug(a\.
n,EsSnIgfsD / aato.
RESTRICTED '73
dlata oolLeot€dr attff$n$S no aseontl.*Ll3r neu f,eeturenn uo,s nev6 publlohod,r Tl,e
eerili.or estlnste* of 'bho eeoureolr ef XZS narki.ng sere based on tho plotteitposi.ti.onu of the photoglr.sshs wt"th bourtrf.ng taken by ttrooe atuern{'t, who, frcntheLr reicl reports vsre knolra ts harei bombed, bl!.ndLyr Xraten hswover, theS.nqrsaeing us$ of coLour fl}"ts 4t rrtghtp nad.e t-t poenl.bl"e to ansooiate the targetindl.oator$ seen on nlght photographo with ths al.rcreft whi.sh dtx,opped. then *e eresult of wh3'ohl nsro relLahle sEti-natet of sr*lrlcLng eso$rssy, basedl on thoBlottod positiono of the t*rqget iudtloer"tsra {kqFpd.r €oilLd be nads. The nEinrosuLtl Ef tbew Laveotlgat!.onn tnto &e aecr.lraey gf fr?$ m,arki.ng sre ig.souessdin Chapter 12.
H?E ilosqulto Rstd.s
fn adit1tton to ltg use l.n heaqy airprsf,t IEES l[*r$c trI, ord later lirirt( XII'was atr'so ettt€d lnto ffosqu!,to ai.r$raf,t sf t{o. 'l}g sguadron ard., thsouehout tgq&and the earilymoutlrs of tghSr these adreraf,t wers used, to Lesd, Sonbor SsumnrdrsIl5ht str{-}d.ng foro8 of, Mooquf.too. tlre taE*{pe uaEa on there openati.ong werevell' ei"mpler the nos:t usua.L betrq bktnd grorrnd,m.nrklng by four to seren SpS*Eqtripp$A ffiorquLtarr dropp{ng Ei"ther rrpdl, or gfesn teergct i"r$isators" gaskers"rrp$e$6 not uoualtry oupl'oyefln ard^ the uu,tn fors6 wss il.etatts'it to bonab fire t1p.f. 6fall rusr*ksrs o€eEr *!ma oordltl"o:ne uere oloud,y target iudlaator rflloaterr Erolcpaarki.ng fllaren woul,il bo uugdl ln pl.aae of, tlre usus,l grourdnarhare.
fhe'ee ra!&e wora at f,l.rst plannd pr*uor"txy ss ntr$s$nce ralrl,s or as fsJ,:rtn'ttacks ts ilivert eneul5rftghters f,rona ths na$.n target for ure ntgtrtn but during191& ths I'tght strtklag fome i.norsassd rnpi.ctly tn otss *nil by .lgt+5 ratds Efnoru than {0o s.trqra.ft nnre frequently eHogatchert, rh.toh pl"ayed a nctt'uelgnifloau't part l,n the bomblBr sff,enal.ve, 0rfiirry to the f,nct thnt on th*csratd't very fow of tha etrsref't cerrled photo*f3.ashess the usiral" tppe of, nrghtphotographfi,c plot eould not he propnned., arrd. oonsequently pru,cti,cal.ly uothlngwa* known oonoolrrfuqg si.th$r trtre narkLng sr the bonbtsg egsureey aelrievert trntj.treorly tn.1945 ntrsn tlre O'R.*$r pubtrloheit a regrort on tbie rubgeo6,"(t) fhe baeicwork for thts irryeetiget!.on waa oarttect out by the Al*tt€d sentral lutorpreteti.snUlrlt (rl{r Sestl.on) nnd rao pubtrXshed, Ln a series of rl{"Br Reporrtcr Thsseeonsie*ed moetly cf plots of targot irdtsafor marker*, anfl Bloto qf lrrsgoPsunst banb fLauot, xhinh hourever, cor.rldl usual};r not be plotted ln relati,En tsgpo'md' dstc*.I" The O'Rr$" anelys!.s, baeod. En tlris d,eta, showoi1 th*t thesoolrrea$ sf t{8 marklug frtm }tosqulto aireraft was the setse orrter as f,rom }reeqyatroraft rts" 8n er6r*8s rsdial srttr of sbout two m{.Xes. lhs socqr&oy of, t5ernain ftrrae honbirlg on tho nnrkero oorrespordeil, to ae &vera{re rad.l.ax, orror gfabout l'2 nilesp f,'?ol0 wirLeh lt was ostinctstl that fon targete othar thanI{erllln absut .15 psr asnt of rbhe bonbs itropped in eJ.oar weather rat-els woutcL fa,llon tlre butl't*rrp*area of the t*rget. ?he c*masponsfng ftgube fan gerlln wasestifintea to be ae hr.gh a"s ?o per eent, thaugh thls ,,,as h,r.sed on s vsry EneItrsample of rel.d.s,
(r ) !\.,v_,B.fnr",/6g/etn(a) (Somber cmd o,H.s,
RINSTAICTEN
Iept, l{s. S. fi ei.
Thp Qe$fftt; one1 IIgp ,o,f Oboe
E+_qqnJ-q$$s
oboE wss rleaigned *.a a bLj.nd.*bosbiusl {evloe, anil tal.ts,l,o durlxg LgliL alldJ'n the oat'J'y nonths of rgtf hnd tnciicated thnt tho s5rutem had, wqg Er€atposeS"bff itione f,orl al"th*ugh the rsngs res at thl.* $"ule s$esrhnt ltnnttod, the&eoura'oy achleved' ws"s verrt 6rao.t' rts $hi"eJ" Ilmitst{en au a btrtnrt boubirgfnstr\ruieut sfis th* fit*t thst n. pai.r of sforrnri. gtatLous ooukt only contnol qne.*i-rorsft ert a tLms* eud thsrt s"lrsraft eoulei onJ;p be brought oa at fire rete gfo$e &v@lTr ten minutes, whLeh $esnt thet onx.y very erunl.l gcale ettsqka oouldt"rt* sorrisd' sut. rn order to ovoresjne thts rri.ssdvontago tbe A"i.r i{ardare.r$alystsr $s+tj.on in }ta,ir lgt+l put Jnorwer.L a pr,r;roeal, f,or ueLag 0bee*eq.rtppod,]re$oastsro to r.e-r:d. fornations CIf bouabers on to tlie t*:,rget at nigh** The
:":"t:. :* *r-ff*loa keeptns at ntsht was to be solve& by an r.af,ra*feo-o,,p*:'i''rr rtilrf'cs" -' Us{n{g such a technique they e*tinatedt, tbat s foroo of, AL
Lananeters uourd d.twogr a s]rnti:otie rd.r. p].o,nt, Buoh ss 6sr.sar&tfche6r,lg634StOrA,suffleLently i;o fe,C.uee J.te output by gg per coat.
*bo 0.R.$', although a6rec$.ng iu priuas.ple vt.tb th*se propooalo, d,r.d. notccnsiri*r then very i:r*uticabJ.e owing to thE ecrns{dergbx,e tiue wbLoh xould berequired' ts d'eveLoF ths nssessery Lnstrum$nts f,or ntght forryation ftryrrrgl endLn June tg&R i:r::'oposod, an ar.termratLvs schse?i: f,or us{ng ttun*.(?) xt wausuggented thm,t two *boE a*,rar"aft, eontror.f.ed by a s{ngle pai.r of Eroundststl'pns coqrlc' be uuploJr*rl io tirop coJ,ourert msrker bonbo at l,nterval.a pf10 rnintlteo 'throughout the raici, to aot as a gus,d.e to tho tnngat rneulrtng for'e"rt was enrrisaged' thet l'sterl when ftrrther channel,s bEqaue avoitabLep *he oboeai'rcrrqft couLd atte'ck st moro {?equent l.itervals, thuo achted.ug Eontlnuoueinerks'n5 of thE *iurtng Bos'nt, brrt as en l*ne{tato measuro Lt nac reoemnen*ed.that two €rEund ststiEna should' be set up anct air e,l,rcra.ft oqrr:lpperl. rt *eseLsq recsetrosd'ed' tltat the nsoe$saqr training Ef urerfis $hould ua etsrtedirnne&itrteLy' fhsse proxrooaLr wero zubns,tted tlrrrrugh the seButy c$asaBd.ar.*j.n-chiEf to tbe Jrtr Hlnistnxr, who pront neer. tbat fire ness$ss.qr
"E eB**t wsuld. beprori'dec!' on thE htgbeut priuri,ty* rt wss at fi,net r.ntend.e& to oquip\'lrellington ivrsl tiut it rvas a{'tenrard,e dEoided t}rat lfosqul.too o$tns to thelrluigher operationel ceillng woulcl bE more sutrtfih]"e.
The proposet' {y 0nR.$" to use 0bue f,or nork{ng pruvudl to be srs of the6reetost intpox'tanc*. ffot onry $es the ef,f,EstlvenEeu of attrioks on ar.r&t*rgets gr*atiy inorce.sed but ite uge en&bLed, the atteek * *lr* vartety oftarSotu l"n rupport of the inva{don nrril subsequont land. bs.tttE ts bo pt"annc+d.with conf,fule$cs *nd oxecute& w{th grsat pneoi.ston,
By Decomber tgirl the gr"ound' ets'tisns e,'ere read.y snd. gix sooquitor ofIio. 10p gquedron had, boon equtpp€dr end, on the nls:ht 2v2l lleconher; tho firstOboe opera'tiqt wsE car*[ed, out. FbJ,g wau c sallbratton rrnt{ ou lnttsredel"n whi.oh on\r Sboe aircrs.f;t too& pnrt, eaoh drcppfug tbreo $00 porcd bombe.8l'n{lar ettao}g }'ry rual'I nurnbers sf olro{, ar.rcraft wEre oedg at intenualsduring sqeeebsr ana .tranunrjrr sostly on steqL wor{rs l,' tbs hrh},
-
( t ) a,lol.A.s.(a) A"H's"ftV6g/251(e'J (ron&e* csmE*t
'"ft.,$n Rept" so. s,5J).
7E
BESgRIESSDffi
dsinly rtth the ohJeot of conpLeti.ng tfte tralnlng sf the ai.rcf;ews. Ac a
result Ef s rtetalle{I, invent{gatLur otr Phetogfepldc Rsoo$nei.sganoe UnLt
eolrsr aniL lnf,o sstton frpu Xntel.ltgeno€ souroes the 0.R.*s. egtlnsted thatfhe aocuracy aohieved on these tra,ining and eali.bration reLd.e sae of the
orcler of 650 yanrd,sl though on some oecaslons errors of up to one an,l a ha]f,
ntles wone no&ea.(t)0boe Skmarki"na attacks on i;ssen#
0rj.ng to the bsd. neather prevnLlin6 in January 1?&") ft'res not
posstble tn euploy Oboe fsr grounthnarlclng ae had. lraen rugggestetl by the0.R.$. and. an aLterns.tlve slqynerklng technlque rca.s dsviueC.. Iech 0boe
airoraft was to rnal$r the reloase poin*, nrith four i:uti,.ileg of three fl"aros,rEd, wLtb, 6reen stere, and. the mal.n force i{€r'o d.eteil-ei. to aLrn their bsn$bs
at the flqres whtl.st flyine at s" d,ef,lnlte pred.eterrnlnedl, height an&
heaeling. Frior to 17 Jarruery 191+] therc Trere sevgn $kgnnerking ettaeks
agaLnut $ssen but only on one of, tb.ese rr.iC.s was there siif,fic:Lent.nightphotographlo etid"ence fsr a dets!"led. analysis to ho serriecL ortizhis rlag
the ral"d, osr 9/10 Jqnuarlr 19t+3t &n eeoount 'of, whioh w$.L be found. tn theaBpem&tx to the above reporb. the nafui trolght of the bonbiag wes sho$n tohave f,alLen about tso nni}es south*west of the aiurdn6, potnt and,, tho
tre*Eona fon thl"s eystenatls error a,re d^lscuseerL i.n the report. l{evertheLes,
tttls ral& achi.evedl conslderab];r gneater Buooess than prev{ous attaekE on
Eoaen; about 6O per oent of the s,lrc!'s.ft bonblng wlthin throe ndLes of the
efpQe polnt; the hl,**rest percentage previousl.y achieved, on thJ,e torgetbotng ?0 per cent. !fioroover, the 0.I1"$, eno.lystr ohowed thet part of t&e
spre*cl of tbe a.ttack was attri-butab]e to tlre Lnexperiense c'f the rnain
forse i.ri bonbl"ng olryrnarkersl end i.t was anticipatetl that even betterregults might be achioved on futrrre 0boe sk;marlclng attacks. Aa sueh
atteoks wsre Lnvanie.bS-y.csrried o$t over 10/10th$ cloud, hor*evers therewno rare$ any nlgbt tlhotograBhlc eqldenee cn whish to base anSr eettuates.of euooesr 1 neLtber $as lt po*sible :Ln i$ost eares to obtain rellableoretcr ploto. coneequentl,y ltttls f,ur-ther nork on thi.s type of attaekwas done by tlre 0.R.$.s thou6b a ehsrt raport wao pubiisired, on theoutstan*ingLgr sueeeesf\r:" 0boe eky:narldrlg ettack on Cologne on 2B/Z? June191+3t by a force of, 6O8 ai.reraft, whi.ch deyastated. nearly 'i000 aores oftho otty on the weste3in Etd,e of tile nhlne.(})0hoe BrounrlnarkLne sttaeks
0n theee operationn the 0boe alr*raft dropSred. rprir*aryr tmrget$.ntl'l"cator markoro, usua].ly trsil ln eolourr on tho atd.ng point at l*reshortsst passible interval"e throughout ttre reid.. In ord+r to snsure
oontLnul.ty of nerBktng otlrer aLrcraft d^ropped seeond,ary markors, usuell3rgreerx i.n col,otrr atdgg then rrLsuex."ly e,t the tangot inaiaator nankersdroppod, by the 0boe aLrof,af,t,. the naln force were Lnstru,oted, to ai.ntlrol,n bonbr at the prtuaqr torgct Ln{icator
(t) A,H.D.,/IV6glW1{re) (gouter Somand 0,s.S, Rept. Ito. $.?t)(e) rbl.d,.(f) &..fi",b./trV3gl1/z (somber 0ssnand, 0.a,s. &ept. $Is, S.iLg).
.B-q LTi I C f E D
,/narkers
'."1 ;It)smssft, r$fffis
&eillase,sr tf uEry ffiv*s*blq stbwwtssr tb,sf ffitt* s*ffi *t *hs wtm nft&$ srys#errtretl"sn *S .the mM,sng tss$st isdlsatsssr
shs ftsd Sboe lptmdmrffin8 &r*SrX u'*s wnria* srxt ss.,s*stst &aeee,&*stf
on a?/g$ #m*nuryq 39{}. fr,{,e retd,s hwmrwr s&s om}s nh e smnll ffiess
nnd wss uuprat ftff t&d ppo*hsni [&e ftrs,t trs,r#e sgals fitroq fiunowrit*rspffiSattseh wne affafrust Bswn .rru 5/S S$sxftfr 1$&.3 sH* wns otrt tsdr#,SilW*,'$r ffisffigt\xtrelthsu&h t&e ws'#t-lrcr q.ax o.nl$ uw*s S.f trs sst*rumte*, tbe-S ?S per cwl* otr
the frrcg of &'+A a*,rqes,f* t*rabert ur{th$*t thmss i*{lee of tho snl$ru p, ir&e a,rl*,
€.t$tr o,f poxt*m$d sovur gar*slsfi #ffe the#x 6$$ r,*.*oe sf clwsg*st!,m*' [*e,$pqf{ssd ths* thw lml tq sms+s&filrl sfsht re$"di.rw ir* thE SS&'h,d, aX t.ws,*
hstrt filtddt ef,l*' th$s h*g*s wmm tlaltry *,earf*mn*d, W r-ynbeo*uent gF]fimdrilffi.fr{{
rr.riclo.
$l v-&w Ef tbe song$,s$*rttlg S*s{t resf,llt* rre&teuo,s" m$,th $b*e frosn tbcdl*to o,f trts rn,*r:o.&lgtgs&r L$,s& attsart.{os we.s rlw*te$. ty *ni{,$'*l ta t8leW
rr*Sd.q tilttil *vt ths e&qs sf &Fi$ n$**aoire, .;',tulr€4 nu alrenflg- axpta!,ne& {p*ge?/ }
Srsst **,ff{suil*y ues mpsr{sasd f}r &$fe1,sp,{ng' u rg}inhls effing *osWqwrSever*tsel+ss dnrtqf the cslpse of L945 i*terfm analgrws sf X,5 Obee {ForedF
mcrx,tei[mtr r*[l1.s s€vc *ssrs:[pd. ottt run* p$hIt6*i6KI1 1ul*t$,o*Icr s-ttont** {O* **U*c *Lls lew wmoessfr,ll reJ.*ry uflI$Gg' St wmw fss{* tbos& thmt trrs strst se}$sblelopeoffis wero l*l'mly te &6,:tsusqttf,
W fbrst Eleatu Etts*it to he enrol,ywo$. $&s t,h6t crn #g?.ry*re qm *6lWT"eb;tenir l9t3.t?) this attatk ster*Bd we:.}. but lirtcr flr:'i;crlerratsd,. [hserl'.maqn esns& s tls* ilotsrse*at{ur wns Lsw eefirtr{ebtlltir of 0&*O1 onnXy omn
sf tbe fow Aet'e{ed, Eqpp*tg l"ta rmslceru, brit tire s'itrrs.tton rsastkl JhlJartrfry
CI€Srnr*tad. W a ssd.hllc4A& -'droppod, trrro pn& s h*!lf m*,}qs t* X;he mlrth.or*ss6 of,
Laas ail i;Lr* $ffi asrwsftwi.*$rilt thoe wLl,e$* ilomprtSng: st-&sd*r f,t traE est*mnts' tha*
"lho hoely nst"rl, am fri,s,*L$orf s.n X!,r/t0 ffllu# the mwln f,$aos sttaslr $&g s3w*€d
lry opoc$.ntX"y sslssse{li clrqflrs sf Scg"l sn$ 5 kwrpw wim dn*p6la$ filln t.8l*me***'Tl
3s&Ss,+ thsw ware filel,l ;1]*sm* ilns nnmro ,rx*opt*,ons:],jr ffirocsEs,**t iil ffieyeiln$f$,e'ew wh$El* epaond,, rfipiflfr]S s.ffil fsxmod our unwi-ste*ma],e brrrls{tr! f,or t&e fo}tory*tcis n[,Fowf*r Aplmoxtaate]y 3,Sffi *ore* &f $:t{uotrte} *sr,l r*rntdm$t,*,e1 dnryess&')-- ,*- , .,*,lqoq*', .., .
tha a*d.ru ;re*Nt1 a*W*ew$ g tm a &ecmw.-urp e.lr'crnft uh:.ch hsfrl tp*fit furo.EE*
t) Bs*.*- ib.t 6.R.s. R+1 No. B 'izi ,
?) A.,lt"B"/IVWlf/A {no*t* Cocs:olrd. o*t.i".'i. iiept, So.S"}"5S}]) fh{d (Mw $wsrd. $,.ftr$r iiept. So* S*lJr$taD.4) ,1.s-ts./ffi/ig/1/a (s+mner csrc;d o.ii,ii. neri.''si. E,ilne),
recllp hsuftBeiiqf$* tn ad&tt*cm theue wes s ewpio*.on tlrat **sopr flnrastu#Its rrsstl fu the ssf$rqF usL monre effw*.t$rc! f* tl.firmrti*U fsrt ,rf, tbg a&tasler$eoslr ffrmrdp,grnrrhmrs rlspts s.lrtirre dms{n$ {,he :ratd. sra ftiocJlun cs f3#t+ Kry l, }.hbq$ hffis eeu*s th* ,prfwrg ssnffi of, f,stkms ue{r & Sa.p c# f5 d$rrrr$ss llr theotren me,*rl,s$"{fl} shc tiru.f,,r,rg: of, the o&oo si,r*rp#,t rre* El*s rws on tb ssFreilr;r,**d, of *hftfi [Sap nn,f, n3-$tretq*$, orrfs]g tu t]re h*av3 wst:;ht +f thre att*#h1€;reet d"amuql1'CI *rae inf!tr*t*Sp a proports,*r cf tim ral&, $*e eeat&,sssd, {n *pen
*{t* ** *oi ** t"}}actnntry t+ the esreth of t$g tsry!*,
*,ff,}i.$*$1 ffi q-
({
-?*-ttl
pr,x'ilrfi tlrq iiCIs.l,o{& of th,oso rstit& {tri}# ttro $Sor cfusilretu {["** twu
patre af 6reurutt stntioure) weu svss,l,sbls. l8ffisfif's8f t&o oe*trtuo'*b,*Xttp
sf the frbos s*'mraf,t *t t'bl$' $tJffi ryq$ lw' onxy 6s pqn oawt'uf wrtf,*c *'*'$-
put&hs4 fir#k*x*$ eUsu.pEsdu3, *gtestrE.tti I& vfss of t14s ettffiF*d.st l;hs
dpset$s$, rltff{"sielty wa,s q|werle$s$d, f.$ M*t*etn$ils $ho 0bcn e$lssffi wffi
ths tle*6CI d,fettss da;ratism Ef thts ra$d.r a*d,r *s funtl eeds&le ffittJ"Hsl**f
of, prtrnnnr;," silntrln$?@ ffi.;ry-g}ffIf- ryy shs tuFfft f*vo ma*thn uf 8b*
om;run&ses5-k$rrgl* Uu'fiff4fr @s,irt lrffif 111 &[uh e sqff&sfir S thg f!#s*
$s s&ss csoffifusr*t$s sts*cbu tm gtwl, *,:t wes s.stnt€d, dlt tb&t the $nd,s
ss.tlss of" mr*, *,*irCI ei.oss ef effumt as bs* us$*x:r6dl sm t&e'm attsoka fl6s SaPs
iri tbr: obss i$e$litl,l,rffi sil$ the &es$,r$!h*,1f&g ,rf p:rovi'rf'tu$ mrs &smftBtg $s'#
e*rpl:ia,siL.ssd,. Hh@ ;.*uvtml,o*r of a t*fi**mm sf fcW sffidl tS :peselbXe g**ht
pnits +f lXnmurrJ" s&s.tfu,xts s&.ri lr'&s$W$ds$, *s s, f&tuc's rs$ri,rsffi6f&tard. ttw&,$ r{qfiHsete$ hat Sglss rl,sttinr,1[ty of tbe ;rr$,umUg m1ffin* ssn1l$' be
mrarwtss&' $-t nA$ht I}e ;$e#[b5* ts di,eperws w[th EssMetS mss,tsfs olts*
glothor"
shs p'rsv{d.on es' s t'b*l'dl shmm shwr46t ie s{t}r nShS 4i'dtr*s fdstJssffittt
{ur un tffis$*eta fs5}3i${ry@r}- tn ryrw nowb*,n$ €*tro$tr fti tths frl$s# ss*d edrLetu thses rhsnnEl,* rEqm,* uso* {Wo*rem tsS/td f"fyX }*}} ths Ofuss wef;W
w$.{s e1fipet ssptinuo1fls s?Sf s Sdr*,srtr' sf Sfi ef,m$rso t&'snrl' oil Seros&#**
3slp. #tdy, cou$$nusus pr*rssry rwc**$,rw was ssbf.*vsd fw tks f*s$fi t{*e. t$}
Soth thess u,ttsohs wene qwlo*firdtl$l"v sroeefl$ftrl*' fn add,i;t*,ss t* tbe &&r aamps[srr S&oa !T*s nlso ussd[ eW:bEtr S8ffie swf
S,prtl I9l+3 fss etta#ke un th* Srsll@ fttlsut*,p pwte. For thsffi ra{der
boweverr, cntr6r orro 3ra"i,xr oS Wsun{il. stst*gtt# vrrra av'*d"Imhtrs wA ths fl&oG
&sgqc$.rig gre.s #s ry,6sw ths* tt we,u ;;r:obahlry r*ltbona$ eyprw{abls sfff,sG* 0il
tho rcffilttE sf the o.prerettons r&tsh Bi€rsr I,n arry s8s81 vroily er$@asflrl.(S
ft is of jnrersst to cotrglsso the onrs$ell rewtts s0htsued ft@fnst
$orum,n sit*os iJt I$43 hy Sbge Wn* $A$ rsslrss*i,?'?Xff* t[le fstlrytgg statts*
t*.os1 prss*rs'11 W the ilrft,r$'* tnat prwfisewl.f tflSffi1tl$$$!{tr 6#P eed so stl
nile"ltrlisi.E of rrl&t phote0pl$,Ph*S ss!'*russ for nu*&s b$txmw ef.jtt$f 19&5 End
e$Fi,I l$lr.t+"
Fnble
iilwtfi$s,tes of pormntago of, thess s{.rm,sf* rupoartsw *tts*t& {hit{& hgr$bwe
wI.thtn th$qs $il.es cf, tlre stm!$S po*.ut fEv nttaekp sar Sspqdm snd ftelt#nltipn hst{sssfi Appf} 19lr} mf, Afef }$Hd}.
lfuurUntgm r* r$rrrr*
s.S*$.lI$/S913]ba.n-n'"'/wl1ti/tfaI;iil-'fnLilffilsllfums $.&r$* lios#* $o* s*t$?)"i-ili.fiui&./igitT3dffi
"6.n*[tre s,ft* sr h&&" fig' $rt$*!*
aE$SRISSeS
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ffarhmf.oue.ffi
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$t?$ tril,Spihs1p€ilr
Sfi$ S'emh*vss
Im$ $,f,W Hrowsdffirlcirkq
[t w$,[l bq wwr tbet fCIr r:fi*tdp th Sso$ wesths* sri S'srsett ter€HtE tihe
recnilt.$ sshts$wrl by tli,o uee of, CIbog rwrs ffiy u!ffitly bettur tlis thsffiof, the Sf$ Swurhwugl.l tsohlq$,qus. l[Se eisest r]tsedranta$$ sf *tto l"Effiw
tosiunLqne bo$,qlrsr wus tb{I.t tt cop.*3* cmlg bo s6Fs{sd; out t'n gwd[. ltuathoonr
*,n nodenate wea*hsr qmnd,trtiong srr$h st*aukp lsffirfial]lr pavEstd ts Hffi fitid,ilrl*nrnchner!:f.n6, tbe ront#te of; rqlr-tah wElre f,ar $Jftf;{oa'l.tr to thgse B#raflBsefi
by $boe #r,run luerkln6* '.ho orrtEtw#lvrg $uspsss cf t'hr E€rllsu ed fisuemrffi
*tt**ks sffi ltell{hn e$"t*.su -LurS$# SuXf eird A$srxd* 19d} is attr{k* b}CI Sot.sIS
tu the wr*ek d*t'errsep sf tb*ffi tsrgstr! firi$ esrtly to the fagt t&et ths ffisfi&sa
e,*nri.itiimu prov*,ili.*r} were alffi$st n};rage ew*ept{scral\y fnv*w*bl* fnr t{sftf,fr.
i$s*tl,f*"oerti.om of tire tnrtretnUrio of 0bs* s,t*,inst t**tl.cra} t*rr.pts
fln S/9 ffigrtomtunn t9r+3 $,n exper*neute,l. oWsdr, we-s fi;amtfitl s&'t sfi Em*t*lberbterios tn the $euluepte effs* wLth e vtffiil ts $ntrestLmn *rW th*l Bess4U.LtVnf t,lsj*$ 0bos for wr*ffil1u riopy ffietl te,r6let" , ;iftd t-s sffitrl&ss tlw wletlvs&sst;s{io$r $1i 0bs}-E snS S&tl.}trry $eqln Gserm$run$*vt8l ft,*;. Elnomsft UnUCW
\. - --1
nl*rrg: *, 1lu.$916 Xbr*m lllrid, Tale,e,s*rg CIfi obes.). A, q3oc{,*} wnaf,yE$,*- *f tht**pr+r*r,tLon ws,s umlertsk'Esl t$) rn wh*c.ti *,t +raE eheirm sfult t&,s li,ss,sf fi*!trw sfthe terryr* Snd&a*,t*r* rbr,otrryed. hi. 'slpcrr*ft f''Xftng pn tbo Ssii!"*s &m w*e oft}:.c oects3r sf trSSS 6rlr.nlnn whtsh vras f,srr lspgqr ,tben nas *oeaptablo forpregis$$n mnrkir$ *f' emrtX, ta:r,guts of thi.s tyFs' &tterttffi we 6J,go 4rmt$ *$*lihou' very uer!.ous s$urs$ of srpor *n fbse mrktn&n nssatrff ths frns*
thm* tc*r6et *n**.oetsr* rs$,en.esfi {n sa.3vs SbCIn &L6b ftptry S*sqtElte#E *oil1p
fre{luent}f fsl} i.n ther furro *f a etfl.plr, *ruuret!.*russ e6 sileofu ffi e s,}E !fleitgiHl. &f. r&enremun*rt wa$ l,*sor estsbl,fahsitr, es bstl{6 &m te hatlfis,t*stntonde;:enge bB$wew thCI tar&pt i.nC,J.oators $f' o se,lTrp uul gn eubrgqnwt$,ttasli.s w{ts ovs,ruoens by rotoc.util$ ths narksrm wlth a elesfs$ of S*85
secon*g,
thml,rU *hE nsrtth* sd Lgu*th*fi*ts'bsr I$l*& tiee rlrallt sffor*t Ef, t!,lo $q@drffie
v,'as dfrrsrtpd. 9kss tbs ntru,teg$,e tw*btr$ sf Seswn CItti.es to attsCIk sm
tucii,ral tar*iets i.n no*tJr Sberuces thc Isnr #offitr*"ss am* latm i,n eenmrHr
St,s*I.f" In th!r$ *sl'i*rs sf, *tts,rJF"E; wbCIr* tt:e srssX,L eS,m oS tho tergutgnileose"*.t*r,l;sd i.$mrfiir€ tgshni,euss of h+t$ procisionf Otlos glopwf,. s trsad{.rlg
;:r+stp rurd. *p it1 sol"s thsn to srry **hsv fa*Lo*, sfi,n be e,tt${U$t$ t&p cnluwgs
o;ti' thq* 6ri:i*fir $16g{{ trl thu s*w,tu si!f,. b$rnb,tffiS sf tsfi*issl, tsrg$tsSs Sss*Ptlfr**
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th!,s bffi{,p$ ffiptbod,,; wh{ob w*w d"eclsnffi WAe &?ouF fan uan We*$gtssnlt $se.4'S,dtsilt tar*:eter w;rE S.r*tso&pod, operatfdnelly qm lt *IuIy !$Ltl, sfiilwno q6rpl.6 r d. *t fro*igspt lntonrrrals rlll*tl 5 ArwuEt* Ihlrln6 thtg ps*i.{&
t{ i A'1{-B"f'rl39/t/a {xou*er W
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5A e-tfuceo $ers insrlsr @ns{,s.ttJg ilf fm wg ts fwrr forywr,tlsttsr ard
!,nr'etrstrsi ffi8 wrtis,s* &11 tlrs okSoettre* a&tssxrod, rwe flrfftS"ks&Sa"nn*lt*,t,W siltes or" stqsstl oituat'ed alott$ tho *e*sfta} strtp o'f tloareoam
fuwwa*t-{hu fsmt*me erytout'o$ cour*d,s*€& of srs SbsE }.fieCIqut$u plue nus
re$6r$s1 los$falg fl'ory gix to 16 t'hsaaileoto vlxteh wero sltber orarerrged.
ilft rr*fre trt !,fuffi *stwrrs sr ln vlotrr *f thre* ce aecor-d.ir4 tn o sstnh*ms*tst
of tlr.ssu rrs,ttmrts" 3n the &sr*sr fo'r.natlons th6 hosrtsp $&r* ilrg$srrcts$,
t* renesce o,n ges*.n6 tlw Ske Soao*omf'e b${dbs, tn t;he }.cmegr formst{emn
-str*rs,ft at tho resr wera to ltleteaw *u gsmir.W *bsws Ef a wok+ rutrf $,b*s.
was t'$#o4 b$' tho Ohoo Lm*Ser e,t bomb reil,p&$G,.
Artalfgpa of tho firm,l3te sckf,sflise ty 21 sf, ths'se fosaetlon ffieE EttaobtFelq mn*g h, t&6 OrH"$" fumn densfltSr eonm*O er m{lfsltpog**r,aLd, ss!fisrr {fto rrys$}ta qf
tpstotr*Wes whSub k$d iwe*e$pd, *t" fnktW th*of fuuwh1r4' !,n *t S0*some fri,rsIs abrut *h* ailn'flrg*Ilut$tr p,sr Xffi
borl}rs de*.putorhsdr ss s mrl.t*s*.cm uf efffflo$.encg1 l,t wa,u s&or#!! tbet Obos
fsrrveti,um raid,E #q$s l*SY t*Inss ae offi,ei*esrt as #hm Wrsrsdwk*ru; *ttssks*&*,m gE$sltrp*mr s&s ffiW.Forts$ srid sfi,fpl*f,:*,sd l"n si, lets!,
"*pu*t t3]
*rr whloh m snqp.sfS,Esm $s,s m{ds btwgee e-11 ths tEchntquse nssd, sTrrl$etproul.e*wt *mtge,td$ tn the Wrt$S mnd, ErMr etr tgr+lr. {es ffiry sertonsrttroX to t$9- @p* f,wruetseec n'rsth.od {w{t*a i.& httefacreol}oCICr bo#s ctwpp#
lacie ior 6.1 bldrp0$0 h#s d*epatuhos) w*s ehouon to bs the tater md.tfl,*st*enof S,ol I ktiupro v$ws! nt&t taetuntqw whtqh achtw.ed &ssrd,tiss abarxt
thrgo'E66s'tsun ss gswr$" St wao soaoqltdnd that tfus sbsise hgtse€n *rhe€6rrfvalt mothod,s &oren& bs es$silm# fo the ppaf,her {wwtt of *.loqd expect*e}
t&t$mstry sf Sefsnwel aaale of, attarsk req$tros, *rrd the ohcterw of be rg e&tre
to rwks s spWls or th$rril m$to,np* tn ttre evwt of nn ln*ti,st fs:llrtre.0n thm hq,se sf *bg p*r*rrnm o*s gtlteied, f,rorEr thsw a,ntr}6ineees en
nttaonpt wrle nade $ 0nfi*$* Sp. S &-bnupl wlth tbe as$,s$snss ef nne ef,f$w*frw O*fi.S+1 llen$4nartens Soffifus,r tomamd"ttu n**ess ths valu* sf thle fsrrrsp,;
t[ct] tee&Biqtw f,or ese e.fagtras ep6g6g*o st} p}urt*o *rt westeffin $srimryr }npcne3ls,E"$vtaT thome e$f.ue&ss ths fal,tcus*u8 asfl$ryrt*.aa$ were md&0*
(Cr) Sasb f,ormetisdr rculd cmEte't mttr{rof Hosqtiltoe(ao heavles) esd, nonLd, cmtaln qn &vers4€ Ef fO eXrl$,raft(fnsne*ne' tno Sboe etrsrsfs")
{#} SCIw (*nd, oewatn'nally fr}rs} ffisE Sbmllwslg wom:"* boa;lrefleble'
l{u*t
nlEte p#epered frorttbllshed early ta"enr grv?crl.L EoJr3*tg'th$s formtiEn msthsdSs&$tgt t
(^t9"6 l'1,brtMI!!M&eusitr
Ir
rui{88@ OsMsffi o*,tt*fi* REs0* So* S"#Ig).g$b t$ffib€r fusndl, S*9.S. fisFt. fo, S,fgA).
:ili$fftrICt'Is-S
H&SpfiES$riS
t&l Sbo attanke $st3d bs esrrtef, out frou bstween ?6r0ffifoot and, gS'0@ foot swn tCIfl$*&ss,1ord,
dtf) flkp tergat womld raqutrn appr#,rss*altr q$s *ffil wxssrs thsfiWrffflt t fi tsr6gt mss *s $r$ tbw cut of a*tfloe+r
&r tbo bn*ta a tkose aegftWttof.ls tt trss swplrded. that dtwing thewiatgr w*$knp ofsbt tq tEn of ths ofl irlcntg mtrkl bq xrt q,rr* of u*t,ls$ tsfinp $n6 ss!$hr m sttsunt$val,y ttrat lp te AS plfrntn opu14, be fmrtly put
out s,f estl.m.lso sr W of, the e@ss,qr of thte forwsast, dfl]If, b@ 6nds gtxee thn
ost'h$d, sesl tn f*ct, ttsnr€r^ used fiSnicr*t thi.s tygle of tag€st, I? wao* Lu
f,not1 smplrysid!, ou owlg *no wrbceq*cnt os&ee*,tln {Egulnst l]leoelq 16 Nerah
r$t5).H
ffi &effu h*s$w-ff sf, the tsts$&S*lLwt snf, rlEral,owr$ of ft-H tn Em*erSgsmnrt# il,s sstrt rytth i,* detefi] tn Ghmp$sw lg ffif, d,ttsilt&ffi wtl!. hers bq
senftnos, tsffi tho effic*e*try of t&e S6s'*tcu.t mtbsds uEe* efid. thgovers,.tr ss$s6se of,fte"'ff rajld,n as swpfira& slth ot&pp ftrpes of ettea&r
She tsette*tr arltantc:;e* c*u-rferrqd $p the trm s$&cllW conEdd,ese,bl.6l
si,n*e I'ts soeur@;r $res f*ur pootw tbmr that, of See andp at the sa:np t{,m"{.t wae frw frcm the wr{eqm X,*m[ts*S.Etr *,n the rumiber of nipmaf- r*htch c*u$*
bo uenbrslXos b$r s stil#Ie Grsua$ statlonrl whffih ffiids & foaturs of, the $hm
ug'o&sso Sbe 6reat potentlaltttsa of the dsr$,oe,were @1I nhswrr Sy tberesnlts of, the f!.t'Et bltl'dqsg-ll*smnfrq: e.ttd{*h on 5 l{Frrambsrs I'9f+3. thstsrTgs't urss ths t*aruwqnsvpnnobrsnmorlm on thg nsrtks,rn ou. strst*ts of, S*lsfr€t$$Bf
and al{&sryh tbo rstil wae onl6r oer e srm;X.l eqrl$p *he aeurlrfrq$dl#r*elrerl wsre
omlwfdsns& vsry settefacto4p" Jl bsr{r-Mell p3.+_t Sa'epered,rQ40.n,*, shw**hst Shs F0 per sffi# e$ns wm,,E of t&e @s *f T5fl trrnrd.n'1t/i Xft sp{ts of, thsMmtssss of, th*.s uttack lro fiwt&er tws: ffi.g rnadE of S..S rfitbtl, S.pmXn l9l/i u&ffif*ve rusnmtr,l. se€,le exgnnigwrtol find, oe,llbratlon rp"tds $sns 6sffi46* oet *6;a$nrttihs sdntrFhs,tlt@ 6e$r$s of &usrhls un* ryUl**e*.t*) ${$0rr$ Suns ffi* fiutrg sf ttrc
mme gearG€?*t{ wq.s use* for un{.relcg$r$l nmdn f,rnntr$ #Hl$r sn$. &t4t$6eo fo,n
&a$tf&t attscks $m fl.f$fi$ bomb stten {nlSythonl fir&mfis. She la*&srnttaslss ws:se Be&'-Tn6*. s-rrt W $tirt*"rge o{f 5 *** ustr&r$ firo nqw techtEw of,
6-e{lfsryst*o*r hryb$,n$r Swe4ce,tla.trmratt (tssdsn fin* dtpsrreb} um*e sffil}#4uta*,tE& t's Isad, a fesssts#r sf et@t q hw 'ftd#*grorsft f,fs&nc: lm pa:lrw
n*ns sst$x'$. &#* psfr.s- e# a.tporaft wcnrldL rolesffi &hgi,tr hnnbs on eaEtllg *hehsufus l,oave the peiar l$mrsdt*tsly fn f*ont af ttmmr Srou a shrs*'f of, thEphotqflpephs te&an qm thew oporeltf,ome lt wau f,owrt'i poss*}}e tlr *,ee{ltMf Uhe
f'to*
tt)e -h.e.iS lz.ti,.jr. C fro",vl,"4 c.*l o'e-s. P+\rc.F.;sr.) -(e) '$"8.s',/rr#9/rA (hmbsr 0omenfl o.rt'$, 8exfi. $o, $.15?).
r,itsTRrcrSs
"if
RfiStU[$'rS4_bowb s*rdkes otr n*ur&y #Wiry s*ssrs#t {x tho fwmet*sm* arui. nl.sq to $},$t
$&e uete*tns pusftious sf tbc mtrersst ln tho formmtlm ut tbe uoffis!* Ef
releru o uf ths l,essste bsdsbs* fha s@silte of th!.n Srrve'Ettgs*Som &enrgf,
the,t tlm trrrerforrnenco af ths fi*!f, a$xsra.ft was ht&ly Eptf,,sf,a*totg1 tho
ev*rr&sp 6fi0,ref sf fr5 y*uri[m bstJ*'{ of, tbfi eeHila cr*qr s.e thst aehlml sn
troining, rrns tn thlo eorntrSr. frhg folls$in$ etrergftrhweuer, obtainetl
v6ry posrr rsml[te &rs tu strtss{esl$ btrd, f,orgtgtl,s# l$BspttN$, tlri,s u*e
esils#teXly ;unrso{[ s,n t*s f*rs,S trrs cttaolemr but tuter strrswod, gom lmprorr+.
mults'ahd. wss Snmlry dus te the t*nfrr of pn*uttca iu fclwnttrsn fl:ltra3.tr/
t^t{41t!"8 t&tr,! thts tfsr* all' tho r'e-*d,s $n ffht'ch 6*ffi hsf, bee:r us#d, h"f-*
tn tbe r-rs*lnr,o o'f malt Boet@ oxir,er$wlrtsX nttsc&up ilCIs.,trrod, to d:l,seoner the
pot,wti,ulltles sf, the q&epWt ffiL tbs @t rus{*m&s eS ue*tw 5.t spsr,tlo$*
*.Itf* fu ftt*ftor 19t+tr. bs{rsvffi1 e sonm$d.ffie,b}e $'srqe nf t$or } S[otlF
funea.fitorps hnd bselr &tu*Spd"r wtl tho reld'f,Is of tha f,onth s*w t&s stsst +fo Emrf,en qrf *,qls"t*v*ly ls.t"se sse[$ &"fi eel,sffis &tssctd agatnst ryuthot*$st} pLss$o1 twn*s sesslielt&rry y*E@r snd fi$.milsr tuss*ts 1* pas$for,we$
$or.wrrg'rl t&,p tetpl, ntlsfuw' af e[sgtrs;ft &lsps,tshsd on theoo raLd,** qas
uoually bst-w@ffir lS$ eild 8ffSp nn* t&s s.t$n*ks $sre continue& at ths evstre#s
rnte of thrsn ts f,wr pea wec& udi,L tha er'd, Ef, ttre wa*'n fhs vnp*
ma,gorlty of thnw Fef*s, ff€s. f,srinsts.mr nttenlsa Galartdd out ln daytrt&tr*rarryr' of *honn crvsr Wlfg*m* cgffidilr tat sn a fw'ocoers{ffrs S'ffi o$s-,ers,ft $sne
ussd, Rs d"troune 8,u ,&r,csag*{smee *nS {fficem{s$elly forcaa oonetet$,nd: mtir^etrp
sf $'# a,*.neqaf? r'rore d{opa?otred, t+ hsr& blind,ls! w'*thmrt mankere oa
follorpers"
fin S*E foswott$m otbacks bst$eosl e Sn*rtsr qrlf, n thtsil oS t"ho tstslforso qwrs g&lrtppd. ulth fn*Sn flIho al,rsreft wsr@ dotal].ed So flil !,n vtGB*
s,f; thros on ftvun ss tn bo:s.ss *f foney 6e6h vlc or bos betry led S a
fr*E si.rsrsft, sry,tlne nm*r CI.,H asnsrqf*r tf, anp, were deteito,rl to fly tn.q iln+ffiLo hsri*ne a narmal vl,s, [lt ess$t{w1 tho s*i{ e,frry,raf't' uur*+Ily
rlroEpod, fs,tgtst ind*.catsir m*lk@rsp shnmnt'*,ing fle.sos ar golotwe& s.'!oise pr:f'fe
for the bsfisfft sf pfur.**ffi}:sre who l.*et fnr&s.ti,oa anct had. $lr bsnb trttr{s*
ponsentfu+ $&g fn*# trfiudwe would norml*3,lg reltass thef.r hombe bltns&$
on thql|.;' spser*,e-L eq{.ti.gffit sn$ ttrs s'&hs} m$r*rgft trn tbs forroqt3.trr woul*
:retresm. i,wM,ie*olp {ilr ffi6il4i tbe lsed.srrs b€rrba fattr"$ers,trsrsi[e sf g**, msu*.tAoae
Sh**e ts$hs{q}r* #f b*.sfui.rti ws,e m$t€tbtrh.: qu$;to riffi' es far as Somher
Sow*arud, ffs$ nru*e$wle$r ss$ oo*Wl;reritls rflrsh *lrtl4[e of,fort {fra/Adthrsts{t*
filrrnrag f,her sl$:b,s* Ef t$.tC}*trffi wn* SCInqted to irnrsstt&iettems s:f ratdo oft$pe* $fgry enal,fsec $Ws gs#f$,sil, oqet w{tb, s vf,ffi ttl dgte'e$,n$ng thg
sfi{$pury of ths mstbsr*r sutebXI,&fr*S SffisffitEre whi'eh qoutr* b's ussd, irrfsrwoptL pl*;nnfu,4gp *nd I-f 5:o*,m{rblo1 eil66ee"{iind3; tudltficel isilBtrnrtostwrte wiieresl
lsrcoow
({} A.s"S-/ffi/39/l}/t, tFudb'*'r Sqlmrd" s*&ng* Ssst" $o" $,IS5},
al;srntrsflgF
",:,,d*
LE$fBSS.Lq$.
ffissgws 6[ffit b* tu*rmuam,il* $h# lstrF.*a6 se#s bm$gfl 4frlf;Sf'fy on pts*S
of sstfs*tsfi psd,i,Sfi#t uf bWMeil,X pnpur',od, bry plettsne f'o'nr6d, fsnm the
contres of SkE rpm[aaea po*nt 3i&u+o*'rneAe ss &wnsm{.bsi* ffi ffifis 3l * Srr
tbss& *E*ds *efirgsfi sst $r$s# **frffilnol,oud. t&t-s taoft$lque om*l* net bE
nfepts,s{t *hsffi& s etmstd.erablo Emrgrt of fnferw*,tsxt sm t&s it&*pma&s? qS
eilrsb s,wi$*$, was Ebtn{ns$ ftlors plots sf a$psm*aft rel+tive to o}ocrd, ruttffi{ts,prep*eed, # On'Sect1cn l-tA" .Atltsd, 0e&t'x.sl. Iat€rprotatl.ori tlnitr
tte bmbs *rqpped bliftd};f h,' ths &-!t fprma, twl lsduss ffe1'a fmsgs
tu hmr'e s S p@r *srrt EomE obqut tb@ s*$$.!W po*.rqt of XSIS $EtrSs, s$ ab$tt
*ho swn ps$,rrt +f lmqrast of ths hs,Bbs of 96{r fiss4$* a*d. the d,taionufwt ofell tes bmbs rtrr,wppdp $Jns3ld,*p# tlssss uf t$e-f,clluwerq w$,s rist uEryrnect*
sbls w,ee,tps ttffiifl thst $f tho fi*,S *lrss'*S'e*(tl fu urey sf ostqlts,rlgmr rytth
osher types ef &ttsgk 3,t nm be slomt*,ryrrod *het the s,ffies€rlt*s$gEn of hoab$,W
offih$*lre& ffi eB w€ra#s *4 fCIcmtf,qr *ttsnh at *l$$ tf,un was €hoffi & sqd$
ss thet anMpre& w #sneht Sero&*twt ettsehs qfa$lst SErmu$ sttte*t &* *er'a[d,g hwre$w hsr] a e$nsffr]sr&b]e olnuamfi,s&b ts tk&t ths s $ru&tsn sf,
bsrabtng ryne fsr ners &sfrurfitely cer*kwitl ths srcr*Se oyetormti# 6110:r
botnff s*FI# ff,F ywr*op *s ery*p&* trStb &Sffi tr-ms&s f,srs *lg&avfit ai&t*{ks+
In *dfift!,m th* f*S{ rut*la wws sf; ffi-t*fisr v*sttmltrS tndo$ery*qn* s8 vs*tbss'
asru*LtLonq pnonrldect irhat tbe elouil, toSE ffiss sot I'isror thsn l?Om feetp
whmrEun SsMwm ottnrc#m1 h*Sm{* &spgnn&mt *n vf,mral *s,ffi.*sg sf, tbe s*drw
[r6*,ntr o**td or*;g bo uam*o6. ffit ts r**msna*r.lf *le4or ecrrd,ltl.one.
It rrus swt*"rffit$fi ths'*n tl${tt$ *hs S*il f;srffiett"qr! heuft rW twblqusr s
forse of &S ts g0 q,tx06raft ouutr& effiSnrye e qlsfir$tr *f [$S tone *f r#isa$
H.S* sffl fiiffiEl{*i.s*1sa p-qr squcL-ts nr*;nop sh&ol&r om u. sgmmen oi,tyr uflar}0
eolwe*pod. tE *hotrt ?5 imn wrt Swsetntlam tn thg eree shsrs t& stt&eh
f,s}l+ &t ssgt *f tho S*"H *tt$,eHs om Sesraan tmp alWmt {mrb&e thf,s
a@r nf 6,ns6r&*"t wes lt ers{ 5;,S t* the*E$pss met snsprl.siud *h*t *3.tunst
all thess *ttec*r6 umre sryts,t$$*$nfrl'.,3$ swsssuffirl* $i par$tontur Soillpr
$eI.IJrffi-{, Stttffi snd Wssq}r &}X, gxffo CI* sn$rsrrioltr hsnxw dsmss as e rb$Rltt
ff8 st&mffie c'f t3g1s WPs*fi*rp dwffi tr sd hsffib$nffi res$r*ra$ ts kassk qnlt a rynthotte ciX plant
ofiF a ssp$bellf.l4 gssd. fw #s lerrfi*h 0f ttrrils ffid**o* te faw ti.nee thet:rsql*fssd, ts *evaut6*s s bu$,}t*ttp *rea wr* it w,u,s estfirmtd th*t rstng thsfi,rfrt gqffis&ts$ &*n nol,qW s f*:ffi r*f apg,)vtls*,trs,14ffi ASS lmn*av&stro ffir1d tefrs&sswmfir* {t$,s ws,s @ffi*i$eils* til esn6*s of tho mnnhw n*rm&ftt *t**pnf,*lw& sgeiills,t &*r,&{$ts cf thss S.S1ls w,At'h fhm nemlt t"bat the *€ffiefty $fbcn*bSvrg nnhfwsfl !ru.* irwsi.Iff botrstr ttuet s,:'qs{.fis$t csdl tf*E ss$s*rs& I;evalqf *,uffiSo ges rsrel$ s*shi$r# on tke f,Sas,$ attssk*
It*tt) il,"S,$"r/Xil159/ /t tWw Swrm& O*Rr$* Sopr8" ffio. S,8trIlr
s${$sRtrstIFs
.', '.il";&fi$snr#TBs
f,n gomaral, thtu dnvest{Ss.*tmn n&:[ch cs\r*s6* tbs remr],ts sf the
ff,s'fft 5$ s*fi r'as&s twtwoe$ r,S su't*benr l9ldl &rd tbe e*s of the W#teeywq*dl that tn p;rlts cf *hs stltr$ss@s scesertrefi thsre s-aq etf,31 rcsa fcrf,rrthar {ffFx'pfi'onsr}ts partsmttar!tr $T re6nutl, tot*
a
tn) &s aeoqrary sf the S*II afrcra'f,t. Bbe Brobqble s:irorcons sf !0S yaree ccqwsred, rufassura,bkl $tth the 6110 yerJofsrflnd for h*S- grvtmd"osx$etng ret*s. ( t )
f*l $bs $liurgrffitiua af $m$s snrrfirse Jrs {rtsmy as €s F€tr o&!Itr i af ths StF sgrffisft-wgrs sstifi,cr*gd tCI kgl,Te r.rm*e esrtlrs of flffiseil trran e&0 Y#*s. ct)
Ct'.t&l ilett,er Snmnmt*on fl;, trw. the alrs'Tq$e Stetnnpe hstffiefi'n tbeisrilfr,gsrg hunfoe aru* jblrgeo of tlw *tif*es u$,sc*m*'t tn the fc,*natgsqt wa,n
56& fn*.*E* b{it i$ a#r,littffr thsro raqre *d pe* setrt of c*oeo, si.a*ssd*,s gs'sse sfpoiffi, wh,sap tho fsltrsrmerrte bosrbg fe31 uo*s tlmt t reet* fcmr unl3ee fl*in thom af the ls.sdfterj afnqraft*
As o n*qtastr *s tln{e ffi s fi r$hor enmlfd"u msn rrmd[er$*hsn sf f'.$f,fi$ffi,t[on attr*git{& durix.rfil tbo enrf,y w*the *,f t"$[$n ffi{ th*s ilws+Xe& theta o*noi,rle*ab'3.o fuqu:svomwr.t !,rn& iir f*st 't{}}ffin ptr*,ce. fhe }CI per eent
esssr wee fowr*l tq heu.@ follen to S?t* yertle 4o- fgsss @m$ors had heen
reilusEd. W?fiffir- eattt" [t 'ssp e*n*Xds{[ tbst tb#ss tmpi'orveuper.I*s sera su*
f.s.{"rsiile}W to bEtt.er lrendling'+f tho sEsifesst* smd to t}rE fg#rcvemffi* l$folmt*un fhr$W #,hiffi had, rs,mrltod. f'rw opnttmxe* ;pract$,ue*
&rrtn$ nslrl+ $*mbsrr Ssmnwt* was oa3;1s& u6ro* to es$,[s* stth prepasrrt*,enes
fw thp l bsrnfr$.elr of Stwup*, alt*, &irlrx$ ths sprf.ns and srffis of t'be.* peor
*Imst, thu s'hol,e sf i'S.s bo,ruh*ry ef,fopt wCIo {tlr*rtod. fr{}rn the stx'atwncslhosbing. of Ssnnun atttrsa to atinnks sn tastieatr tr+*6*tfi la ns tih@rtl ffrau*e
s{fiS, Se,l$,*rnnr silil Lator tn tl+manpr i,tmlf,. Stts*rw $t*rsb s$*{ .e:FtrSI nery
nttacks gwp *rsrrrle& sut om ths Fbosrch marehatXln€i -$es{t$r art& durtry astb*
,sEqrlerrfr wnrrr*h6 the rem#s af' te{r,se*# was cxtondd, to $,n*ludg grm kt$,w{*cn'atrf$.p[*sr s{r}ffiut*t*,orvr ftmpnr r'$f,* $urte*i*nu* m$,Xttuxy fisr}&}s end, tavcp
o*fioerrfuuttgne ots"
Iffi"th th* ex*eptl,m; of ths d,rytf$ht ***asks trr So* f, &wp ln 19bf
ond tr9bfr th$ Ssemrffid h&d, q:ee$.altesd s$,ncs tlto bo6*,nmXng: of tho unqr tJB
ni,ght a-ttel*hs on lon6e te,rEiots us'sh 4's Etttesr sr.ilS ths sudlqtreffi sltgrmg olrrsr
to the hsffib$$6 sf ffi,xet} tas*Ssnl tqsg'eter wunih of l,t gnsu$"od cut *,n AnBf*St,pu'onmtos meqp $$@ puoh unar tE *-he estutton of shleh &r&.$r mda st$sten*
t{a} esntsshati,mrso tlhxaoe c*ntslbtrttsEre ns$r ho atrmaEtmA u*dsr fglrr flF*m
hss&t*.ltgE sm fslLmst
I (tt r.rrf i.'
$$t#fl $s $f ,4t&*p$8 ftl,,Sfte$f;u,S,,T$r:'Etffi.,O.R.IJ. smk om *e#ttos.l bsnbl$tr.
(t) a.H"g"ln/39/l/3 teoibff sorq:rrlrr0+J'I:'"$. Itopt. Fo' $.L99)* \Q) A"t{.b-/g lslli l, Gr"*l}e+ e$**" 4 o'R's' R$'t' No'S'ztD'
lt;it3f,r,{, Is'}it$
ASSTBISFES
td Hlana$+s of oporationE. parttculan3ry. rocomnenrlatlone as tothe ELss of, the fsrc* nss*sssrllr tc acbieva the requlrsd levsl sfd,ema6e.
6(l+) FoEt rald. atlallrste. to d,eteratne bow olosE\r tho a,chleved.rearlt,s oomgured wlth thsse regrrl.r*ri, and wt"th thoso forocsst*
-.,. i i",.","-,r -.:
lrf,th a rt$s tsoF us6, s$fl peiFttct$.ar
targpt uilflHr d,i,fferent eondl8lone of a.ttaek,d
(t+) Aeses.sqg$ an4jlarrovqnent c'f' mqgl<trg aogllracr*
the pla$nlng of openptl.ous nnd, the olasstr Ltr\e.rl, work on poet-raid,
analysis@ly d.esariu"e Sffi16*d. **o of t&,c rryork
se the asee'msenertt end i,mprovsment of, mar&J.ng eeouFestrr !.s dealt w*,th Lr0buptor $l . Aitsnti,on wi,ll here bu sonf,ined. chiefny to tbe reeesrcfuwhiah wEs osfr{ed, sut i,nto ths :sel.atlve offictoney of, ths dsffesentmarktng teo&rr[wws used. Sefore &el,nfi tbll.s i,t wlXl be &scessgqy to sivea br{ef agoount of, sh,at theee toefunS.qrres were and how thqr wene devefope*o
$nr.heus teehsimrsr ussfl cn taetLgsl tanwts&t ths bwtm*img of, tho osspefi,#n llo speel,s} .serhtmg tr+hntguee, otb,eu
than those tlesql for nfuS* attasks oa fiersan eitl,ee were svall*blen enrl thema$ortrty of, the aarll,er attaokE en marEheltirrg yards as* gun bat eries werocarrted ou,t uofn6' strni#htfsr$ard. Ohs€ groundnarkl,ng. Smi.ng to therelatlvol,ry' nrhort dnratl,en of the at:tsa&e baelcenp",11p were usus,llg dieBense&wi^t\ but llr othsr respeats tho rmthod, waa essonttaLly the swne as thetused, on clty targets in the iftrftr. Later a ldastsa somber and. e sepu$r
wastw 3orlbEr nrl€m $,ntroduesd, ts sontsol the attaeks thetr ortgi.nalfiruoti"on be[w to dtcost the hombin6 cm to the nost ae*renataS.y proceJOboe
ma,rkotr* t'o snabtrro thegrn to do thi.e it was $sss$sst5l' to {lluninata the it-'
targnt wtth fl,aros f,os a &srt perlod, at tho beg$mLn$ of, $re attaekl and.
fur the ctiffenant Ofuoe e*,rcraf* to fuEp lsarhere of dl.tfferrst seloups ortJrpor. ?-?here lreasssafy the Ss,s,t'er Soqbsr would. hi,mself nur& t&e targretvi,eually wlth tar$et i.ndts.ators of a rli.stfnptl.re colmrn. A furtherd,stre "ogrneut ef tbs flontrollad. Ohoe techntqrre sse ffuetoal scrvhwsn {or Sg.8Sralp V*,erml) v&e.re the 0boe mal{tore were Sropped. verSr ealrl,y tu tfoe attaohnand' were tntsrd.ed to eewe omliy as a gutde to tlae f,Xare forcs, wllo woe1*then t,lLumtnate tbe ta,rgrct fsr the vieua!, rnar,k@e, ae orl a stusxda$d. l$euihavenattash"
tru sddttfon to tfceee teohrd,qtnee, mhiah sere ueei[ ky tbe FathflnderFoarcol ss' 5 & up &*vel,oxre& a opeot*t vf,sual rn*rktng rnethcd. ewloy*$gtrm'*!,ouel offsg nartuffi* In ths tecfunique ao orig:lnal.ly r*sed n elgsnsmarker w,ea Lajld hy a *grooi*} ory,sr upstltdl, of, the tergqt at a d"tsbance Efabout l$6 yard* f,rom *,be q.tni,lw pofuft, Its acthrel. d.:l.sta,nee anrl bsar1ylgf,ren tbe -{*r.ws* rrae effiry}f ffiter Eouber, whon ueln6. tbe rrJ.a{oforrnd b;' a speotal for,ft*;fiffi'ffiidiffi r"rn*ut*r@, would,oal'ctll[ate a falge winfil strs]i tnat bersbe afl.nee{ eort'eotl}r at the marker vonld,fa}l on the aileilM: trnLrrt" thig felse $*,nd, waE tboar broadose$ to tks
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itll$,rliIcts$
|dgin ftro* luut lefsre they roaohs& tho targnt &Fs&r A f,ffi torgnto
!s@rs elfi$ &srksd bS ff** I &onpy whs tr6sd, a mmrh Ei"atpler controtled vt'slsl
wmkirul rne,thodp wployin6 iryaat bursttng target i.ndioatoru baesed'*Rp wlth
red ss*t f,trs'g.$!flrlag the flrst th;CIs usnthe sf tho Eempgi61r agai"nst tastteul
tar6,pte s31 the bomb,ll6 ses W nf,ghti $str attuqkp Etertedl in Surls l9dli
wbon thery ffiaslffit{d, fsr X? psr 66att sf $$r bernbi.ng ofi'o*ts es** thtspersantsg6 oontlwrod. ttl rtss wrttl $eptenbdrr dbetl d,ng ra'lfie ffssocl?rt€S
f,or ?-0 por cent ef atl the e&,s$[e* d,tspet*hsdl* [te teehniqtlo uso$ stl
thpso Eap attack$ wss&1 i.n mantr G&s@F1 *f.utlg to tbpeo ussd at nlgbtr e
targo proport{,*r*l of stts,Sk* be&*f ea,sry!.e*l c,ut ucfurg Obo6 otr osntrolld,$bos srsrmdraErk*n&r Formeflon ettnsks ted. by e."II (sse p{r68 8i } or 0-be,c
(nee ps*T;el$ ) nnrcreft wene alss eBilLSyeSr *nS on sffffi e.tts,oir;s d.lrset
vtsmal, bpunbi.ng of tbe t&r$st was unsd"'
mp f,tr6$ sttsmnpt tq fisers# the rolatino q*f*al*nry qf the ebstt€
memtloyredl, touhnlguso v,$.6 nrade tn ffiry 19lr&r f,or a ssrtop of nisbt attaaks
on *ellwuy fael,litl*E ln Sr*rlee nnd, Belgtu.n* Ae a CIriterls* of the
flrscsss of eaoh rnfdr vbi*h wor$d be indepsndent of the si,ee etd, SgogtE,:h**
o&rl *o*Lti.on of tbe tarffiptr th€ r.s,tio of, the mrmtr'sr of, hlts e*h{eved. $n the
targot er&&p ts tbe ntssbon utBeotod.l wa€ ussd.* Shs lattsr wae eEt{srat€d,
f,rprn the n$sber of bwrbo &l"*&*tahed bf ffiuXttp1fuW by tlre^re,xpq@ted,
pgfoonlags onrs.tho c*t@latlon of whiah te erylainea ir{ffi*ffi.u"*.tliak*) C6*,*dr. 0"1t.$, trldt/t
;*wraL t"l'g6't;tA*,' gver a 6grires of 15 0boe sttsoks ths mmbslr of httEsohfievg& ffi th.e ii:rlmry targ;et ffisubtsi& ta 5? ;1er eent o.f tho nw$bsr
eunpoa-tEtl* Sqr ftrls hr$,Eat l{sqrh&Tsn r*.i$s the ;.Es.Eecrta€ln wqs 64 por uentl
t* #'&*n*nled oboe Srow*xranrrtnm
ra{dq ?9 rrer oents and for thr*olssnal P**dlr*irW attmnks snr"risal oa$ tg $o. ] $rsuSr 93 pw eent" slebenoflela-X sffsct of the ffiaster SoCIbe.t ryse elsarxy refleat€d gn the bstt*r.nasul.ts erchlarrod usi,rr8: 0ontrcotrlsd Sbool es o$inperettr wi.th mur-controtSed,
Oboo fnorrr$narlrtn$*t?) m** lnrres't{gs,tl-^n1 whlah rnfie inten*ed, on}g to
Silr6 a prnltr$in$sy indli.cnti.on ef mhich *ssbnl.ques FsrE lfkely to give the
best returne m futw.E attaslr*s rc.&& &erqmeXy cni.tici.ssd, bry $o, I houpg
whol wnwttltw t'E ads*t ths stwertority of Ss* 5 Gru$pts nnarkfln8 teohntquel
n"latntelneri that tbs attedeu *trscte* for "qn*lrrE*s w"s uff6pr*d€r?ts.ti,ve'flho rennlts wws also e.ri.ti,clse* hr I{s" 5 srwp otr tb6 e.xau$d that th*ywsro hassil, sn srutsr ptratop an$ tl:orefoffs rl*$wde& to sorao sstryt en thep,reBcrtton of omstese {ThId& ootrldl. be mtogni,ssd. on d.qg eovor.. Ebe$ o!,e$rcd.
t&ett E$"s6s tbtrE fxrop,crtlEn saE IiI*sIy to bs lo$er fon Ssr 5 Grsup attaeke,thof.r rs*lllts wss *gtuef],y bettqr them tlre roport $rd$o*tsd".
Ilr w*ss tp $est *hsgo a*d. othss srlt*"sififfi1 d,*&l $s,s sol. satod fora msh wee smt€trr&llre orlatysi,e ulnr+s the same Iinss' $he res.ltrts of**.rrxrl-r-rrr *rr: r r'r*rrurnr.,.r-,r.r,,*rrrrrtrnrr n,lr*rr 'u rnrl,l$l**t4r' ,rr-rratrr.
(t)'tL h,4.n.d, ,1_V*uyp;2ttq,rce,lt aVano*ut ru ln^tu/6;,,e;r#3t ry J;oe6*Jlei'gg ff, lory#'".-r- Ln (n'r+ n /u I aqlzir <e).
iii; $TRTDfED
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q6!l::.:::.n?.{m1?\It 4r J + a U J !.J
ffi
thta *rrre*tfum,t*onrs *oFrsr*W #,T fare*,i"s*,sn e,ttn#leel rryepo rrshl*ul**-tt)$h6 f,eilltotr nEeli *p s qugiltr,tetfvs ffiadffs od mrgpees was 3relstilrs
d"en*5.t3i' et tho *tef,sg Fofirtt (t'a* ht*F Ser *msg at ths aimtn:l pct'rr* por
1OS0 bsrySn dffi$sd,). ffis Eumt Ef *'hs ilsebE.r of, hl,ts wns Estrmllf ned;e
fuEer ths Fr&"li1 $swr'-o{qF s. RS asre olcclB eontres on f,he aimsng Bo$.nt1
as exBlafnecL Mffi, S't m ral*e nspo elssslfleAl not oatg aocoedlns totsefu$*quer ss Se the oeffg$.s* $*woots6'ot$,m1 btrt aXas &#coeqtng to rletttherp
twrgnt *of,,ssxg,s*, hslsbt of nttssicr -Am* grfitp, rlrrri s:l,ss of, rald6 urrd tgr
sEgEss$tg &he va$ms o{ ei pwtirctl}um *cc*mtquer ths pwopmtlcm af nbcn bive
wad. pl.ntd.r$Xf e,bsr$l.v*.r#[&o1 efid. W*s loryq rutsl ws,s ts]isrr futto ngsomtrfhe eoEff*"s*ffit of, rysriplielstp ( g$Vfn* wlrgms o + sten{lsrd, devi,stg.Eur ofrqXative derlei^$teE1 and sr p tsesrt rplmt*,rnE dsnsiW) mu,r oryl,ogra$ ao aqrn$,tet"flm pf ldepwi&efu$"3.S*g,r * ,nsl iworta,nt *wtw ssstlls* gertatfi t$fge.s
of, tuCIt.sal twr$ptq effih es Srroep qsrrsgr,rtir$S$w*q w*mro r.opoat ett*gksws*s *f,Ssrl rtnt Bo*cih,lnr
Sbo rest*,*s pf thf* *xlr+etiffiti,sm* Stub reqre extellm*vos srs srt&$Brgssd,
ful-talr*Imr f,ssw *!i &cS*S* &opcrt S*l,$ffp eu* rs*.M not bo *EeIt tri"f& fndste*} hetrsn *$ shsh$m hsryqsss bu mo,&xd6 thst the ffiffiIs+"t,ort"t;r od S$. F$fnuptg \r'*s$s} ffrlgffin$ teoh$iq$e, foe nf-g&t nttankn ein mall tqr6g*erwhf,sh the EarlS.w emeultE hgd sW*r*pd[6 weg fsns cwflrueritp the r*la.tivodnn*ltW gf fuI+$ b*tslanee&+t0 bq*alhm hsi,lrg wr,s them iio'ubls thst a*hf,r.ved,
ef ffi,$f ot&Er taoht.qm,* .In eddl,tsfl.cms {ho wfftsi,ent of varlabilltfts?*f poxr oomt,) sae ssry#ildp*Whly lqm*rn thr*,n thst for illlgds sarrr*,*d etrt bS
other ffia rrsdns Sbffi sr Y{s$e} 6rour*ua"r'kln6i* $tnrt}is,r *nrrest$d:at*"sn
6hs@ thet ths oxplsnattm sf tht kl& stmeue dom*s"ty [ry eh*,efly irt'}le sss3,I,Er effstonrst[c #**ss *ii the mor S SrEnp n&t',rclsp {eno,o*qp tfg yar$e
cornpered with )1.8 yardE fo* ot&srrfisrys)r and. th{,s Scl *rrr'$ nae stk$,}uta&i"sto tiw preciai,on of, thslr lam*le'qdt v1su,o} smrklng tsshrrl,rirm (See puare E+ l,
& dgyr tbs b*Shs$m r*3et*.v* deng{ttes wor* eplri,eves iry Sboo fonrat*,s{inb*amlr& shl,dl kp$s eless&y b*en **grueed. (pawZl )* &*s 6Fxr€ sfotte$ks how*vqur1 $n *pi** of, il,tp h*gh e{rfl,cimgSro ffif,f,ffie€, :tbsm scrlstrEl,lmtfisttwtg shiqh trlrs,r€ntsd tlte $CIrs wjhflaspred' $#& {"r3r tbe Sosrf,sn*"
fie*ns mIry eorupsenf,i.{ts}ff ffie"L}*Ss,Le atteehe wmo pcs#,C"ble rnnd tbe *rrctsrsf shoetsryih or' 1:*;rts,e$Iry skr,tivs r,&,*s# &w to failwE of tb* sboe lemlw.n,wae U,Sh t*S por +.eat). fs afief,ef,onl thoes ry3:, f,orroatiqnu pnuvd. reqrvnl.nqr"*bld to flgk when slgdf som*{-ttsfiE Bgno s$corr*tsesd, ovo,r ths *arset"
.-,- #ffi;ff ll ffi ffiJT;W trffiil,XT.il'*s,tt{hf,&s €st $rri bs*ter$es fur fion$hufrr **n* tg} *ttm a vtffs tCI ds$ma{n*ffis&flqh ws{t},& bs t'f,ffi ber't t*Sl*i,q!frs t* use **gei,nfft thonp turrgetn sn tbe nl.gk*
$r*oe' to th* $*dsf lmtt{re$'g+ {TFe sffiffri$ *f fiu,ta e$eJ,lsble at ttrl.s tiraophwnvwp nrum'mot slnff**tffit *o ssrss to ary f,i.lrnr corsctwel,onap errd el,thongh
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i?i{$f,sIfr:rD
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tt grd, tErt se 6te cdttlsn e t tsuJr ttsf fufrlfisse$ ffiMtu ffi efr nr$ W **'w swffiirfi. fre * ffiMtuWn*&'e*ffiffi#ffi #fi**ffihW!*il ten* FffiMilffirfi,ffi Dt ru*, fff$# #ffitril # ffih*
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