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Slide 2 WHAT will we be studying? Slide 3 Activities Kids look for fruits & nuts & beef jerky around the room Cave paintings under desks Read/highlight/hotdog Slide 4 Standard 6-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the transition of humans from nomadic life to settled life in the cradles of civilization. Slide 5 6.1.1 Analyze the hunter-gatherer communities in regard to their geographic, social, and cultural characteristics, including adaptation to the natural environment. Slide 6 ???? Slide 7 What is a nomad? Slide 8 someone who wanders looking for food & shelter Slide 9 What is a cradle of civilization? Slide 10 where civilization began Slide 11 Essential Knowledge 6.1.1 define hunter-gatherer communities and detail the characteristics that defined them describe how hunter-gatherers adapted to their natural environment (example the use of simple tools to construct shelter, hunt, and make clothes) describe how hunter-gatherers developed technological advances (example stone tools, the use of art to express ideas) describe how hunter-gatherers utilized discoveries during the Stone Age (example fire) recognize the cultural & social distinctiveness of hunter-gatherer societies (examples the use of rudimentary language to communicate, roles of men and women) describe the impact of climate changes during the period and realize the value of migration as an enabling factor in societal development (example the use of a land bridge to migrate into North America) Slide 12 Define hunter-gatherer communities and detail the characteristics that defined them. hunter gatherers is the term used by anthropologists to describe a specific kind of lifestyle, that of all human beings until the invention of agriculture about 8000 years ago hunter-gatherers hunt game and collect plant foods (called foraging) rather than grow or tend crops hunter-gatherers tend to have non-hierarchical social structures hunter-gatherers are nomadic Slide 13 hunter gatherers live a subsistence lifestyle they have little development of skills or specialized labor they have low-population densities usually in small tribes the male puberty rite of passage often receives greater emphasis in hunter-gatherer societies than the other three ritual occasions celebrated in all human societies (birth,marriage, and death). hunter gatherers are sedentary when food is abundant Slide 14 hunter gatherers Slide 15 hunter- gatherers Slide 16 ???? Slide 17 What do anthropologists call humans who lived before the discovery of agriculture? Slide 18 hunter-gatherers Slide 19 Define foraging. Slide 20 collecting plants rather than growing crops Slide 21 When are hunter- gatherers nomadic & when are they sedentary? Slide 22 Hunter-gathers were nomads when there was no food & sedentary when food was abundant. Slide 23 Do hunter-gatherers have different jobs? Slide 24 Hunter-gathers did not have specialized jobs. Slide 25 Whats a hierarchy? Slide 26 a pyramid type structure based on rankings Slide 27 What is meant by low-population density? Slide 28 An example of low- population density would be hunter- gatherers living in small tribes. Slide 29 Were hunter-gatherers hierarchical? Slide 30 Hunter-gathers were non- hierarchical. Slide 31 what it is what its not So what? context Slide 32 Were hunter-gatherers skilled or non-skilled? Slide 33 Hunter-gathers were non-skilled. Slide 34 We are going to go FORAGE! Slide 35 Slide 36 Describe how hunter-gatherers adapted to their natural environment (example the use of simple tools to construct shelter, hunt, and make clothes) Prehistoric hunter-gatherers, such as roving bands of Cro-Magnons, increased their food supply by inventing tools. Hunters crafted special spears that enabled them to kill game at greater distances. Digging sticks helped food gatherers pry plants loose at the roots. Slide 37 Toward the end of the Ice Age, early Americans were producing hunting technologies that enabled them to kill mammoths and other large Ice Age mammals. Hunting tools were made of bone, ivory, stone and antler, and used the wood, hide, and fiber of a variety of plants and animals. One of the most commonly used hunting tools was the spear point. Slide 38 How did early man adapt to his environment? invented tools special spears Digging sticks Hunting tools were made of bone, ivory, stone and antler, and used the wood, hide, and fiber of a variety of plants and animals. Crouched low to catch animals Herded buffalo over cliffs Spear point Slide 39 How did early man adapt to his environment? Slide 40 ???? Slide 41 How did early man adapt to his environment? Slide 42 Hunter-gathers invented tools & special weapons. Slide 43 What was special about the spears of hunter-gatherers? Slide 44 Spears enabled them to kill animals from a greater distance. Slide 45 What kind of materials did hunter-gatherers use to make tools? Slide 46 They used ivory, stones, bones, plant roots & antlers. Slide 47 What kind of animal did hunter-gatherers kill that is extinct today? Slide 48 mammoths Slide 49 Describe how hunter-gatherers developed technological advances (example stone tools, the use of art to express ideas) Early modern humans used stone, bone, and wood to fashion more than 100 different tools. Tool kits included knives to kill and butcher game, and fish hooks and harpoons to catch fish. A chisel-like cutter was designed to make other tools. Cro-Magnons used bone needles to sew clothing made of animal hides. Slide 50 Necklaces of seashells, lion teeth, and bear claws adorned both men and women. People ground mammoth tusks into polished beads. They also carved small realistic sculptures of animals that inhabited their world. Stone Age peoples on all continents created cave paintings. The best- known of these are the paintings on the walls and ceilings of European caves, mainly in France and Spain. Early artists drew lifelike images of wild animals Slide 51 In the famous cave of Les Trois-Frres, in Arige, France, there is a rock painting, dated between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago, of a part-human, part-bison figure, variously described by scholars as a sorcerer, a magician, or a shaman, who appears to be performing music among wild animals. Slide 52 ???? Slide 53 What might a hunter- gatherer tool kit include? Slide 54 knives, fish hooks & harpoons Slide 55 List some ways hunter- gatherers were artistic? Slide 56 They made jewelry, carved statues & created cave paintings. Slide 57 Whats a shaman? Slide 58 sorcerer or magician Slide 59 Slide 60 How much can you tell your partner about prehistoric man in ONE MINUTE? Slide 61 Slide 62 Line up by height count off by 5 s! Slide 63 You must build the tallest free-standing structure you can using only STRAWS & TAPE! Slide 64 You must build the tallest free-standing structure you can using only INDEX CARDS & GLUE! Slide 65 On a colored index card, REFLECT on the activity you just completed! What are your thoughts? What did you like best? What did you find challenging? What would you do differently? Slide 66 Necessity is the Mother of Invention! Slide 67 Recognize the cultural & social distinctiveness of hunter-gatherer societies (examples the use of rudimentary language to communicate, roles of men and women) Culture common ways of dressing, similar hunting practices, favorite animals to eat. Culture is the way of life of a group of people. Culture includes common practices of a society, its shared understandings, and its social organization. By overcoming individual differences, culture helps to unify the group. Slide 68 Common Practices what people eat clothing and adornment sports tools and technology social customs work Social Organization family class and caste structure relationships between individual and community government economic system view of authority Shared Understandings language symbols religious beliefs values the arts political beliefs Slide 69 what it is culture what its not So what? context Slide 70 Recognize the cultural & social distinctiveness of hunter-gatherer societies (examples the use of rudimentary language to communicate, roles of men and women) Homo erectus may have developed the beginnings of spoken language. Language, like technology, probably gave Homo erectus greater control over the environment and boosted chances for survival. The teamwork needed to plan hunts and cooperate in other tasks probably relied on language. They lived in bands of 25 to 70 people. The men almost certainly did the hunting. The women gathered fruits, berries, roots, and grasses. Slide 71 Slide 72 Prior to spoken languages, members of a group communicated with one another by grunting or through simple noises, and hand gestures. Spoken language allowed group members to exchange complex thoughts and ideas, and pass on their culture from one generation to the next. Groups could discuss plans, teach techniques, explain how to track animals, or where to go to find water, as well as form religion and folklore. Slide 73 ???? Slide 74 Give examples of culture? Slide 75 Examples of culture include common ways of dressing & hunting, religious beliefs, customs & values Slide 76 What was the advantage of language? Slide 77 control over the environment, ergo better chance of survival Slide 78 Whats Homo erectus mean? Slide 79 Man stood up on two feet! Slide 80 Men were the _____; women were the ______. Slide 81 Men were the hunters; women were the gatherers. Slide 82 What made teamwork easier? Slide 83 the invention of language Slide 84 Before language how did humans communicate? Slide 85 grunting, noises & hand gestures (not THAT hand gesture!) Slide 86 What did spoken language allow hunter- gatherers to do? Slide 87 work in groups, plan, exchange ideas, develop religious values Slide 88 Describe how hunter-gatherers utilized discoveries during the Stone Age (example fire) According to anthropologists, Homo erectus was the first to use fire. Fire provided warmth in cold climates, cooked food, and frightened away attacking animals. The control of fire also probably helped Homo erectus settle new lands. Slide 89 Describe the impact of climate changes during the period and realize the value of migration as an enabling factor in societal development (example the use of a land bridge to migrate into North America) Scientists have two ideas about how could have people traveled beyond the ice sheets that covered Canada and blocked access to the United States. Slide 90 One idea proposes that an ice free corridor opened in Canada as the glaciers melted. According to this theory, small trees began to appear in the ice-free corridor and, for the first time, wood became available for the warmth and cooking fires people needed to survive the journey. The second idea suggests that people migrated down the coastline. Although the coastline was not completely ice-free, people may have used boats, and driftwood might have supplied the fires needed for survival. Slide 91 The Bering Land Bridge existed as a vast tundra plain connecting Asia and North America. As the world's glaciers and ice sheets melted over the following millenia, rising sea level flooded the land bridge blocking migration routes for animals and humans. Slide 92 ???? Slide 93 Homo erectus was the first to do what? Slide 94 Use fire! Slide 95 What did the control of fire enable Homo erectus to do and WHY? Slide 96 Settle new lands they could keep warm & cook. Slide 97 Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds video Slide 98 3,000,000 years old first hominid bones discovered in Ethiopia Nicknamed Lucy after the Beatles song, Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds Elton John later recorded the song too! Slide 99 what it is what its not So what? context Slide 100 Assessment 6.1.1 differentiate between the geographic, social, and cultural attributes of hunter-gatherer societies distinguish between those characteristics of pre- civilization and civilizations evaluate the development of hunter-gatherer community attributes in connection with the natural environment utilize maps to explain and/or analyze migratory patterns of hunter-gatherers Slide 101 Hunter-gatherer is an anthropological term used to describe human beings who obtain their food from the bounty of nature, hunting animals and gathering wild plants.anthropological It is a subsistence lifestyle, practiced by all early human societies.subsistencesocieties Such people are generally nomads, moving on as food supplies dwindle, but sedentary when in one place.nomads There is little development of skills or specialized labor beyond that required for hunting and gathering food. Such societies generally remain small, consisting of several, often related, family units.family Slide 102 what it is what its not So what? context Slide 103 Create a hunter-gatherer bio-poem! __________________________ (name) ___________, ____________, _________, ___________ (adjectives) lover of ___________, ___________ & ___________ who feels ___________, ____________ & _______________ who needs _______________________________ who gives _________________________ who fears ______________, _____________ & ___________ who would like to see ________________, _____________________ & __________________ resident of ________________________ __________________________ (name) Your assessment! Slide 104 NEW UNIT Slide 105 START HERE Slide 106 The Neolithic Revolution is the transition from a hunter- gatherer mode of subsistence to one based more upon the cultivation of crops, which first began in several centers dating from approximately 12,000-10,000 years ago. Slide 107 This transition also saw a change from a largely nomadic lifestyle to a more settled, agrarian-based one, with the onset of the domestication of plants and (later) animals. Slide 108 what it is Neolithic revolution what its not So what? context Slide 109 6.1.2 Explain the emergence of agriculture and its effect on early human communities, including the impact of irrigation techniques and the domestication of plants and animals. Slide 110 Essential Knowledge 6.1.2 understand why agriculture developed and the effect this occurrence had on human society explain how plant/animal domestication fostered agricultural development and the subsequent advent of semi-permanent human settlements i.e. describe the role agriculture played in leading to humans to move from a nomadic lifestyle to the development of villages understand the role of irrigation in this process and describe early irrigation techniques (examples dams and canals understand how the domestication of plants and animals eventually led to food surpluses Slide 111 Anthropologists argue that it was women who led the Neolithic Revolution and became history's first pioneers of agriculture Slide 112 Instead of hunting and gathering food from the environments where they lived, humans learned to simply grow their own food. Grains such as wheat, barley, rice, and corn were grown in different parts of the world. Wild animals were also domesticated. Goats were utilized for their meat and milk, cattle, pigs, and chickens provided a steady source of food for the support of a group of humans. Slide 113 With the advent of farming and domesticated animals to feed a society, life became much easier for early humans. As a result, many more humans survived the difficulties of life. The population quickly rose from around 2 million humans on the Earth, to more than 90 million. Farming allowed people to build villages along rivers, or wherever the ground was fertile enough for crops to grow. Archeologists have found some villages that are believed to have been built more than 8,000 years ago. Some of these ancient villages, such as Jericho, still survive to this day. Slide 114 Understand why agriculture developed and the effect this occurrence had on human society The shift from food-gathering to food-producing culture represents one of the great breakthroughs in history. Change in climate was probably a key reason for the agricultural revolution. Rising temperatures worldwide provided longer growing seasons and drier land for cultivating wild grasses. A rich supply of grain helped support a small population boom. As populations slowly rose, hunter-gatherers felt pressure to find new food sources. Farming provided a steady source of food. Slide 115 Explain how plant/animal domestication fostered agricultural development and the subsequent advent of semi-permanent human settlements i.e. describe the role agriculture played in leading to humans to move from a nomadic lifestyle to the development of villages Some groups practiced slash-and-burn farming, in which they cut trees or grasses and burned them to clear a field. The ashes that remained fertilized the soil. Farmers planted crops for a year or two, then moved to another area of land. After several years, trees and grass grew back, and other farmers repeated the process of slashing and burning. Slide 116 Hunters expert knowledge of wild animals likely played a key role in the domestication, or taming, of animals. They tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs. Like farming, domestication of animals came slowly. Stone Age hunters may have driven herds of animals into rocky ravines to be slaughtered. It was then a small step to drive herds into human-made enclosures. From there, farmers could keep the animals as a constant source of food and gradually tame them. Not only farmers domesticated animals. Pastoral nomads, or wandering herders, tended sheep, goats, camels, or other animals. These herders moved their animals to new pastures and watering places. Slide 117 Domesticated animals became more common. The invention of new toolshoes, sickles, and plow sticksmade the task of farming easier. As the population of some early farming villages increased, social relationships became more complicated. The change from a nomadic hunting-gathering way of life to settled village life took a long time. Likewise, the change from village life to city life was a gradual process that spanned several generations. Slide 118 ???? Slide 119 What was the importance of learning to grow their own food? Slide 120 They could stay in one place. Slide 121 Why did human population increase? Slide 122 Development of agriculture & domestication increased the chance of survival. Slide 123 Give examples of domesticated animals. Slide 124 Goats, chickens, cattle or any animal that can be penned. Slide 125 Why were civilizations built along rivers? Slide 126 Land near rivers was more fertile & water was accessible. Slide 127 What is a pastoral nomad? Slide 128 someone who wanders & herds animals Slide 129 How long did the switch from hunter- gathering life to settled villages take? Slide 130 several generations Slide 131 Understand the role of irrigation in this process and describe early irrigation techniques (examples dams and canals) To cultivate more land and to produce extra crops, ancient people in larger villages built elaborate irrigation systems. The resulting food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue other jobs and to develop skills besides farming. Individuals who learned to become craftspeople created valuable new products, such as pottery, metal objects, and woven cloth. In turn, people who became traders profited from a broader range of goods to exchange craftwork, grains, and many raw materials. Two important inventionsthe wheel and the sailalso enabled traders to move more goods over longer distances. Slide 132 Understand how the domestication of plants and animals eventually led to food surpluses As people gradually developed the technology to control their natural environment, they reaped larger harvests. Settlements with a plentiful supply of food could support larger populations. Slide 133 Assessment 6.1.2 explain the development of agriculture by summarizing how irrigation techniques changed the structure of early human communities interpret the effects of domestication of plants and animals on agriculture and/or communities hypothesize on the impact of domestication and/or surplus on human activity. Slide 134 ???? Slide 135 What did irrigation allow tribesmen to do? Slide 136 pursue other jobs specialized work Slide 137 What inventions enabled humans to travel greater distances? Slide 138 wheel & the sail Slide 139 Cave Painting Activity Slide 140 NEW UNIT Slide 141 START HERE Slide 142 6.1.3 Use maps, globes, and models in explaining the role of the natural environment in shaping early civilizations, including the role of the river systems of the Nile (Egyptian), Tigris-Euphrates (Sumerian, Babylonian, Phoenician), Huang He (Chinese), and Indus (Harappan); the relationship of landforms, climate, and natural resources to trade and other economic activities and trade; and the ways that different human communities adapted to the environment. Slide 143 Farming Develops in Many Places Within a few thousand years, people in many other regions, especially in fertile river valleys, turned to farming. In Africa the Nile River Valley developed into an important agricultural center for growing wheat, barley, and other crops. In China About 8,000 years ago, farmers along the middle stretches of the Huang He (Yellow River) cultivated a grain called millet. In Mexico and Central America farmers cultivated corn, beans, and squash. In Peru farmers in the Central Andes were the first to grow tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and white potatoes. Slide 144 Four River Systems Nile (Egyptian) Tigris-Euphrates (Sumerian, Babylonian, Phoenician) Huang He (Chinese) Indus (Harappan) Slide 145 ???? Slide 146 In what continent was the Nile River Valley? Slide 147 AFRICA Slide 148 Whats another name for the Huang He river? Slide 149 Yellow River Slide 150 Where is the Yellow River (Huang He river)? Slide 151 CHINA Slide 152 Where was millet cultivated? Slide 153 CHINA Slide 154 Name the 4 river systems. Slide 155 Nile (Egyptian) Tigris-Euphrates (Sumerian, Babylonian, Phoenician) Huang He (Chinese) Indus (Harappan) Slide 156 Slide 157 Mesopotamia video Slide 158 Tigris Euphrates A desert climate dominates the landscape between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea in Southwest Asia. Yet within this dry region lies an arc of land that provided some of the best farming in Southwest Asia The regions curved shape and the richness of its land led scholars to call it the Fertile Crescent. It includes the lands facing the Mediterranean Sea and a plain that became known as Mesopotamia. The word in Greek means land between the rivers. Slide 159 Tigris & Euphrates The rivers framing Mesopotamia are the Tigris and Euphrates. They flow southeastward to the Persian Gulf. (See the map on page 30.) The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooded Mesopotamia at least once a year. As the floodwater receded, it left a thick bed of mud called silt. Farmers planted grain in this rich, new soil and irrigated the fields with river water. The results were large quantities of wheat and barley at harvest time. The surpluses from their harvests allowed villages to grow. Slide 160 ???? Slide 161 Name the 4 river systems. Slide 162 Nile (Egyptian) Tigris-Euphrates (Sumerian, Babylonian, Phoenician) Huang He (Chinese) Indus (Harappan) Slide 163 Why was the Fertile Crescent given its name? Slide 164 Because of its shape & land near the Mediterranean that is good for farming Slide 165 Whats the Greek word for land between two rivers? Slide 166 Mesopotamia Slide 167 Between what 2 rivers does Mesopotamia lie? Slide 168 Tigris & Euphrates Slide 169 Define silt. Slide 170 rich fertile soil Slide 171 What 2 grains were grown in Mesopotamia? Slide 172 wheat & barley Slide 173 What 2 grains were grown in Mesopotamia? Slide 174 wheat & barley Slide 175 Sumerians video Slide 176 5 characteristics of civilizations advanced cities, specialized workers complex institutions record keeping advanced technology Sumerians were one of first groups to form a civilization. Slide 177 Sumerians They built cities that formed separate govts city states were like independent nations Sumers earliest governments were controlled by the temple priests. The farmers believed that the success of their crops depended upon the blessings of the gods, and the priests acted as go-betweens with the gods. A ziggurat was like a city hall & place of worship. From the ziggurat the priests managed the irrigation system. Priests demanded a portion of every farmers crop as taxes. Slide 178 Environmental Challenges & Solutions unpredictable flooding combined with a period of little or no rain --- irrigation ditches no natural barriers for protection --- mud brick city walls limited natural resources Sumerians traded grain, cloth & tools for raw materials like stone, wood & metal Slide 179 Sumerians In time of war a leader was chosen - some military leaders became rulers who then passed down their power to their sons By 2500 B.C., new cities were arising all over the Fertile Crescent, in what is now Syria, northern Iraq, and Turkey. Sumerians exchanged products and ideas, such as living in cities, with neighboring cultures. This process in which a new idea or a product spreads from one culture to another is called cultural diffusion. Slide 180 Sumerians They were polytheists Believed gods were human-like but that humans were gods servants & needed to keep the gods happy Social classes: Kings, landholders, and some priests made up the highest level in Sumerian society. Wealthy merchants ranked next. The vast majority of ordinary Sumerian people worked with their hands in fields and workshops. At the lowest level of Sumerian society were the slaves. Some slaves were foreigners who had been captured in war. Others were Sumerians who had been sold into slavery as children to pay the debts of their poor parents. Debt slaves could hope to eventually buy their freedom. Social class affected the lives of both men and women. Slide 181 Sumerian women Sumerian women could work as merchants, farmers, or artisans. They could hold property in their own names. Women could also join the priesthood. Some upper-class women did learn to read and write Sumerian women had more rights than women in many later civilizations. Slide 182 Sumerian science & technology Invented the wheel, the sail, and the plow and that they were among the first to use bronze Arithmetic and geometry In order to erect city walls and buildings, plan irrigation systems, and survey flooded fields, Sumerians needed arithmetic and geometry. They developed a number system in base 60, from which stem the modern units for measuring time (60 seconds = 1 minute) and the360 degrees of a circle. Architectural innovations Arches, columns, ramps, and the pyramid shaped the design of the ziggurat and permanently influenced Mesopotamian civilization. Cuneiform Sumerians created a system of writing. One of the first known maps was made on a clay tablet in about 2300 B.C. Other tablets contain some of the oldest written records of scientific investigations in the areas of astronomy, chemistry, and medicine. Slide 183 ???? Slide 184 What are the 5 characteristics of a civilization? Slide 185 advanced cities, specialized workers complex institutions record keeping advanced technology Slide 186 Who were the first people to form a civilization? Slide 187 Sumerians Slide 188 Define cultural diffusion. Slide 189 the sharing of ideas and customs Slide 190 The Fertile Crescent included what is now what countries? Slide 191 Syria, Iraq & Turkey Slide 192 Assessment 6.1.3 utilize maps to locate the river civilizations, interpret maps that identify the major river civilizations infer the relationship between rivers and other landforms detail trade patterns ascertain the resources that would be available to a civilization hypothesize about the continued development of these civilizations based on the interaction of key components including, but not limited to, location, availability of resources, and potential for trade summarize the development of individual river valley civilizations or to compare civilizations either as a whole or with specific components (examples compare the Harappan civilization to the Sumerian [whole] or compare the natural resources among all these civilizations [specific components]) Slide 193 Essential Knowledge 6.1.3 explain the role that the natural environment had in shaping the location and development of early civilizations recognize all of these early civilizations developed along major rivers understand that these river valleys were ideal locations for civilizations to arise since they provided important resources (such was water, food, and fertile soil), natural trade/transportation routes, and, in some cases a natural defense against attacks locate these early civilizations on maps and to associate the development of each civilization with a major river understand that these rivers could be dangerous in times of flooding and that civilizations had to take measures to control flooding and/or lessen the severity of the impact & in spite of these attempts to control flooding, early civilizations often suffered devastating losses associated with this phenomenon Slide 194 Essential Knowledge 6.1.3 describe the common characteristics of river valley civilizations but also be familiar with some of the distinct characteristics of each river valley and its associated civilization describe major physical features in addition to rivers that impacted civilizations especially the nearby location of deserts which helped isolate and protect these civilizations as they developed understand the type of products developed in each civilization and the trade which resulted from the production of these goods Slide 195 http://www.bbc.co. uk/sn/prehistoric_lif e/games/skeleton_ji gsaw/ Slide 196 What are the differences between hunting and gathering and agriculture as modes of life? What is pastoralism? Consider the interactions of sedentary agriculturists with pastoral nomads. What are the possibilities for interaction? How would each group tend to view itself in contrast to the other? Slide 197 Slide 198 NEW UNIT Slide 199 START HERE Slide 200 6.1.4 Compare the cultural, social, and political features and contributions of civilizations in the Tigris and Euphrates, Nile, Indus, and Huang He river valleys, including the evolution of language and writing systems, architecture, religious traditions and forms of social order, the division or specialization of labor, and the development of different forms of government. Slide 201 6.1.5 Explain the role of economics in the development of early civilizations, including the significance and geography of trade networks and the agriculture techniques that allowed for an economic surplus and the emergence of city centers. Slide 202 Relax like a Hunter-gatherer! Nine Activities for Lifelong Relaxation Walking with awareness we were designed to walk with awareness: awareness of our bodies, of changes to our surroundings, of the ground we walk on, of the animals and people we pass. Humans survived because of this ability to be acutely aware! Connecting to our body yoga Studying things that interest us Listening to or playing music Being in nature animals/potted plants Meditating - in meditation we make use of that part of the brain which also facilitates the freeze reaction-it is literally our escape from the danger of being over-stressed. Art Connecting to the divine or being spiritual Being with friends