What natural hazards are derived from plate movement and how are they managed?
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Transcript of What natural hazards are derived from plate movement and how are they managed?
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What natural hazards are derived from plate movement and how are they managed?
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Volcano Basics
Opening in Earth’s crust from which comes molten rock, gases, and ash
The name of the landform around such an opening
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/volcanoes-101?source=searchvideo
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Why they form
Decrease in pressure (in asthenosphere due to the lithosphere) (rift zone)
Increase in temperature (hot spot)
Increase in water (decreases melting point) (subduction zone)
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Where they form
Rift zone (mid ocean ridge, divergent boundary)
Subduction zones (convergent boundaries O-O, O-C)
Hot spots (ocean (hawaii), land (yellowstone))
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Volcano/Magma Characteristics
Based on Amount of Silica
Basaltic- low silica, gas & viscosity, high temp& flow @ rifts and ocean hot spots
Andesitic-mod. Gas & viscosity, inter. Temps, sometimes explosive @subduction boundaries
Rhyolitic-high silica, gas, viscosity, explosive, low temps @ continental hot spots
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Volcanic landformsBased on magma/lava flow
Shield - large gently sloping (basaltic magma-Hawaii)
Cinder cone – small from vents near larger volcanoes
Composite – explosive volcanic eruption layers (magma, water, ash, mud flows) Mt. St. Helens
Caldera – top blows, crater-collapses (Yellowstone Crater lake)
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Mauna Kea
Last eruption 4,500 ya
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Iceland
April 14, 2010
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Mt. Fuji
Last eruption 1707, overdue for another
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St. Helens
Last eruption 1980
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Amboy California
Last eruption ~6,000 ya
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Crater Lake Oregon
Last eruption 7,700 ya
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Monitoring Tools
Tiltmeters – expansion/dome of area (balloon
buried under layers of sand/plaster)
Geodimeter – change in horizontal distance via laser
Earthquake frequency – peaks before eruption
Gas emission - via correlation spectrometer “sees sulfur dioxide”
Historical eruptions – written and geologic
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Just for fun…Extraterrestrial Vulcanism Moon (maria) 15 % basaltic lava flows 3-
4 BYA
Mars several shield volcanoes
Venus 1600 large volcanoes, lava flows, and calderas
Io (moon of Jupiter) caused by friction of surface pulled by gravity of Jupiter and other nearby moons.
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Volcano Activities
Volcano Vocabulary worksheet Hawaii lab Google Earth exercise
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/globallists.cfm?listpage=googleearth
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Earthquake Basics - Cause
Strain (in lithosphere)Faults (Cracks)Plate boundaries
Release (of energy)– Volcanic eruption– Cave collapse– Bomb detonation– Meteor impact
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/earthquake-101
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Earthquake Cycle
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Cross Section of an Earthquake
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Where do Earthquakes occur and what can they tell us about plate boundaries?
ArcGIS Earthquake lesson
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Movement/Magnitude of an Earthquake depends on:
The shape of the boundary
The depth of the stress release
The type of rock
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Boundary shape = Fault type
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Review Earthquake Cycle
90% of energy from earthquake results in static deformation (change shape). What accounts for the other 10% of energy?
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Seismic Waves
Body waves
P-wavesS-waves
Surface wavesLove wavesRaleigh waves (view CZ ES1002)
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Seismic Waves
http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/waves/wavemotion.html
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Observation/Recording
seismograph
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World Earthquake Map
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Misawa
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Secondary Hazards
Tsunami - http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/tsunami-101?
source=searchvideo
Landslide - http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/landslides?source=searchvideo
Pyroclastic flow (Nuee Ardentes) - http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/discovery-presents/videos/ultimate-guide-to-
volcanoes-pyroclastic-flow/