WHAT IS THE USER PAYS PRINCIPLE APPROPRIATE FOR? · Seite 1 © Fraunhofer ISI Dr. Claus Doll,...

Seite 1© Fraunhofer ISI

Dr. Claus Doll, Fraunhofer ISI, 2.12.2014

Tr o r e n c e , 2 0 M a y 2 0 1 9

WHAT IS THE USER PAYS PRINCIPLE

APPROPRIATE FOR?



1. Reliability of cost estimates

2. Relevance of external costs

3. Comprehensiveness of accounting

4. Appropriateness of internalization

I ssues

Agenda



Rel iab i l i ty :

Some current issues on the externa l costs

of t ranspor t



The h is to ry o f ex te rna l cos t es t imates :

1995 UIC s tudy to 2018 EC resu l t s

Mode UIC 1995 CE Delft (2018)

€/1000 pkm €Ct./pkm 2015 Rel. PCar €Ct./pkm 2015 Rel. PCar Rel. to UIC1995

Car 87 12,1 100% 8 100% 66%

Bus 38 5,3 44% 2,5 31% 47%

Rail 20 2,8 23% 2,7 34% 97%

Air 48 6,7 55% 3 38% 45%



Di f fe rence in c l imate p r i ces : resu l t s f rom the

German Methodo logy Convent ion 2 .0 and 3 .0

0

100

200

300

400

500

MC 2.0 MC 3.0 MC 2.0 MC 3.0 MC 2.0 MC 3.0

2016 2030 2050

€2

01

6 / t

CO

2-e

q.

Climate costs according to German Methodology Conventions 2.0 (UBA, 2012) and 3.0 (UBA, 2019)

Low Mid High



Relevance:

Rela t ion of externa l costs to user and

in f rast ructure costs



The share o f ex te rna l cos ts a t to ta l de ic is ion -

re levan t cos ts : passenger mob i l i t y

0

1'000

2'000

3'000

4'000

5'000

6'000

7'000

8'000

Pkw ÖPNV Park&Ride Pkw ÖPNV

Pendelstrecke (15 km, 225 Tage p.a.)

Freizeitweg(5 km, 280 Tage p.a.)

Jäh

rlic

he

Ko

ste

n (

Euro

)

M2: Vergleich Pkw Kompakt Benzin Ejuro -3, ÖPNV und Bike&Ride

Umwelt, Klima, Lärm

Verkehrssicherheit

Entgangene Gesundheitsnutzen

Fahr- und Wartezeit

Direkte private Ausgaben

Climate, air & noiseSafetyHealth gainsTravel & wait timeVehicle & Infrastruct.

Comparison mid-size car (Euro-III, gasoline), PT and bike&ride.

Commuter15 km, 250 days/a.

Leisure5 km, 280 days/a.

• Fully external costs (climate, air, noise) < 3% relevant costs

• Safety and health concerns much more relevant

• Steering of even nudging of behavior with cors-driven prices in passenger mobility most likely limited



The regu la t ion o f p r i c ing and regu la t ion on

road f re igh t t ranspor t – no measurab le e f fec t

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Sh

are

at

trip

s/

cap

acit

y

Share of loaded kilometers, all distance bands

Share of loaded kilometers, long-distance haulage

Loading capacity utilization of loaded hauls, all distance bands

Loading capacity utilization, all trips, all distance bands

Year of Lkw-Maut

introduction

82.373.6

65.356.6

47.7

3630.3

25.2 20.9 17.2 14.3 11.9 8.2 6.9 5.9 4.9 4.3

14.7

16.4

16.7

16.2

15.1

13

11.5

10.18.8

7.46

53.3 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.5

310

1827.2

37.1

49.2

48.8

46.3

42.3

37.1

31.6

26

19.315

12.410 8.2

11.9 10.1

1.89.4

18.428

38.246.3

50.1

46.7

39.1

34.1

28.823.6

19.516.1

0.62

7.4

10.3

10.9

10.4

9.4

8.67.8

1 515.1

2634.4

4453

6065.9

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Share of emission standards at the inventory of HGVs >7.5t in Germany

EURO V and better

EURO IV

EURO III

EURO II and inferior + other

EURO II

EURO I

EURO 0 and inferior + other



Comprehensiveness :

Do we consider a l l re levant impacts of mode

and t rave l choices in externa l costs?



L i fe cyc le cons idera t ions o f e lec t r i c veh ic les –

soc ia l impac ts o f ba t te ry p roduc t ion

Strom-erzeug

ung

Fahrzeug-

Produktion

BatterieProdukti

on

ZweiteBatteri

e

Electro-vehicles

Conv.cars

GHG in t CO2e

• Social standards• Water use (Lithium Triangle)• Pollution (China)• Mining accidents (Congo)

• Comprehensive accounting and monetarization of social compacts missing

• Anecdotal knowledge only• Relevance to classical externalities unclear

Source: Francesco Mocellin, CC BY-SA 3.0



I ssues for d iscussion:



Conc lus ions based on the i ssues ra ised

Reliability: rather stable / robust cost estimates. Limited relevance for more sustainable behaviorMissing cost components: need for monetary social accounting

Appropriate application of internalization

• Financing: Infrastructure charges• Upfront investments: new systems• Demand management: congestion tolls• General price signals

Less appropriate application

• Environmental behavior change• Meeting sustainability targets• Efficient funding transaction costs



Thank you

Dr. Claus Doll

Coordinator Business Area Mobility

Fraunhofer Institute für Systems and Innovation Research ung ISI

Breslauer Str. 48, D-76139 Karlsruhe

T: +49 721 6809-354, F: +49 721 6809-135

E: [email protected]

www.isi.fraunhofer.de

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.isi.fraunhofer.de/

WHAT IS THE USER PAYS PRINCIPLE APPROPRIATE FOR? · Seite 1 © Fraunhofer ISI Dr. Claus Doll,...

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