What is a MINERAL? Chapter 3 – Minerals of the Earth A mineral is SOLID NONLIVING (inorganic)...
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Transcript of What is a MINERAL? Chapter 3 – Minerals of the Earth A mineral is SOLID NONLIVING (inorganic)...
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Chapter 3 – Minerals of the Earth
•A mineral is •SOLID•NONLIVING (inorganic) material•found in the Earth•naturally occurring•Definite chemical makeup•Definite crystalline structure
http://youtu.be/rTXSwnkieZc6 min What is a Mineral? Geology Kitchen 1
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What is a MINERAL?What is a MINERAL?•Elements
•Smallest building blocks of matter•Natural substance•Cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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MineralsMost of the minerals of the Earth’s crust are made up of only 8 elements.
Most common elements - •Oxygen•Silicon•Aluminum
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Minerals•Cannot be formed from a living thing - inorganic•Found in nature•Solid
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Feldspar
•Most common mineral in Earth’s crust•Silicon, aluminum, & oxygen
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Quartz•2nd most common mineral in Earth’s crust•Silicon & oxygen
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Crystals•Elements are arranged in a regular pattern
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Groups of MineralsBased on chemical composition
Silicate Minerals Nonsilicate Minerals
Dioptase is hydrous copper silicate, CuSiO2(OH)2. It usually occurs in bright green crystals in the oxidized zones of copper deposits.
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Silicate Minerals•Made of silicon, oxygen, potassium & aluminum•Makes up more than 90% of the Earth’s crust
•Quartz – basic building blocks of many rocks
http://youtu.be/yP6kpQmRShg3 ½ min Silicates Minerals Photos & music Silicates! Color description and Hardness
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•Feldspar – main component of most rocks
Silicate Minerals
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Silicate Minerals•Mica – separate easily into thin sheets
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Nonsilicate Minerals
http://youtu.be/TwgGPtqZnQc5 min Non silicates MineralsPhotos & music only
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Nonsilicate Minerals•Carbonates – Calcite – used in cement/concrete
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Nonsilicate Minerals•Halides – salts – sodium chloride, fluorite
Halite – table salt Fluorite
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Nonsilicate Minerals•Oxides – Corundum - ruby & sapphire (gemstones)
Corundum with calcite
Ruby is the red variety of the corundum mineral, one of the hardest minerals on Earth which also includes Sapphire. Pure corundum is colorless.
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Nonsilicate Minerals•Sulfates – gypsum – used in toothpaste, sheetrock & paint
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Nonsilicate Minerals•Sulfides – galena (lead ore) – used in batteries & medicines
Blue Fluorite with a mirror-like Galena cube sitting atop Quartz matrix
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Georgia’s State MineralStaurolite was designated the official state mineral of Georgia in 1976. Commonly called “fairy crosses” or “fairy stones,” staurolite crystals are common in northern Georgia and are collected as good luck charms.
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Identifying MineralsCOLOR
Easy to observe but not reliable
Green GarnetCavansite
Rhodonite
Tremolite
1
http://youtu.be/cjA2-MrWAVU4 ½ min Identifying Minerals – Geology Kitchen 2
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Identifying MineralsSTREAK
Color of mineral in its powdered formBy rubbing a mineral across a porcelain tile
– it leaves a stripe of color
2
Hematite looks black but leaves red-brown streak.
Pyrite looks yellow-gold but leaves a gray streak.
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Identifying MineralsLUSTER
is the way a mineral reflects lightCan be dull, shiny, greasy, pearly, metallic, or
glassy
3
Garnet is glassy.
Pyrite is metallic.
Talc is greasy.
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Identifying MineralsCRYSTALS
Minerals have different shape or crystal structure
The way crystals are arranged – breaks differently
4
CLEAVAGE – breaks smoothly along a flat surface
FRACTURE – breaks along uneven surfaces - irregular
Obsidian Olivine
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Identifying MineralsHARDNESS
Each mineral has a distinct hardnessMOHS Scale is based on ten common minerals.A harder mineral will scratch a softer mineral.
5
Talc – softest
Diamond - hardest
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Special PropertiesCalcite reacts to simple acid by bubbling.
Magnetite contains iron and is magnetic.
Fluorite glows under ultraviolet light (black light).
Halite has a salty taste.
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Uses of Minerals•ORE is a natural mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for a profit.
Iron ore is mixed with carbon to make steel.
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Aluminum (mineral) comes from the ore bauxite.
Uses of Minerals
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Graphite – pencil “lead”Uses of Minerals
Quartz – used to make glass.
The basic ingredient of glass is silica, which is derived from quartz sand. The silica is heated until it melts, shaped and then rapidly cooled.
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Uses of MineralsGemstones•nonmetallic minerals•highly valuable for their beauty and rarity•COLOR is the most important characteristic for a gemstone.
http://youtu.be/37rI_BWmOI43 min Top 10 Rarest Gemstones
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Epsomite - mineral
Ellison’s Cave – Walker County, GA
http://youtu.be/sMJcC7RISg82 ½ min Ellison’s Cave Rescue
https://youtu.be/LQcWrknL6jU2 min photos of Ellison’s cave
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PowerPoint Presentation2013
M. Brumbaugh - TCMS
Chapter 3 – Minerals of the Earth
http://youtu.be/M4zf0P7zC-k1 ½ min How to grow your own Chemical Garden
http://youtu.be/woOsrIburBo4 min Birthstones and their meanings
http://youtu.be/l4UYX7UMglE4 min What is your Birthstone?
http://youtu.be/XyPR-CiabFM4 min Diamonds – From Mine to Market
http://youtu.be/1_fmgivwQKw3 min Rocks and Minerals
http://youtu.be/ffs4ABGcZ405 min Digging for Amethyst in Australia
http://youtu.be/0wcJ4HPWau09 min The Crystal Collector: "Giant quartz crystals
http://youtu.be/KSACqI1VHH43 min How to Find Gemstones