GENES and DNA

WHAT DOES DNA LOOK LIKE?

HOW DNA WORKS

Genes Chromosomes

Nucleotides: The subunits of DNA

Nucleotide bases

Chargaff´s Rules

Table 4.2. Nitrogen Base Make-Up of Different Organisms’ DNA (in Percentages)

Organism A T G C

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 15.1 14.6 34.9 35.4

Yeast 31.3 32.9 18.7 17.1

Wheat 27.3 27.1 22.7 22.8

Sea Urchin 32.8 32.1 17.7 17.3

Marine crab 47.3 47.3 2.7 2.7

Turtle 29.7 27.9 22.0 21.3

Rat 28.6 28.4 21.4 21.5

Human 30.9 29.4 19.9 19.8

Franklin´s discoveries

Watson and Crick´s ModelWatson Crick

DNA’s double Structure

HOW DNA WORKS

HOW DNA WORKS PACKAGING

chromatin

Histones

(proteins)

chromosomes

MAKING COPIES of DNA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teV62zrm2P0http://bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingResources/MolecularBiology/DNAReplication.swfhttp://www.virtualogos.net/parquevirtual/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=15291

1st

2 nd and 3rd

MAKING COPIES of DNA

4 th

MAKING COPIES of DNA

5 th

MAKING COPIES of DNA

6 th

MAKING COPIES of DNA

MAKING COPIES of DNA

DNA TRANSCRIPTION

DNA TRANSCRIPTION

DNA TRANSCRIPTION

MAKING PROTEINS

MAKING PROTEINS

PA

E

MAKING PROTEINS

MAKING PROTEINSPolypeptide chain

Stop

codon

UAA

AMINOACIDSName 1-Letter Nickname Triplet 3-Letter Nickname

Glycine G GGT,GGC,GGA,GGG Gly

Alanine A GCT,GCC,GCA,GCG Ala

Valine V GTT,GTC,GTA,GTG Val

Leucine L TTG,TTA,CTT,CTC,CTA,CTG Leu

Isoleucine I ATT,ATC,ATA Ileu

Serine S TCT,TCC,TCA,TCG,AGT,AGC Ser

Threonine T ACT,ACC,ACA,ACG Thr

Cysteine C TGT,TGC Cys

Methionine M ATG Met

Glutamic Acid E GAA,GAG Glu

Aspartic Acid D GAT,GAC,AAT,AAC Asp

Lysine K AAA,AAG Lys

Arginine R CGT,CGC,CGA,CGG,AGA,AGG Arg

Asparagine N AAT,AAC Asn

Glutamine Q GAA,GAG Gln

Phenylalanine F TTT,TTC Phe

Tyrosine Y TAT, TAC Tyr

Tryptophan W TGG Trp

Unknown X xxx

Proline P CCT,CCC,CCA,CCG Pro

Terminator * TAA,TAG,TGA End

SOME PROTEINSGAG-TGT-GGT

GLUTATHIONE

Collagen

GGC-CCT-CCC-GCT-CCT-CCC