What Constitutes a Good Animal Facility? 1 Germain Rivard, DVM, PhD [email protected]...
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Transcript of What Constitutes a Good Animal Facility? 1 Germain Rivard, DVM, PhD [email protected]...
1
Institutional Policies and
Responsibilities- Animals- Users- Public- Environment
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Veterinary Medical
Care
4
Physical Plant
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Animal Environment, Housing, and Management
2
22 Basic Room/Area Components
• Animal Holding Room
• Procedures Room
• Surgery Area• Loading Docks [Clean/Dirty]
• Animal Reception
• Feed/Bedding Storage
• Waste Storage
• Waste Disposal
• Washing Room
• Sterilization Room
• Janitorial Closet
• Necropsy
• Office/Reception
• Laundry
• Toilets
• Break & Meeting Rooms• Mechanical/Electrical/Plumbing
• Corridors
• Barriers
• Radiation Shielded / Imaging Suite
3
4
Animal HoldingProcedures
Wash Sterile
VetMedCare
Admin.
Storage
5 Management ToolsPrimary Barrier [MicroEnvironment]
CagingPersonal Protective Equipment [PPE]BioSafety Cabinet [BSC]Local Exhaust Device [LED]
Secondary Barrier [MacroEnv.]BuildingFloorAreaEnclosure
HVACAir VentilationAir PressurizationAir Treatment
Standard Operating Procedures [S.O.P.]
Budget
AirVENTILATION
• Dilution-Removal• Single-Pass
Air
PRESSURIZATION + -
AirTREATMENT
• Filtration• Temperature
• Humidity
HVAC
CAGING
PPEBSCLED
HUSBAND
RYS.O.
P.
Primary BARRIER
Secondary BARRIER
$$$$$$
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AUDIT
• Self / Union
• IACUC Inspection
• USDA
• OPRR
• FDA
• CCAC
• AAALAC
• Energy Audit
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• OHSA
• EPA
• CDC
• ADA
• IATA
• ILAR
• LEED
• GVF
Good Animal FacilityProduction / Research / Testing / Education
Institutional Animal Care & Use Program
Health
Well-being / Comfort
Safety– Data: Output/Outcomes
• 3Rs
– Flexibility– ‘Green’ [Energy-efficiency, Sustainability]
- Animal & OccupationalWelfare
4 Performance Goals
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3Rs
• Replacement– Replace animals with non-sentient alternatives– Use sacrificed animals– Use non-animal models, training videos, online
courses– Find alternatives to animal use
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3Rs
• Refinement– Reduce the stress on experimental animals– Provide Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) [Room+Cage]
– Improve caging, bedding, feed, water– Provide novel environmental enrichment– Use the most updated equipment– Bundling of activities
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3Rs• Reduction
The greater the variability, the greater the number of animals the experimenter must use to detect a given biological change.
– Careful planning of experimental design
– Eliminate variables
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Fig. 1.1-1 Environmental and management factors affecting animal homeostasis. (After Dr. William J. White)
Handbook of Facilities Planning, Vol. 2 Laboratory Animal Facilities, Ed. by Theodorus Ruys, AIA, 1991. 11
Source of Variables
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GENETICStrains
Mutants
Tg, KO
HEALTH Defined Health
Status
ENVIRONMENTALEngineering Controls
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Good Animal FacilityProduction / Research / Testing / Education
Stressors• Noise• Vibration• Population Density• Physical Activity• Social Interaction• Bedding• Nesting• Enrichment
Disturbances• Observations• Intrusions
•Health check•Watering•Feeding•Cage Changing•Handling
• Attitudes• Manipulation• Physical Activity
Conditions• Feed• Water• Light
• Indoor Air Quality [Rm, Cage]• Air Makeup• Temperature• Humidity• Air Composition
•Oxygen•Waste Gases•Odors•Particulates
• Air Velocity• Air Ventilation Efficiency or Mixing• Air Change Rate• Air Pressurization
Environmental Factors as Source of Variables
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5
Air Make-up [Ventilation] Temperature, Humidity, Air composition [O2,CO2,NH3,Odors]
– Fresh Air at 10-15 AC/h, Total-Cooling-Load Calculation Method– Air Pressurization (+, -)– Air Treatment (70-90%, HEPA, or ULPA Filter)
Air Mixing Factor or Diffusion Patterns or Ventilation Efficiency
Mixing factor ranges from 1 for perfect mixing to 10 for poor mixing.
Type, Number, and Location of Air Supply and Exhaust Devices
- to minimize temperature differential and dead air spaces
- to control CO2, NH3, Allergens, Airborne Contaminants
–Recirculation or Dilution-Removal Ventilation
–Single-Pass or Laminar Flow Ventilation14
• Recommended-ACH = Q [exhaust airflow in cubic feet per minute] X 60
V [volume in cubic feet]Minimal ventilation to accommodate the heat load expected to be
generated by the largest number of animals to be housed plus any heat expected to be produced by non-animal sources and heat transfer through room surfaces [Total-Cooling-Load Calculation].
• Required-ACH =
Recommended-ACH X Mixing FactorAdequate ACH to prevent both stagnation and short-circuiting of
air, i.e. passage of air directly from the air supply to the air exhaust.
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How to Determine a Mixing Factor?
• CFD: Predict without resorting to expensive prototyping
• Tracer Gas Simulations: Use rate of decay to calculate AC/h• CO2• SF6
• Neutrally Buoyant Helium Bubble Simulations: Show airflow patterns
• Mechanical Engineer– Smoke Release (Calculate Time for 99% Smoke Removal Efficiency)
Reynolds: 7ppm Isosurfaces of ammonia
SageAction: Clean Room
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Supply120C
Exhaust300C
LocationEquipment Heat LoadsIn/Out Air Conduits/Plenums – Horiz./Vert.Contaminated-Air Recirculation
15 AC/h144 min. for 99% smoke removal efficiency
Poor Mixing Factor [8]17
Supply180C
Exhaust220C
LocationEquipment Heat LoadsIn/Out Air Conduits/Plenums – Horiz./Vert.Contaminated-Air Recirculation
15 ACH7 min. for 99% smoke removal efficiency
Good Mixing Factor [2]18
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The longer the exposure; the higher the number of potential variables!
+/- 0.15 m/s
IVC (Forced-air, Recirculation-Ventilation by Air Balancing)
EVC (HVAC-assist, Single-Pass Airflow by Exhaust Ventilation)
60 ACH20 min. for 99% smoke removal efficiency
20 ACH4 min. for 99% smoke removal efficiency
- 0.02 m/sNear-Perfect Mixing Factor
Poor Mixing Factor
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• Small diameter air valve or nozzle = High Frequency Noise• Turbulences, Drafts, and Dead-Air Spaces = Poor Air Mixing• 20oC [68oF] air moving at 0.3m/s[60 fpm] = Evaporative Cooling Effect of 7oC [12.6oF] +/- 0.5 m/s
• High-Velocity: 0.3 – 0.5 m/s [40-100 fpm ], 60- 120 AC/h+/- 0.3 m/s
• Low-Velocity: 0.02 – 0.15 m/s [4-30 fpm ], 20- 100 AC/h
• Large vent port = No Noise• No Drafts = Fair to Near-Perfect Air Mixing• Low Velocity = No Cooling Effect
+/- 0.1 m/s
+/- 0.15 m/s
- 0.02 m/s
- 0.02 m/s
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• Noise
1. IVC Fan2. Cage Changing Station3. Air supplied through Small Valves4. Room Air Diffuser
√ √ 55 dB
√ √ 84 dB
√ 60 dB
√ 75 dB
Noi
se L
evel
Hig
h-F
req
uen
cy
Low
-Fre
qu
ency
HumanMice
0.02 – 10 – 20 – 30 – 40 – 50 – 60 – 70 – 80 – 90 – 100 kHz
Ultrasound: Echolocation, Alarm calls, Pup distress calls, Social/Sexual interactionsUltrasonic Songs of Male Mice: http://tinyurl.com/7s3te
Timothy E.H. and Zhongsheng G., Depart. of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. PLOS Biology, Vol 3, Issue 12, 2005.
Between 32 and 62 kHz: Repulsive to Rodents ( PestChaser induces auditory stress)Recommended Maximum Noise Level for
Human: BELOW 85 dBRodent: BELOW 50 dBNoise exceeding 83 dB may reduce fertility of rodents
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• Noise• Vibration
2. Environmental Factors
HumanMice
• Vibration
Blowers on wall brackets fail to stop vibration in the cages as it is probably due tothe high-velocity and small volume of air conduits on the rack.
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Static [ SMI ] Ventilated (Forced-Air) IVC Ventilated (Exhaust-Air) EVC
EVC cages did not exacerbate the symptomatology of MHV compared to
SMI and IVC
• Clinical signs, severity of symptoms, and survival are affected by the caging system
• Caution should be applied when extrapolating data from different caging systems
Effect of Caging System on a MHV-model of Experimental Infection
2004, JC Gourdon, DVM, LE Guanzini, LATg, JD Baines, DVM, PhD, MM Bailey, DVM, DACLAM, Cornell University. CARE. Ithaca, NY 14853
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• Enrichment
Joe Garner, PhD, Purdue U., Lafayette, IN 2003, Can we trust research done with lab mice? Discover 24(7): 64-71 2002, Animal models - Can a mouse be standardized? Science, 298 2001, Animal data jeopardized by life behind bars. Nature, 412
Barbering (stereotypy not related to dominance but overcrowding) = Schizophrenia
• Enrichment structures or nest building material [paper towel] that can be ‘shared’ avoid agonistic behaviors and variables
• Burying / Tussling / Biting enrichment devices are aversive and aggressive responses, not play!
• Defensible enrichment devices (shelters) cause territoriality, aggression, and stereotypy
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Prevent the alteration of biological, behavioral, or health status.
1. Provide similar room conditions in the cage. 2. Prevent evaporative cooling effect/avoiding eddys, drafts, dead air spaces. 3. Avoid noise and vibration in the cage. 4. Eliminate recirculation of heat loads, moisture, waste gases, and particulates at
the room and cage levels.5. Preclude expression of stereotypic behaviors (barbering, cannibalism) using
nesting materials, enrichment structures and IAQ.6. Fail to exacerbate the symptomatology of metabolic changes.
Good Animal FacilityProduction / Research / Testing / Education
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Eliminate variables to allowing the production of valid data.
Reduce the number of animals needed for statistical significance.
Flexibility• Conventional
• In/Out
• Barrier• I• II• III• IV
• Containment• ABSL 1• ABSL 2• ABSL 3• ABSL 4
• Mouse• Rodents• Rabbits• Dogs• Non-Human Primates• Multi-Species• Farm Animal• Others
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Multi-Point Exhaust Ventilation
Environmentally-Responsible
• Sustainable / ‘Green’
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Energy Conservation, Water and Waste Reduction
Recognize Green Initiatives that Encourage Sustainable Use of Space, Materials, Resources [Water,Electricity].
A Resource for Green Design & Planning, Reduce Energy and Water Consumption,
Decrease Waste Disposal, Increase Indoor Air Quality.
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Green Vivarium Foundation
Green Practices in Vivaria
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The Green Vivarium Foundation 1st Annual Awards-2008
Best Individual Initiative Carrie Grace, National Jewish Health Biological Resource Center, Denver, CO
Initiated a recycling and energy, water, and waste reduction program Non-secure paper products and water bag [optimize changing periods]
Best Facility NIH Mouse Imaging FacilityConverted to a recyclable cage system that saves energy and space
Best Product or Service Innovive, San Diego, CA [www.disposablecages.com] Innocage and Innorack disposable technology eliminates the need for on-site washing/sterilizing
Save energy, water, and space
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The Green Vivarium Foundation 2nd Annual Awards-2009
Best Individual Initiative Professor Dr. Joerg Schmidt, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
Initiated a Waste Separation Program for Plastics Prevented 69,000 Kg of CO2 production related to transport, shredding, recycling
Best Facility Pfizer, St. LouisLow environmental burden at the landfill during construction Tri-level HVAC mode: Occupied [15 Ach, 12:12], Unoccupied [3 Ach, OFF], Decontamination [0 Ach, OFF]
Best Product or Service Beta Star Life Science Equipment, Honey Brook, PA [www.rvii.com]Enviro Vac: Water Conservation Vacuum system Circulate and re-use water in a condenser tank to save up to 80% of water per cycle
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Energy-Efficient NYSERDA Grant
3 Green Strategies to Save 70% Energy
□ Reduce Animal Space to Air Condition
□ Shift from Dilution-Removal to Single-Pass Ventilation
□ Recover Energy from Exhausted Conditioned Air
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Reduce Animal Space to Air Condition
□6,000 cages: 3,750 sf [1.6] 1,800 sf [5.7]
□Reclaim Space [2,700 sf or 72%]
□ $ Architectural &Engineering [76%]
□ Maintenance [65%]
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Recover Energy from Exhausted Conditioned Air
□ Heat Pump Heat Recovery□ 3,200 cfm/6,004 LED [12 kW] = 65% Recovery
Shift from Dilution-Removal to Multi-Point Exhaust [Single-Pass] Ventilation 12,000 cfm [19 AC/h] 3,200 cfm [9 AC/h]
□Local Exhaust Devices [6,004]□ Exhaust Ventilated Caging System (EVC)□ Downdraft Workstation
□Low-Pressure-Drop System 3 Fabric Air Distribution Ducting Diffusers 64 Manifolded Local Exhaust Devices
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6,000 Cages TraditionalIVC
EVC+LPD, HR
First Cost Savings (%)
$728,250 $175,650
$552,600 (76%)
HVAC & Plug Load [kWh] 356,800 98,800 (72%)
Carbon Footprint: CO2 - Savings
271 tons 75 tons
196 tons
Annual Energy Cost - Savings (%)
$ 88,500 $ 11,652
$76,848 (87%)
Annual Maintenance Cost - Savings (%)
$22,200 $ 7,800
$14,400 (65%)
Annual Husbandry Costs - Savings (%)
$660,000 $576,000
$84,000 (12%)
perDiem/cage Cost - Savings (%)
$0.387
$0.281
$0.106 (26%)
Costs and Benefits of Green Technologies
$232,140/yr
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Wood Molding
RecycledFiber Molding
• Stack-driven
• Lighting
Gas
• Plug-in
ELECTRICITYHEAT
• Air Conditioning
W2E
PEV
Convection
Gasification
Turbine-Generator
Bedding ●● Cage
BioWaste
PPE
Processing
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Reduce the flow of air, water, and waste to help fight global warming Eliminate plastic use to curb oil dependency