WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICA TODAY
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Transcript of WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICA TODAY
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]FO\ OZG \FG EO@KZ GNSAZKNEGN\OI RZKJIGET
OCCGD\ANM \FG LGSGIKREGN\ KC OCZADO \KLOQ;;
AN\ZKLW\AKN
]fo| gnsazknegn|oi rzkjiget ozg occgd|anm |fg lgsgikregn| kc Oczado
|kloq; Oczado twccgzt czke eonq gnsazknegn|oi rzkjiget andiwlanm
lgckzgt|o|akn) lgmzolo|akn onl czomegn|o|akn) lgtgz|acado|akn) |fg iktt
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kc tkai cgz|aia|q) o lzoeo|ad lgdiang onl iktt kc jaklasgzta|q) oaz rkiiw|akn)
onl }o|gz rkiiw|akn. \fgtg rzkjiget fanlgz Oczado czke eohanm
rzkmzgtt }a|f zgmozl |k gdknkead lgsgikregn|. Lwg |k |fg cod| |fo|
|fgtg attwgt ozg nk| cwiiq wnlgzt|kkl) eonq Oczadont fosg jggn lgioqgl
an tkisanm |fg rzkjiget.
LGCKZGT\O\AKN
Lgckzgt|o|akn at |fg digozanm onl lgt|zwd|akn kc ckzgt|t |k fozsgt|
}kkl ckz dkntwer|akn) digoz ionl ckz omzadwi|wzoi wtgt) onl eohg }oq
ckz gvronlanm tg||igegn| czkn|agzt. Oddkzlanm |k |fg Wna|gl No|aknt
Ckkl onl Omzadwi|wzg Kzmonapo|akn &COK!) ckzgt|gl ionl }ot
|zontckzegl an|k omzadwi|wzoi ionl o| andzgotanm zo|gt czke ?16? |k?112. \fgtg dfonmgt eolg wr |}gn|q%casg rgzdgn| kc |fg dfonmgt an
ckzgt| dksgz lwzanm |fat |aeg.
Masgn |fg gv|gntasg iktt kc ckzgt| an zgdgn| qgozt) Oczadon mksgznegn|t
ozg |zqanm |k ollzgtt |fg rzkjige. \fg Namgzaon mksgznegn| at rion|anm
|zggt onl rzgtgzsanm sgmg|o|akn |fo| at no|wzoi |k |fg ozgo. \fzgg
eaiiakn fgd|ozgt fosg oizgolq jggn zgt|kzgl czke ionl |fo| }ot
tgsgzgiq lgmzolgl an rzgsakwt qgozt. An Namgz) twzsgqkzt ckwnl jg|}ggn|gn onl |}gn|q rgzdgn| ekzg |zggt an :227 |fon }gzg tggn |faz|q qgozt
goziagz an |fg toeg ozgo.
LGMZOLO\AKN ONL CZOMEGN\O\AKN
Lgmzolo|akn at |fg |gerkzozq kz rgzeongn| lg|gzakzo|akn an |fg
lgnta|q kz t|zwd|wzg kc sgmg|o|akn dksgz kz trgdagt dkerkta|akn)
zgtwi|anm czke |fg zgeksoi kc rion|t onl |zggt aerkz|on| an |fg iacg
dqdig kc k|fgz trgdagt) czke gzktakn) onl czke k|fgz olsgztg dfonmgt
an |fg ikdoi gnsazknegn|. Lgmzolo|akn at dowtgl jq tgigd|asg ikmmanm
onl jq nk| zgrion|anm oz|acadaoi kz zgmgngzo|anm no|wzoi ckzgt|t. Jg|}ggn
?1=1 onl ?11?) |fg zo|g kc ikmmanm an Oczadon zktg ksgz |faz|q%ckwz
rgzdgn|) dkerozgl }a|f kniq nang|ggn rgzdgn| mikjoiiq.
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]g|ionlt ozg wtgl ckz }kkl) fwn|anm) catfanm) ionl ckz dzkrt onl
rot|wzg) onl fgir }a|f owacgz zgdfozmanm onl cikkl dkn|zki. ]g|ionlt
oitk rzksalg foja|o|t ckz eamzo|kzq jazlt onl k|fgz kzmonatet.
Lgmzolo|akn kc |fgtg }g|ionlt at nk| lwg |k rkrwio|akn mzk}|f kc
rksgz|q) jw| |k eklgzn lgsgikregn|) iahg |fg jwailanm kc eo`kz loet
onl zasgzt.
Lgmzolo|akn kddwzt kniq }fgzg od|aknt igol |k loeomanm oi|gzo|aknt |k
|fg tkai tqt|ge onl |k rion| dksgz. \fg loeomg |k |fg tkai tqt|ge
dkegt czke gzktakn kz czke rfqtadoi onl dfgeadoi dfonmgt an |fg tkai
a|tgic. An lzq%ionl ozgot) gzktakn jq }anl kz }o|gz at o tgsgzg rzkjige
jgdowtg |fg tkai at no|wzoiiq |fan. \fg tkait tik} zo|g kc lgsgikregn|
eohgt egnlanm |fg tkai dkeriado|gl. \fat |qrg kc gzktakn eohgt wrgamf|q%tav rgzdgn| kc |fg |k|oi lgmzolo|akn kc lzq%ionl ozgot an Twj%
Tofozon Oczado8 |fg k|fgz roz| dkegt czke |fg iktt kc nw|zagn|t ozatanm
czke |kk ewdf cozeanm onl nk| gnkwmf cgz|aiapo|akn.
]fgzgot czomegn|o|akn ozatgt czke zkol dknt|zwd|akn onl taeaioz
fweon an|zwtaknt an ckzgt| ozgot8 a| igosgt ckzgt| glmgt swingzojig |k
andzgotgl lgmzolo|akn |fzkwmf dfonmgt an eadzk%diaeo|gt) iktt kc
no|asg trgdagt onl |fg ansotakn kc oiagn trgdagt) onl cwz|fgz
lat|wzjondgt jq fweon jganmt. Lgmzolo|akn onl czomegn|o|akn eohgt
wr ewdf iozmgz ozgo |fon lkgt lgckzgt|o|akn. \fgq oitk fosg o mzgo|gz
aerod| kn |fg lasgzta|q kc onaeoit onl rion| iacg.
LGTGZ\ACADO\AKN
Lgtgz|acado|akn at |fg gndzkodfegn| kc lgtgz| dknla|aknt kn ekat|gz
pkngt oiknm |fg lgtgz| eozmant) }fgzg rion| dksgz onl tkait ozg
|fzgo|gngl jq lgtaddo|akn% |fzkwmf ksgzwtg) an roz| jq fweont onl
|fgaz lkegt|ad onaeoit) onl) rkttajiq) an roz| jgdowtg kc angvkzojig
tfac|t an |fg dgn|zoi mksgznegn|. \fg eoan dowtgt kc lgtgz|acado|akn
ozg fweon od|asa|agt onl dfonmgt an diaeo|g. Lzq%ionl gdktqt|get)
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dksgzanm ksgz kng%|fazl kc |fg }kzilt ionl ozgo) ozg twtdgr|ajig |k ksgz
onl anorrzkrzao|g wtg) }fadf dowtgt lgtgz|acado|akn.
Lgtgz|acado|akn fot fa| Oczado fozlgz |fon onq k|fgz dkn|angn| an |fg
}kzil. \}k%|fazlt kc Oczado at ozal kz tgea%ozal) tk eonq rgkrig coze|fg lzq) eozmanoi ionlt an Oczado. Masgn |fg iodh kc mkkl coze ionl an
Oczado) eozmanoi) tgea%ozal ionlt ozg kc|gn dknsgz|gl an|k coze onl
zondf ionlt. \fgtg cozet ozg |qradoiiq wtgl |k egg| ikdoi dkntwer|akn
ngglt ot }gii ot |k mgngzo|g gvrkz|t. ]faig wngsgn ionl wtg fot
zgtwi|gl an rk}gz laccgzgndgt oeknm mzkwrt kc rgkrig) |fg zgoi
rzkjiget ozg nk} dkeanm czke |fg lgtgz|acado|akn kc |fg dknsgz|gl
cozet. An Twj%Tofozon Oczado ksgz |fg rot| cac|q qgozt) ksgz :=2)222
eaigt kc cozeanm onl mzopanm ionlt fosg jggn |wzngl an|k lgtgz|. Ekt|kc |fat lgtgz|acado|akn fot jggn dowtgl jq diaeo|ad ciwd|wo|aknt8
oi|fkwmf tkeg kc a| fot iahgiq jggn ot o zgtwi| kc ksgzmzopanm)
}kkldw||anm) tkai gvfowt|akn) onl eatwtg kc |fg ionl.
IKTT KC TKAI CGZ\AIA\Q
Oddkzlanm |k |fg Ckzgt| Lgsgikregn| Ant|a|w|g &ALC!) |fg nkn%t|kr
jwznanm kc ckzgt|t) ekt|iq jq rgkrig |zqanm |k digoz ionl ckz fwn|anm) atfwz|anm |fg cgz|aia|q kc tkait an tkeg roz|t kc Oczado. Eonq rgkrig an zwzoi
ozgot rwzrktgcwiiq jwzn |fg lzq mzottgt an cagilt wtgl ckz rion|anm) jw|
tkeg kc |fgtg cazgt ozg oitk tg| jq rgkrig nk| |fanhanm }faig |kttanm
jwznanm damozg||gt an|k |fg lzq mzott. \fgtg ozgot kc Oczado ozg oitk
fosanm rzkjiget }a|f lgckzgt|o|akn jgdowtg kc |fg eonwcod|wzanm kc
}kkl onl dkoi.
LZOEO\AD LGDIANG ONL IKTT JAKLASGZTA\Q
Jaklasgzta|q at |fg |k|oi sozag|q kc rion| onl onaeoi trgdagt an o
roz|adwioz riodg8 oitk hnk}n ot jakikmadoi lasgzta|q. An ?17=) Mfono
fol ojkw| 6.4 eaiiakn fgd|ozgt kc ckzgt|ionl) jw| kniq ?.: eaiiakn ozg
igc| |kloq. Oczadon ckzgt| zgtgzsgt dkn|oan ksgz tgsgn%fwnlzgl laccgzgn|
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|qrgt kc |zkradoi |zggt ot }gii ot eonq gnlonmgzgl trgdagt andiwlanm
|faz|q%ckwz rion|t) |faz|ggn eoeeoit) |}gn|q%|fzgg jw||gzciagt) onl
gamf| jazlt }fadf ozg oii gnlonmgzgl. Lwzanm eananm) |knt kc |fg goz|ft
ionl at tdkkrgl wr an kzlgz |k mg| |k |fg kzg. \fat rzkdgtt dowtgt |fg
ionl |k iktg a|t jaklasgzta|q. \fg iktt kc ckzgt|ionl fot zglwdgl |fg igsgi
kc jaklasgzta|q an Mfono.
\fg rzkjiget oitk don jg ckwnl an }o|gz tkwzdgt. Jgdowtg kc |fg wtg kc
|kvad dfgeadoit jq tgsgzoi eananm dkeronagt) |fg jklagt kc }o|gz |fo|
rzksalg eaiiaknt kc Oczadont }a|f lzanhanm }o|gz ozg jganm lgt|zkqgl.
Antwccadagn| od|aknt |k mwozl omoant| lgckzgt|o|akn) ionl lgsot|o|akn)
onl |fg zgigotg kc |kvad eo|gzaoit an|k }o|gz jklagt onl |fg
gnsazknegn| czke eananm ozg igolanm |k |fg gv|gzeano|akn kc tkegtrgdagt kc rion|t onl onaeoit. Rion| iacg at lgt|zkqgl) t|zgoet ozg
rkiiw|gl }a|f fopozlkwt dfgeadoit kz ozg lgt|zkqgl) onl onaeoit fosg
|k igosg |fgaz no|wzoi foja|o| |k tocg ozgot.
Gsgn }a|f omzggegn|t iahg |fg Dknsgn|akn kn An|gzno|aknoi \zolg an
Gnlonmgzgl Trgdagt kc Cikzo onl Cowno &DA\GT!) |fg fwn|anm kc
gigrfon|t) zfankdgzktgt) onl oiiamo|kzt at t|aii o hgq laigeeo an tkeg
Oczadon dkwn|zagt. \fg ekt| tgzakwt kc oii at |fg iktt kc jazl jaklasgzta|q
jgdowtg rkiiw|akn at lgt|zkqanm |fgaz foja|o|t.
Ckkl tkwzdgt an Oczado andiwlanm rzk|gan) dozjkfqlzo|gt) onl sa|oeant
zgtwi| czke jaklasgzta|q. Dkeewna|agt |fo| ozg ikdo|gl ngoz }o|gz
jklagt) zgiq kn |fg lasgzta|q kc |fgtg }o|gzt ckz catfanm ot }gii ot wtanm
|fg }o|gz ckz zgdzgo|aknoi od|asa|agt. \fgzg at o t|zknm nggl |k rzk|gd|
Oczadot jaklasgzta|q czke gv|and|akn ot sozakwt gdknkead od|asa|agt
dkn|anwg |k jg o |fzgo|.
OAZ RKIIW\AKN
Twj%Tofozon Oczado at kng kc |fg igot| wzjonapgl zgmaknt an |fg }kzil)
jw| |fg wzjon rkrwio|akn an Oczado at mzk}anm sgzq zoraliq. ]a|f |fat
mzk}|f dkegt rkiiw|akn. Rksgz|q t|zadhgn da|apgnt an Oczado) roz|adwioziq
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an |fg wzjon rkrwio|akn) ozg ekt| ngmo|asgiq aerod|gl jq rkkz oaz)
}o|gz) onl ionl woia|q. \fg dowtgt kc oaz rkiiw|akn ozg ewi|arig.
Jgdowtg eonq fkwtgfkilt ozg wtanm dfozdkoi kz }kkl ckz gngzmq) |fg
oekwn| kc dozjkn lakvalg rzklwdgl jq Oczadon da|agt fot jggn kn |fg
zatg. \fg ?11? mikjoi mzggnfkwtg geattaknt kc Tkw|f Oczado) Poazg) onl
Namgzao zonhgl |fge oeknm |fg |kr cac|q dkwn|zagt an |gzet kc |fgaz
dkn|zajw|akn. \fg rgkrig |fo| iasg an Oczado ozg gvrktgl |k anlkkz onl
kw|lkkz oaz rkiiw|akn |fo| don dowtg eonq laccgzgn| fgoi|f rzkjiget.
\fg anlkkz rkiiw|akn roz|iq dkegt czke |fg andzgotgl wtg kc }kkl onl
dfozdkoi an dkkhanm.
]O\GZ RKIIW\AKNO jam dowtg kc |fg rkiiw|akn kc |fg }o|gz an Oczado at |fo| |fgq oddgr| |fg
tkial }ot|g czke |fg Wna|gl T|o|gt) |fg Gwzkrgon Wnakn) onl @oron.
Oczado at roal ckz oddgr|anm |fg }ot|g) jw| |fgq ozg nk| ojig |k |zgo| a|
rzkrgziq |k eohg a| nkn%fozecwi |k |fg gnsazknegn| onl |k |fg rgkrig
kc Oczado.
Oddgtt |k }o|gz |fo| at digon at o rzkjige |fzkwmfkw| Oczado. ]o|gz at
rkiiw|gl ekt|iq jq fweon }ot|g. Latgotgt iahg |qrfkal) dfkigzo) onllaozzfgo dkeg czke dkn|oeano|gl }o|gz. ]o|gz rkiiw|akn at |fg zgotkn
ckz eonq ancon| ekz|oia|q zo|gt onl fgoi|f rzkjiget kc rgkrig kc oii
omgt.
DKNDIWTAKN
An eq zgtgozdf) A fosg ckwnl |fo| |fg gnsazknegn|oi rzkjiget an Oczado
ozg |kwmfgz |fon A }kwil fosg gsgz aeomangl. \fg rzkjiget ozg
gv|gnlanm czke tk eonq lasgztg zgotknt onl kzamant.
\fg eoan rzkjiget Oczado at codanm |kloq ozg lgckzgt|o|akn) lgmzolo|akn
onl czomegn|o|akn) lgtgz|acado|akn) |fg iktt kc tkai cgz|aia|q) o lzoeo|ad
lgdiang onl iktt kc jaklasgzta|q) oaz rkiiw|akn) onl }o|gz rkiiw|akn.
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\fgtg rzkjiget fanlgz Oczado czke eohanm rzkmzgtt }a|f zgmozl |k
gdknkead lgsgikregn|. Lwg |k |fg cod| |fo| |fgtg attwgt ozg nk| cwiiq
wnlgzt|kkl) eonq Oczadont fosg jggn lgioqgl an tkisanm |fg rzkjiget.
\fg Ionl lgmzolo|akn) taeaioziq) at o eo`kz }kzzq ckz 4: dkwn|zagt anOczado andiwlanm Doegzkkn) Gza|zgo onl Mfono. K|fgz rzkjiget andiwlg
lgtgz|acado|akn) an Jwzhano Cotk) Dfol) Hgnqo onl Namgz oeknm k|fgzt ot
}gii ot }o|gz t|zgtt) zatanm rkiiw|akn onl dkranm }a|f zoral wzjonapo|akn.
Oczado at iktanm ekzg |fon ckwz eaiiakn fgd|ozgt kc ckzgt| gsgzq qgoz)
|}adg |fg }kzilt osgzomg lgckzgt|o|akn zo|g. Egon}faig) tkeg ozgot
odzktt |fg dkn|angn| ozg toal |k jg iktanm ksgz 72 eg|zad |knngt kc tkai
rgz fgd|ozg rgz qgoz) oitk tfk}t |fo| gzktakn onl dfgeadoi onl rfqtadoi
loeomg fosg lgmzolgl ojkw| 37 ' kc |fg dkn|angn|t cozeionlt. An
olla|akn) tiotf onl jwzn omzadwi|wzg) dkwrigl }a|f |fg famf kddwzzgndg
kc iamf|nanm odzktt Oczado) at |fkwmf| |k jg zgtrkntajig ckz }ail cazgt.
Ksgz 422 eaiiakn rgkrig kn |fg dkn|angn| oizgolq codg }o|gz tdozda|q)
onl ozgot gvrgzagndanm }o|gz tfkz|omgt an Twj%Tofozon Oczado ozg
gvrgd|gl |k andzgotg jq oiekt| o |fazl jq :272.
Diaeo|g dfonmg at gegzmanm ot o lzasanm ckzdg jgfanl eonq kc |fgtg
rzkjiget onl at iahgiq |k an|gntacq |fg oizgolq lzoeo|ad |zontckzeo|aknt
|ohanm riodg odzktt |fg dkn|angn|.
Oi|fkwmf Oczado rzklwdgt kniq < ' kc |fg }kzilt |k|oi dozjkn lakvalg
geattaknt) a|t anfoja|on|t ozg rkatgl |k twccgz latrzkrkz|akno|giq czke
|fg dkntgwgndgt kc mikjoi diaeo|g dfonmg.
Oczadot doroda|q |k olor| |k diaeo|g dfonmg at zgio|asgiq ik}) }a|f
rzk`gd|gl dkt|t gt|aeo|gl |k zgodf o| igot| 7%?2 ' kc MLR.
Jq0 Dfaozo.
