PROBLEMS PROBLEMS AFFECTING AFFECTING POULTRY POULTRY FARMSFARMS

Classification accordingClassification according

I. Aim of production

Broilers Breeders Layers

1. Mortalities (SGP, E. coli,Aspergillosis & omphalitis, ND, AI) (They affecting birds from 1-3 wks of

age).2. Respiratory problem (CCRD, IB).3. Enteric problem (Coccidiosis).4. Immuno-suppression (CIA, IBD &

IBH).

BROILERS

1. Egg production (quantity & quality).

2. Cage layer paralysis (fatigue).

3. Internal parasites (Ascaridia & Cestodes).

4. Immunosuppression.

5. Mortalities (ND, FC).

6. Enteritis.

7. External parasites.

8. Tumers.

layers

1. Decrease egg production.2. Fertility, hatchability & embryonic mortality.3. Vertical diseases (SGP , E. coli, MG, AE,

Adeno & ALC).4. Arthritis.5. Immuno-suppression.6. Mortalities.7. Enteritis (Colistridial infection)8. Parasitism. 9. Tumers

Breeders

II. The cause

Infectious Non-infectious

•Bacterial•Viral•Mycotic•Parasitic

Managemental•Temperature•Humidity•Ammonia•Ventilation•Water•Light

Nutritional•Deficiency•Imbalance•Excess•Toxicity (mycotoxins & drugs)

ParasiticRed mite

Internal parasiteCoccidiosis

ViralAEMDILT

CELOTRT & SHS

BacterialSalmonellosis

MycoplasmosisIC

ColibacillosisPasteurellosis

birds birds at the at the peakpeak

1.Temperature (25°C).1.Temperature (25°C).

2.Humidity (80 ± 5%)2.Humidity (80 ± 5%)

3.Light (16-17 hr)3.Light (16-17 hr)

4.Water4.Water

5. Nutrition Nutrition

a. Quantitya. Quantity b. Quality b. Quality

6. Medication6. Medication

7. Floor density.7. Floor density.

Infectious ND, IB & EDS

Watery albumin (IB). Blood or meat spots (mycotoxins). Fish odour (fish meal).

►Thin or shell-less eggs (ND, IB, mycotoxins, Ca, p &/or vit. D def. or imbalance).►Uneven calcification (EDS and ↑Ca).►Very small size (ND, IB, EDS and ↓↓ protein).

Prevention and controlPrevention and control♣ Correction of management and environment. ♣ Mycotoxins: (prevention & control).♣ Infectious causes:

Viral : Usage of preventive vaccination programs (inactivated

3-4 wks before egg production as ND, IB, EDS & SHS).

Bacterial: Antibiotics treatment acc. to sensitivity test. Use of competitive exclusives. Bacterins: e.g. FC & IC.

Fertility, Hatchability and Embryonic mortality

Accepted hatchability in LIGHT breeds is 90-92% while in HEAVY breads is 88%.

Stages of Embryo Stages of Embryo development and development and related mortalitiesrelated mortalities

EarlyEarly0-4 day old0-4 day old

MiddleMiddle5-17 day old5-17 day old

LateLate18-21 day old18-21 day old

stagestageMembraneMembrane

(0-48hr)(0-48hr)

Blood Blood ring ring

(2-4Ds)(2-4Ds)

Black eyeBlack eye

(5-10Ds)(5-10Ds)

FeatherFeather

(11-17DS) (11-17DS)

Development of all Development of all body organsbody organs..

MR%MR%2-3% (high)2-3% (high)0.8-1%0.8-1%3-4% (high)3-4% (high)

Examine 1000 eggs (4 trays) from different hatchery sitesExamine 1000 eggs (4 trays) from different hatchery sites

not hatched Eggs hatched

Intact

1-2%Pipped

2%

Good quality

Count& sold Culled & count

Cracked

in hatchery seeting or tansfere

Clear 7-8% not 2%

LowLow hatchabilityhatchabilityEmbryonic mortalities Infertility

Embryonic deathsI- Early embryonic deaths (weak germ): Old males. Nutritional def. (vit. A, E and water

soluble vitamins). Bad egg handling. Egg contamination. Improper prolonged condition in the

setter (temp. & RH). Insufficient males.

II- Late embryonic deaths1. False egg position in setter

(pointed end upward)→ mal-position of embryo→ head not directed to the air cell→ asphyxia.

2. Nutritional def. (vit. B complex) → mal-position.

3. ↑ temp &↓ RH →different head position →no air to the embryo.

4. Infection of the eggs from breeders or setter.

How to deal with this How to deal with this problemproblem??

I- Flock problem (egg contamination or chronic nutritional def.) is difficult to be solved, but:

Exclude cull males. Replace old males with youngs. Treat leg problems. Correct the ration.

II- Machine problem (improper SETTING condition and contamination).

1) Formalin fumigation {24 hr before egg setting, then good aeration}.

2) Good egg handling:

a) Rapid and daily collection of eggs [3 times /day].

b) Cleaning of slightly soiled eggs.

c) Discard cracked and heavily soiled eggs.

d) Nests should be under light.

e) Sufficient bedding of the nest.

Respiratory Disease Respiratory Disease ComplexComplex

Economic importance:► High mortalities. eg. ND, FC & AI.

► Medication costs.

► Drastic drop in egg production. eg. ND

► change in egg ext. and int. egg quality eg. ND & IB.

► Reduction in hatchability and fertility. eg. Mycoplasmosis.

► Inferior carcass quality eg. CCRD.

Predisposing Predisposing factors:factors:

A.A. Bad ventilationBad ventilation (ammonia & dust).(ammonia & dust).

B.B. Immuno-sppressionImmuno-sppression..

C.C. Living vaccines Living vaccines ( e.g ( e.g spray)spray)

I. Clinico-pathological

LowerLower• Coughing & rales

e.g MG & ILT

UpperUpper• Sneezing, rhinitis,

conjunctivitis & sinusitise.g IC

E.Coli

MG

IC

ORT

Chlamydiosis

Salmonellosis

ND

IB

ILT

TRT&SHS

QB

AI

REO

POX

AspergillosisSyngamiasis

Vit. A def.

General signs:General signs: Sneezing, nasal discharge, Sneezing, nasal discharge, gasping, coughing, rals, swellinggasping, coughing, rals, swelling of sinuses, conjunctivitis and of sinuses, conjunctivitis and facial odema.facial odema. loss of body weight, mortalities loss of body weight, mortalities and decrease in egg productionand decrease in egg production..

General post mortem General post mortem lesions:lesions:

♦ Laryngitis, sinusitis, tracheitis Laryngitis, sinusitis, tracheitis (catarrhal to haemorrhagic).(catarrhal to haemorrhagic).♦ Lung congestion and pneumonia.Lung congestion and pneumonia.♦ Airsacculitis (catarrhal to fibrinous).Airsacculitis (catarrhal to fibrinous).

Specific program for Specific program for prevention of this complexprevention of this complex..

Application of preventive vaccinal program.

Genetic selection of resistant breeds.Application of viable serological tests for detection of chronic carriers to prevent transmission of egg borne diseases (Salmonella rapid whole blood agglutination test, mycoplasma serum plate agglutination test ).Application of preventive vaccines. e.g. FC & ICRoutine antibacterial and antimycoplasmal drugs.Egg treatment in mycoplasma infected eggs.

Good preservation of feed stuff to avoid fungal growth.Good preservation of feed stuff to avoid fungal growth.

Adjust humidity and temp. to keep litter dry.Adjust humidity and temp. to keep litter dry.

Good balanced ration.Good balanced ration.

In addition to:In addition to:☼ Avoid stress factors (ammonia, dust and ventilation).Avoid stress factors (ammonia, dust and ventilation).☼ All in – all out.All in – all out.☼ Avoid mechanical transmission.Avoid mechanical transmission.☼ Thorough cleaning & disinfection Thorough cleaning & disinfection

Economic importance:

◘ High mortality. e.g coccidiosis.◘ Poor feed conversion & loss of weight. eg

Enteroviruses infections.◘ Down grading and rejected carcasses. eg Enteroviruses

infections.◘ Severe drop in egg production. eg ND. ◘ Lowering fertility and hatchability e.g salmonellosis◘ Immuno-suppression →↑susceptibility to other

infections◘ Medication cost.

Stress factors Stress factors predispose for enteric predispose for enteric

diseasesdiseases Malnutrition e.g. unbalanced ration or vitamin deficiency specially vit. A.

Parasitism.

Sudden change in the ration.

Vaccination with living vaccines. Transportation.

Chilling, air drafts or over heating.

Classification acc. to the Classification acc. to the etiologyetiology

ND, AI and enteric viral infections (Reo, ND, AI and enteric viral infections (Reo, Adeno, Calici and Corona viruses).Adeno, Calici and Corona viruses).

Clostridial infections, salmonellosis, Clostridial infections, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, tuberculosis, colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, tuberculosis, chlamydiosis and campylobacteriosis.chlamydiosis and campylobacteriosis.

All internal parasites (helminthes and All internal parasites (helminthes and protozoa).protozoa).

Vit A def.& mycotoxicosis.Vit A def.& mycotoxicosis.

ViralViral

BacterialBacterial

ParasiticParasitic

Non infectiousNon infectious

Clinico- pathological Clinico- pathological picture:picture:* * DiarrheaDiarrhea watery or mucoid, watery or mucoid, greenish, sulfer coloured, white or greenish, sulfer coloured, white or reddish coloured.reddish coloured.Cattarrhal, heamorrhagic or even Cattarrhal, heamorrhagic or even ulcerative enteritis. ulcerative enteritis.

Preventive Preventive measuresmeasures1.1. Strict sanitary measures.Strict sanitary measures.

2.2. Strong cleaning and disinfection.Strong cleaning and disinfection.3.3. Strengthen the host position through:Strengthen the host position through: Selection of resistant breeds.Selection of resistant breeds. Improved nutrition.Improved nutrition. Vaccination.Vaccination. Prophylactic therapy. Prophylactic therapy. Competitive exclusion & probiotic (in case of E. coli Competitive exclusion & probiotic (in case of E. coli

and salmonellosis), these compounds inhibit the and salmonellosis), these compounds inhibit the growth of enteric organisms through competition on growth of enteric organisms through competition on the attachment receptor sites or production of acids.the attachment receptor sites or production of acids.

4.4. Feed decontamination (physically or chemically).Feed decontamination (physically or chemically).

In case of out breakIn case of out break

1.1. Separate diseased from healthy birds.Separate diseased from healthy birds.

2.2. All feed & water troughs should be All feed & water troughs should be thoroughly cleaned & disinfected.thoroughly cleaned & disinfected.

3.3. Hygienic disposal of dead birds, Hygienic disposal of dead birds, droppings and litters of infected houses.droppings and litters of infected houses.

4.4. Prevent traffic of birds in & out the farm.Prevent traffic of birds in & out the farm.

5.5. Antibiotic or anti-parasitic treatments. Antibiotic or anti-parasitic treatments.

Economic importance:Economic importance:

1.1. Inability to stand → can not reach to Inability to stand → can not reach to food & water sites → loss of weight food & water sites → loss of weight & drop in egg production.& drop in egg production.

2.2. High mortalities.High mortalities.

3.3. ↓ ↓ in fertility and hatchability in in fertility and hatchability in breeders.breeders.

CAUSESCAUSES1. Bacterial

SalmonellosisParatyphoidChronic FC

Chronic E. coliMS

Staph and streptSpiroketosis

TB

2 .Nutritional

Ca, ph &/ or vit D def.

or imbalance

B complex

Mineral def (Mn, Zn, ..etc)

Articular gout

Vit. A def.

3.3. ViralViral

ReoReo

ALC (osteopetrosis)ALC (osteopetrosis)

4. Mycotoxins

Aflatoxins

Ochratoxins

T2 toxins

Fuserium

I- Diseases affecting the jointsI- Diseases affecting the joints

II- Diseases affecting. Nervous System

CNS Peripheral nerves

BacterialParatyphoid

ViralNDAIAE

NutritionalVit E def

BacterialBotulism

ViralMDREV

NutritionalVit B1 defVit B2 def

ND, AI, Chro FC

Vit E

I. JointsI. Joints1. Unilateal and/or bilateral, hot, painful and swelling 1. Unilateal and/or bilateral, hot, painful and swelling

oedematous joints (hook, toe, hip wings).oedematous joints (hook, toe, hip wings).

2. Lameness or inability to stand→ starvation, thirst 2. Lameness or inability to stand→ starvation, thirst & death.& death.

II. CNSII. CNSTremors, convulsions, incoardination, Tremors, convulsions, incoardination,

summersaulting, torticollis, opistotonus, rearing, summersaulting, torticollis, opistotonus, rearing, move in circle, paresis and paralysis.move in circle, paresis and paralysis.

B. Peripheral nervesB. Peripheral nervesAcc. To the affected nerve ( sciatic, brachial, Acc. To the affected nerve ( sciatic, brachial,

cervical).cervical).

REO, MS, FC, STAPH, SALM.

☻ Arthritis (swollen joints with erosion and Arthritis (swollen joints with erosion and necrosis of atricular cartilage).necrosis of atricular cartilage).

☻ Presence of purulent or bloody exudate and Presence of purulent or bloody exudate and sometimes chalky materials in the joint sometimes chalky materials in the joint cavity.cavity.

☻ Uni or bilateral thickening of the nerves with Uni or bilateral thickening of the nerves with loss of their cross striation.loss of their cross striation.

☻ Congestion, haemorrhages and necrosis of Congestion, haemorrhages and necrosis of the brain. the brain.

Causes:

Feed related factorsFeed related factors

1.Mycotoxins.

2.Chronic nutritional defeciancy (Vit A, E, B complex and protein).

3.Chemicals (pesticides and antibiotics).

1.1. IBDIBD

2.2. CIACIA

3.3. MDMD

4.4. ALCALC

5.5. REVREV

All these viruses cause perminant distruction of primary lymphoid organs { thymus & bursa} and consequantly affect on both cell mediated and humoral immune response.

MICROBIAL FACTORS COUSING IMMUNOSUPPRESION

Microbial factors causing temprory immunosuppression

Viral

Adeno

AI

ND

Bacterial

Salmonella

Mycoplasma

Fungal

Aspergilli Parasitic

Cryptosporidia

CoccidiaEnviromental

Heat, cold, molting,RH, temp

oIncreased susceptibility to infections.

oVaccination failure.

oPoor feed conversion & lower body weight.

oDecrease egg production.

oMortalities.

1.Genetic selection. 2.Biosecurity.3.Passive immunization from

dams to young or direct immune sera to young.

4.Recombinant or sub unit vaccines.

5.Using of immunostimmulators or potentiators.

ImmunostimmulatorsImmunostimmulators

Thymic factor

BCG

Corynbacteria

Fowl Pox

Staph & Strep

Vit E&A

Organic acids

Freund’s adjuv.

Levamisol