What are the 4 branches of Science?1. Biology

Study of life

2. ChemistryStudy of composition of matter

3. PhysicsStudy of forces and motion

4. Earth ScienceStudy of the Earth and its

surroundings

Four Branches of Earth Science

GeologyStudy of the solid earth

OceanographyStudy of the oceans

MeteorologyStudy of the atmosphere and weather

AstronomyStudy of the universe

4 Earth’s Spheres

1. Hydrosphere = all earth’s water…everywhere.

2. Atmosphere = all the air surrounding earth

3. Geosphere = all of the solid earth

4. Biosphere = all living things on earth

Determining Location

Latitude – distance N or S of equator measured in degreesLines run east and westMeasures distances N & S0º = equator90º = poles

Determining Location

Longitude – distance E or W of the Prime Meridian measured in degreesLines run N and SMeasures distances E & W0º = Prime Meridian…Greenwich, Eng.180º = International Date Line

MapsProjecting from a round earth/globe onto a flat map will always produce some type of distortion…

Land & distances at the poles are greatly enlarged

Land & distances at the equator are normal

Topographic Maps (Contour Maps)

Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D.Shows elevations by contour lines (lines of

equal elevation)Contour interval – elevation difference

between adjacent linesScale – a distance on the map = a distance

on the surface (ratio, bar, verbal)Legend/key – explains symbols on the map

Latitude and Longitude

Written as follows: 118°00’00” meaning 118 degrees, 0 minutes, and 0 seconds.31°30’15” = 31 degrees, 30 minutes, and 15 seconds.Remember that minutes and seconds only go to 60…not 100!Always connect the top/bottom and left/right lines of lat or long

Rules of Contour Lines

Never cross

“Vs” point upstream

Closely spaced lines = steep land

Farther spaced lines = flatter land

Form closed loops

Atoms

Atom – the first man

Atom – smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of the elementAre neutralEqual #s protons and electrons

Atom PartsProtons – positively charged1 amu = massFound in nucleus

Neutrons – no charge (neutral)1 amu = massFound in nucleus

Electrons – negatively chargedVery little massOutside of nucleus in energy levels

Atomic number – # of protons in the nucleusSequentially numbered

Mass number - # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Isotope – atom with same # of protons but a different # of neutronsUsed for dating rocks/fossils/etc EX: 12C and 14C

Ion – atoms that gained or lost electrons giving them a charge (+ or -)

Mixtures, Solutions, CompoundsMixture – combination of substances… Components don’t lose identities Easy to separate components Not in a set ratio

Solutions – special type of mixture

Compounds – 2 or more elements chemically combined Components do lose their identity Components can’t be separated out easily Components in a specific, set ratio

Atomic Bonds

Atoms without a full outer energy level are likely to bond chemically…3 types:

1. Ionic – formed when electrons are transferred between atoms

- between metals and non-metals

2. Covalent – when electrons are shared between the atoms of non-metals

3. Metallic – when electrons are shared by all the metal ions on the surface of the “stuff”