Westward MovementWestward Movement

By 1850-no stopping expansionBy 1850-no stopping expansion Quadrupling of size and populationQuadrupling of size and population More than ½ the population lived west of More than ½ the population lived west of

original 13 statesoriginal 13 states

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Term coined by John O’Sullivan to Term coined by John O’Sullivan to describe westward movementdescribe westward movement

Belief that America destined to control the Belief that America destined to control the lands from Coast to Coastlands from Coast to Coast Young America movementYoung America movement

• Combination of pride, missionary zeal and racist Combination of pride, missionary zeal and racist attitudesattitudes

Oregon CountryOregon Country

11stst major movement major movement Land jointly occupied with BritishLand jointly occupied with British Oregon Fever (1833) Oregon Fever (1833)

Starts as missionary movementStarts as missionary movement Oregon TrailOregon Trail

By 1869, 350,000 migratedBy 1869, 350,000 migrated Demanded government protectionDemanded government protection

• Chain of fortsChain of forts 4-6 month trip—grueling trip4-6 month trip—grueling trip

MormonsMormons

Not all ventured to OregonNot all ventured to Oregon Mormons chose to settle in arid westMormons chose to settle in arid west

Site near Salt Lake CitySite near Salt Lake City After years of attack seeking freedom and After years of attack seeking freedom and

isolationisolation Deseret—1,000 miles from U.S. territoryDeseret—1,000 miles from U.S. territory

Roots of MormonismRoots of Mormonism

Product of religious reforms of 1830’s in Product of religious reforms of 1830’s in Upstate New YorkUpstate New York Joseph SmithJoseph Smith

Non-Mormons branded group hereticsNon-Mormons branded group heretics Resented communal element/polygamyResented communal element/polygamy Attitudes toward Blacks and IndiansAttitudes toward Blacks and Indians

Driven from NY-Ohio-Missouri-IllinoisDriven from NY-Ohio-Missouri-Illinois Nauvoo, ILL—community of 15,000Nauvoo, ILL—community of 15,000 Smith killed by mobSmith killed by mob

Movement westMovement west

New Leader—Brigham YoungNew Leader—Brigham Young 1846-12,000 go west1846-12,000 go west Find spot at Great Salt LakeFind spot at Great Salt Lake

Irrigation systemIrrigation system Cooperative laborCooperative labor

In 1850, Deseret annexed by U.S. as Utah In 1850, Deseret annexed by U.S. as Utah territoryterritory Tension between Mormons and governmentTension between Mormons and government

TexasTexas

In SW-Anglos confronted Spanish In SW-Anglos confronted Spanish frontiersmenfrontiersmen

Mexican province of Texas attracted Mexican province of Texas attracted settlerssettlers Stephen Austin’s family given huge tract of Stephen Austin’s family given huge tract of

landland• 10 cents per acre10 cents per acre• 1000’s of southern farmers poured in1000’s of southern farmers poured in• By 1835—30,000 AmericansBy 1835—30,000 Americans

Mexican government knows it has problemMexican government knows it has problem

Texas RebellionTexas Rebellion

Texans resent Mexican controlTexans resent Mexican control Want input in local affairsWant input in local affairs Want slaveryWant slavery

Republic of Texas-Republic of Texas- Opposed by Santa AnnaOpposed by Santa Anna

Ultimately want to join the United States Ultimately want to join the United States as slave stateas slave state Initially refused due to slavery issueInitially refused due to slavery issue

Politics of ExpansionPolitics of Expansion

Nothing automatic about territorial Nothing automatic about territorial expansionexpansion

Impact both Tyler and Polk Impact both Tyler and Polk AdministrationsAdministrations

Polk able to gain control of Oregon Polk able to gain control of Oregon CountryCountry ““54-40 or fight”54-40 or fight” Settles for less but gains land peacefully.Settles for less but gains land peacefully.

Mexican WarMexican War

1845—Annexation of Texas seriously 1845—Annexation of Texas seriously effected the relationship between U.S. and effected the relationship between U.S. and Mexico.Mexico.

President Polk very interested in admitting President Polk very interested in admitting other Mexican Provinces with American other Mexican Provinces with American settlerssettlers New MexicoNew Mexico CaliforniaCalifornia

• Offers to purchase—rejected by MexicoOffers to purchase—rejected by Mexico

Mexican WarMexican War

U.S. provokes conflictU.S. provokes conflict Wants landWants land

War divides the nationWar divides the nation War lasted much longer than expected-War lasted much longer than expected-

Mexicans refused to surrenderMexicans refused to surrender Forced to attack and capture Mexico CityForced to attack and capture Mexico City U.S. gains 500,000 square milesU.S. gains 500,000 square miles

Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Gave U.S. what it wanted.Gave U.S. what it wanted. Great California portsGreat California ports

Americans not interested in the rest of Americans not interested in the rest of Mexico.Mexico. Racist attitudesRacist attitudes

Results of WarResults of War

Divided the American publicDivided the American public Fear that war was to spread slavery and Fear that war was to spread slavery and

influence of the southinfluence of the south Reopens sectional woundsReopens sectional wounds Wilmot Proviso (1846)Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Amendment to appropriations bill to prevent Amendment to appropriations bill to prevent slavery in territory gained in the warslavery in territory gained in the war

Territory only open to whitesTerritory only open to whites

Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso

Frames debates for next 15 yearsFrames debates for next 15 years Northerners unite to supportNortherners unite to support Southerners unite to opposeSoutherners unite to oppose

Polk naively hoped expansion would Polk naively hoped expansion would strengthen bonds of union-WRONG!!!strengthen bonds of union-WRONG!!! Violent debate erupts every time slavery Violent debate erupts every time slavery

discusseddiscussed

ProblemProblem

Constitution did not deal with slavery in Constitution did not deal with slavery in future states.future states. Congress has right to regulateCongress has right to regulate Missouri Compromise-attemptMissouri Compromise-attempt

• Line sought to settle future casesLine sought to settle future cases• ?—Mexican cession?—Mexican cession

Northerners unwilling to see California & New Mexico Northerners unwilling to see California & New Mexico slave statesslave states

CaliforniaCalifornia

Discovery of gold near SacramentoDiscovery of gold near Sacramento Massive population influxMassive population influx Demands political organizationDemands political organization What to do with Territories?What to do with Territories? Reflects sectional distrust—neither side Reflects sectional distrust—neither side

wants to give inwants to give in

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

Put together by Henry ClayPut together by Henry Clay California—free stateCalifornia—free state Rest of territory open to slaveryRest of territory open to slavery Abolishes slave trade in Washington DCAbolishes slave trade in Washington DC Fugitive slave laws enforced.Fugitive slave laws enforced.

Provided short term peaceProvided short term peace No national support for any part of dealNo national support for any part of deal

Free Soil MovementFree Soil Movement

Anti-slavery movement Anti-slavery movement Desire for western landsDesire for western lands

Promise of economic bettermentPromise of economic betterment• Want free homesteadsWant free homesteads

Avoid competition with slave plantationsAvoid competition with slave plantations Unlike abolitionists, appealed to racismUnlike abolitionists, appealed to racism Southerners resented suggestion of Southerners resented suggestion of

exclusion fro new territories. exclusion fro new territories.

Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law

Special federal commissioners determine Special federal commissioners determine statusstatus No right to defend oneselfNo right to defend oneself

Series of violent confrontationsSeries of violent confrontations Southerners often accused the North of Southerners often accused the North of

reneging on a promisereneging on a promise Of 332 blacks put on trial under the law, Of 332 blacks put on trial under the law,

about 300 were returned to slaveryabout 300 were returned to slavery

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin

Novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe creates a Novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe creates a firestormfirestorm Shocked by Fugitive Slave LawShocked by Fugitive Slave Law Not a writer nor abolitionistNot a writer nor abolitionist Little direct knowledge of slaveryLittle direct knowledge of slavery Made slavery personal “Gave slavery a face”Made slavery personal “Gave slavery a face”

Moved many Northerners from sideline to Moved many Northerners from sideline to activeactive

Kansas-Nebraska IssueKansas-Nebraska Issue

Peace of 1850 short-livedPeace of 1850 short-lived Stephen Douglas proposed bill to organize Stephen Douglas proposed bill to organize

territory west of Iowa and Missouriterritory west of Iowa and Missouri Railroad developmentRailroad development Sought to avoid controversy by proposing Sought to avoid controversy by proposing

admission based on Popular Sovereigntyadmission based on Popular Sovereignty Reality--Devastates sectional harmonyReality--Devastates sectional harmony Destroys two party systemDestroys two party system

Whig Party collapsesWhig Party collapses Sectionalism reignsSectionalism reigns

Republican PartyRepublican Party

Outgrowth of anti-K-N sentiment Outgrowth of anti-K-N sentiment Opposed to expansion of slavery in Opposed to expansion of slavery in

territories-free soil idealsterritories-free soil ideals Not abolitionistsNot abolitionists Builds party quickly-by 1856 ready on Builds party quickly-by 1856 ready on

national levelnational level Major alternative to Democrats in the NorthMajor alternative to Democrats in the North

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas

Kansas electionsKansas elections Proslavery Missourians corrupt electionProslavery Missourians corrupt election Free-soilers establish rival governmentFree-soilers establish rival government

Civil War breaks outCivil War breaks out Proslavery attack on LawrenceProslavery attack on Lawrence John Brown attackJohn Brown attack

Discredits idea of popular sovereigntyDiscredits idea of popular sovereignty

Brooks-Sumner IncidentBrooks-Sumner Incident

Reflects loss of civility in CongressReflects loss of civility in Congress Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner with Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner with

cane on US Senate floor.cane on US Senate floor. Sumner made rude remarks about Preston’s Sumner made rude remarks about Preston’s

uncle, S.C. Senatoruncle, S.C. Senator Sumner seriously injured-3 years to recoverSumner seriously injured-3 years to recover

South and North take very different views South and North take very different views of the incidentof the incident

Election of 1856Election of 1856

Republicans chose John C. FremontRepublicans chose John C. Fremont Democrats run James BuchananDemocrats run James Buchanan Fremont outpolled Buchanan in the NorthFremont outpolled Buchanan in the North Buchanan won South and key states of Buchanan won South and key states of

Indiana, Illinois and PennsylvaniaIndiana, Illinois and Pennsylvania Showed how parties had re-oriented on Showed how parties had re-oriented on

sectional linessectional lines

Results to SouthResults to South

Discomforting at bestDiscomforting at best New Party with novice candidate came very New Party with novice candidate came very

close to winning.close to winning. Swing of just a couple states with give Swing of just a couple states with give

Republicans the White HouseRepublicans the White House Incomprehensible to SouthIncomprehensible to South

Dred ScottDred Scott

Major Supreme Court DecisionMajor Supreme Court Decision Roger Taney—Chief JusticeRoger Taney—Chief Justice

Congress could not deny the right to take Congress could not deny the right to take property (slaves) into territoriesproperty (slaves) into territories

Slave was not citizenSlave was not citizen Slavery could not be excluded from the Slavery could not be excluded from the

territories.territories.

Kansas-LeCompton ConstitutionKansas-LeCompton Constitution

Buchanan supports pro-slavery minority Buchanan supports pro-slavery minority legislaturelegislature Despite clear signs of free-soil majorityDespite clear signs of free-soil majority

Splits Democrats in CongressSplits Democrats in Congress Stephen Douglas breaks with PresidentStephen Douglas breaks with President

Panic of 1857Panic of 1857

Economic recession that strikes growing Economic recession that strikes growing new industries of the North hardnew industries of the North hard

Relatively mild impact on Southern statesRelatively mild impact on Southern states Cotton exports not impactedCotton exports not impacted

South believes it has superior economic South believes it has superior economic systemsystem

King Cotton globally importantKing Cotton globally important

Lincoln –Douglas DebatesLincoln –Douglas Debates

Lincoln challenges Douglas to debateLincoln challenges Douglas to debate One major issue—should slavery be One major issue—should slavery be

excluded from territoriesexcluded from territories 7 sites in state7 sites in state Lincoln gains national profileLincoln gains national profile Douglas wins electionDouglas wins election

John Brown’s RaidJohn Brown’s Raid

Radical, possibly insane, abolitionistRadical, possibly insane, abolitionist Seized federal arsenal at Harper’s FerrySeized federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry

Arm slaves, set up stronghold in VirginiaArm slaves, set up stronghold in Virginia Fails—Robert E. LeeFails—Robert E. Lee Brown tried for treasonBrown tried for treason South sees no difference between Brown South sees no difference between Brown

and Republicans.and Republicans.

Democratic Convention of 1860Democratic Convention of 1860

Charleston, SCCharleston, SC Struggle over platform—proslavery plank Struggle over platform—proslavery plank

losesloses Convention splitsConvention splits South nominates John BreckenridgeSouth nominates John Breckenridge North nominates Stephen DouglasNorth nominates Stephen Douglas

Lincoln and BellLincoln and Bell

Republicans nominate Abraham LincolnRepublicans nominate Abraham Lincoln Remains of Southern Whigs nominate Remains of Southern Whigs nominate

John BellJohn Bell

Election of 1860Election of 1860

No candidate generated a national No candidate generated a national followingfollowing Lincoln vs. DouglasLincoln vs. Douglas Breckenridge vs. BellBreckenridge vs. Bell

False impressionsFalse impressions Lincoln not on ballot in 9 Southern statesLincoln not on ballot in 9 Southern states

Secession of Deep SouthSecession of Deep South

Dec 1860-S.C. leaves unionDec 1860-S.C. leaves union Followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,

Georgia, Louisiana and TexasGeorgia, Louisiana and Texas Convention—Montgomery, AlabamaConvention—Montgomery, Alabama Jefferson Davis-presidentJefferson Davis-president Determined, decisive minority seized Determined, decisive minority seized

controlcontrol

Buchanan’s failureBuchanan’s failure

In period between November and March, In period between November and March, President Buchanan does nothing.President Buchanan does nothing.

Crittenden Proposal—last gasp at Crittenden Proposal—last gasp at compromisecompromise

New PresidentNew President

Initially did not see war as inevitableInitially did not see war as inevitable Walked tightrope—tried to be conciliatoryWalked tightrope—tried to be conciliatory

Avoid alienating border statesAvoid alienating border states

First ShotFirst Shot

South fires first shot over Ft. SumterSouth fires first shot over Ft. Sumter Charleston harborCharleston harbor Forced to surrenderForced to surrender

Lincoln declares insurrection exists in Lincoln declares insurrection exists in South and calls up 75,000 troopsSouth and calls up 75,000 troops

Virginia, N. Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia, N. Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas join ConfederacyArkansas join Confederacy

Tale of the TapeTale of the Tape

Almost all comparisons favored the NorthAlmost all comparisons favored the North Population 22 million vs. 9 millionPopulation 22 million vs. 9 million Industrial production, railroad mileage and Industrial production, railroad mileage and

financial resources the North far financial resources the North far outstripped the south. outstripped the south.

Burden of the NorthBurden of the North

To restore union, it had a major taskTo restore union, it had a major task Invade and conquer an area larger than Invade and conquer an area larger than

Western Europe.Western Europe. Confederate troops were highly motivatedConfederate troops were highly motivated

Defending homes and familiesDefending homes and families Southern armies could lose most of the Southern armies could lose most of the

battles and still win the war. battles and still win the war.