Westendorf%2 b animal%2bwaste%2bmanagement%2b2013 (1)

Environmentally FriendlyEnvironmentally Friendly Management Management

Dr. Michael L. WestendorfExtension SpecialistRutgers University

World Population = 7 Billion

Source: U.S. Census Bureau population projections

Bill

ion

peop

le

Growth Rate

The number of people added to the world population yearly appears likely to follow downward trend.

Ave

rage

ann

ual

incr

ease

s in

wor

ld

popu

latio

n, in

mill

ions

Continent PercentageNorth America 2%Latin and South America 9%Europe 4%Africa 27%Asia 58%*Projected by the World Bank

Distribution of world populationIn 2002*

85%

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Food Group Calories (%) Protein (%)Cereals 49 43Roots, tubers, pulses 10 10Nuts, oils, vegetable fats 8 4Sugar and sugar products 9 2Vegetables and fruits 8 7Meat 7 15Eggs 1 2Fish 1 5Milk 5 11Other 2 1

Contributions of Various Food Groupsto the World Food Supply

Sourced: Adapted from several FAO world food surveys

84%

16%

66%

34%

Plant

Animal

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China’s demand foranimal protein expected

to double by 2050

Feedstuffs Magazine

Copyright © 2011 Science Time.

Less land for AgMore for cities

http://www.sciencetime.org/blog

Farmers aregetting older

Background Summary

• Increasing world population• Increasing demand for animal products• Decreasing availability of farmland• Changing demographics of farms and

farmers• Political pressures

Nutrients in Manure

•Nitrogen (N)

•Phosphorus (P)

•Potassium (K)

Major nutrients found in manure that are needed for both plant and animal growth

Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg: Environmental Protection Agency

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg

Sources of Nitrogen – Pre 1920

• Legume Nitrogen• Manure Fertilizer• Other

Legume Nitrogen

Soybeans, Beans, Alfalfa, Clovers

Manure as Fertilizer

http://www.sopacs.com/bags-by-application/a-b-categories/bat-guano.html

http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/haberbosch.html

Synthetic Nitrogen

Synthetic Nitrogen

Copyright © 2011 Science Time.

http://www.sciencetime.org/blog

Animal Waste Management Dilemma

Increasing animal concentrations Decreasing land base Encroaching suburbia New waste management techniques are needed,

these new techniques may require more management and expense

Environmental Benefitsof Manure

• Nitrogen leaching potential

• Soil erosion & runoff

• Soil carbon/organic matter

• Crop productivity

• Replaces energy intensive nitrogen fertilizer & limited resource phosphorous fertilizer - $$$

Review of Historical Soil Conservation Experiment Data

• Manure reduced total runoff by 1% to 68%.

• Manure reduced soil erosion by 13% to 77%.

(((Risse and Gilley, 2000)

Erosion is still the number one source of nonpoint source

pollution in the United States.

Environmental Benefitsof Manure

• Manure contains organic carbon• Organic carbon is key to soil health &

structure

ManureCommercial fertilizer vs.

Animal Manure and Water Quality

1) Nitrate-N Health

2) Ammonia-N Fish Kills

3) Phosphorus Eutrophication

4) Pathogens/bacteria Health

5) Organic Matter Oxygen Depletion

PollutantPollutant RiskRisk

FarmBoundary

Outputs

Feed Manure

Losses or Soil Losses or Soil

StorageStorage

Recycling of Nutrients

Inputs

Prevention: Planning for the “Impossible”

North Carolina swine farm flooded after Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd, September 1999

(7,040-head swine feeder-to-finish farm)

Prevention: Responding to Tragedy

Non-Point Source Pollution

Groundwater

Surface water

Manure Management toImprove Water Quality

• Spreading and disposal

• Manure Storage

• Manage storm-water

• Control animal access to streams and waterways.

• Control farm erosion.

• Neighbors, feed, odors, emergency management.

• Each farm should have a plan for

managing manure spreading and disposal.

– Off-farm disposal is a good option for

some locations or bedding types.


• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure spreading and disposal.

– Off-farm disposal is a good option for some locations or bedding types.

– Where and how often should manure be spread?


Where to Spread Manure?

Geological Investigation• Streams • Lakes• Aquifers/water tablesSlope • Apply manure to sites with

the gentlest slopes possible• Avoid slopes >10%Neighbors• Odors• Nuisances• Common CourtesySeek Technical Assistance

Export litter/manure when total N exceeds capacity.

Which Manure Where?


– Off-farm disposal is a good option for some locations or bedding types.

– Where and how often should manure be spread?

– Nutrient management plans.


FarmBoundary

Outputs

Feed Manure

Losses or Soil Losses or Soil

StorageStorage

Recycling of Nutrients

Inputs

• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure

spreading and disposal.

• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location

free from storm-water runoff.


Where to Store Manure?

Geological Investigation• Streams • Lakes• Aquifers/water tablesSlope • Apply manure to sites with

the gentlest slopes possible

• Avoid slopes >10%Neighbors• Odors• Nuisances• Common Courtesy

Facility Siting

• Consider topography and flood patterns when developing new facilities/pasture.

– Not near streams

– Not in flood-prone areas

– Not on steep hillsides

– Flat, impermeable,

deep watertable

– Keep covered if possible

Solid Manure Storage

• Covered facilities

• Tarp may provide cover with less cost and more labor

• Stack or stockpile in a well-drained area for later hauling

• Regulations may require runoff control

Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons

• Commonly used when some treatment needed for handling or reduced odors

• Contain a permanent treatment volume for bacteria

• Earthen structures larger than slurry facilities


• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location free from storm-water runoff.

• Manage storm-water to prevent manure contamination of water bodies and eliminate runoff.


Stormwater Runoff Management

• Divert all clean water away from “manure areas.”

• Maintain roof gutters to flow away from buildings

• Add drains, ditches, berms where needed

• Divert polluted waters into vegetative buffer areas.

• Any “manure storage” areas should be separated from “clean water” areas with vegetative buffer strips.

Vegetative Buffer Strips

• Inexpensive to install

• Removes some solids from liquids

• Maintenance is not easy

• Needs to be long and flat

• Channel flow reduces effectiveness

Horse Farm Manure Management





Animals with access to surface water can be a direct source of pollution.

Soil Erosion

Erosion is still the number one source of nonpoint source

pollution in the United States.





• Control farm erosion. • Neighbors, feed, odors, emergency

management.


Feed Storage Should be Clean and Dry

Most Complaints Arisefrom Land Application

Get Along With Neighbors

• ReduceOdors

Traffic

Noise

Flies

• IncreaseCommunications


• Spreading and disposal

• Manure Storage

• Manage storm-water



• Neighbors, feed, odors, emergency management.

Air Emissions--Odor

• Multiple gases contribute to odor

– Volatile fatty acids

– Carbon dioxide and methane (global warming gas)

– Nitrogen containing compounds (ammonia, amines, nitrogen heterocycles, nitrous oxide)

– Phenols & cresols• Sulfur-containing compounds• Other emissions

– Dust– Pathogens– Flies

Environmental Impacts of Odors

• Community nuisance

• Psychological impact on neighbors (anger,

depression, etc.)

• Physiological impact on neighbors (respiratory

problems, nausea, etc.)

Environmentally FriendlyEnvironmentally Friendly Management Management

Dr. Michael L. WestendorfExtension SpecialistRutgers University

CompostingComposting

• Natural aerobic process for stabilizing Natural aerobic process for stabilizing organic matter, production of a more organic matter, production of a more homogeneous, drier end producthomogeneous, drier end product

• Well composted manure has humus Well composted manure has humus smell, 25-50% volume reduction, and smell, 25-50% volume reduction, and destruction of pathogens and weed destruction of pathogens and weed seeds due to heat of composting. seeds due to heat of composting.

• May have marketability (mushroom compost, organic compost ??)

Composting Principles

Composted Horse Manure

Vermicomposting

• Earthworms and microorganisms convert organic materials into nutrient rich humus called vermicompost.

• Worms separated from the castings or compost have high value as animal and aquaculture feed.

• Techniques range from boxed and outdoor windrows to automatic systems.

Cow Manure for Energy?

Smells like a good idea

Anaerobic Digestion

http://www.epa.gov/agstar/pdf/manage.pdf

About Anaerobic Digestion

Biogas recovery systems are sometimes known as anaerobic digesters, because they use a process called anaerobic digestion. During anaerobic digestion, bacteria break down manure in an oxygen-free environment. One of the natural products of anaerobic digestion is biogas, which typically contains between 60 to 70 percent methane, 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases.

When biogas is captured, it can be used to generate heat, hot water, or electricity - significantly reducing the cost of electricity and other farm fuels such as natural gas, propane, and fuel oil. Biogas is a renewable source of energy with much lower environmental impacts than conventional fossil fuel.

http://www.epa.gov/agstar/pdf/manage.pdf

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