Were there many paleo diets?
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Miki Ben-Dor Department of Archaeology Tel Aviv University, Israel
AHS13 August 2013
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Conklin-Brittain NL, Wrangham R, Smith CC (2002) A two-stage model of increased dietary quality in early hominid evolution: The role of fiber. In: Ungar PS, Teaford MF, editors. Human diet: Its origin and evolution: Greenwood
% weight (Conklin-Britten 2002)
% calories (Assuming 1.5 cal. fat/1 gr fiber)
Full explanation and references at http://www.paleostyle.com/?p=2001
Anatomy
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Smaller
Colon is of a smaller gut, ¼ of Chimp colon, Little B12, max. 8% of energy
Colon is of the gut,Source of fat and B12
Milton, K. (1999). Nutritional characteristics of wild primate foods: do the diets of our closest living relatives have lessons for us? Nutrition 15:488–498
Anatomy
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Wrangham proposed that cooking by Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago allowed humans to consume tubers despite their significant fiber content and humans smaller colon and teeth.
However:
◦ Archaeological evidence shows habitual control of fire only begin 1.4 million years later
◦ Genes that promote significant starch metabolism appear at the earliest only 1.6 million years later.
◦ Genes to cope with tubers’ low folic acid content and detoxification of tuber glycosides appear only recently and only among agricultural populations that consume domesticated tubers.
◦ Starch dependent bacteria found in human teeth plaque only after the Agriculture Revolution indicating low starch diet pre-agriculture.
◦ Nitrogen Isotope studies confirm low plant consumption in the late Paleolithic even though cooking was well established.
◦ Meat and fat consumption offer more parsimonious solution to the fiber problem as they are energy dense and do not have fiber so do not require cooking to be metabolized.
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Genetic adaptation only in groups with post-Paleolithic consumption of tubers to:•Starch and sucrose metabolism•Folic acid biosynthesis•Detoxification of plant glycosides
Genetics
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Microbiology
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Genetics
Uneven Very recent?
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Archaeology
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Archaeology
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Grinding tools and storage structure found in sites dated to a period just before agriculture
Archaeology
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Archaeology
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81% 87% 80% 89% 61% 78% 29% 68% 26%? 54%Animal foods
Caloric percentage of animal food for groups who were systematically studied
Ethnography
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Isotopes
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Isotopes
Humans
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Strontium and Barium analysis in human and animal teeth from approx. 2 MYA show: “Early Homo (is) indistinguishable from carnivores” (Nature 2012)
Strontium
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Africa 1.5 MYA - “The appearance of Homo is marked by a sharp drop in the number of large carnivores (>20 kgs) but not small carnivores”
Italy 0.5 MYA – Homo appear. Large carnivores drop despite increase in large herbivores.
Werdelin L, Lewis ME (2013) Temporal Change in Functional Richness and Evenness in the Eastern African Plio-Pleistocene Carnivoran Guild. PLoS ONE 8(3): e57944.
Large Carnivores Small Carnivores
Homo erectus
Paleontology
Signs of competition between early humans and large carnivores
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“there is incontrovertible evidence of the convergence of human behavior with carnivore behavior”
Animal Behavior
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Wolf (Canis)
Social
Monogamy
2nd Widest geographic distribution
Endurance locomotion
Prey size: 1000 kgs – 1 kg
Preying on young and old
Homo
Social
Monogamy
Widest geographic distribution
Endurance locomotion
Prey size: 6000 kgs - 1 kg
Preying on adults
Animal Behavior
Joint venture?
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“our findings highlight the emergence of carnivory as a process fundamentally determining human evolution.”
Weaning in humans 2-3 yearWeaning in Chimps 4-5 years
Life History
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Kuhn, S. L., & Stiner, M. C. (2006). What’s a Mother to Do? The Division of Labor among Neandertals and Modern Humans in Eurasia. Current Anthropology, 47(6), 953-981
Ethnography
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Life History
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Inter-disciplinary evidence supportsOne Paleolithic
Highly Carnivorous Diet
Life History
Archaeology
N Isotope
Strontium
Anatomy
Genetics
Animal Behavior
Ethnography
Paleontology
Bacteriology