WEEK 2

WEEK 2WEEK 2

BBL 3208BBL 3208

Shakespeare and Renaissance DramaShakespeare and Renaissance Drama

Analysis of Shakespearean LiteratureAnalysis of Shakespearean Literature

Who is William Shakespeare?Who is William Shakespeare?

The background of William ShakespeareThe background of William Shakespeare

1.1. His identityHis identity

2.2. His worksHis works

3.3. His backgroundHis background

4.4. His familyHis family

5.5. His friendsHis friends

6.6. His periodHis period

* Point 1 to 6 can be read in detail in Unit * Point 1 to 6 can be read in detail in Unit One of the latest PJJ moduleOne of the latest PJJ module

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Shakespeare is ….Shakespeare is ….

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The many images of Shakespeare…The many images of Shakespeare…

The Stratford Monument (1616)

The Droeshout Engraving (1623)

The Soest Engraving (1636)

The Hilliard Miniature (1588)

The Marshall Portrait (1640)

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William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (26(26thth April 1564 – 23 April 1564 – 23rdrd April1616) April1616)

The Chandos Portrait (1610)-Attributed to John Taylor-Possessed by Duke of Chandos

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Contemporary representation of Contemporary representation of ShakespeareShakespeare

Ralph Fiennes playing Shakespeare in Shakespeare in Love

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Quoted PhraseQuoted Phrase

"All the world's a stage,"All the world's a stage,

and all the men and women merely players:and all the men and women merely players:

they have their exits and their entrances;they have their exits and their entrances;

and one man in his time plays many parts...and one man in his time plays many parts...

""As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7, 139–42., Act II, Scene 7, 139–42.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It

Shakespeare’s AncestryShakespeare’s Ancestry

• Briefly it should be mentioned that, during the Briefly it should be mentioned that, during the sixteenth century, there were many families sixteenth century, there were many families with the name Shakespeare in and around with the name Shakespeare in and around Stratford. Stratford.

• "Shakespeare" appears countless times in "Shakespeare" appears countless times in town minutes and court records, spelled in a town minutes and court records, spelled in a variety of ways, from Shagspere to Chacsper. variety of ways, from Shagspere to Chacsper.

• Unfortunately, there are very few records that Unfortunately, there are very few records that reveal William Shakespeare's relationship to reveal William Shakespeare's relationship to or with the many other Stratford or with the many other Stratford Shakespeares. Shakespeares. 99Week OneWeek One

• The Bard's paternal grandfather was Richard The Bard's paternal grandfather was Richard Shakespeare (d. 1561), a farmer in Snitterfield, a Shakespeare (d. 1561), a farmer in Snitterfield, a village four miles northeast of Stratford abd village four miles northeast of Stratford abd record shown that he was a tenant farmer.record shown that he was a tenant farmer.

• Richard Shakespeare worked on several Richard Shakespeare worked on several different sections of land during his lifetime, different sections of land during his lifetime, including the land owned by the wealthy Robert including the land owned by the wealthy Robert Arden of Wilmecote, Shakespeare's maternal Arden of Wilmecote, Shakespeare's maternal grandfather. grandfather.

Shakespeare’s ParentsShakespeare’s Parents

• Shakespeare's father, John, came to Stratford Shakespeare's father, John, came to Stratford from Snitterfield before 1532 as an apprentice from Snitterfield before 1532 as an apprentice glover and tanner of leathers. glover and tanner of leathers.

• John Shakespeare later prospered and began to John Shakespeare later prospered and began to deal in farm products and wool. deal in farm products and wool.

• Sometime between 1556 and 1558 John Sometime between 1556 and 1558 John Shakespeare married Mary Arden, the daughter Shakespeare married Mary Arden, the daughter of the wealthy Robert Arden of Wilmecote and of the wealthy Robert Arden of Wilmecote and owner of the sixty-acre farm called Asbies.owner of the sixty-acre farm called Asbies.

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John Shakespeare’s ReputationJohn Shakespeare’s Reputation

• Applied for coat-of-armsApplied for coat-of-arms -- 15701570• Behind in his taxesBehind in his taxes -- 15781578• Mortgaged Mary’s estateMortgaged Mary’s estate -- 15791579• Fined 40 pounds for missing a court dateFined 40 pounds for missing a court date -- 15801580• Removed from the board of aldermanRemoved from the board of alderman -- 15861586• Owned only his house at Henley StreetOwned only his house at Henley Street -- 15901590• Fined for not attending churchFined for not attending church -- 15921592• Re-applied coat-of -arms and grantedRe-applied coat-of -arms and granted -- 15961596• Reinstated on the town councilReinstated on the town council -- 15991599 (due likely to the success of William in London)(due likely to the success of William in London)


Shakespeare’s family coat of armShakespeare’s family coat of arm• On October 20 1569, by permission On October 20 1569, by permission

of the Garter King of Arms (the of the Garter King of Arms (the Queen's aid in such matters) "the Queen's aid in such matters) "the said John Shakespeare, Gentlemen, said John Shakespeare, Gentlemen, and ... his children, issue and and ... his children, issue and posterity" were lawfully entitled to posterity" were lawfully entitled to display the gold coat-of-arms, with a display the gold coat-of-arms, with a black banner bearing a silver spear black banner bearing a silver spear (a visual representation of the family (a visual representation of the family name "Shakespeare"). name "Shakespeare").

• The coat-of-arms could then be The coat-of-arms could then be displayed on their door and all their displayed on their door and all their personal items. personal items.

• The motto was "Non sanz droict" or The motto was "Non sanz droict" or "not without right”."not without right”.


Shakespeare’s birthplace Shakespeare’s birthplace (Stratford-upon-Avon)(Stratford-upon-Avon)


Shakespeare’s birthShakespeare’s birth• The baptismal register of the Holy The baptismal register of the Holy

Trinity parish church, in Stratford, Trinity parish church, in Stratford, shows the following entry for April shows the following entry for April 26, 1564: Gulielmus filius 26, 1564: Gulielmus filius Johannes Shakespeare. Johannes Shakespeare.

• The actual date of Shakespeare's The actual date of Shakespeare's birth is not known, but, birth is not known, but, traditionally, April 23, St George's traditionally, April 23, St George's Day, has been Shakespeare's Day, has been Shakespeare's accepted birthday, and a house accepted birthday, and a house on Henley Street in Stratford, on Henley Street in Stratford, owned by William's father, John, owned by William's father, John, is accepted as Shakespeare's is accepted as Shakespeare's birth place. birth place.


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Stratford_Shakespeare_1900.jpg

Birth timeline for Shakespeare’s Birth timeline for Shakespeare’s siblingssiblings

1.1. 1558 September 15 Joan (sister), the first child of John and Mary was 1558 September 15 Joan (sister), the first child of John and Mary was baptised (only survived two months)baptised (only survived two months)

2.2. 1562 December 2 Margaret (sister) was baptised - she died one year 1562 December 2 Margaret (sister) was baptised - she died one year laterlater

3.3. 1564 April 26 William was baptised (died 1616 aged 52)1564 April 26 William was baptised (died 1616 aged 52)

4.4. 1566 October 13 Gilbert (brother) was baptised (died 1612 aged 46)1566 October 13 Gilbert (brother) was baptised (died 1612 aged 46)

5.5. 1569 Another daughter, also called Joan was born (died 1646 aged 77)1569 Another daughter, also called Joan was born (died 1646 aged 77)

6.6. 1571 September 28 Anne was baptised ( sister ) (1579 died aged 7)1571 September 28 Anne was baptised ( sister ) (1579 died aged 7)

7.7. 1574 March 11 Richard (brother ) was baptised (died 1613 aged 39)1574 March 11 Richard (brother ) was baptised (died 1613 aged 39)

8.8. 1580 May 3 Edmund (brother) was baptised (died 1607 aged 27)1580 May 3 Edmund (brother) was baptised (died 1607 aged 27)

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Shakespeare’s Family TreeShakespeare’s Family Tree http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/genealogy.htm http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/genealogy.htm


Shakespeare’s EducationShakespeare’s Education

• Shakespeare probably began his education at Shakespeare probably began his education at the age of six or seven at the Stratford grammar the age of six or seven at the Stratford grammar school, which is still standing only a short school, which is still standing only a short distance from his house on Henley Street and is distance from his house on Henley Street and is in the care of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. in the care of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.

• Although we have no record of Shakespeare Although we have no record of Shakespeare attending the school, due to the official position attending the school, due to the official position held by John Shakespeare it seems likely that held by John Shakespeare it seems likely that he would have decided to educate young he would have decided to educate young William at the school which was under the care William at the school which was under the care of Stratford's governing body. of Stratford's governing body.


The schoolmaster Sir Hugh Evans tests Will Page on his Latin The schoolmaster Sir Hugh Evans tests Will Page on his Latin in a scene from 'The Merry Wives of Windsor'in a scene from 'The Merry Wives of Windsor'



• Like all of the great poets and Like all of the great poets and dramatists of the time, dramatists of the time, Shakespeare learned his basic Shakespeare learned his basic reading and writing skills from reading and writing skills from an ABC, or horn-book. an ABC, or horn-book.

• ““a primer framed in wood and a primer framed in wood and covered with a thin plate of covered with a thin plate of transparent horn. It included transparent horn. It included the alphabet in small letters the alphabet in small letters and in capitals, with and in capitals, with combinations of the five combinations of the five vowels with b, c, and d, and vowels with b, c, and d, and the Lord's Prayer in English.” the Lord's Prayer in English.” (Robert Speaight, (Robert Speaight, Shakespeare: The Man and Shakespeare: The Man and His AchievementHis Achievement))


A closer look at the hornbookA closer look at the hornbook



"... any boy caught speaking English at school was "... any boy caught speaking English at school was punished ..." (Educating Shakespeare)punished ..." (Educating Shakespeare)

• As was the case in all Elizabethan grammar schools, As was the case in all Elizabethan grammar schools, Latin was the primary language of learning. Latin was the primary language of learning.

• Although Shakespeare likely had some lessons in Although Shakespeare likely had some lessons in English, Latin composition and the study of Latin authors English, Latin composition and the study of Latin authors like Seneca, Cicero, Ovid, Virgil, and Horace would have like Seneca, Cicero, Ovid, Virgil, and Horace would have been the focus of his literary training. been the focus of his literary training.

• One can see that Shakespeare absorbed much that was One can see that Shakespeare absorbed much that was taught in his grammar school, for he had an impressive taught in his grammar school, for he had an impressive familiarity with the stories by Latin authors, as is evident familiarity with the stories by Latin authors, as is evident when examining his plays and their sources. when examining his plays and their sources.



• Even though scholars, basing their argument on Even though scholars, basing their argument on a story told more than a century after the fact, a story told more than a century after the fact, accept that Shakespeare was removed from accept that Shakespeare was removed from school around age thirteen because of his school around age thirteen because of his father's financial and social difficulties, there is father's financial and social difficulties, there is no reason whatsoever to believe that he had not no reason whatsoever to believe that he had not acquired a firm grasp of both English and Latin acquired a firm grasp of both English and Latin and that he had continued his studies and that he had continued his studies elsewhere. elsewhere.

• Shakespeare's daily activities after he left school Shakespeare's daily activities after he left school and before he re-emerged as a professional and before he re-emerged as a professional actor in the late 1580s are impossible to trace. actor in the late 1580s are impossible to trace.


Shakespeare’s Marriage and Shakespeare’s Marriage and ChildrenChildren

• Recordings in the Episcopal register at Worcester on the Recordings in the Episcopal register at Worcester on the dates of November 27 and 28, 1582, reveal that dates of November 27 and 28, 1582, reveal that Shakespeare desired to marry a young girl named Anne. Shakespeare desired to marry a young girl named Anne.

• Shakespeare, a minor at the time, married Anne Shakespeare, a minor at the time, married Anne Hathaway, who was twenty-six and already several Hathaway, who was twenty-six and already several months pregnant. months pregnant.

• After her marriage to Shakespeare, Anne left Hewland After her marriage to Shakespeare, Anne left Hewland Farm to live in John Shakespeare's house on Henley Farm to live in John Shakespeare's house on Henley Street, as was the custom of the day. Street, as was the custom of the day.

• The Shakespeares' first child was Susanna, christened The Shakespeares' first child was Susanna, christened on May 26th, 1583, and twins arrived in January, 1585. on May 26th, 1583, and twins arrived in January, 1585.

• They were baptized on February 2 of that year and They were baptized on February 2 of that year and named after two very close friends of William -- the baker named after two very close friends of William -- the baker Hamnet Sadler and his wife, Judith. Hamnet Sadler and his wife, Judith.


Anne Hathaway’s Cottage Anne Hathaway’s Cottage (before she married Shakespeare)(before she married Shakespeare)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anne_Hathaways_Cottage_and_gardens_15g2006.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Anne_Hathaways_Cottage_and_gardens_15g2006.jpg

Collection of his worksCollection of his works

• http://shakespeare.mit.edu/http://shakespeare.mit.edu/

Refer to the above electronic version for a Refer to the above electronic version for a complete list of Shakespeare’s workscomplete list of Shakespeare’s works


Works of Shakespeare.

• At the time of Shakespeare's death twenty-one plays existed in manuscripts in the various theaters.

• A few others had already been printed in quarto form, and the latter are the only publications that could possibly have met with the poet's own approval.

• More probably they were taken down in shorthand by some listener at the play and then "pirated" by some publisher for his own profit.

• The first printed collection of his plays, now called the First Folio (1623), was made by two actors, Heming and Condell, who asserted that they had access to the papers of the poet and had made a perfect edition, "in order to keep the memory of so worthy a friend and fellow alive."

• This contains thirty-six of the thirty-seven plays generally attributed to Shakespeare, Pericles being omitted.

• (Refer to Folio and Quarto Texts of Shakespeare's plays powerpoint)

• This celebrated First Folio was printed from playhouse manuscripts and from printed quartos containing many notes and changes by individual actors and stage managers.

• Moreover, it was full of typographical errors, though the editors alleged great care and accuracy; and so, though it is the only authoritative edition we have, it is of little value in determining the dates, or the classification of the plays as they existed in Shakespeare's mind.

• Notwithstanding this uncertainty, a careful reading of the plays and poems leaves us with an impression of four different periods of work, probably corresponding with the growth and experience of the poet's life. These are a period of :

• 1. Early experimentation. • It is marked by youthfulness and exuberance of

imagination, by extravagance of language, and by the frequent use of rimed couplets with his blank verse. The period dates from his arrival in London to 1595. Typical works of this first period are his early poems, Love's Labour's Lost, Two Gentlemen of Verona, and Richard III.

• 2. A period of rapid growth and development, from 1595 to 1600.

• Such plays as The Merchant of Venice, Midsummer Night's Dream, As You Like It, and Henry IV, all written in this period, show more careful and artistic work, better plots, and a marked increase in knowledge of human nature.

• 3. A period of gloom and depression, from 1600 to 1607, which marks the full maturity of his powers. What caused this evident sadness is unknown; but it is generally attributed to some personal experience, coupled with the political misfortunes of his friends, Essex and Southampton.

• The Sonnets with their note of personal disappointment, Twelfth Night, which is Shakespeare's "farewell to mirth," and his great tragedies, Hamlet, Lear, Macbeth, Othello, and Julius Cæsar, belong to this period.

• 4. A period of restored serenity, of calm after storm, which marked the last years of the poet's literary work. The Winter's Tale and The Tempest are the best of his later plays; but they all show a falling off from his previous work, and indicate a second period of experimentation with the taste of a fickle public.

• To read in succession four plays, taking a typical work from each of the above periods, is one of the very best ways of getting quickly at the real life and mind of Shakespeare.

• Following is a complete list with the approximate dates of his works, classified according to the above four periods.

• First Period, Early Experiment. Venus and Adonis, Rape of Lucrece, 1594; Titus Andronicus, Henry VI (three parts), 1590-1591; Love's Labour's Lost, 1590; Comedy of Errors, Two Gentlemen of Verona, 1591-1592; Richard-III, 1593; Richard II, King John, 1594-1595.

• Second Period, Development. Romeo and Juliet, Midsummer Night's Dream, 1595; Merchant of Venice, Henry IV (first part), 1596; Henry IV(second part), Merry Wives of Windsor, 1597; Much Ado About Nothing, 1598; As You Like It, Henry V, 1599.

• Third Period, Maturity and Gloom. Sonnets (1600-?), Twelfth Night, 1600; Taming of the Shrew, Julius Cæsar, Hamlet, Troilus and Cressida, 1601-1602; All's Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, 1603; Othello, 1604; King Lear, 1605; Macbeth, 1606; Antony and Cleopatra, Timon of Athens, 1607.

• Fourth Period, Late Experiment. Coriolanus, Pericles, 1608; Cymbeline, 1609; Winter's Tale, 1610-1611; The Tempest, 1611; Henry VIII(unfinished).

WEEK 2

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