Alkaneshalogenation

Alkyl halides1.

eg. CH4 + Cl2hv

hv

CH3Cl

2. Alkenes Alkyl halidesHBrCH3 – CH =CH2eg HBr CH3 – CH –

CH3Br

Alkyl halides3. Alcohols

eg. R-Xaq. KOH/NaOH

R-OH

Methane Methyl Chloride

(Markovnikov’s rule)

Propene 2-Bromo propane

CH3 – CH =CH2HBr

Kharasch effect (peroxide effect)CH3 – CH2 –CH2- Br Propene1- Bromo propane

C2H5-Cl

aq. KOH C2H5-OH

Ethyl Chloride Ethanol

HINTS FOR CONVERSIONS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

4. Alcohols Alkyl halides

R-ClR-OH +PCl3 / PCl5 / SoCl2/ HCl+ZnCl2

Alkyl halides

1-Bromobutane

1-Bromopropane

R-OH PBr3+ R-Br

R-OH+P4 I2 R-I

5.alc .KOH

Alkenes

CH3 – CH2 –CH2- Br alc .KOH CH3 – CH =CH2

CH3 –CH2- CH –CH3

Br

alc .KOHCH3 –CH = CH –CH3

Saytzef Rule

Benzene Halobenzene6.FeX3 (X=Cl,Br)

eg. anhyd.FeCl3+ Cl2

Cl

Alcohol Alkyl iodide

eg. Propene

2-Butene

Benzene Chlorobenzene

Br

+ Br2

anhyd.FeBr3

Benzene Bromobenzene

Diazonium salt Halobenzene7.

Diazonium salt Phenol9.