WHAP Chapter 12 Reading Guide Name:Date:Hour:

Read Ch.12 and Explain the significance of the following:

1.“firestick farming”:Deliberately setting fires to clear the land to make more room for hunting or other plants and animals2.Igbo:People whose lands were east of the Niger River in what is now southern Nigeria in West Africa; they built a complex society that rejected kingship and centralized statehood and relied on other institutions to provide social coherence3.Iroquois:Confederation of five Iroquois people in what is now New York State; the loose alliance was based on the Great Law of Peace, an agreement to settle disputes peacefully through a council of clan leaders4.Timur:Turkic warrior (1336-1405) also known as Tamerlane, whose efforts to restore the Mongol Empire devastated much of Persia, Russia, and India5.Fulbe:West Africa’s largest pastoral society, whose members gradually adopted Islam and took on a religious leadership role that led to the creation of a number of new states.6.Ming Dynasty:Dynasty (1368-1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols.

11.Leonardo da Vinci:

12.Michelangelo:

13.Raphael:

14.Machiavelli:

15.Christine de Pizan:

16.Christopher Columbus:

17.Vasco da Gama:

18.Ottoman Empire:Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa

23.Mughal Empire: One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by an Islamized Turkic group that invaded India in 1526; the Mughals’ rule was noted for their efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims24.Malacca:Muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya in the 15th century; it was the springboard for the spread of a syncretic form of Islam throughout the region25.Mexica:Semi-nomadic group from northern Mexico that established the Aztec empire, built Tenochtitlan26.Aztec Empire:Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the 14th and 15th centuries; dominated by the seminomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico27.Chinampas:“floating gardens” farming method of the Aztec, artificial islands created from swamplands28.Hernan Cortes:

7.Yongle:

8.Forbidden City:The Chinese imperial palace, constructed by Yongle

9.Zheng He:

10.European Renaissance:“rebirth” of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society- cultural and political movement in W Europe; began in Italy circa 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and are with distinctly more secular priorities than in Middle Ages

19.Safavid Empire:Major Turkic empire of Persia founded in the early 16th century, notable for its efforts to convert its populace to Shia Islam

20.Songhay Empire:Major Islamic state of West Africa that formed in the second half of the fifteenth century

21. Timbuktu:Great city of West Africa, noted in the 14th century as a center of Islamic scholarship

22. Ethnocentrism: habitual disposition to judge foreign peoples or groups by the standards and practices of your own culture or ethnic group and often finding them inferior

29.Pochteca:Professional merchants, commoners but exceedingly wealthy

30.Inca Empire:The Western Hemisphere’s largest imperial state in the 15th and early 16th centuries; built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people, the empire stretched some 2500 miles along the Andes Mountains, which run nearly the entire length of the west coast of South America, and contained perhaps 10 million subjects

31.“gender parallelism”:A separate but equal definition of gender roles, men and women have different jobs but both are equally important to society

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Key Concept 3.1 Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks

I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.A. Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.B. New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.

C. The growth of interregional

trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organizations; use of the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization.D. Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices, trading organizations, and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures.

China sent out enormous fleets under Admiral Zheng He to enroll states in Chinese tribute system, but then emperors stopped sending them. China came to believe in the superiority of their culture and believed that if they desired something from abroad, others would bring it to themIn Europe, states competed and sent out explorers/conquistadors to trade and later conquer

China- rebuilding canals, reservoirs, irrigation worksE. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it.C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages.III. Cross cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication.A. Development and expansion of Islam

B. In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture.C. The writings of certain interregional travelers

illustrate both the extent and the limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding.D. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions.E. Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions.IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes.A. New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas.B. Explain the spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well-established paths of trade and military conquest.Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their

Interactions

I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.A. Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted governments, combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations better suited to the current circumstances. B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged; including those developed in various Islamic states, city-states, and new states in Europe.C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions.

D. In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica (Aztecs) and Inca.Key Concept 3.3 Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences

I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.A. Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations.

Check p.586—588

B. In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions.

Check p.586-588

II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.C. While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as governmental, religious, and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous cities emerged to take on these established roles.III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life.A. As in the previous period, there were many forms of labor organization.B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence.

“Stateless societies”?

C. New forms of coerced labor appeared. Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. D. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure. _____ /25

Reading Questions: Respond with full 1-2 full sentences. (Your quiz results will largely be based on your comprehension of the reading and maps!)

1. How can the world be described in the 15th century and what predictions about the future might a global traveler have reasonably made?

2. In what ways did the gathering and hunting people of Australia differ from those of the northwest coast of North America?

3. What kinds of changes were transforming the societies of the West African Igbo and the North American Iroquois as the 15th century unfolded?

4. What role did Central Asian and West African pastoralists play in their respective regions?

5. How would you define and describe the major achievements of Ming dynasty in China?

6. In what ways was Western Europe changing?

7. How could the West be poised for a new international role?

8. What causes involved Western Europe’s international position?

9. What were the early phases of the Renaissance focused on?

10. What artistic changes occurred during the Renaissance?

11. Did the early Renaissance have a major impact on all of Europe? Why/why not?

12. What were the focuses of Spanish and Portuguese rulers?

13. What were some lands that were discovered by Europeans?

14. What did the Europeans need to venture far into the Atlantic Ocean?

15. What were some key innovations used in marine exploration?

16. Where did the Europeans make colonies?

17. What kinds of crops did the Europeans grow on the colonized land?

18. What problems were the Aztec and Inca Empires going through?

19. What were the causes of new western European activity?

20. What political, social, and cultural similarities and differences stand out between China and Western Europe during the 15th century? (Suggestion: Draw a Venn Diagram)

21. In what ways did European maritime voyaging in the 15th century differ from that of Chinese exploration? What accounts for these differences?

22. What led to the establishment of the Ming Dynasty? When? Where was the capital?

23. What did the Ming rulers do to expand?

24. Who was Zheng He and why was he important in the expeditions?

25. How did the Chinese reflect a preference for traditional expenditures rather than distant foreign involvement and how did that affect them?

26. Why did China decide not to become a dominant world trading power during the Ming Dynasty?

27. What differences can you identify among the four major empires in the Islamic world of the 15th-16th centuries?

28. What was the focus of the Ottoman Empire?

29. In what ways do the civilizations of China, Europe, and the Islamic world in the 15th century seem to be moving in the same direction, and in what respects were they diverging from one another?

30. What are the similarities and differences between the Aztec and Incan Empires?

31. How did Aztec religious thinking support the empire?

32. In what ways did the Incan authorities seek to integrate their vast domains?

33. In what different ways did the peoples of the 15th century interact with one another?

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Mapping Exercises: Read directions and complete each map based on the maps in Chapter 12.

Map 12.1 – Asia in the 15 th Century

Directions:

Step 1: Create a Key that matches the one on page 567.

Step 2: Outline and Color the Ming Dynasty, Timur’s Empire by 1405, Delhi Sultanate, and Vijayanagara.

Step 3: Trace the routes of Ming dynasty voyages with a pen or marker.

Step 4: Label the following regions: Persia, Arabia, India, Tibet, Siam, Korea, Japan, Africa, and Europe.

Step 5: Label the following bodies of water: Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea.

Map 12.2 – Europe in the 15 th Century

Directions: (Use Chapter 12 PowerPoint to locate maps as well)

Step 1: Label and Outline the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire in red pen or marker.

Step 2: Outline and Color these major regions: Ireland, Scotland, England, Portugal, Spain, France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Mongol Khanates, Muscovy, and the Ottoman Empire.

Step 3: Label the following regions: Ireland, Scotland, England, Papal States, Portugal, Spain, France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Mongol Khanates, Muscovy, and the Ottoman Empire.

Step 4: Label the following bodies of water: Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, Aegean Sea, Dardanelles Strait, Sea of Marmara, and Bosporus Strait.

Map 12.3 – Africa in the 15 th Century

Directions:

Step 1: Label and Outline: Songhay Empire, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Kongo.

Step 2: Create a marker and Label the following locations: Sahara Desert, Timbuktu, Jenne, Axum, Mogadishu, Mombasa, Kalahari Desert, Igboland, Fulbe, Bantu –Speaking Peoples, Cape of Good Hope.

Step 3: Draw the following routes: Portuguese voyages of exploration, Chinese maritime voyages.

Map 12.4 – Empires of Islam in the 15 th Century

Directions:

Step 1: Outline, Color, and Label: Songhay Empire, Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire.

Step 2: Outline in red pen or marker the geographic boundaries of Islamic influence in 1500.

Map 12.5 – The Americas in the 15 th Century

Directions:

Step 1: Outline, Color, and Label: Hunting and Gathering area, Village farming area, Chiefdom area, State-based Civilizations.

Step 2: Label the following locations: Plains farmers, Pueblo farmers, Mississippi Mound Builders, Iroquois Confederation, Aztec Empire, Rainforest farmers, Incan Empire.

Step 3: Create marker and label the following: Tenochtitlan, Chichen Itza, Machu Picchu.

Map 12.6 – Religions and Commerce in Afro-Eurasia in the 15 th Century

Directions:

Step 1: Outline and Color, then create key: Islamic areas, Christian areas, Buddhist areas.

Step 2: Label the following locations: Asia, Africa, Europe, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.

Step 3: Neatly - Draw the trade routes with red pen or marker!

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