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ACKOWNELEGEMENT

I am very thankful to everyone who all supported me,for i have completed my

SEMINAR effectively and moreover on time.

I am equally grateful to my HOD SIR.he gave me moral support and guided me

in different matters regarding the topic.she had been very kind and patient while

suggesting me the outlines of this seminar and correcting my doubts.I thank him for

his overall supports.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents and my friends who helped me

a lot in gathering different information, collecting data and guiding me from time to

time in making this seminar .Despite of my parent's busy schedules ,they gave me

different ideas in making this project unique.I and my friend put a team effort to

complete and make it a great project

Thanking you CERTIFICATE

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This is to certify that RAVI SHANKAR of MECHANICAL IIIrd year

has successfully completed the seminar on topic

SMART MATERIAL under my supervison.He has worked hard on

this seminar very sincerely

and honestly this report has been examined and approved by me.

Mr.DK VERMA

H.O.D

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BACKGROUND

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3 WHAT IS SMART MATERIAL

4 TYPES OF SMART MATERIAL

5 CHARACTERISTICS AND

APPLICATION OF SMART MATERIAL

6 ECONOMICAL OUTLOOK

7 CONCLUSION

8 REFRENCES

INTRODUCTION

NATURE IS FULL OF MAGICAL MATERIALS WHICH ARE TO BE DISCOVERED IN FORMS SUITABLE TO OUR NEEDS. SUCH MAGICALMATERIALS KNOWN AS INTELLIGENT OR SMART MATERIALS.

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THESE MATERIALS CAN SENSE PROCESS STIMULATE AND ACTUATE A RESPONSE Senses a stimulus (eyes).

Takes an intelligent decision (brain).

Through electronic feedback it takes corrective/preventive measures to avoid catastrophic situations (arm).

THEIR FUNCTIONING IS ANALOGOUS TO HUMAN BRAIN, SLOW AND FAST MUSCLES ACTION. THESE MATERIALS ARE THE WONDER MATERIALS THAT CAN FEEL AN ACTION AND SUITABLY RESPOND TO IT JUST LIKE ANY LIVING ORGANISM ANALOGUS TO HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM THE INTELLIGENT MATERIAL COMPRISES THREE BASIC COMPONENT WHICH ARE GIVEN AS FOLLOWS

SENSORS SUCH AS PIEZOELECTRIC POLYMERS,OPTICAL FIBRE

PROCESSORS SUCH AS CONDUCTIVE ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS,MICROCHIPS

ACTUATORS SUCH AS SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS(NI TI i’e NITINOL) CHEMICALLY RESPONDING POLYMERS

THESE COMPONENTS IN THE FORM OF OPTICAL FIBRES OR ELECTRO- RHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS ARE EMBEDDED OR DISTRIBUTED IN MATERIALS .THEY POSSESS ABILITY TO CHANGE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION/STRESS/TEMP,PRESSURE/VOLTAGE ETC

BACKGROUND

Smart Materials are materials that respond to environmental stimuli, such as temperature, moisture,

pH, or electric and magnetic fields. For example, photochromic materials that change colour in

response to light; shape memory alloys and polymers which change/recover their shape in response

to heat and electro- and magnetorheological fluids that change viscosity in response to electric or

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magnetic stimuli. Smart Materials can be used directly to make smart systems or structures or

embedded in structures whose inherent properties can be changed to meet high value-added

performance needs. Smart Materials technology is relatively new to the economy and has a strong

innovative content. According to work by the Materials Foresight Panel, the use of smart materials

could make a significant impact in many market sectors. In the food industry, smart labels and tags

could be used in the implementation of traceability protocols to improve food quality and safety e.g.

using thermo chromic ink to monitor temperature history. In construction, smart materials and

systems could be used in 'smart' buildings, for environmental control, security and structural health

monitoring e.g. strain measurement in bridges using embedded fibre optic sensors

that can feel pain with fiber optic nerve systems.

Magneto-rheological fluids have been used to damp cable-stayed bridges and reduce the effects of

earthquakes. In aerospace, smart materials could find applications in 'smart wings', health and usage

monitoring systems (HUMS), and active vibration control in helicopter blades. In marine and rail

transport, possibilities include strain monitoring using embedded fibre optic sensors. Smart textiles

are also finding applications in sportswear that could be developed for everyday wear and for health

and safety purposes [8]-[12].

A. Structural Health Monitoring

Virtual human robots can be equipped with sensors, memory, perception, and behavioral motor.

This eventually makes these virtual human robots to act or react to events.

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* Also called Damage Detection

* Using response signals to determine if there has been a change in the system's parameters.

* Mathematically very much like parameter identification in many respects

* Numerous methods have been proposed.

* Impact is high for SMH systems that work without taking the base system out of

operation.

B. Smart Structures

Key areas of focus for the development of smart structures to include: Miniaturisation and

integration of components, e.g. application of sensors or smart materials in components

Robustness of the smart system, e.g.interfacial issues relating to external connections to

smart structures Device fabrication and manufacturability, e.g. Electrorheological fluids in

active suspension systems, applications in telematics and traffic management Structural

health monitoring, control and lifetime extension (including self-repair) of structures

operating in hostile environments, e.g. vibration control in Aerospace and Construction

applications. Thermal management of high temperature turbines for power generation.

Selfmonitoring, self-repairing, low maintenance structures, e.g. bridges and rail track Smart

structures that can self-monitor internal stresses, strains, creep, corrosion and wear would

deliver significant benefits.

Projects can be based on any material format (e.g. speciality polymers, fibres and textiles,

coatings, adhesives, composites, metals, and inorganic materials), which incorporate

sensors or active functional materials such as: piezoelectrics, photochromics, thermochromics,

electro and magneto rheological fluids, shape memory alloys, aeroelastictailored and other auxetic

materials. For the modelling of actor behaviors, the ultimate objective is to build intelligent

autonomous virtual humans with

adaptation, perception and memory. These virtual humans should be able to act freely and

emotionally. They should be conscious and unpredictable. But can we expect in the near future to

represent in the computer the concepts of behavior, intelligence, autonomy, adaptation, perception,

memory, freedom, emotion, consciousness, and unpredictability [9]-[10].

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C. Key Points

* This is the first successful trial in the worldto remotely control a man emulating robot soas

to drive an industrial vehicle (backhoe) outdoors in lieu of a human operator.

* Furthermore, the robot's operation was controlled while having it wear protective clothing

to protect it against the rain and dust outside. This too marks a world-first success

demonstrating the robot's capability of performing outdoor work even in the rain.

* This has been achieved with an HRP- IS robot whose Honda R&D made hardware was

provided with control software developed by the AIST.

* The robot has a promising application potential for restoration work in environments

struck by catastrophes and in civil engineering and construction project sites where it can "work"

safely and smoothly.

D. Outline

This robot was remotely controlled to perform outdoor work (Fig.5) tasks normally carried out by

human operators involving the operation (driving and excavation) of a vibrating industrial vehicle

(backhoe) in the seated position. Furthermore, operation was

achieved with the robot wearing protective clothing to protect against rain and dust. This also marks

a world first success indicating the robot's ability to carry out outdoor work tasks even in the rain.

These results were achieved thanks to the development of the following three technologies:

* The "remote control technology" for instructing the humanoid robot to perform total body

movements under remote control and the "remote control system" for executing the remote control

tasks (KHI).

* The "protection technology" for protecting the humanoid robot against shock and vibrations of its

operating seat and against the influences of the natural environment such as rain and dust (Tokyo

Construction).

* The "full-body operation control technology" for controlling the humanoid robot's total body work

movements with autonomous control capability to prevent the robot from falling. There have been

many attempts until the present to robotize the industrial vehicles (including backhoes) themselves

for work on sites requiring their operation

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in dangerous work areas or in adverse environments. In contrast, the use of a humanoid robot to

operate the industrial vehicle instead of a human operator has two distinct advantages:

* This means that robot does not only drive the vehicle but is also capable of executing the

attendant work tasks (alighting from the vehicle to check the work site, carrying out simple repairs,

etc.) and

* It permits the robotizing of all industrial vehicles without needing to modify them. Once humanoid

robots (Fig. 5) now engaged in other types of work can be used, when necessary, for operational

duties normally performed by human operators there will be a definite chance for a greater

expansion of the humanoid robot market which in

turn holds promise of further reductions in their production and operating costs. The major insight gained from this success that has demonstrated the humanoid robot's ability to replace the human operator in operating (driving and excavation duties) commercially used industrial vehicles (backhoe) under remote control is the realization that humanoid robots are capable of moving in the same manner as humans. The humanoid robot's ability to carry out outdoor work tasks even in the rain by "wearing" protective clothing has widened the scope of the environmental conditions in which it is capable of executing work. From these two aspects there is every reason to expect that these results will make a substantial contribution toward the realization of practical work-performing humanoid robots. The development tasks ahead will include work to create wireless remote control and achieve a robot capable of boarding the industrial vehicle independently

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TYPES OF SMART MATERIAL

1 PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS

2 VISCOELASTIC

3 ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUID

4 SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

5 OPTICAL FIBRE

6 SMART GEL PH- SENSTIVE POLIMERRS

PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS

Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably crystals and certain ceramics, including bone) to generate an electric field or electric potential in response to applied mechanical stress. The effect is closely related to a change of polarization density within the material's volume. These materials expand or contract when subjected to a potential difference. Example of piezoelectric ceramics are quartz ,pb ,zr titanate

Application of piezoelectric ceramics are :-Sonic and ultrasonic microphones, transducersSonic and ultrasonic speakers (sounders, buzzers, beepers)Depth soundersFish Finders

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Vibration sensorsActuatorsShock sensorsGas IgnitersRemote controlsNebulizersUltrasonic cleanersPiezo MotorsHome securityTilt sensor

VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL

Viscous materials, like honey, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain instantaneously when stretched and just as quickly return to their original state once the stress is both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation removed. Viscoelastic materials have elements of both of these properties and, as such, exhibit time dependent strain. Whereas elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching along crystallographic planes Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit in an ordered solid, viscosity is the result of the diffusion of atoms or molecules inside an amorphous material

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APPLICATION OF VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL

1 Damping treatment3.

1. Free-layer damping (FLD)

2. Constrained-layer damping (CLD)

3. Tuned viscoelastic damper (TVD)

2. Automotive applications

1. Powertrain and body structures

2. Laminated glass for windows

3. Commercial aircraft applications

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

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Demonstration of the shape-memory effect in a Ti(Ni,Pt) alloy. The super-imposed images are of Ti-30Ni-20Pt rolled sheet, bent 38° at room temperature, and recovered to 8° by heating to 350 °C, resulting in a displacement of the sheet end of almost 10 mm

A shape memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle wire, smart alloy) is an alloy that "remembers" its original, cold-forged shape: returning the pre-deformed shape by heating. This material is a lightweight, solid-state alternative to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based systems. Shape memory alloys have applications in industries including medical and aerospace. The three main types of shape memory alloys are the copper-zinc-aluminium-nickel copper-aluminium-nickel, and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys but SMA's can also be created by alloying zinc, copper,gold, and iron. NiTi alloys are generally more expensive and change from austenite to martensite upon cooling; Mf is the temperature at which the transition to Martensite is finished during cooling. Accordingly, during heating As and Af are the temperatures at which the transformation from Martensite to Austenite starts and finishes. Repeated use of the shape memory effect may lead to a shift of the characteristic transformation temperatures (this effect is known as functional fatigue, as it is closely related with a change of microstructural and functional properties of the material).

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The transition from the martensite phase to the austenite phase is only dependent on temperature and stress, not time, as most phase changes are, as there is no diffusion involved. Similarly, the austenite structure gets its name from steel alloys of a similar structure. It is the reversible diffusionless transition between these two phases that allow the special properties to arise. While martensite can be formed from austenite by rapidly cooling carbon-steel, this process is not reversible, so steel does not have shape memory properties.

One-way vs. two-way shape memoryShape memory alloys have different shape memory effects. Two common effects are one-way and two-way shape memory. A schematic of the effects is shown below.

In the figure above, the procedures are very similar: starting from martensite (a), adding a reversible deformation for the one-way effect or severe deformation with an irreversible amount for the two-way (b), heating the sample (c) and cooling it again (d).

One-way memory effect

When a shape memory alloy is in its cold state (below As), the metal can be bent or stretched and will hold those shapes until heated above the transition temperature. Upon heating, the shape changes to its original. When the metal cools again it will remain in the hot shape, until deformed again.

With the one-way effect, cooling from high temperatures does not cause a macroscopic shape change. A deformation is necessary to create the low-temperature shape. On heating, transformation starts at As and is completed at Af (typically 2 to 20 °C or hotter, depending on the alloy or the loading

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conditions). As is determined by the alloy type and composition. It can be varied between−150 °C and 200 °C.

Two way memory effect

The two-way shape memory effect is the effect that the material remembers two different shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the high temperature shape. A material that shows a shape memory effect during both heating and cooling is called two-way shape memory. This can also be obtained without the application of an external force (intrinsic two-way effect). The reason the material behaves so differently in these situations lies in training. Training implies that a shape memory can "learn" to behave in a certain way. Under normal circumstances, a shape memory alloy "remembers" its high-temperature shape, but upon heating to recover the high-temperature shape, immediately "forgets" the low-temperature shape. However, it can be "trained" to "remember" to leave some reminders of the deformed low-temperature condition in the high-temperature phases. There are several ways of doing this[4]. A shaped, trained object heated beyond a certain point will lose the two way memory effect, this is known as "amnesia".

Pseudo-elasticityOne of the commercial uses of shape memory alloy involves using the pseudo-elastic properties of the metal during the high temperature (austenitic) phase. The frames of reading glasses have been made of shape memory alloy as they can undergo large deformations in their high temperature state and then instantly revert back to their original shape when the stress is removed. This is the result of pseudoelasticity; the martensitic phase is generated by stressing the metal in the austenitic state and this martensite phase is capable of large strains. With the removal of the load, the martensite transforms back into the austenite phase and resumes its original shape.

This allows the metal to be bent, twisted and pulled, before reforming its shape when released. This means the frames of shape memory alloy glasses are claimed to be "nearly indestructible" because it appears no amount of bending results in permanent plastic deformation.

Transition temperatureThe martensite start temperature of shape memory alloys at which they function is dependent on a number of factors including alloy chemistry. Shape memory alloys with transformation temperatures in the range of 60-1450 K have been made. Zarinejad and co-workers have recently shown that the martensite start temperature

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increases with the decrease of the valence electron density (concentration) of these alloys.

HistoryThe first reported steps towards the discovery of the shape memory effect were taken in the 1930s. According to Otsuka and Wayman (1998), A. Ölander discovered the pseudoelastic behavior of the Au-Cd alloy in 1932. Greninger & Mooradian (1938) observed the formation and disappearance of a martensitic phase by decreasing and increasing the temperature of a Cu-Zn alloy. The basic phenomenon of the memory effect governed by the thermoelastic behavior of the martensite phase was widely reported a decade later by Kurdjumov & Khandros (1949) and also by Chang & Read (1951).

The nickel-titanium alloys were first developed in 1962–1963 by the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory and commercialized under the trade name Nitinol (an acronym for Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratories). Their remarkable properties were discovered by accident. A sample that was bent out of shape many times was presented at a laboratory management meeting. One of the associate technical directors, Dr. David S. Muzzey, decided to see what would happen if the sample was subjected to heat and held his pipe lighter underneath it. To everyone's amazement the sample stretched back to its original shape.[5][6]

There is another type of S.M.A., called a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (FSMA), that changes shape under strong magnetic fields. These materials are of particular interest as the magnetic response tends to be faster and more efficient than temperature-induced responses.

Metal alloys are not the only thermally-responsive materials; shape memory polymers have also been developed, and became commercially available in the late 1990s.

Crystal structuresMany metals have several different crystal structures at the same composition, but most metals do not show this shape memory effect. The special property that allows shape memory alloys to revert to their original shape after heating is that their crystal transformation is fully reversible. In most crystal transformations, the atoms in the structure will travel through the metal by diffusion, changing the composition locally, even though the metal as a whole is made of the same atoms. A reversible transformation does not involve this diffusion of atoms, instead all the atoms shift at the same time to form a new structure, much in the way a parallelogram can be

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made out of a square by pushing on two opposing sides. At different temperatures, different structures are preferred and when the structure is cooled through the transition temperature, the martensitic structure forms from the austenitic phase.

ManufactureShape memory alloys are typically made by casting, using vacuum arc melting or induction melting. These are specialist techniques used to keep impurities in the alloy to a minimum and ensure the metals are well mixed. The ingot is then hot rolled into longer sections and then drawn to turn it into wire.

The way in which the alloys are "trained" depends on the properties wanted. The "training" dictates the shape that the alloy will remember when it is heated. This occurs by heating the alloy so that thedislocations re-order into stable positions, but not so hot that the material recrystallizes. They are heated to between 400 °C and 500 °C for 30 minutes. Typical variables for some alloys are 500 °C and for more than 5 minutes.

They are then shaped while hot and are cooled rapidly by quenching in water or by cooling with air.

[edit]Properties

The copper-based and Ni Ti (nickel and titanium)-based shape memory alloys are considered to be engineering materials. These compositions can be manufactured to almost any shape and size.

The yield strength of shape memory alloys is lower than that of conventional steel, but some compositions have a higher yield strength than plastic or aluminum. The yield stress for Ni Ti can reach500 MPa. The high cost of the metal itself and the processing requirements make it difficult and expensive to implement SMAs into a design. As a result, these materials are used in applications where the super elastic properties or the shape memory effect can be exploited. The most common application is in actuation.

One of the advantages to using shape memory alloys is the high level of recoverable plastic strain that can be induced. The maximum recoverable strain these materials can hold without permanent damage is up to 8% for some alloys. This compares with a maximum strain 0.5% for conventional steels.

Applications

IndustrialAircraftSee also: Aircraft

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Boeing, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Goodrich Corporation, NASA, and All Nippon Airways developed the Variable Geometry Chevron using shape memory alloy that reduces aircraft's engine noise.

[edit]PipingSee also: Piping

The first consumer commercial application for the material was as a shape memory coupling for piping, e.g. oil line pipes for industrial applications, water pipes and similar types of piping for consumer/commercial applications. The late 1980s saw the commercial introduction of Nitinol as an enabling technology in a number of minimally invasive endovascular medical applications. While more costly than stainless steel, the self expanding properties of Nitinol alloys manufactured to BTR (Body Temperature Response), have provided an attractive alternative to balloon expandable devices. On average, 50% of all peripheral vascular stents currently available on the worldwide market are manufactured with Nitinol.

[edit]RoboticsSee also: Robotics

There have also been limited studies on using these materials in robotics (such as "Roboterfrau Lara"[7]), as they make it possible to create very light robots. Weak points of the technology are energy inefficiency, slow response times, and large hysteresis.

Nitinol wire is also used in robotics (e.g. the hobbyist robot Stiquito) and in a few magic tricks, particularly those involving heat and shapeshifting

MedicineShape memory alloys are applied in medicine, for example, as fixation devices for osteotomies in orthopaedic surgery, in dental braces to exert constant tooth-moving forces on the teeth and in stent grafts where it gives the ability to adapt to the shape of certain blood vessels when exposed to body temperature.

Optometry

Eyeglass frames made from titanium-containing SMAs are marketed under the trademarks Flexon and TITANflex. These frames are usually made out of shape memory alloys that have their transition temperature set below the expected room temperature. This allows the frames to undergo large deformation under stress, yet regain their intended shape once the metal is unloaded again. The very large apparently elastic strains are due to the stress-induced martensitic effect, where the crystal structure can transform under loading, allowing the shape to change

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temporarily under load. This means that eyeglasses made of shape memory alloys iuare more robust against being accidentally damaged.

ELECTRO AND MAGNETO-RHEOSTATIC MATERIAL

PH SENSITIVE POLIMERS

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polymeric micelle showed pH sensitive change in diameter.

ECONOMICAL OUTLOOK

1 Billion dollar market

75% - Electro-ceramics

10% -Shape Memory Materials

10% - Magnetostrictive materials

5% - Active Fluids

CONCLUSIONSensors are playing a vital role in all sorts of sciences. Hence, instead of placing various

sensors at variable places in various application areas, it may be better to embed these

sensors in humanoids and it could be effectively used in detecting, monitoring, message

conveying, repairing etc., Thus the mobility of humanoids may be used effectively. A smart

intelligent structure includes distributed actuators, sensors and microprocessors that

analyze the response from the sensors and use distributed parameter control theory to

command actuators, to apply localized strains. A smart structure has the capacity to

respond to a changing external environment such as loads, temperatures and shape change,

as well as to varying internal environment i.e., failure of a structure. This technology has

numerous applications much as vibration and buckling control, ape control, damage

assessment and active noise control. Smart structure techniques are being increasingly

applied to civil engineering structures for health monitoring of buildings with strain and

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corrosion sensors.A Smart material are just starting to emerge from the laboratory, but soon

you can expect to find in everything from laptop computers to concrete bridges

REFRENCES

http://members.tripod.com/~EnergyExpress/ nanotech.html

http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r7/st_maurice/html/ 20020314.htm

http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/ ti4914_smart_materials.html

http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/6dof.html