Wearable Computers

Team 4Steven AltRita Hubert

Christian MartinezBob Zandoli

School of Computer Science and Information SystemsPace University

May 2005

Table of Contents

Definition History Research Interests Wearable Challenges Design Development Processor Input Devices Display Devices Network Battery Practical Applications

Medical Military Travel Manufacturing/Maintenance Textiles Jewelry/Watch

Conclusion References

Definition

The definition of wearable computer is not commonly agreed. Some examples from Rhodes, Kartuem, Mann and Licklider are cited by Starner [64] as having the following characteristics and attributes:

Portability and unobtrusive during operations Hands-free or limited-hands-on operation Interact with user, even when not in use Sense the users current context Adapt interaction modalities base on the users current context Augmented reality interface to user based on environment Presents information in an unobtrusive way Constant and always ready Not demanding the users full attention Observable and controllable by user Attentive to the environment and context Communication tool A natural extension of the user Constant access to information and services Personal

Characteristics

Wearable computers should be worn like glasses, watches, and clothing.

The interaction between the person and computer should be context-based

The display and input should be unobtrusive

Wireless Personal Area Networks Wearable computers should act as an

intelligent assistant

[29]

Why are Wearable Computers Important?

The main reason to look at wearable computers in research is because it is generally agreed that the “fourth generation” of computing will involve smart environments, wearable computers, perceptual users interfaces and ubiquitous computing. [44]

Wearable computers are one of the most personally useful areas of new computer technology. This is the future of computing which will give us the power of computing in our daily lives in wearing our computers and taking them with us wherever we go. They will assist us in our daily lives, provide us with information and support, and provide those of us in the forefront of research and development with a bright future of employment and entrepreneurial opportunity. This is a giant leap forward in employing the power of computer in our daily lives for useful purposes. [44]

The ultimate purpose of wearable computers is to be operational throughout the person’s waking time, to be un-noticed, to understand the context of the owner’s environment, to be proactive in providing the appropriate information and feedback, to function as an intelligent personal assistant to the owner. [44]

History

1955 Edward Thorp, a graduate student in physics at U.C.L.A., developed a mathematical method to beat the roulette wheel at a casino. [72] which was refined and developed in 1960 by the partnership at MIT of Edward Thorp and Claude Shannon. Together they developed the seminal work in this field and created a concealed-wearable computer to beat the roulette wheel in Las Vegas, Nevada.

1960’s Sutherland at MIT invents a wearable head-mounted display and Hubert Upton creates a wearable computer with an eyeglass display. [29]

1970’s C.C. Collins developed a camera-to-tactile vest for the blind and Sony introduces the Walkman music system. [29]

1980’s Steve Mann created backpack-computer for controlling photo equipment, Steve Roberts recumbent bicycle with an on-board computer and the Private Eye company developed a head-mounted display device. [29]

History …Continued

1990’s: Gerald Maguire and John Ioannidis Student Electronic

Notebook Olivetti active badge using infrared to transmit location CMU’s VuMan1 to view blueprint data BBN Pathfinder system using GPS and radiation

detection Thad Starner’s Remembersance Agent augmented

memory Feiner, MacIntyre and Seligmann developed KARMA

augmented reality system Lamming and Flynn’s ‘Forget-Me-Not” system for

recording continuous personal life experiences Edgar Mathias ‘wrist computer’ Steve Mann sending images from is head-mounted

camera to the Web Alex Pentland Smart Clothes Fashion Show [29]

21 Century Wearable Research Interests

Early twenty-first century wearable computer research: Battery life and energy

Battery life is the basis of power and has long been a limiting factor for the development of wearable computers. Jason Flinn and M. Satyanarayanan’s recent extensive paper provides a detailed examination of the issue and proposes an approach to conserve energy [13] , which compliments their earlier work with Intel [12] regarding performance, energy and quality. Noboru Kamijoh of IBM has studied energy use in a computer wrist watch [20].

Context awareness Textiles

Textiles are receiving a greater amount of research interest. A recent article by Chandra Madhup, et.al.[5] shows how ultrasonic range transceivers included in a belt are used to determine a person’s location within a building.

Medical Applications Human Computer Interaction

Research Overview Design, Development Architecture, Motherboards, Hardware Operating Systems, Database, Software and

Applications Input/Output devices

One handed input Headset/eyeglasses/visor

Networks, Communications and Wireless Energy and Batteries Surveillance and Security

Detection/Tracking/Badges/GPS Human computer interaction (HCI) Context and location awareness Textiles and Clothes Medical Monitoring Jewelry

Key Wearable Research and Development Universities

The academic leaders in Wearable Computer Research are:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) [29] Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) [6]

CMU has actually designed and tested 20 generations of wearable computer systems over the past 8 years. [www.cmu.edu/co-lab/pr03.html October 28, 2004 access]

Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) [17]

Figure 1: CMU Wearable Family Tree [www-2.cmu.edu/people/wearable/pics/wearabletree.jpg]

Table 1 Carnagie Mellon University Wearable Systems [6]

Current Wearable Challenges

Power and Battery Heat Dissipation Networking

On-body and off-body Privacy Interface Design Application Development

Context sensitive Augmented Reality Collaboration

[64,65]

Project Plan

Table 2 [10]

Design Considerations

Figure 2: Classes of wearable computers [1]

Wearable Design Principles

The design process for the wearable computer system according to Gandy, et al. [15] follows the Seven Principles of Universal Design Equitable Use Flexible in Use Simple and Intuitive Perceptible Information Tolerance for Error Low Physical Effort Size and Space for Approach and Use

Wearable Design Methodology

The design methodology is the User-Centered Interdisciplinary Concurrent System Design Methodology (UICSM) is based on a rapid prototyping model and is web-based, permitting remote researchers and customers to work together on-line to develop, discuss and refine the design. [52]

Three Development Phases of UICSM are: Conceptual Design Detailed Design Implementation

This is a proven methodology, used for more than a dozen new wearable computers.

Wearable Design The most detailed and systematic description of a design

process for wearable systems is by Anliker, et al. [2]. Anliker, et al has developed a series of models for problem specification, architecture and exploration environment.

The Problem Specification contains: Usage Profile Information Flow Physical Constraints Hardware Resources

The Architecture Model contains: Generic architecture Problem specific architecture

The Exploration Environment contains: Input from the problem specific model to generate the architecture Task-device binding Input from the Information flow to develop the performance

estimation Input from the Information flow to develop the architecture

evaluation Architecture selection Output to a set of Pareto-optimal architectures

Figure 3: Modular Exploration Methodology according to Anliker, et al. [2]

Wearable Development Chandra Narayanaswami et al. [38] of IBM Research have also developed a rapid

prototyping methodology with 5 steps to develop a prototype, as follows: Vision Articulation

Pictures Anamations

Preliminary Vision Embodiment User Interaction Model On-Screen Simulation Representative I/O devices and applications

Demons ratable Prototype Software Infrastructure Demo Programs Preliminary power management Limited CPU/memory

Business Case Limited Deployment End-user Studies Market Analysis Cost-profit analysis

Marketable Product Application Development Environment and tools Actual end-user Applications Aggressive Power Management

Development Process

Table 4 [38]

Wearable Interfaces

Table 5 [10]

Wearable Processor

Several Designs for Wearable Processors

MIT Media Lab developed MIThril [29] IBM developed Personal Mobile Hub

[19] Q-Belt-Integrated-Computer (QBIC)

developed at ETH Zurich [1]

Figure 4: MIThril System from MIT [29]

IBM Personal Mobile Hub

Figure 5: Personal Mobile Hub [19]

Q-Belt-Integrated-Computer (QBIC)

Figure 6: QBIC system in a belt buckle [1]

QBIC … continued

Figure 7: QBIC system in a belt buckle [1]

QBIC Schematic

Figure 8: QBIC system in a belt buckle [1]

Input Devices

One-handed keyboard Twiddler [18]

Kord [74] Kord Kord-Pad Kord-Grip

Figure 9: Twiddler 2 [67]

Mobile Text Entry Rates Method Keyboard Experienc

eWPM

Chording Twiddler 400 min 26.2

Letterwise

Desktop keypad

550 min 21.0

T9 Nokia 3210 phone

expert 20.4

Multi-tap Desktop keypad

550 min 15.5

Table 6 [25]

Twiddler Learning Rates

Table 7 [25]

Kord Data Entry

Kord, Kord-Pad, Kord-Gripwww.wetpc.com.au/html/products/handheld.htm

Figure 10: Kord Devices

Display Devices

Glasses Display Helmet

MicroOptical Display in Glasses

Figure 11: MicroOptical Glasses [64]

M920 Display

Figure 12: Display connects to CompactFlash TypeII or PCMCIA slot of PDA ($799)www.icuiti.com/work.html

Helmet Display

Figure 13:

Helmet Display with Integrated Wearable Computer, wireless link and GPS

www.prweb.com/releases/2005/1/prweb199305.htm

Wearable Display View

Figure 14: Nomad helmet mounted display examples viewswww.primidi.com/2004/12/12.htm

Wearable Networks

Wireless

LAN

PAN

Wired

Fiber

On-body

Off-body

Table 8 [3]

Table 9 [3]

IEEE Wireless LAN and PAN

Table 10 [3]

Battery and Energy

Solar Cells Shoe Generator Battery Power

Wearable Solar Cells

Figure 15: www.primidi.com/2004/12/16.html

Wearable Energy Generation

Figure 16: Magnetic Generator in shoes produced 250 mW from standard walking [45]

Battery Battery Power Conservation Techniques [Satyanarayanan]

Improve Hardware Efficiency Flash cards as secondary storage [55]

Power consumption improved by about 20% Power management [11,12,13]

Software Reduced Energy Consumption Idle operations

Conserve power [78] Reduce fidelity [11,12,13]

Off-load work to nearby servers

External actions to Recharge the battery

Techniques for Mitigating Energy

Table 11 [78]

Wearable Real World Examples

Medical Military Travel Manufacturing/Warehouse Workplace Textiles Jewelry/Watch

Medical Wearable History In the 1950’s and 1960’s the first application

of remote health monitoring with wearable computers was used for the NASA astronauts.

During the 1970’s and 1980’s telemetry was used by emergency medical technicians to communicate remotely to emergency room hospital physicians.

Then the 1990’s saw an emergence of portable monitoring devices that could record pulse and heart rate, weight, temperature, blood pressure, heart and lung sounds, and blood oxygen.

Medical Wearable ApplicationsToday research into medical applications for wearable

computers has many areas of focus, including the following:

Memory Tactile Head motion Gestures/Parkinson’s Gastric Reflux/GERD Heart/ECG/Pulse Location/GPS/Alzheimer’s location Lungs/Respiration/Oxygen Temperature Blood Pressure Falls

Medical CodeBlue Infrastructure

Figure 17: CodeBlue Infrastructure [22]

MIThril System

Figure 18: Zaurus PDA, Hoarder Sensor Hub, Sensing Board, Sensors (EKG, GSR,temp), Accelerometer, IR Tag Reader [68]

Blood Pressure Monitor and Personal Mobile Hub

Figure 19: Personal Mobile Hub [19]

Medical Monitoring

Figure 20: Pulse Oximeter and Two-lead EKG [22]

PDA Showing 3 Heart Rate and Blood Oxygen Saturation Displays

Figure 21: PDA with heart rate monitor display[22]

Military

Figure 22: The Soldier’s Computer [80]

Military Wearable Use

Figure 23: Soldier with Wearable Equipment [80]

Land Warrior Version 1.0

Figure 23: Front view of Land Warrior [80]

Land Warrior – Rear View

Figure 24: Rear View Land Warrior Soldier [80]

Travel Industry Wearable

City Maps Global Positioning System (GPS) Speech Language Translation CamWear Video Camera

Travel

Figure 25: Xybernaut Mobile Assistant

[62]

• Travel Maps

• Travel Guides

• Attractions

• Global Positioning System (GPS)

Travel Wearable Computers

Figure: 26 Travel Computers and Maps [54]

Speech Translator Smart Module

Figure 27: CMU Speech Translator [57]

Deja View CamWear

Figure 28: Wearable CamWear camera [48]

Maintenance/Warehouse/Workplace Wearable Applications

Maintenance Inspection and Quality Control

Maintenance Checklists and Manuals

Harsh Environment Data Collection

Point of Sale System

Aircraft Maintenance

Figure: 29 Visor and Microphone with Maintenance Checklist [39]

Maintenance Workers

Figure 30: Steamfitter at BIW Inspection, Maintenance, Quality Control[62]

Mobile Assistant V

Figure 31: Xybernaut flat panel displaywww.xybenaut.com/solutions/product/mac_product.htm

Workplace Applications

Figure 32: Antarctica Data Collection

Café Purchase [62]

Textiles Fabric Keyboard Wire Woven into the Fabric Wearable Motherboard SansVest Sensatex Smart Shirt Vest for Medical Monitoring Music Player Jacket

Chording Keyboard in Fabric

Figure 33:

Fabric Keyboard [45]

Fiber in Fabric

Figure: Fabric with woven copper fiber 34 [25]

Wearable Motherboard (PMIP)

Figure: 35 Motherboard and components on Fabric [42]

SansVest

Figure: 36 SansVest front, rear and inside views [21]

Sensatex Smart Shirt

Figure 37: www.fibre2fashion.com/news/NewsDetails.asp?News_id=11705

Wearable Vest

Figure 38: MIThril Wearable Vest Components [29]

Infineon Digital Music Player System Integrated in a Jacket

Figure 39: Wearable Multimedia Jacket [25]

Wearable Jewelry by IBM

Ring blinks for notification.

Earring speakers.

Necklace microphone.

Watch display.Figure 40: www.pcworld.com/news/article.asp?aid=33322

IBM Watch Computer

Figure 41: IBM Linux Watch [19]

IBM Watch Schematic

Figure 42: IBM Linux Watch [19]

Wearable Research ‘Smart Spaces’/Context Aware

Prioritized local interactions Input/Out Methods and Mechanisms

Data Entry devices Visor displays

‘Invisible’ Devices and Social Acceptance Integration into Clothing Integration into Day-to-Day Interactions

Battery/Energy Use Battery Life Battery Size and Weight Alternative Energy Generation Methods

Usability Security

Conclusions Wearable computers are a key emerging

technology Practical Applications Will Continue to Grow

Medical Military Travel Manufacturing/Maintenance Textiles Jewelry/Watch

Nano-technology will accelerate the adaptation rate of wearable computers due to the reduced size of mobile computers and incorporation in nano-tubes into textiles

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