We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.
-
Upload
adam-palmer -
Category
Documents
-
view
228 -
download
0
description
Transcript of We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.
![Page 1: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.
MONDAY 1/4/2016
![Page 2: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1. What are some things that you remember about our heart?
2. How many chambers does our heart have? Are all organisms the same?
MONDAY 1/4/2016
![Page 3: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. Draw and label the four parts of the heart. Show the direction of flow of blood.
2. What creates blood pressure?
TUESDAY 1/5/2016
![Page 4: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. What are the different jobs your blood takes on?
2. Why is it that an electrode can measure your heart rate?`
WEDNESDAY 1/6/2016
![Page 5: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1. At what point does the oxygen in your blood leave and CO2 enter?
2. What are some things you need to be careful of when taking blood pressure?
THURSDAY 1/7/2016
![Page 6: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. What are two differences between a vein and an artery?
2. How does exercise affect your heart rate and blood pressure?
FRIDAY 1/8/2016
![Page 7: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1. What was one new thing you learned during the lab?
2. Why did everyone's blood pressure and heart rate differ both before and after exercise?
MONDAY 1/11/2016
![Page 8: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1. Why do you think iron is so important to the blood?
2. What other nutrients are important to your blood and why?
TUESDAY 1/12/2016
![Page 9: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
WEDNESDAY 1/13/2016
![Page 10: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
After Watching this short clip. Write a summary of what is happening. Use this to see what you know and still do not understand.
THURSDAY 1/14/2016
![Page 11: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1. What are some things that make capillaries so unique or different from other arteries and veins?
2. How are capillaries and alveoli (lungs) similar?
FRIDAY 1/15/2016
![Page 12: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1. What part of the poster did you struggle with the most when presenting?
2. What do the SA node and purkinje fibers do for the heart?
MONDAY 1/19/2016
![Page 13: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Cardiovascular System:Major Functions
• Delivers O2, nutrients
• Removes CO2, other waste
• Transports hormones, other molecules• Temperature balance and fluid regulation• Acid-base balance• Immune function
![Page 14: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Cardiovascular System
• Three major circulatory elements1. A pump (heart)2. Channels or tubes (blood vessels)3. A fluid medium (blood)
• Heart generates pressure to drive blood through vessels
![Page 15: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Heart
• Four chambers–Right and left atria (RA, LA): top, receiving
chambers–Right and left ventricles (RV, LV): bottom,
pumping chambers
RA LA
RV LV
![Page 16: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Figure 6.1
![Page 17: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Blood Flow Through the Heart
• Right heart: pulmonary circulation– Pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs– Superior, inferior vena cavae RA tricuspid
valve RV pulmonary valve pulmonary arteries lungs
• Left heart: systemic circulation– Pumps oxygenated blood from lungs to body– Lungs pulmonary veins LA mitral valve
LV aortic valve aorta
![Page 18: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Myocardium
• Myocardium: cardiac muscle• LV has most myocardium
– Must pump blood to entire body– Thickest walls – LV hypertrophies with exercise and with disease– But exercise adaptations versus disease adaptations
very different• Only one fiber type (similar to type I)
– High capillary density– High number of mitochondria
![Page 19: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Myocardium Versus Skeletal Muscle
• Skeletal muscle cells– Large, long, unbranched, multinucleated– Intermittent, voluntary contractions– Ca2+ released from SR
• Myocardial cells– Small, short, branched, one nucleus– Continuous, involuntary rhythmic contractions– Calcium-induced calcium release
![Page 20: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Intrinsic Control of Heart Activity: Cardiac Conduction System
• Spontaneous rhythmicity: special heart cells generate and spread electrical signal– Sinoatrial (SA) node– Atrioventricular (AV) node– Purkinje fibers
• Electrical signal spreads via gap junctions– Intrinsic heart rate (HR): 60 -100 beats/min
![Page 21: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Intrinsic Control of Heart Activity: Cardiac Conduction System
• SA node: initiates contraction signal– Pacemaker cells in upper posterior RA wall– Signal spreads from SA node via RA/LA to AV node– Stimulates RA, LA contraction
• AV node: delays, relays signal to ventricles– In RA wall near center of heart– Delay allows RA, LA to contract before RV, LV– Relays signal to AV bundle after delay
![Page 22: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Intrinsic Control of Heart Activity: Cardiac Conduction System
• AV bundle: relays signal to RV, LV– Travels along interventricular septum– Divides into right and left bundle branches– Sends signal toward apex of heart
• Purkinje fibers: send signal into RV, LV– Terminal branches of right and left bundle branches– Spread throughout entire ventricle wall– Stimulate RV, LV contraction
![Page 23: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1. What are some pieces that are necessary to include in a graph?
2. Explain which sides of the heart carries deoxygenated and oxygenated blood. Where are their destinations?
WEDNESDAY 1/20/2016
![Page 24: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 6.5
![Page 25: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Extrinsic Control of Heart Activity:Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Reaches heart via vagus nerve• Carries impulses to SA, AV nodes
– Releases ach, hyperpolarizes cells– Decreases HR, force of contraction
• Decreases HR below intrinsic HR– Normal resting HR (RHR): 60 to 100 beats/min– Elite endurance athlete: 35 beats/min
![Page 26: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Extrinsic Control of Heart Activity:Sympathetic Nervous System
• Opposite effects of parasympathetic• Carries impulses to SA, AV nodes
– Releases norepinephrine, facilitates depolarization– Increases HR, force of contraction
• Increases HR above intrinsic HR– Determines HR during physical, emotional stress– Maximum possible HR: 250 beats/min
![Page 27: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cardiac Arrhythmias• Bradycardia – slow heart action
• Tachycardia- rapid heart beat
• Premature ventricular contraction – beats too soon, can be in healthy hearts
• Atrial flutter – atria beat too fast
• Ventricular tachycardia – ventricles beat to fast
![Page 28: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cardiac Cycle
• All mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat
• Diastole: relaxation phase–Chambers fill with blood–Twice as long as systole
• Systole: contraction phase
![Page 29: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• ECG: recording of heart’s electrical activity– Different electrical views– Diagnostic tool for coronary artery disease
• Three basic phases– P wave: atrial depolarization– QRS complex: ventricular depolarization– T wave: ventricular repolarization
![Page 30: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Figure 6.8
![Page 31: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Systole
• QRS complex to T wave• 1/3 of cardiac cycle• Contraction begins
– Ventricular pressure rises– (heart sound 1, “lub”)– Blood ejected– At end, blood in ventricle
![Page 32: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Diastole
• T wave to next QRS complex• 2/3 of cardiac cycle• Relaxation begins
– Ventricular pressure drops– (heart sound 2, “dub”)– Fill 70% passively, 30% by atrial contraction– At end, blood in ventricle
![Page 33: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Stroke Volume, Ejection Fraction
• Stroke volume (SV): volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat– During systole, most (not all) blood ejected– EDV – ESV = SV– 100 mL – 40 mL = 60 mL
• Q = HR x SV– RHR ~70 beats/min, standing SV ~70 mL/beat– 70 beats/min x 70 mL/beat = 4,900 mL/min– Use L/min (4.9 L/min)
![Page 34: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Vascular System
• Arteries: carry blood away from heart
• Capillaries: site of nutrient and waste exchange
• Veins: carry blood from venules back to heart
![Page 35: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Blood Pressure
• Systolic pressure (SBP) – Highest pressure in artery (during systole) – Top number, ~110 to 120 mmHg
• Diastolic pressure (DBP)– Lowest pressure in artery (during diastole)– Bottom number, ~70 to 80 mmHg
• Mean arterial pressure (MAP)– Average pressure over entire cardiac cycle– MAP ≈ 2/3 DPB + 1/3 SBP
![Page 36: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
General Hemodynamics• Blood flow: required by all tissues• Pressure: force that drives flow
– Provided by heart contraction• Resistance: force that opposes flow
– Provided by physical properties of vessels– radius most important factor
• Easiest way to change flow change R– Vasoconstriction (VC)– Vasodilation (VD)– Diverts blood to regions most in need
![Page 37: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Distribution of Blood
• Blood flows to where needed most– Often, regions of metabolism blood flow– Other examples: blood flow changes after
eating, in the heat.• At rest (Q = 5 L/min)
– Liver, kidneys receive 50% – Skeletal muscle receives ~20%
• During heavy exercise (Q = 25 L/min)– Exercising muscles receive 80% of Q Flow to
liver, kidneys decreases
![Page 38: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Figure 6.14
![Page 39: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Integrative Control of Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure maintained by autonomic reflexes
• Baroreceptors– Sensitive to changes in arterial pressure– Afferent signals from baroreceptor to brain– Efferent signals from brain to heart, vessels– Adjust arterial pressure back to normal
![Page 40: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Return of Blood to the Heart
• Upright posture makes venous return to heart more difficult
• Three mechanisms assist venous return– One-way venous valves– Muscle pump– Respiratory pump
![Page 41: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Figure 6.15• Blood has 3 major
functions– Transportation (O2,
nutrients, waste)– Temperature regulation– Acid-base (pH) balance
• Blood volume: 5 to 6 L in men, 4 to 5 L in women
![Page 42: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Blood
• Plasma (55-60% of blood volume)– Can decrease by 10% with dehydration in the heat– Can increase by 10% with training, heat acclimation– 90% water, 7% protein, 3% nutrients
• Formed elements (40-45% of blood volume)– Red blood cells (99%)– White blood cells (<1%)– Platelets (<1%)
![Page 43: We will begin the warm up after the bell and after we switch seats.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050917/5a4d1b7a7f8b9ab0599b8ab2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Red Blood Cells
• No nucleus, cannot reproduce– Replaced regularly – Life span ~4 months– Produced and destroyed at equal rates
• Hemoglobin– Oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells
(4 O2/hemoglobin)– Heme (pigment, iron, O2) + globin (protein)– 250 million hemoglobin/red blood cells– Oxygen-carrying capacity: 20 mL O2/100 mL blood