We represent the 1.Zug (Platoon), 5.Kompanie (Company), II. Bataillon (Battalion) of Grenadier...
Transcript of We represent the 1.Zug (Platoon), 5.Kompanie (Company), II. Bataillon (Battalion) of Grenadier...
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As of 01 March 2018
www.wwiirc.org www.352-inf-div.org
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ........................................................ 3
Reenacting .......................................................... 4
Reenactor Guidelines ................................................ 6
Important Things to Keep In Mind ........................................ 6
Personal Goals .......................................................... 6
Requirements ............................................................ 6
Appearance .............................................................. 7
Safety .................................................................. 7
Vehicles ................................................................ 7
General Information ..................................................... 7
Casualty and POW Rules .............................................. 8
General Rules ........................................................... 8
Chain of Command .................................................... 9
Unit History ....................................................... 10
Division Composition ................................................... 10
Division Formation ..................................................... 13
The Atlantikwall ....................................................... 13
Battle in France ....................................................... 14
Battle in Holland ...................................................... 16
The 352nd Volksgrenadier-Division and the Ardennes Offensive ........... 16
Battle in Germany ...................................................... 17
Ranks and Insignia ................................................. 19
Military Courtesy .................................................. 22
Behavior towards Superiors ............................................. 22
Saluting ............................................................... 25
Basic German Commands .............................................. 27
The Gruppe in Combat ............................................... 30
Requirements ....................................................... 32
Uniform and Equipment .................................................. 32
Uniform and Equipment Tier Level Requirements .......................... 33
Awards, Decorations and Promotions ................................. 38
Medals, Badges, Ribbon Bars and Award Criteria ......................... 39
Awards and Decorations Summary Table ................................ 40
Miscellaneous Awards and Award Criteria ................................ 41
Award and Decoration Process ........................................... 41
Award Precedence and Method of Wear .................................... 41
Promotion Criteria ..................................................... 42
Songs .............................................................. 43
Documentation ...................................................... 46
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Introduction
Willkommen! Thank you for your interest in joining the
352.Infanterie-Division. I'd like to welcome you to our unit and
to reenacting! Reenacting is a great hobby that can be a lot of
fun. It's totally up to you how much time and effort you'd like
to put into it, but I can almost guarantee that if you like
WWII, camping and soldering, then you are going to have a great
time. But above all, we do this to honor the veterans - not
only those from the U.S. Armed Forces, but all veterans who
fight, sacrifice and die for their country.
We represent the 1.Zug (Platoon), 5.Kompanie (Company), II. Bataillon (Battalion) of Grenadier Regiment 916 of the
352.Infanterie-Division. The 352.ID was a regular army infantry division of the
German Wehrmacht during WWII. The Division is most known for their defense of
Omaha Beach during D-Day.
The 352.Infanterie-Division is a part of the WWII Reenacting
Corps (wwiirc.org), which, in turn, is an official division of
the WWII History Center (wwiihistorycenter.org), a non-profit
organization. In order join our unit, each new Rekrut (recruit)
must become a member of the Corps. Membership is $35 a year,
due on June 1 each year. The money you pay to join goes to
support the Museum, to help put on reenacting events, and to
cover insurance costs.
The 352.Infanterie-Division is the German portion of the WWII
Reenacting Corps. The Mission of the Reenacting Corps is to fulfill the WWII
History Center's Vision: "To remember a generation, to honor their sacrifices, and
to educate future generations." Membership in the Corps
means you are a volunteer for the museum. Supporting the
Museum and its mission is our primary objective.
The 352.ID, the Reenacting Corps and the WWII History Center
do not, in any way, condone or support any political
ideologies of any of the combatants of World War II. The
352.ID will not tolerate any members who wish to join to
relive the Nazi ideology, past or present. Our reenactors
exist to educate the public about the life of German
soldiers serving in the German Army, which, for the most
part, had nothing to do with the Holocaust or Nazism.
Once you’ve become a member of the Museum, you will become a Rekrut. You have one
year from your join date to obtain your uniform and required gear. Once you have
all of your required items, you will be promoted to the rank of Grenadier
(Private). From there, it is up to you. You can acquire more gear, or work on
your knowledge and leadership skills to get promotions.
The 352.ID is a unit that has strong member ties. Our goal is to help each other
grow within the unit, to stay as authentic as possible and to bring others into the
hobby, all while building unit camaraderie. Our first priority is to honor
veterans – but to go along with that, we want to make sure that each person enjoys
what they are doing and is having fun.
Again, welcome to the 352.ID. If you have any questions or concerns, please feel
free to contact the Unit Commander.
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Reenacting
World War II reenacting started in the
1970s, and is a relatively unfamiliar
hobby to many people. One of the main
purposes of reenacting is to educate
the public about the history, heritage,
memorabilia and traditions of combat
soldiers of WWII.
As a reenactor in the 352.ID at events,
you will dress, act and think like a
German soldier in 1944. There are four
types of events we will participate in:
training, public displays, public
battles and tacticals.
Training is put on about once a month
by the WWII History Center. Its
purpose is to teach reenactors basic
tactics, German mannerisms, and to keep
our unit active. You do not have to
have all of your uniform/gear to
participate in these events. The
subject matter and material covered at each of these events varies, as determined
by the Unit Commander.
Public Displays are when we dress in full gear and display all of our equipment for
the public. We typically have public displays at gun shows and military shows.
You do not have to have all your gear to participate, but you can't wear a partial
uniform to these events. On the other hand, if you have an alternate impression
(e.g. – Fallshirmjager, Panzersoldaten, etc...) you can wear that to these events –
the only requirement is that your display is complete and accurate.
Public Battles are staged battles for public viewing. Usually, these battles are
planned out, and we, as Germans, always lose. Usually, after the battle has ended,
the public comes out onto the battlefield to talk to the reenactors. You have to
have all your gear to participate in these events.
Tactical Events are real-time events where either side can win. The Germans have
their own camp, and the GIs have their
own camp. Battles can happen anytime and
anywhere (even in the middle of the
night). These usually take place on
large plots of land. You have to have
all your gear to participate in these
events.
You are also encouraged, but not
required, to either make up a persona of
the soldier you are reenacting, or learn
about the life of a real German soldier
of WWII. Most people find that by taking
on a persona, the hobby become more
personal and meaningful.
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The following excerpt is from an article by Edward Franzosa in Frontlines Magazine,
written in back sometime in the 1980s about German reenacting. It offers three
simple answers to the question, “Why are you reenacting a German soldier?”
In past years there has been some claptrap about the motives of
people who portray German soldiers. And, more regrettably, there also
has been a revival of the false propaganda malarkey that questions
the motives of the common man who fights for his country and the
society he grew up in. No one has the right to judge the motives and
emotions that cause a man to serve his country in military duty. Here
are the facts as I see them: If his country is at war, a young man joins
the military for three basic reasons:
Duty and Patriotism
Anyone with their head screwed on right feels a love for their own
country and a duty towards protecting their homeland. It is much like
your family-protect it first and ask questions later.
Comrades
When your friends are all going off to fight the enemies of your
country, you want to do the same. In many cases a whole group of
friends would enlist together on the basis that they could stay
together and fight together. The US Army in WWII made special
provisions for this. Many men grow up in families where military
service is an expected duty of each young man; I know, for my family
was of this kind.
Adventure
War is the most exciting business there is. Nothing, nothing at all, can
compare to the feelings that one experiences in combat. (If you haven't
been there, you just don't know what I am talking about. I have and I,
like other veterans, will never forget--Ed Franzosa)
A young man in Germany felt the same emotions that a young man in
the US or England or Russia felt. His motives for fighting for his
country were just as right, just as pure, and just as proper. If you were
NOT there at the time, then you do not have a good basis for
questioning his decision now. Monday morning quarterbacking 50
years later smacks of hypocrisy. When I was in Vietnam we had a
drinking toast from an old Navy legend--"My country. May she always
be right; but right or wrong--My Country!" It was valid in 1969, it
valid today, and it was valid in the 1940's too. Reenacting should be
viewed in the light of a young German man going to fight for HIS
country-doing what he felt was best for him and his country. There
should be no recriminations against him and the choices he made in
1939-45. He followed the path of his duty to his country at that time.
--Edward Franzosa, Welsh Guards
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Reenactor Guidelines
The following is a list of guidelines that WWII Reenacting Corps members must abide by.
Important Things to Keep In Mind
A. Remember first and foremost that when you are in uniform, no matter where you are, you are
representing an honorable soldier. Always be on your best behavior and do what you can to bring
honor to yourself and those you are trying to portray.
B. Remember that you are a re-enactor because you care about the history and educating others, not
because you like to carry guns around, look cool in uniform, or get some “trigger-time” with a
machine.
C. Remember that as reenacting units under the banner of the World War II History Center, we will be
held to a higher standard and we expect you to do your best to help us maintain that higher
standard of historical accuracy, even when participating in tactical events.
Personal Goals
A. To learn all you can about the time period, the life of the particular type of soldier you are
portraying, the theater of combat in which he served, and his unit’s history.
B. To acquire as soon as possible, the minimum required uniform/equipment/weapons necessary to fulfill
your particular soldier’s impression.
C. To learn basic military discipline including rules for saluting, addressing higher ranks, following
orders and all of the other typical rules of order common to military life.
D. To become completely familiar and comfortable with the use and arrangement of the uniform,
equipment and weapons of the combat soldier which you are portraying, including equipment and
weapons utilized by other soldiers in your unit, such as machine guns and vehicles.
E. To help others achieve the goals above.
F. To recruit others to enter the world of World War II re-enacting, thereby increasing our numbers
and adding more to our effort to educate the public about life as a soldier during WWII.
Requirements
A. If you are portraying a soldier from a nationality whose primary language is not English, you are
requested to learn basic military commands in the native tongue of the nationality which you are
portraying.
B. If you are portraying a soldier from a nationality other than that of the United States, and if you
are capable, try to speak in an accent of the nationality which you are portraying when speaking to
the public
C. While in uniform, you will be expected to act as a soldier and follow the military code of conduct.
Officers will be saluted (unless in combat conditions), higher ranks will be addressed by rank, and
you will follow the orders given to you. Your best guide would be to acquire a copy of a 1941 or
later U.S. War Department Field Manual entitled “Soldier’s Handbook”. This will teach you
everything you need to know about being a WWII soldier. You can usually find good condition
original copies on eBay for as little as $5.00. The World War II History Center’s Research Library
also has a few copies that you can check out.
D. The minimum age to participate is 16 but the maximum age is dependent upon you. If you are
physically capable of portraying a soldier, then you will be allowed to participate. If you are
over 45, depending on how old you look, it may be better for you to portray a German soldier as the
German Army conscripted older men towards the end of the war, or you may be asked to be a vehicle
driver as an American soldier. There were very few infantrymen over 40 during WWII in the U.S.
Army.
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Appearance
A. There must be no visible tattoos or piercings of any kind that are visible while you are in
uniform.
B. Hair must be kept short and above the ears. Sideburns must be kept no longer than the middle of
the ear.
C. Facial hair is limited to trimmed mustaches that must not hang over the lip, and cannot be any
wider than the corners of the mouth. “Five o’clock shadows” are permissible, unless you are an
officer.
D. You must keep yourself in at least average physical condition, able to walk at least a few miles
per day while carrying weapon and equipment. You will not be expected to do 50 pushups and run a
timed mile, but you have to be able to keep up on a march without the potential for a heart attack.
Beer guts are not only not allowed, but you won’t find any equipment that will fit you.
Safety
A. Safety is the number one priority! If you see an unsafe condition, no matter what the situation
(even in the middle of a public battle), do whatever it takes to make the situation safe before
doing anything else.
B. Never bring live ammunition to any event where you will be carrying a WWII-era weapon. If you must
bring a weapon for self-defense, bring one that uses ammunition different from that used in your
weapon. For example, if as an American soldier you carry a .45 auto, bring a firearm for self-
defense that uses a .38, .40 or 9mm caliber. The idea is that there will be no way that you will
accidentally load a live round into your WWII-era weapon.
C. Live ammunition is strictly prohibited on World War II History Center grounds, even for personal
defense. If you bring any by accident, you will be expected to put it in your POV immediately.
D. Pyrotechnics are to be handled strictly by authorized personnel only. The only exception to this
rule is any grenade, mortar or cannon shell simulator approved by the event Safety Officer.
E. Never aim a weapon of any type, loaded or unloaded, real or fake, at any person ever. The old rule
of shooting, “only aim at what you plan to kill” applies here. During combat, always aim at the
ground in front of the person or off to the side or over his head. In case the worst should happen
and you do have a live round loaded, this will save someone’s life.
Vehicles
A. Only trained personnel, approved by a vehicle’s owner, are allowed to drive any vehicle other than
POV’s at any time, whether during an event or not. Training for vehicle drivers will be handled
strictly by the owner of said vehicle, or other person as designated by the vehicle owner.
B. Vehicle owners (or their designee) are responsible for the safety of their own vehicle, and any
riders, at all times. If there are any particular safety rules for the vehicle, it is up to the
vehicle owner (or their designee) to explain any and all safety rules to the riders prior to
movement of the vehicle.
C. Security of vehicles is the responsibility of the vehicle’s owner or their designee. The World War
II History Center and any event organizers are not responsible for any damage to, or theft from
vehicles, that may occur.
D. All of the above rules also apply to POV’s.
General Information
A. Advancement in rank will be decided much the same as it is in the real military. Decisions will be
made by your CO or NCO and will be based on your experience, skill, historical accuracy and the
need for higher ranks. Participation in events will also play a role in your rank designation. We
will never have need for any rank higher than a Major. Refer to the Unit Structure guide to see
how many of each rank were typically found in each unit.
B. Training for our units will be conducted as if none of our members have ever served in the
military. For those that do have military service, we will ask that you be patient with us and the
inexperienced, and do what you can to help both.
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Effective Range of Weapon Types
Pistols – 10 yards
Submachine guns – 25 yards
Rifles – 50 yards
Machine guns – 75 yards
Sniper rifles – 100 yards (longer
if referees are present)
C. For those of you who have prior military experience (in the real world), please keep in mind that
some things were done different during World War II and some terminology was different. You will
be expected to learn the “WWII way” of doing things as you will be portraying a WWII soldier. We
are not doing this to minimize your honorable service to our country, but merely to be as
historically accurate as possible.
D. Smoking is generally allowed outdoors, unless otherwise prohibited for safety concerns. It is a
fact of the WWII soldier, from any nationality, that smoking was pretty much the only way to relax
during the war. However, if you choose to smoke, you are required to use either un-filtered
cigarettes or cigarettes with a white filter. You must also use a type of normal-looking cigarette
similar to Camels or Winstons. No Virginia Slims or other exotic-looking types. Cigarettes did
not have filters during WWII. Cigars and pipes are also allowed, although pipes would only have
been used in camp.
E. Anyone trained in Emergency Medical Response or as an EMT will be encouraged to portray a Medic.
This way you could actually carry real medical supplies and you would be on the scene instantly if
any real injuries occurred. Real gunshot wounds may be non-existent, but scrapes, cuts, burns,
turned ankles and the like are fairly common.
F. Training for our units will largely revolve around how to portray a WWII combat soldier, squad-
level tactics, marching, rifle drill, and field problems. Training will include minimal shooting
of blank rounds due to the cost of the ammunition; however you will be given a chance to shoot
blank ammunition prior to an event if it is your first time. Live Fire target shooting events can
be organized if enough interest is shown.
Casualty and POW Rules
The following is a list of guidelines that WWII Reenacting Corps members must abide by.
General Rules
The “Honor System” will largely be used during tactical
reenactments. NCO’s and officers will also serve as umpires
for their own forces and will serve as the final word for
disputes. They will not, however, cross the battle line to
force the opposing force to take a casualty. If an enemy
soldier is not taking a “hit”, continue firing until he looks
in your direction. Sometimes soldiers cannot tell where firing
is coming from.
“Hits” will not be called out across battle lines. If an NCO or officer witnesses his own soldiers
call out a “hit”, he must force that soldier to retreat behind the lines 50 yards and wait for 5
minutes before returning to the line.
A soldier is deemed a “casualty” if at least 1/3 of his body is exposed to direct enemy fire.
A soldier is deemed a “casualty” if a grenade lands within 5 yards of his position, unless he is in a
foxhole. If he is in a foxhole, the grenade must land in the foxhole to cause a “casualty”. Used
grenades will be picked up by the soldiers that the grenade caused to be casualties, and will be
returned to the opposing force at the end of the day.
If a single soldier is crossing open terrain and a machine gun fires on him, he is automatically a
casualty. If two or more soldiers are crossing open terrain and a machine gun fires on them, half of
the group are automatically casualties.
Snipers may only operate as “snipers” and with a dedicated umpire that can verify “kills”, and can
radio the opposing force to communicate the kill.
Do not fire upon anyone within 10 yards. If you surprise someone at close range, take them prisoner
by calling out “hands up” or Hände hoch! (in German).
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Chain of Command
Presently, there are only enough men for one Gruppe. The unit leader is a
Leutnant, who is also the commander of the WWII Reenacting Corps. Therefore,
1.Gruppe makes up the Unit at this time. Once more people have joined, and the
Rekrut class gets promoted to Grenadiers and beyond, the Division will slowly start
to grow.
1.Zug
Zugführer: Leutnant Erik Runge (UNIT COMMANDER)
1.Gruppe
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Unit History
The 352.Infanterie-Division was an infantry division in the
Wehrmacht during World War II serving on the Western Front. The
unit is known for its defense of Omaha Beach during the D-Day
Invasion on 6 June 1944.
The 352.Infanterie-Division was formed on 5 November 1943 at St.
Lô under the command of Generalleutnant Dietrich Kraiß, as part
of the Wehrkreis XI (Military District XI), headquartered in
Hannover. A majority of the Division's soldiers came from
decimated Divisions from the Ost Front, especially those in the
battle at Kursk. The 352nd was placed in Armeegruppe B under the command of Field
Marshal Erwin Rommel. Rommel was in charge of protecting the Atlantic coast from
and Allied Invasion. Despite the fact that much of the German leadership believed
that the main Allied invasion would take place at the Pas-de-Calais, Rommel was
convinced that Normandy would be the location of the invasion. Rommel placed the
strong 352nd at Normandy to push the invading force back into the sea.
Division Composition
The makeup of the 352nd was as follows:
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INFANTRY
914. Grenadier-
Regiment
2 x 15 cm sIG 33
6 x 7.5 cm leIG
3 x 7.5 cm PaK 40
915. Grenadier-
Regiment
2 x 15 cm sIG 33
6 x 7.5 cm leIG
3 x 7.5 cm PaK 40
916. Grenadier-
Regiment
2 x 15 cm sIG 33
2 x 7.5 cm leIG
3 x 7.5 cm PaK 40
The 352.ID had three Infanterieregimenter (infantry regiments), each with three
Infanteriebataillone (infantry battalions). The 352.ID was considered a large
Division because it retained the standard nine battalions, while a majority of all
other German Divisions at the time had been reduced to 6 battalions. All infantry
battalions had 60 light machine guns, 3 heavy machine guns and twelve 8 cm mortars.
Each infantry regiment had one infantry gun (IG). The 914th and 915th Regiment’s
IG company had two 15 cm and six 7,5 cm infantry howitzers. The 916th Regiment’s
IG company had two 15 cm and two 7,5 cm infantry howitzers. Each Regiment had a
PaK (Anti-Tank) company with three 7,5 cm PaK 40 Anti-Tank guns.
ARTILLERY
352. Artillerie Regiment
1-9.Batterie - 36 x 10,5 cm leFH 16
10-12.Batterie - 12 x 15 cm sFH 18
Batteries 1-9 of the artillery regiment had four 10,5 cm howitzers each. Batteries
10-12 had four 15 cm howitzers each. None of these batteries were motorized. The
artillery all had one basic load of ammunition. The 10,5 cm guns had 225 rounds
per gun, and the 15 cm guns had 150 rounds each.
ANTI-TANK/TANK HUNTER
352. Panzerjäger Abteilung
14 x Marder II and Marder III variant Panzerjäger
10 x StuG III Ausf. G assault guns
9 x FlaKPanzer 38 Self-Propelled Flak
The Panzerjäger Abteilung had 14 Marder 38, 10 StuG III and 9 motorized 3,7 cm FlaK
guns.
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COMBAT ENGINEERS
352. Pioniere Bataillon
20 x Flammenwerfer
6 x Granatwerfer
The Pioniere Battalion had three companies, with 37 machine guns, 20 flame throwers
and six mortars.
FUSILILIER
352. Füsilier Battalion
1. Kompanie was bicycle mounted
The Füsilier Bataillon was light infantry/recon. The 1. Company of the Füs.Btl was
bicycle mounted. This battalion was located in the rear, away from the beaches
and was more mobile than a regular infantry battalion. They were equipped the same
as a regular infantry battalion, with 60 light machine guns, 3 heavy machine guns
and twelve 8 cm mortars. In a defensive position, like the 352.ID was, the
Füsilier Bataillon would most likely protect the Division's most vulnerable flanks.
FIELD REPLACEMENT
Feld-Ersatz Battalion
6 x 8 cm Granatwerfer 34
1 x 5 cm PaK 38
1 x 7,5 cm PaK 40
1 x 10,5 cm Feldhaubitze
1 x Infanterie Geschütz
2 x Flammenwerfer
The Feldersatz Bataillon (field replacement battalion) had five companies with 62
machine guns, six 8 cm mortars, one 5 cm PaK 38 AT gun, one 7,5 cm PaK 40 AT gun,
one 10,5 cm howitzer, one infantry howitzer and two flame throwers.
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Division Formation
The Division cadre was formed from the remnants of the following units serving on
the Ost Front:
268.Infanterie-Division
Wehrkreis VII (Munich)
468th, 488th and 499th Grenadier-Regiments
History:
1939: Reserve Unit, activated
1939-1940: Saar Front
1941-1943: Ost Front - Battle of Yelna Bend, Moscow, Rzhev and Kursk - Elements fought at Cholm and Demyansk
321.Infanterie-Division
Wehrkreis XI (Hannover)
588th, 589th and 590th Grenadier-Regiments
History:
1940: Activated at Abberville
December 1942: Ost Front – Army Group Center - Suffered heavy losses at Kursk
546.Grenadier-Regiment
Part of 389.Infanterie-Division
Wehrkreis XII (Hesse)
History:
1941-1942: Ost Front - Winter Drive across Don River, Volga River, Stalingrad
The survivors from the 546.Grenadier-Regiment formed the cadre for the 1st and 2nd
battalions of the 916.Grenadier-Regiment of the 352.Infanterie-Division. Because
most of the members of the 352nd were Ost Front veterans, they were hardened
soldiers - from the officers down to the newest enlisted men. A large number of
Volksdeutsch recruits were also a part of the Division. These Volksdeutsch
recruits included Polish and Czech Germans, Alsatians (French Germans), and
Russians (White-Russians, or POA).
The Atlantikwall
The 352nd was the backbone of Armeegruppe B (Army Group B). Organizationally, the
Division was better off than most other divisions at the time – it still had its
full complement of nine infantry battalions, while other divisions were reduced to
eight. Rommel placed the 352nd at Normandy, between the 709.Infanterie-Division at
Cherbourg and the 716.Infanterie-Division at Caen. Armeegruppe B’s armored reserve
was the 21.Panzer-Division, located near Caen.
The 352nd began its coastal duty improving the defenses of the Atlantikwall as
directed by Rommel. They placed beach obstacles, to include mined stakes and anti-
landing craft timbers. They cut the timber from the woods, transported it to the
beach, and drove it deeply into the sand.
Rommel wanted over 10 million mines to cover the length of the Atlantikwall, but
only 10,000 were available. Of the 10,000 mines placed, many were not
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waterproofed, so by the time the D-Day invasion occurred, many of those mines had
rusted and corroded because of the salt water, and no longer worked.
The first row of obstacles was Belgian Gates
which were about 250 yards from the high tide
water line. Belgian Gates (or C-Elements) are
heavy steel fences about three meters wide and
two meters high used as anti-tank obstacles.
The second row of obstacles was a band of mined
stakes and log ramps, meant to tip or tear out
the bottom of landing craft.
Finally, the third row of defenses was Czech
Hedgehogs– static anti-tank obstacle defenses
constructed of angled iron.
Further up the beachhead, the 352nd occupied slit
trenches, eight large concrete bunkers, 35
pillboxes, six mortar pits, 35 Nebelwerfer launch sites and 85 machine gun nests.
The main defenses were clustered into strong points.
Parts of the 916.Regiment was located near Omaha Beach. One battalion from the
716.Infanterie-Division was subordinated to the 916.GR. The 915.Regiment was in
reserve southeast of Bayeux, and the 914th was deployed around Isigny.
Because a most of the Wehrmacht’s supplies were being sent to the fight on the Ost
Front, by March 1944, the unit only got to execute three live fire events and each
Grenadier was only able to throw two grenades. Many of the vehicles the Division
used were foreign, so when they broke down, there were little, if any, spare parts.
There was little driver training because of a shortage of fuel.
Battle in France
Once the D-Day invasion began on 6 June 1944, the 352nd immediately absorbed all
troops within is sector, to include Luftwaffe Flak troops and Labor Service (RAD)
personnel. When it became clear that this was the main Allied invasion force, all
available units were rushed to the front. Hardened bunkers (Winderstandsnest) on
or near the beach opened fire and continued to fire until they depleted their
ammunition or all the men inside were dead. 352.Artillerie-Regiment and
1275.Artillerie-Regiment had pre-sighted every inch of the landing areas on the
beach and rained shells down upon the landing Allied forces. They, too, continued
to fire until they had run out of ammo or were in danger from being encircled.
The following excerpts are from U.S. soldiers fighting the 352nd on the beaches on
D-Day:
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The Division took heavy losses, both in causalities and being captured, from the
oncoming ground attack as well as from enemy Jabos (Fighter-Bombers). The Jabos
would attack any daytime ground movement, even individual men unfortunate enough to
be out in the open. Soldier-for-soldier, the Germans were equally matched, or
superior, to their Allied counterparts, but the Allies’ air and material
superiority were just too much for the German defenders.
The 916.Grenadier-Regiment saw action on D-Day opposing the 1st and 29th U.S.
Divisions at Omaha Beach. The 352nd fought for several hours, inflicting many
casualties, before being overwhelmed and overrun. The 916th retreated on the
morning of 7 June after Regiment Commander Oberst Ernst Goth couldn’t hold the
positions regained on the previous night. The rest of the Division saw heavy
fighting in the bocage (hedgerow) country while defending St. Lô.
According to wartime documents, the losses suffered by the Division on 6 June were
as follows: 200 killed, 500 wounded, 500 missing. The Division retreated to and
remained in the area southeast of Isigny.
Because of constant fighting after the invasion, most of the Division wasn’t able
to eat or sleep until 10 June. A total absence of motorized transport meant that
all movement was by foot or bicycle. By the time the Allies had put armor on the
beaches and started their advance, there wasn’t much the 352nd could do to stop it.
By this time, most of the fighting ability of the Division was either killed or
captured. A few isolated units continued to fight, or were absorbed into other
neighboring units.
On 16 June, the Division suffered 3,000 casualties. From 6 – 24 June, casualties
were 5407 officers and men. Despite these heavy losses, the Division kept
fighting, and continued to lose men. By 11 July, the 352nd incurred 2,479 more
casualties, and from 1 – 25 July, the Division had 123 officers and men killed, 464
wounded, and 110 missing.
By 30 July, the Division was in very poor shape. The Wehrmacht declared all
battalions of the 352nd abgekämpft (no longer combat worthy) on that date, which
means that each battalion had less than 100 combat-ready men. By the time the
Division had been disbanded, it had subordinated the following units, all of which
ended up worse off than the Division’s original units:
Three battalions from 266.Inf.Div.
Two battalions from 353.Inf.Div.
One battalion from 30.Brigade
One battalion from 275.Inf.Div.
One battalion from 343.Inf.Div.
One artillery battery from 343.Inf.Div.
One artillery battery from "Autun" Artillery Battalion
Some members of the Division ended up being caught in the Falaise Pocket at the end
of July and the beginning of August. They, along with members of the 2nd -Panzer
Division inflicted heavy casualties on the Polish 1st Armored Division while in the
pocket, but were eventually beaten back. The Pocket ultimately was sealed
off. Approximately 15,000 Germans were killed in fighting in the Pocket and about
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50,000 were taken prisoner. The collapse of the Falaise Pocket was a major turning
point in the battle on the West Front - two major German Armies were captured and
destroyed in the pocket, severely depleting German strength in the West.
After the 1 August, the what was left of the Division was withdrawn to refit in the
area southeast of Alençon. The Division was only there for a little over a week
before American forces closed in. Elements of the Division engaged in rear guard
action along the axis of Le Mans and Dreux. Generalleutnant Dietrich Kraiß, the
352.ID commander, was injured in an attack on 4 August 1944. He died of his
injuries two days later. Oberst Heyna was the interim commander of the Division as
they pulled out of the front lines in France.
Battle in Holland
Despite their condition and circumstances, the 352nd fought well in France against
much larger and much better supplied Allied Troops. The 352.Infanterie-Division
was sent to Denmark for refitting after being pulled out of the front lines in
France.
While refitting, the 352nd was called back into action during Operation Market
Garden. The Division was attached to the 10th- and the 363.Infanterie-Division.
Together, they prevented the Allied XXX Corps from linking up with the British 1st
Airborne Division, which landed at Arnhem, Holland. Elements of the 352nd engaged
the U.S. 101st Airborne at Nijmegen.
The 352.ID was not a completely refitted Division while in Holland, and was
withdrawn to Germany to be refitted and reformed once again.
The 352nd Volksgrenadier-Division and the Ardennes Offensive
The remnants of the 352.Infanterie-Division was merged with the remnants of the
581.Volkgrenadier-Division and a few Marine detachments (formerly coastal
artillery) to form the 352.Volksgrenadier-Division on 4 September 1944, under the
command of Oberst Erich Schmidt.
Volksgrenadier-Divisions are slightly different than regular Infanterie-Divisions.
These Divisions had only six infantry battalions instead of the standard nine
battalions of a full Infanterie-Division; this was already a common occurrence in
most other Infantry Divisions at the time. Volksgrenadier-Divisions emphasized
defensive strength rather than offensive strength. Standard infantry weapons
typically consisted of light machine guns, light automatic weapons, and the
Panzerfaust (single shot anti-tank weapons). The Züge (platoons) and Gruppen
(groups) of Volksgrenadier-Divisions were formed around hardened veterans to
inspire and properly lead whatever personnel were used to fill out the Division.
The bulk of these Divisions were commonly filled out with "jobless" Wehrmacht
personnel from the Kriegsmarine (Navy) and Luftwaffe (Air Force), wounded soldiers
returning to duty, as well as men and boys considered too old or young for
peacetime military service.
The 352.Volksgrenadier-Division itself was made up of several "jobless"
Kriegsmarinemänner (Navy men). Their morale was high, but their limited experience
in ground operations as soldiers showed in their poor fighting and maneuvering
ability. The newly reformed Division had the same three Infanterieregimenter -
914., 915., and 916.Infanterie-Regiements, but with only 6 Infanteriebataillone
total.
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This newly reformed Volksgrenadier-Division was a part of LXXXV. Armeekorps, and
fell in with the 7.Armee. The 7.Armee was under the command of General der
Panzertruppe Erich Brandenburger. The 7.Armme makeup consisted of:
7.Armee
LXXXV. Armeekorps
5. Fallschirmjäger Div.
352. Volksgrenadier Div.
LXXX. Armeekorps
276. Volksgrenadier Div.
212. Volksgrenadier Div.
LIII. Armeekorps
Festungs Infanterie Bataillon 999
Festungs MG Bataillon 44
The 7.Armme made the southernmost push during the Ardennes Offensive (the Battle of
the Bulge) towards Luxembourg. The main objective of the southern push was to
reach Luxembourg and protect the flank from any Allied counterattacks. The three
Infantry Divisions of 7.Armme pushed west four miles before meeting stiff
resistance from the U.S. VIII Corps. The 5.Fallschirmjäger-Div. managed to get 12
miles west on the inner flank of the push. There was no armored support for
7.Armee, so the initial advance was stopped fairly easily by American troops.
The 352nd Volksgrenadier-Division's major engagements in the Offensive occurred in
Diekirch and Ettelbruck.
The push in the south, although stopped initially, managed to move again by the
second week of the offensive and posed a threat to Allied lines. On 23 December
1944, there was heavy fighting in Mezig,
Luxembourg, and a large portion of the Division
was captured or destroyed. Only when the U.S.
80th Infantry Division was reinforced with armor
from the U.S. 702nd Tank Battalion were the
Germans defeated on the southern front of the
Offensive.
Ultimately, the Ardennes Offensive as a whole
failed, and again, the 352nd was decimated by
losing men to casualties and being captured as
prisoners.
Battle in Germany
After the defeat in the Ardennes, the 352.Volksgrenadier-Division was recalled to
Germany to be refit and resupplied. It was then placed under the command of
General Bazing. It was refitted with men from the 66.VolksGrenadier-Regiment, 99th
Security Regiment and what was left of the 9.Infanterie-Division. Its next
deployment was to defend the area around Trier (Germany) and Moselle (France).
Fighting and Allied bombing effectively destroyed what was left of the Division
again by mid-March 1945. Only a small remnant of the Division escaped across the
Rhine at Worms as American forces advanced.
The 352nd was partially reconstructed one last time as a small battle group in mid-
April and deployed to defend Darmstadt, south of Remagen. Its last battles were
during a part of the Rhineland Campaign, as the Allies pushed in the south to reach
the Elbe. The 352.Infanterie.Division’s career as a fighting unit ended in the
Rhineland at the end of the War – they surrendered to American forces near
Nuremberg in May 1945.
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Ranks and Insignia
The following section outlines the ranks and insignia of infantry units of the
Wehrmacht and the Waffen-
Enlisted Men
Wehrmacht/Heer Waffen-
Breast Eagle:
Shoulder Eagle:
Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
Shoulder
Boards
Smock
Sleeve
Rank
Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
Shoulder
Boards
Smock
Sleeve
Rank
(none)
Private Grenadier/Schütze
-Schütze
(none)
Senior Private Obergrenadier
-Oberschütze
Private First Class Gefreiter
-Sturmmann
Senior Private First Class Obergefreiter -Rottenführer
Senior Private First Class
(Administrative) Stabsgefreiter
n/a n/a n/a
Any
EM
rank
NCO Candidate Unteroffizierbewerber
n/a n/a n/a
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Junior Non-Commissioned Officers
(Unteroffizier ohne Portepee)
Wehrmacht/Heer Waffen-
Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
Shoulder
Boards
Smock
Sleeve
Rank
Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
Shoulder
Boards
Smock
Sleeve
Rank
Corporal Unteroffizier
-Unterscharführer
Sergeant Unterfeldwebel
-Scharführer
Ensign/Officer Candidate Fähnrich
-Standartenjunker
Senior Non-Commissioned Officers
(Unteroffizier mit Portepee)
Wehrmacht/Heer Waffen-
Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
Shoulder
Boards
Smock
Sleeve
Rank
Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
Shoulder
Boards
Smock
Sleeve
Rank
Staff Sergeant Feldwebel
-Oberscharführer
Sergeant First Class Oberfeldwebel -Hauptscharführer
Master Sergeant Stabsfeldwebel -Sturmscharführer
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Company Officers
(Kompanie Offiziere)
Wehrmacht/Heer Waffen-
Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
Shoulder
Boards
Smock
Sleeve
Rank
Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
Shoulder
Boards
Smock
Sleeve
Rank
2nd Lieutenant Leutnant
-Untersturmführer
1st Lieutenant Oberleutnant
-Obersturmführer
Captain Hauptmann
-Hauptsturmführer
Field Officers
(Feld Offiziere)
Wehrmacht/Heer Waffen-
Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
Shoulder
Boards
Smock
Sleeve
Rank
Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
Shoulder
Boards
Smock
Sleeve
Rank
Major Major
-Sturmbannführer
Lieutenant Colonel Oberstleutnant
-Ober-sturmbannführer
Colonel Oberst
-Standartenführer
n/a n/a n/a Senior Colonel
Oberfuhrer
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Military Courtesy
The German Military from 1935 to 1945 was called the Wehrmacht, which included all
branches of armed forces, to include the Heer (Army), the Luftwaffe (Air Force) and
the Kriegsmarine (Navy). The Waffen- was autonomous and existed in parallel to
the Wehrmacht. All armed forces were under the command of the Oberkommando der
Whermacht, OKW (Armed Forces High Command) or the Oberkommando des Heeres, OKH
(Army High Command).
The Wehrmacht are heirs of a long, proud Prussian military tradition. Military
courtesy is taken seriously by all German soldiers, and strict military discipline
was maintained throughout, and up to the end of the War.
The Wehrmacht and Waffen- rank structure are broken down into four basic classes:
Enlisted Men (EM) – Grenadier, Obergrenadier, Gefreiter, Obergefreiter
Junior NCOs (Unteroffizier ohne Portepee) – Unteroffizier, Unterfeldwebel, Fähnrich
Senior NCOs (Unteroffizier mit Portepee) – Feldwebel, Oberfeldwebel, Stabsfeldwebel
Officers (Offiziere)
Behavior towards Superiors
Just as parents, teachers and mentors help shape the life of a boy into a young man
while he is at home, sergeants and officers shape the young man into a soldier once
he enters the German Armed Forces. Formality and a high level of respect of
superiors are demanded of enlisted men. At the same time, superiors are to train
and protect the men under their command. The following information is taken in
part from Regulations for Garrison Duty – a German Army Manual. [Ref. 4]
Act with Due Modesty & Restraint:
Do not interrupt superiors who are talking with someone else or who are busy by speaking to them. Instead, stand at attention to indicate that you have
something to ask or to communicate.
If the superior with whom you wish to speak is speaking with someone of even higher rank, the person of higher rank must be asked for permission to speak,
e.g., "Captain, request permission to speak to Sergeant Mueller."
On beer nights or other occasions, do not invite a superior or drink to him first. If a superior toasts a subordinate, the subordinate rises & drinks while
standing at attention. Do not follow civilian beer-drinking customs, such as
shouting "Cheers!” clinking glasses, etc.
A subordinate always walks to his superior's left. When a subordinate accompanies a superior on horseback, he remains in the rear until he is told to
ride forward.
When conversing with a superior, do not interrupt him. Do not insist that you are right.
In all cases, a good soldier will adhere to the limits prescribed by his tactfulness & good breeding. Overdone courtesy & subservience are unsoldierly.
Do not try to curry favor with your superiors. However, this does not change
the old soldier's rule that any soldier can openly & trustingly confide in his
superior in cases of personal or service-related difficulty. His superior
desires to help him in every situation, & can do so.
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Military Speech:
Speak loudly & clearly. Do not use strange, long sentences or foreign words
when German words would do.
Instead of saying “Yes," say "Yes, Sir!" (“Jawohl!”)
Instead of saying "Excuse me," stand at attention.
Instead of saying "Please explain," say "Please explain, sergeant." (“Bitte
erläutern, Unteroffizier.”)
When called by a superior officer, instead of saying "Yes?" say (for example)
"Sergeant?" (“Unteroffizier?”)
Even when "at ease," do not use hand movements or other unsoldierly gestures to
emphasize your own words.
Behavior When a Superior Enters or Leaves Quarters:
Shout "Attention!" (“Achtung!”) or "On your feet!" (“Auf deine Füße!”) Everyone should stand at attention facing the superior. (see also the next section,
Saluting)
The barracks leader reports, e.g., "Barracks 35 occupied by one Lance Corporal & ten men." (“Kaserne 35 besetzt von einem Obergefreiten & zehn Mann.”)
All duty personnel announce themselves, e.g., "Private Müller on barracks duty." (“Grenadier Müller Kaserne Pflicht.”) As soon as the superior commands "As you
were!" everyone continues his activity while avoiding any inappropriate noise
(whistling, arguments).
When the superior leaves the barracks, "Attention!" (“Achtung!”) or "On your feet!" (“Auf deine Füße!”) is shouted again. Open the door, but do not block
the way while doing so.
Behavior When You Meet a Superior (In doorways, on the stairs, etc...):
Make way for your superior!
If several soldiers are standing together, one shouts "Attention!" when a superior approaches.
If a superior is blocking the way, ask for "permission to pass." For example, "Sergeant, request permission to pass!" If several superiors are standing
together, ask permission from the most senior.
Behavior in the Vicinity of a Unit on Duty under the Supervision of a Superior:
Avoid inappropriate noises (whistling, loud speech).
Pass the unit at an appropriate distance.
Never pass between a superior & his unit or pass through a unit.
No member of the unit may speak without the leader's permission. Ask the leader, e.g., "Sergeant, request permission to collect the keys to the bomb
sight room from Lance Corporal M."
Behavior When Given an Order by a Superior:
Ref 1
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Repeat the order without being asked. This is the only way that the superior knows whether his order has been understood. For example: "I am to go to the
stable & inform Staff Sergeant M. that there will be a meeting of NCOs in the
orderly room at 11:15."
Carry out the intent of the orders (act independently).
Example The soldier who was sent to the stable does not find the staff sergeant there. Wrong: Report to your superior the "Staff Sergeant M. is not in the stable." Right: Inquire where Staff Sergeant M. went & go find him there. Then report to your superior. For example: "I found Staff Sergeant M. at the smithy. I delivered the order that an NCO meeting will take place in the orderly room at 11:15."
Behavior if a second order is issued while the first is being carried out.
Example On the barracks steps, the soldier who was sent to the stable is ordered by the duty officer to immediately take the drill-hall keys to the sentry. Wrong: "I don't have time because I have to find someone." Right: "I report that the Sergeant ordered me to summon Staff Sergeant M. to the orderly room." If the duty officer orders you to carry out his order first, then naturally this order must be obeyed. In principle, the soldier carries out the last order received. However, he must then report the reason for the delay to the superior who gave him the first order. Report the execution of each order. Wrong: "Order obeyed." Right: "I have given the gunnery field manual to Sergeant B."
Assisting Superiors:
Hold your superior's coat, offer him a light, pick up dropped objects, offer him your place in crowded areas such as public transportation & shops, carry his
luggage.
Behavior When Entering or Leaving a Superior's Quarters:
Have your uniform in order. (Straighten your jacket before entering the quarters.)
If possible, announce yourself & the reason you are there.
Remove your hat.
Do not be shy if the superior asks you to sit or offers a cigarette, etc.
If the superior rises, do likewise.
When leaving the room, stand at attention again but do not about-face. Close the door quietly.
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Special Circumstances:
When a superior offers a subordinate his hand (e.g., to wish him a happy birthday or to offer a prize for sports or shooting), the subordinate should
stand at attention. Do not bow.
Displaying good manners toward temporary superiors is an especially comradely duty.
The same rules apply for behavior towards a superior wearing civilian clothes.
Saluting
Saluting is a matter of honor among soldiers and a
show of respect from subordinates to superiors.
The following information is taken in part from an
English translation of Regulations for Garrison
Duty – a German Army Manual. [Ref. 1]
Senior NCOs and Officers are saluted. EM and
Junior NCOs are not saluted, and do not salute
each other.
Saluting is the first basic rule of military
etiquette. When saluting, come to attention (body
straight and upright), if you have headgear, bring
your right arm up, palm flat, with your middle
finger slightly touching the brim of your helmet
or hat. If you are not wearing headgear, you
perform the same motion, but your middle finger
will slightly touch your eyebrow. The salute
should be made sharply and crisply. You should
not have anything in your mouth when saluting.
Nothing should be in your right hand while
saluting. When walking, the salute begins five
steps prior to the superior and ends two steps
past. When not in motion, the subordinate holds
the salute until the superior has returned the
acknowledgement.
The customary military salute will be the only salute performed during any
reenacting event. Before 20.July 1944, without headgear, the German Greeting
(‘Heil Hitler!’) was used as a salute. After 20.July 1944, the customary military
salute was banned, and every salute was to be the German Greeting. However, due to
its political connotations, it will never be used as a reenactor.
Each salute will be completed without the subordinate initiating a verbal greeting.
If the superior returns the salute (for example, with “Heil!” or “Guten Morgen!”)
the subordinate will answer the greeting with the same wording, and add the
superior’s rank and name (if the superior is a member of the Heer, Luftwaffe or
Kriegsmarine), or just the superior’s rank (if the superior is a member of the
Waffen- ).
If being saluted by members of foreign armed forces, the most senior member of the
group you are in can voluntarily return the salute.
The rules for when and how to salute are summarized in the following paragraphs.
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Individuals will salute the following people and in the following situations:
The Fuehrer & Chancellor of the Reich, Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht.
The Minister of War, Commander-In-Chief of the Wehrmacht, all superiors in uniform, including counterparts in the regional police, as well as former
members of the Wehrmacht, the old army or the old navy who are in uniform.
The banners & standards of the old army & the former seagoing battalions.
The battle flags of the old navy as determined by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, & the banners of the regional police.
If the soldier is prevented from saluting because of carrying objects, the salute is presented by coming to attention, walking past at attention and
acknowledging the superior.
Uniformed civilian Wehrmacht officials
Military chaplains in vestments.
National banners and ensigns are paraded.
During the German National Anthem or the Horst Wessel Lied.
At all funerals.
At reenactments, reenactors in uniform (regardless of nationality) will come to attention and salute during the U.S. National Anthem, or when the American flag
while it is being raised, lowered or as it passes in a parade.
Groups in uniform will salute the following people and in the following situations:
In all indoor buildings (not to include offices), when an officer or Senior NCO enters, the duty officer calls the room to Attention! (Achtung!) Everyone
stays at attention until the superior puts everyone at ease or leaves the room.
Whoever is the first to notice a superior approaching informs his comrades so that all can salute at the same time.
If in a formation, the leader of your formation will salute for the formation. Each member of the formation will be instructed to turn their eyes towards the
superior, and when Attention! (Achtung!) is given, begin the Parade Step (a.k.a.
Goose-Stepping). Keep eyes turned until the command Forward March! (Marsch!) is
given.
The following situations in which saluting is not required and forbidden:
While driving or assisting in driving of a vehicle, or while driving a bike.
By soldiers in training or on combat duty. Salutes in this situation will be rendered by simply coming to attention and acknowledging the superior.
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Basic German Commands
The following table provides the Rekrut the basic German words and commands that
should be understood and used whenever possible. Speaking German at reenacting
events will greatly add to your experience, and the experience of others around
you.
IN FORMATION/MARCHING
English German Pronunciation Fall in! Angetreten! ahn-ge-tray-ten or Fall in! Antreten! ahn-tray-ten Same as in the US Army. Gruppenführer establishes the right side of the formation. The rest fall in to his left in a straight line. Angetreten = Fall in at attention. Antreten = Fall in at ease Attention! Stillgestanden! shtill-ge-shtan-din Body rigid and heels together, toes at 45 degrees, hands flat with palms flat against upper thighs, elbows out slightly and eyes front. At close interval, dress right, fall in! Aufschiessen! Angetreten! owf-she-sin, ahn-ge-tray-ten Turn head sharply 45 degrees to the right, left hand to a fist and put on left hip, dress on Gruppenführer. Wait for “Augen gerade, aus!” Dress right dress! Nach rechts, richt euch! nahch rehshts, risht oych!
Turn head sharply 45 degrees to the right, left hand straight out to side parallel to ground, dress on Gruppenführer. Wait for “Augen gerade, aus!” In one row, fall in! In linie zu einem Glied, Angetreten! in lee-nia tsoo eye-nem gleed , ahn-ge-tray-ten Fall in shoulder to shoulder. Regular interval = one arm’s length. Close interval = one elbow’s length. In marching column, fall in! Marshkolonne, Angetreten! in marsh-ko-loh-neh, ahn--ge-tray-ten) Fall in one behind the other. One arm’s length interval. At Ease! Rührt, euch! rooehrt, oych Move left foot slightly forward of the right, at shoulder’s width, arms hanging with hands cupped and relaxed. Head and eyes straight. Right, face! Rechts, um! reschts, oom Same as US Army. Two movements. Pivot on right heel, push with left toe. Snap heels together.
Left, face! Links, um! links, oom Same as US Army. Two movements. Pivot on left heel, push with right toe. Snap heels together. Column left, march Links schwenkt, Marsch! links schvenkt, marsh Same as US Army. Called on left foot. Next right foot, front row performs movement. Next right foot, second row performs movement, etc… Command execution depends on size of marching unit. Column right, march Rechts schwenkt, Marsch! rechts schvenkt, marsh Same as US Army. Called on right foot foot. Next left foot, front row performs movement. Next left foot, second row performs movement, etc… Command execution depends on size of marching unit. Right flank, march! Rechts, um! reschts, oom Same as US Army. While in march, everyone performs a right face. Called on right foot. Turn on left next foot. Left flank, march! Links, um! links, oom
Same as US Army. While in march, everyone performs a left face. Called on left foot. Turn on next right foot. About, face! Ganze Abteilung, Kehrt! or Kehrt, um! gantseh ab-ty-loong, kay’ert or kay’ert, oom Opposite as US Army. Bring left toe to outside right heel. Swing around in one movement. Keep body rigid.
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IN FORMATION/MARCHING (continued)
English German Pronunciation Forward, march! Im gleichschritt, marsch! im glyshritt, marsh Same as US Army. Step off with left foot. Cadence is Eins-Zwei-Drei-Vier. Left foot falls on Eins and Drei. Right foot falls on Zwei and Vier.
Half-step march! Im halber Schritt, marsch! im halb-er schritt, marsh Forward march in half steps. Go to full step when given command “Marsch!” Double-time march! Im Laufschritt, marsch! im lauf-shritt, marsh
Running while in formation. Keep in step. Route Step, March! Ohne Tritt, Marsch! ohneh trit, marsh Staying in formation, but do not have to stay in step or keep silent. In combat column, March! In Reihe, Marsch! in ree-uh, marsh While in basic formation with two or more Gruppen. Unit forms a single file line from static position. Erste Gruppenführer leads, once last member passes the Zweite Gruppenführer, he follows, and so on.
Detachment, halt! Abteilung, halt! ab-tie’loong, halt Same as US Army. Called on either foot (preferably left). Once called, stop marching on next step. (Say to yourself, “Step, Stop!”)
Fall out! Wegtreten! vayg-tray-tin Execute “Kehrt, um!” and walk away. Eyes, right/left! Augen, rechts /links! ow’gen, rechts/links In march or static. Snap head 45 degrees to right/left keeping body rigid. If in inspection, follow inspecting officer until your eyes are front, then keep them there. Ready, front! Augen gerade, aus! ow’gen ge-rah-deh, ows Snap head forward keeping body rigid Roll call, muster, or inspection Appell! ah-pel
Action depends on specific situation. Left shoulder, arms! Das Gewehr, über! das ge’vair, oober Shouldered to left rather than right like US Army. From Ab position. Weapon brought up with right hand (to chin level) in front of chest, catch with left hand right below the right hand (weapon 1 foot from body aligned with tunic buttons, bolt to the right). Drop left hand to butt of weapon while rotating the rifle 90 degrees counterclockwise moving it to your left shoulder. Heel of weapon should be pulled to body slightly below belt line, left elbow slightly out. Weapon should be nearly vertical. Once weapon is placed, right hand snaps back to right thigh. Order arms! Gewehr, ab! ge’vair, ab Rifle at your right side, on ground, with bottom of buttplate next to your right toe. Right hand fingers extended, hand around top barrel. From “Das Gewehr, über” lower weapon with left hand while rotating it, grab upper part of weapon with right hand, swing weapon out to right side, with upper right arm parallel with ground, then place rifle on ground next to right toe.
Present, arms! Präsentiert das Gewehr! pray’sen-teert das ge’vair Only given from ”Das Gewehr, über.” Keep fingers extended. Rotate weapon 180 degrees clockwise. Right hand on lower sight. Left hand above trigger guard, fingers extended, thumb going up under bolt near your body. Top barrel band should be level with and centered to left eye. Sling arms! Gewehr, umhängen! ge’vair, oom-haehng’en Casual movement to sling weapon on right shoulder.
Unsling arms! Gewehr, abnehmen! ge’vair, ab-nay’min Casual movement to unsling weapon, going back to Ab position.
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IN THE FIELD
English German Pronunciation Indian File! Schützenreihe! shuh’zen-rye’uh The Schützenreihe is the formation in which the squad in all in one column. It is used for all approaches and general movement in the field.
Skirmish Line! Schützenkette! shuh’zen-ket’uh The Schützenkette is the formation in which the squad is all in one row. It is used to get the group into firing positions for offensive actions. Halt! Halt! halt At this command, immediately stop, remain standing with rifles at order arms. Wait where you are for orders. Lay Down! Hinlegen! hi'n’leg’en At this command, immediately stop where you are and lay down. Be prepared to open fire. Wait for orders Take Cover! Volle Deckung! fol'uh, deck’ung Seek individual cover. Be prepared to engage the enemy on command. Wait for orders. Take positions! Stellung! shtel'ung Assume the Schützenkette position as required. Wait for orders. Assemble! Sammeln! sahm’eln The squad will assemble in the Reihe formation (not the Schützenreihe) behind their squad leader. Fire at will! Feuer Frei! foy'er, fry To the right/left! Zu dem rechts/links! tsu, dem, rechts/links Fall Back! Zurück! tsu'rook Move Forward! Vorwärts! for'varts
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The Gruppe in Combat
The following is a partial translation from a War-time German manual as to the
responsibilities of the soldiers in the Gruppe, as translated by Dan Aikins [Ref.
1].
General Principles
The Gruppenführer is the captain of his team. The Gruppe is the primary, basic
unit put into battle. There is no such thing as the division of the Gruppe into
Trupps with different assignments.
The Feuerkampf (firefight) is conducted in the framework of the Gruppe. When the
situation requires commencing fire, the Gruppenführer, as a rule, positions himself
by the MG and directs its fire. The Gewehrschützen (riflemen) may open fire early
when good prospects present themselves; at the latest when the enemy is deployed
for a breakthrough. Ideally, the Gewehrschützen wait for the command to fire from
either the Gruppenführer or the Truppführer, or after the MG has begun to fire.
The part of the Gruppe that doesn’t take part in the firefight is held back under
cover when the terrain permits, and when it won’t affect the cohesion of the
Gruppe.
As a rule, commencing fire is ordered/controlled by the Gruppenführer. The
Gewehrschützen usually conduct the firefight on their own, unless the fire of all
the riflemen is concentrated upon a single target by the Gruppenführer.
Examples for Opening Fire
MG & Gewehrschütze Separately
“MG: Geradeaus, Schornstein! - rechts davon im Acker, Schützen!
Visier 400! - Stellung! Feuerfrei!”
(“MG: the chimney/smokestack straight ahead! To its right in the field!
Sights at 400 meters!- Into position! Fire at will!”)
During the firefight the committing the riflemen becomes necessary:
“Schuetzen! Stellung! Marsch! Marsch! Feuer Frei!”
(“Riflemen! Into Position! Double-time, March! Fire at will!”)
The Entire Gruppe simultaneously
“Halbrechts im Waldrand Schützen!
Ganze Gruppe: Visier 450! MG: 100 Schuss! Stellung! Feuer Frei!”
(Right oblique into the treeline!
Entire Group: sights 450 meters! MG: 100 rounds! Into position! Fire at will!”)
“Ganze Gruppe! Stellung! Marsch! Marsch! Feuerfrei!”
(Entire Group! Into position! Double-time, March! Fire at will!”)
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General Combat
In order to insure accurate operation of the MG, insure the belt is perfect during
preparing the MG to fire. Every Schütze checks his own weapon and ammunition
during fire-pauses. The fire readiness of the MG is ensured by having the bolt in
the forward position, the drum hung or belt loaded.
All means for increasing fire-effectiveness must be used. Surprise and flanking
fire from all ranges (distances) against all targets is especially effective. This
multiplies the fire-effectiveness and frazzles the nerves of the foe.
The MG and Gewehrschützen should
always strive to pop-up by surprise
and aggressively come into action.
The victor is he who lays down the
most accurate fire on his opponent
the quickest. The MG and riflemen
then disappear as soon as the
intention of the fire is accomplished
(Never lay around as an inactive
target!). When necessary, change
positions under cover/concealment.
Preparations for opening fire are
always made under any available
cover.
The soldier engages the targets
ordered against widely dispersed
targets, the portions of the target
most directly opposite (in his
front). When the choice of target is
left to the soldier, he again
generally engages the targets most
directly opposite his position. Every
soldier must know the unit’s battle
mission and what the commander’s
intent is. Under the most opportune conditions, the beaten zone of fire will also
cover targets not specifically included in the unit’s combat mission, if engaging
the targets promises especially good results, and the combat situation permits it.
The rear sights are set to the determined distance. The soldier can determine the
accuracy of his fire from the behavior of the enemy and from observing where the
rounds are striking. After moving forward, the sights are of course readjusted.
Fire Discipline in All Types of Combat
The aim of the firefight is achieving fire superiority through the strong
application of fire discipline. This is expressed through the selection of
individual fighting positions, preparation of the fire positions (camouflage,
cover, and concealment) the correct range selection of the sights, choice of proper
targets, opening fire, and assignment of fire sectors. Fire discipline is therefore
the prerequisite to the successful firefight. It must also be enforced after
strenuous exertions (marching/fighting).
After fire superiority is achieved, the Gruppenführer will direct the Gruppe to
advance or flank to wipe out the enemy.
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Requirements
In order join our unit, each new Rekrut is required to first become a member of the
WWII History Center Museum. The money you pay to join goes to support the Museum
and the WWII Reenacting Corps, to help put on reenacting events, and to cover
insurance costs. Also, the WWIIHC plays a fundamental part in the basis of our
reenacting units. The Museum sponsors several events a year – events in which
reenactors “bring to life” what the Museum stands for. The mutual support between
our reenacting units and the WWII History Center is crucial.
Next, to become a full member in our unit, each Rekrut must obtain Tier I of the
Uniform and Equipment Requirements.
Uniform and equipment requirements are discussed in the following sections.
Uniform and Equipment
Those wishing to volunteer for the World War II History Center's German Army
reenacting unit will need to acquire the following list of minimum requirements in
order to participate as a reenacting volunteer. Authenticity is important for the
hobby and for our unit, but we strongly encourage that you do not use original
items while reenacting. They are a part of history; using these items to reenact
with could damage or destroy them. On the other hand, poor quality reproduction
items are not acceptable either. There are several dealers online who sell quality
reproduction items, but there are also several vendors who are not highly
recommended. Please ask questions to your Unit Commander or Comrades for help
obtaining uniform items or equipment. Also, if you are planning on buying post War
items (i.e. – East or West German), it must be approved by the Unit Commander
first. If you have items or equipment that is not authentic or an approved
reproduction, the Unit Commander has the authority to deny its use at events.
Don’t waste your money on something if you are not sure if it will pass or not –
ask questions!
The following list details the basic item requirements to become a member of the
352.Inf-Div. Once these items have been obtained, you will be promoted to
Grenadier, and will be a full member of our unit.
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Uniform and Equipment Tier Level Requirements
TIER I – BASIC IMPRESSION
Mauser K98k Rifle (Gewher)
It doesn’t have to be German, but it does have to be
of the same Mauser design (e.g. – Most Czech and Yugo
models are okay). These can be found at most gun
shows. The rifle might or might not have a site
cover – this is not necessary. Your rifle will need
a cleaning rod and needs to have the bayonet
attachment. If the rifle does not have a bayonet
attachment, then it is not an infantry rifle.
Steel Helmet (Stahlhelm)
M40 or M42. Try to not buy an M35. It can be field
grey (light green) or depot green (dark green). Do
not get a black helmet.
Helmet Decals
These are optional items, but are not recommended.
Orders were issued early in the War to remove the
National Colors decal first, then orders came to
remove both decals all together. Most young Soldaten
in the 352nd Infantry Division would not have had
helmet decals.
Tunic (Feldbluse)
M40, M42 or M43. Do not buy an M35 or an M44. M35's
are reserved for Division Cadre, and we already have
enough Soldaten with the M35. Yes, it is a good
looking uniform, but it wasn't standard issue and was
only worn by officers and Alte Hasse by mid-1944.
M44's were only used very late in the War.
Trousers (Feldhose) M37 or M43. M43 trousers are recommended because you
can either use suspenders or a belt.
Trouser Suspenders or
Trouser Belt
(Feldhosenträger oder
Feldhosengürtel)
This is dependent on what type of trousers you get.
Service Shirt (Diensthemd)
These can be a bit pricey for what they are, so East
or West German sleeping shirts are acceptable. They
should be green or white. The white shirts may or
may not have a collar (a collar is recommended,
though).
Low Boots with Army Gaiters
(Schnürschuhe mit Heer
Gamaschen)
German reproduction boots, rough outer leather,
leather sole, heel iron and hobnails required. No
post-war models accepted. No Swedish low boots.
Boots may be dyed black or brown. Gaiters should be
green or brown canvas with leather straps.
Enlisted Man Belt with Army
Buckle
(Leibriemen mit
Koppelschloss)
Black leather belt with the "Got mit uns" Army belt
buckle.
Enlisted Man Collar Tabs
(Litzen)
The collar tabs can either be generic mid or late war
(colorless stripes) or infantry (white stripes).
Enlisted Man Infantry Shoulder
Boards (Infanterie
Schulterklappen)
White piped, field grey shoulder boards (not bottle
green).
Enlisted Man Late War Army Breast
Eagle (Reichsadler am Brust) Mid to late War design.
TIER II – COMPLETE IMPRESSION
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This is a list of the equipment required for you to participate in a public
display, a public battle or a tactical reenactment. Once you obtain these items
you will be promoted to the rank of Grenadier (private).
Y-Straps
(Koppeltragegestell)
Black leather, not webbing. Do not get post-war
straps - most of them have padding and are of the
wrong design.
Tunic Belt Hooks
(Feldblusegurthaken)
One set of four hooks. This is an optional
item. Some people like the hooks because it helps
distribute the weight of your gear and keep your belt
from sliding down. Other people don't like them
because they dig into your side.
Field Cap (Feldmütze)
Either the M38 side cap (or overseas cap) and/or the
M43 field cap. The M38 requires the cap eagle and
cockdale, and you can get white infantry soutache if
you like. The M43 requires the late war trapezoid
eagle/cockdale combination. (Do not get the crooked-
wing eagle cap patch).
Gas Mask Can with Straps
(Tragebüchse)
Having the gas mask is nice, but not necessary. In
fact, the empty gas mask can is a great water-proof
place to store a lot of stuff (food, camera, farby
stuff, etc…)
Entrenching Tool with
Carrier
(Kleines Schanzzeug mit
Schanzzeugtasche)
Standard or folding entrenching tool. The standard E-
Tool is recommended.
K98 Bayonet with Frog
(Seitengewehr mit
Seitengewehrtasche)
The bayonet does not have to be original. They
bayonet frog needs to be black leather.
K98 Ammo Pouches
(Patronentasche)
Two black leather pouches with white stitching – holds
60 rounds (12 5-round clips).
Mess Kit with Utensils
(Kochgeshirr mit Geshirr)
Ask before buying this item – There are several post-
war models of mess kits around – some are more
acceptable than others. Utensils can be war-time
models or post-war.
Breadbag (Brotbeutel) Best to ask before buying this. There are several bad
copies out there.
Canteen with Cover, Cup and
Straps
(Feldflasche mit Abdeckung,
Trinkbecher und Riemen)
M31 Canteen, preferred 0.8L but if that is not
possible, the 1L version will be okay. These are
getting hard to find, so some post-war converted
models are acceptable – ask before buying.
Shelter Quarter (Zeltbahn) Splinter camo, reversible pattern. Do not get
the SS Zelts, which are Oak Leaf pattern.
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TIER III – OPTIONAL ADVANCED ITEMS
The items listed here are completely optional to buy, but will enhance your
impression and the impression of the unit as a whole. Starred items (*) require
commander approval before you can use them as a part of your impression with
the 352.Infanterie Division. It’s the small things that really make your
impression believable and immersive not only for you, but for those around you.
M35 Tunic (Feldbluse) These tunics are pre-war tunics, and are reserved for
the Cadre and leadership of the Division.
HBT
Uniform (Fischgrätmuster
Uniform)
HBTs are lighter uniforms that are much more
comfortable in the warmer months. A good idea,
especially for our part of the country. The
temperature in Kansas in summer is about 15-20° F
hotter than it was in summer in northern Europe.
Walking-Out Belt with
Buckle
Having an extra belt and buckle for a walking-out
uniform is very helpful, as it can be a real pain
taking all the gear and equipment off of your combat
belt.
Collar Blind (Kragenbinde)
Small piece of cotton material that goes around the
inside of your tunic collar and protects your neck
from getting scratched up.
Great Coat (Übermantel) M40 or M43 . A heavy duty large coat that keeps you
very warm.
Cold Weather Gear To include wool gloves (Handschuhe), a toque (Toque)
and a scarf (Schal).
Camouflage Smock/Parka *
(Tarnhemd/Tarnanzug)
This can be either splinter pattern with a hood, or
white for winter battles. Several Soldaten can wear
winter camo, but only one Soldaten per ten may wear a
camo smock at an event.
Helmet
Cover (Tarnhelmüberzug)
This could be the splinter camo cover (only one per
ten men allowed), chicken wire, a rubber band or a
bread bag strap.
Jackboots (Marschstiefel)
The Jackboots (originally brown, but dyed black, with
rough outer leather, leather soles, heel iron and
hobnails) may be obtained after you already have the
low boots. The boots must be dyed black. No post-war
boots accepted (post-war boots are smooth, shiny
leather and they do not have heel irons or hobnails
and often have rubber soles).
M38 Gas Mask (Gasmaske) A great addition to fill that gas mask container!
A-Frame with Assault
Pack (Gefechtsgepäck und
Beutel)
A-Frames are pretty easy to find. A good replica
assault pack is not. Ask if you need help finding the
right assault pack.
M34 Tornister Pack with
Tornister Straps (Tornister
mit Riemen)
This is the standard small bag issued to all infantry
soldiers (the one with the fur) and is used to carry
much of the soldier’s personal items for long
marches.
Rucksack (Rucksack)
War-time model preferred. If you get post-war models,
you can bring them to events to carry your stuff, but
you won’t be able to use them in the event. Try and
keep them out of sight. It’s much better to have a
post-war rucksack or large duffle bag that looks close
to war-time to hide all your farby stuff in rather
than just have all of your farby stuff laying
around.
Extra Equipment Straps
(Trageriemen)
for your field blanket, your overcoat, and other
random gear.
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Army Blanket
(Manschaftsdecken)
These can be post-war – they just need to be of the
same basic style and color as what the Germans might
have had access to. They do not need to be stamped
like the originals.
Esbit Stove with Fuel
Tablets
A great little stove used to heat up cans of food or
to heat up a cup of water. It is fueled with small
tablets.
First Aid Package
(Verbandpäckchen)
In most tunics, there’s a small pocket inside on the
right side near the bottom. This little pocket holds
a small first aid package. It’s a small detail, but
it will come in handy if there really is an injury in
the field.
Butter Dish (Fettdose) A good dish that is waterproof and holds butter, lard,
peanut butter, etc...
Extra Zeltbahns
The more the unit has, the better. It takes 4 Zelts
to make a small tent (2-man tent) and 8 Zelts to make
a large tent (6-8 man tent).
M33 Field Phone with Como
Wire (Feldfernsprecher 33)
Our unit already has two phones and over a quarter of
a mile of wire, but the more phones, the better we can
operate in the field.
Army Soldier's Book with
Cover
(Heer Soldbuch mit Einband)
Filling out your Soldbuch is a lengthy and somewhat
difficult task, but you can get help from the Division
Cadre, and there are services that can do it for
you. Leutnant Runge has 352.Infanterie-
Division stamps for the book.
Dog Tag with Cord
(Erkennungsmarken)
Preferably, the tag needs to be zinc, but aluminum or
steel are acceptable. Tag printing is available – ask
Leutnant Runge for details. You can also get a
leather tag cover.
Barracks Items Such as the blue checkered bed sheets, period towels
and clothing bags.
Assorted Personal Items
(Persönliche Gegenstände)
such as song book, prayer book, postcards, pictures,
letters, skat cards, etc…
Wooden Crates (Holzkisten)
Can be bought or built on your own (for much
cheaper). These are great to carry your gear in and
look good in camp. Ask Leutnant Runge
or Unterfeldwebel Kepley about how to build your own
crates.
Ammo Cans (Munitionskiste)
Steel 8mm ammo cans for the machine guns. There are
post-war copies that are close. Try not getting the
7.62mm versions, because 8mm rounds won’t fit in them
laying down. Having a lot of these, especially if we
have a machine gun, would make sense, and they are
great for holding all of your ammo and other items.
Dummy Grenades
(Stielhandgranate)
Fake stick grenades or hand grenades can be used at
events. Some of these fake grenades can be made to
smoke or pop with small fireworks.
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Other Weapons
Other weapons may be purchased and used, so long as