WATER & SOLUTION

WATER & SOLUTIONFacts: 2/3 of earths surface is covered with water.

SCIENCE FORM 2 By:

Nur Hidayah Taib

SMK Lembah Bidong 121Physical characteristics of water

PURE WATER IS COLOURLESS, ODOURLESS, TASTELESS LIQUID

STATE OF WATERPhysical characteristics of water

Melting Boiling CondensationFreezing SublimationFREEZING AND BOILING POINT OF WATERFreezing point: the temperature at which water freeze to form ice.

Physical characteristics of waterBoiling point: temperature when water boils to produce steam.

Heat is absorbed Heat is released KINETIC THEORY

The effect of impurities on the physical characteristics of water.

Freezing point and melting point of water are same.

Impurities increase the boiling point of water.Impurities lower the freezing point of water.The composition of waterOHH

Chemical formula: H2O

ELECTROLYSIS OF WATERElectrolysis is a process of to break down a compound into simpler substances.

AH2O2

Water + dilute sulphuric acidanodecathodeEVAPORATION OF WATER

EVAPORATIONBOILINGSIMILARITIESLiquid gasAbsorps heatDIFFERENCESOccurs at any temperatureOccurs only at boiling pointOccurs only on the exposed surface of a liquidOccurs throughout the liquidNo bubbles are formedBubbles formed throughout the liquidAbsorbs heat from the surroundings when water turns into gasRequires heat supplied by a source such as a lighted bunsen burnerSOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY

SOLUTE SOLVENT Substances that dissolves Substances that dissolve the soluteConcentrated solutionIt refers to a solution in which much of the water has been removed.

Dilute solutionto make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by the addition of water or the like.

Saturated solutionsolution in which the maximum amount of solvent has been dissolved. Any more solute added will sit as crystals on the bottom of the container.SUSPENSIONSolution suspensionhomogeneousNon-homogeneousClear/transparentCloudy/translucentContains one or more soluble substancesContains one ore more insoluble subtancesContains substances that cannot be easily separatedContains substances that easily be separated

SOLUBILITY The maximum amount of a solute which can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a fixed temperature. THE RATE OF DISSOLVING Time taken for the dissolving process, from the time the solute is added to the solvent until it has completely dissolved.Substances that do not dissolve in water may be soluble in ORGANIC SOLVENTSORGANIC SOLVENTSUSESCHLOROFORM Stick plastics letter & numbers on the number plats of vehicleBENZENETo stick piece of rubber on a punctured tyreALCOHOLPrepare shellac Dissolve iodine to make antisepticAMYL ACETATERemove lipstick stainTURPENTINERemove paint from the floorLIME JUICERemove rustACIDS AND ALKALISACIDSTaste: Sour.Touch: Like water.Tested with litmus paper: Turn blue litmus red.pH value: From 0 to less than 7.Reaction with metals: Form hydrogen and a salt.Reaction with carbonates: Form a salt, water and carbon dioxide.Reaction with ammonium compounds: No reaction.

ALKALISTaste: Bitter.Touch: Soapy.Tested with litmus paper: Turn red litmus blue.pH value: From above 7 to 14.Reaction with metals: No reaction.Reaction with carbonates: No reaction.Reaction with ammonium compounds: Give off ammonia gasNEUTRALA chemical reaction in which an acid and alkali react to produce salt and water

ACID + ALKALI SALT + WATER

e.g: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2ONEUTRALISATIONAPPLICATIONS OF NEUTRALISATION

Shampoos

Hair conditioner

bicarbonate powder

slaked lime

toothpasteMETHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION

SEDIMENTATION

FILTRATION

CHLORINATION

OZONE

BOILING

DISTILLATION

UV LIGHTAs the water passes through this vessel, microorganisms are exposed to intense ultraviolet light energy which causes damage to genetic molecules (i.e. nucleic acids: DNA or RNA) needed for reproductive functions.

This damage prevents the microorganism from multiplying or replicating in a human or animal host.

Because the microorganism cannot multiply, no infection can occur. Disinfection of water is achieved when UV light causesmicrobial inactivation.UV LIGHT

Water from the rivers are channel into the reservoir.

In the Aeration Tank bad smells will be aired and removed from the water.

Alum and Lime are added into the water in the coagulation tank. Alum will make particles join together to form larger particles while lime will decrease the acidity of water.

In the mixing tank, alum and lime will be evenly distributed in the water the water.

The water travels into the sedimentation tank so that large particles will sediment to the bottom.

Lighter particles which floats on the water will flow into the filtration tank, suspended particles will be filtered.

Clean water will then be stored at the storage tank. In the storage tank, chlorine and fluorine will be added in the water.WATER PURIFICATION

WATER POLLUTION