Water, Water, Everywhere - Biology for Life · 2019. 3. 16. · Water, Water, Everywhere Water is...
Transcript of Water, Water, Everywhere - Biology for Life · 2019. 3. 16. · Water, Water, Everywhere Water is...
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Water, Water,
Everywhere
Water is important because:
•Most organisms have high water content (75 - 95%).
•Many organisms live in water.
•Most chemical reactions of life take place in water.
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Water Structure
• A water molecule consists of 2 hydrogen and
1 oxygen atom, hence…H2O.
• Electrons are shared through polar covalent
bonding between the atoms.
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Water molecules are polar
• The e are shared unequally, creating an unequal distribution of charge.
• The oxygen atom has more protons so it attracts the shared electrons more of the time
• Results in:
– The hydrogen’s have a
partial positive charge
– The oxygen has a
partial negative charge
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Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds
• Partly positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to the partially negative oxygen atom of another water molecule
• The bonds are made and broken quickly as the molecules move, however the large numbers of bonds contribute to the stability of water
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The Three Phases of Water
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Water Forms an Unusual Solid: Ice
• Most substances become denser when
they solidify from a liquid
• Ice is unusual because it is less dense
than liquid water
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Water Forms an Unusual Solid: Ice
• Water molecules spread apart slightly
during the freezing process
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Water Forms an Unusual Solid: Ice
• Ice floats in liquid water
• Ponds and lakes freeze from the top
down and never freeze completely to the
bottom
– Many plants and fish therefore are not
frozen
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What would it be like if ice sank?
• ponds, lakes & even oceans would freeze solid
• in summer, only upper few inches would thaw
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Transparency
Because water is
transparent, light
penetrates tissue and
aquatic environments,
important for
photosynthesis.
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• Water is transparent simply because it
does not absorb light in the visible
spectrum, and all frequencies of coloured
light are transmitted through.
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Water Interacts with Many Molecules
• Water is the solvent of life
– A wide range of polar and ionic solutes
dissolve in water to form solutions
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Water Interacts with Many Molecules
• Water-soluble molecules are hydrophilic
• Water molecules are attracted to and can
surround ions or polar molecules (dissolving
them), such as sugars and amino acids
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Water Interacts with Many Molecules
• Water-insoluble molecules
are hydrophobic
– Water molecules repel and
drive together uncharged
and nonpolar molecules like
fats and oils
– The “clumping” of nonpolar
molecules is called
hydrophobic interaction
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Water Molecules Tend to Stick Together
• Hydrogen bonding
between water
molecules produces
high cohesion
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Water cohesion
explains how
water molecules
can form a chain
in delivering
moisture to the
top of a tree
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• Cohesion of water molecules along a
surface produces surface tension
– Fishing spiders and water striders rely on
surface tension to move across the surface of
ponds
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Adhesion
• Water molecules stick to polar or ionic
surfaces in the property called adhesion
– Adhesion helps water climb up the thin tubes
of plants to the leaves
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Water Stabilizes Temperature
• Compared to other molecules, it takes a lot
of energy to change the temperature of water
– It requires 1 calorie of energy to raise the
temperature of 1g of water 1oC (the specific
heat of water)
• So it heats up or cools down very slowly
– This provides for a stable internal environment
and habitat
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Water Stabilizes Temperature
• Because the human body is mostly water, a
sunbather can absorb a lot of heat energy
without sending her/his body temperature
soaring
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Water Stabilizes Temperature
• Water requires a lot of energy to turn from
liquid into a gas (heat of vaporization)
– Water requires a high input of energy to break
the hydrogen bonds to turn it from a liquid to a
gas.
– Evaporating water uses up heat from its
surroundings, cooling the nearby environment
(as occurs during sweating)
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Heat of vaporization
Organisms rely on heat of vaporization to remove body heat
Evaporative cooling
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