Water Treatment

CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering

February 19, 2010

Tim Ellis, Ph.D., P.E.

Announcements:

– water chemistry problem set due next Friday

• c_____________ drinking c_____________ drinking water has the greatest impact on water has the greatest impact on human health for > ___% of world’s populationhuman health for > ___% of world’s population

• worldwide deaths due to contaminated drinking worldwide deaths due to contaminated drinking water are approximately _________ - ________ per water are approximately _________ - ________ per dayday

• ___% of hospital beds occupied by people ___% of hospital beds occupied by people infected with waterborne illnessesinfected with waterborne illnesses

• currently the world’s population that lack’s access currently the world’s population that lack’s access to “safe” drinking water is ____% or ____ billion to “safe” drinking water is ____% or ____ billion (Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002)(Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002)

ontaminated

50

14,000 -25,000 -25

181.1

World WaterWorld Water

• ____ billion are without proper sanitation____ billion are without proper sanitation• More than ___ million people die each year More than ___ million people die each year

from diseases caused by unsafe drinking from diseases caused by unsafe drinking water, lack of sanitation, and insufficient water, lack of sanitation, and insufficient water for hygiene. water for hygiene.

• In fact, over __ million deaths occur each In fact, over __ million deaths occur each year from water-related diarrhea alone. year from water-related diarrhea alone.

• Insufficient sanitation of water and Insufficient sanitation of water and sanitation disproportionately affect sanitation disproportionately affect w________, c_______, and the p______.w________, c_______, and the p______.

2.5

5

2

omen hildren oor

World Water• The majority of deaths from water-related diarrhea are The majority of deaths from water-related diarrhea are

among children under ___, and women. among children under ___, and women. • At any given time, almost ____ of the people in At any given time, almost ____ of the people in

developing countries suffer from water-related diseases. developing countries suffer from water-related diseases. • Agriculture accounts for more than ____ percent of global Agriculture accounts for more than ____ percent of global

water consumption. water consumption. • The inefficient use of water for i__________ has led to The inefficient use of water for i__________ has led to

depletion of groundwater resources in many of the depletion of groundwater resources in many of the world’s most important agricultural regions, and is the world’s most important agricultural regions, and is the primary source of groundwater pollution in parts of primary source of groundwater pollution in parts of E_________, the US, and A_____.E_________, the US, and A_____.

15half

90

rrigation

urope sia

World Water• During the 1990s, about _____ million people in developing During the 1990s, about _____ million people in developing

countries gained access to improved drinking water, countries gained access to improved drinking water, demonstrating the possibility for major improvements in demonstrating the possibility for major improvements in safe water access worldwide.safe water access worldwide.

• At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, world leaders At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, world leaders agreed to the goal of halving, by ______, the proportion of agreed to the goal of halving, by ______, the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and sanitation. people without access to safe drinking water and sanitation.

• To meet this goal, an additional ____ billion people will need To meet this goal, an additional ____ billion people will need access to adequate water, and ___ billion will need improved access to adequate water, and ___ billion will need improved sanitation. sanitation.

• The annual investment required to meet the goal is The annual investment required to meet the goal is estimated to be $____ billion, nearly twice the estimated to be $____ billion, nearly twice the current level of investment.current level of investment.

438

2015

1.62

20

World Water

• Within ___ years, half the world's population could have trouble finding enough fresh water for d______ and i_________

• The study was carried out at Colorado University, which surveyed river basins all over the planet to identify those under most pressure.

• It found a t_______ of the world's people already live in regions considered to be "w______-s_______" - where there is not enough, or barely enough water to go around.

25

rinking rrigation

hird

ater

tressed

World Water• Areas at risk Waterways under most pressure

included – China's Y_____ R_____ basin, – the Z_________ R____ in Africa, – and the rivers that lead into the A___ S___ in Central

Asia.

• Most of the water from those sources is used for i___________, not drinking, according to the study's leading author, Kenneth Strzepek. He says that with rising populations, half the world's people will find it hard to get enough water for crops and livestock within ___ years, and still have enough left to d____ themselves.

ellow iverambizi iver

ral ea

rrigation

25rink

U.S.A.

• In the U.S.A. approximately ___ billion gallons of In the U.S.A. approximately ___ billion gallons of water is withdrawn from surface and groundwater water is withdrawn from surface and groundwater supplies daily.supplies daily.

• About ___% of this amount (32 bgd) is used for About ___% of this amount (32 bgd) is used for public water supplies.public water supplies.

• Approximately 50,000 c_________ water systems Approximately 50,000 c_________ water systems supply 80 to 90% of the U.S. population.supply 80 to 90% of the U.S. population.

• On average, Americans use ____ gal/person/day. On average, Americans use ____ gal/person/day. (This includes industrial uses and system losses).(This includes industrial uses and system losses).

• About ____ people do not have running water in their About ____ people do not have running water in their homes.homes.

• The split between surface water and well water is The split between surface water and well water is about _______.about _______.

450

7

ommunity

130

4 m

50/50

• In rural areas _____% of the population uses In rural areas _____% of the population uses groundwater.groundwater.

• 20% of all public water supply wells and 29% of wells 20% of all public water supply wells and 29% of wells in urban areas have detectable levels of at least one in urban areas have detectable levels of at least one v________ o__________ c______________.v________ o__________ c______________.

• At least 13 organic chemicals that are confirmed At least 13 organic chemicals that are confirmed animal or human c_____________ have been detected animal or human c_____________ have been detected in drinking water wells.in drinking water wells.

• Toxic organics were found in some wells in almost Toxic organics were found in some wells in almost every state east of the Mississippi, t_______________ every state east of the Mississippi, t_______________ (TCE) was the most prevalent.(TCE) was the most prevalent.

• 1000 public drinking water systems that serve 12 1000 public drinking water systems that serve 12 million people in the U.S. exceed n_____ levels at million people in the U.S. exceed n_____ levels at least some of the time. 8.7 million of these people are least some of the time. 8.7 million of these people are in California.in California.

95

olatile rganic ompounds

arcinogens

richloroethylene

itrate

Iowa WaterIowa Water

• In Iowa, _____% of our drinking water comes from In Iowa, _____% of our drinking water comes from ground supplies.ground supplies.

• Iowans use an average of ____ gal/person each day.Iowans use an average of ____ gal/person each day.• Farms lose ______ tons of soil each year. Farms lose ______ tons of soil each year. • Soil runoff is the leading pollutant in Iowa's Soil runoff is the leading pollutant in Iowa's

waterways.waterways.• Iowa has lost over ____% of its wetlands.Iowa has lost over ____% of its wetlands.• Iowans apply more f_______ than all states except Iowans apply more f_______ than all states except

Illinois.Illinois.• In 1996 there were _________ fish killed from manure In 1996 there were _________ fish killed from manure

and chemical spills.and chemical spills.• About ___% of public water systems had excessive About ___% of public water systems had excessive

bacterial counts during sampling period.bacterial counts during sampling period.

70

66145 m

90ertilizer

731,000

4

Iowa WaterIowa Water

• Trihalomethanes were detected in over Trihalomethanes were detected in over ____% of samples over a seven year ____% of samples over a seven year period. Only 10% of samples exceed period. Only 10% of samples exceed drinking water standards.drinking water standards.

• High nitrate levels were found in ___% High nitrate levels were found in ___% of private wells and 2% of public water of private wells and 2% of public water systems.systems.

• The herbicide atrazine was found in The herbicide atrazine was found in ____% of drinking water samples. ____% of drinking water samples. Only 1% of samples exceed drinking Only 1% of samples exceed drinking water standards.water standards.

70

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Water Chemistry- review