Water Resources and Treatment, Wastewater and Water Quality Parameters

7/30/2019 Water Resources and Treatment, Wastewater and Water Quality Parameters

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-resources-and-treatment-wastewater-and-water-quality-parameters 1/19

1

it is intricately involved in just about every process on this planet in oneway or another.

- composed merely of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. (polarmolecule)

1. colorless, odorless and tasteless2. it dissolves nearly everything3. it exists in three forms: liquid, solid, gas4. it can absorb a large amount of heat

Water as a medium on this planet also serves a role environmentally. It is very stable astemperature change because the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules themselves.When water absorbs heat, the molecules do faster but the “glue” of the hydrogen bonds slowsthe process. Heat is transmitted slowly though water and large bodies of water take a long timeto heat up. That energy does not quickly come back out if the temperature around the water

drops, either, so masses of water cool more slowly than other liquids would.

Masses of water also are stable in that individual molecules that have picked up heat /motion have hard time getting free into the atmosphere, or “evaporating.” There are 2 reasonsfor this: (1) the heat is passed around fairly evenly and so the number of molecules going fastenough to zip free rises slowly and (2) hydrogen bonding at the water-atmosphere surface pullsmolecules at the surface more tightly together (this produces the “surface tension”) and leaves

less room for potential evaporating molecules to squeeze through (this explains why evaporationis a cooling process). There is also a wide range of temperature in which water is liquid; althoughlife is tricky at extremes near freezing and boiling, it is possible as long as water remains liquid.

Another fairly unique property of water is how it solidifies: if water cools, its moleculesmove more slowly and tend to pack more closely together. Like more substances, water getsmore dense at it cools. However, when too crowded, at about 4oC, the tightly-packed bipolar

molecules begin to repel each other and slip into the arrangement which, as the temperaturedrops, actually pushes them further apart into kind of crystal arrangement. That’s why water is insolid form is less dense that water in its liquid form. If ice did not float, it would freeze, sink, andexpose more surfaces to freeze and sink, and frozen bodies of water would be frozen solid frombottom to the surface, a very poor environment for living thins and a difficult task to thaw. In

fact, ice acts as an insulator to the water underneath it. The thicker the ice, the harder it is forthe water to lose heat and freeze, so very few deep bodies of water, even in the coldestclimates, are totally frozen.

armapua



2

Solid Water

armapua



4

The Oceans 139,500,000 317,524,000 97.4

Inland Seas andSaline Lakes

270,000 247,760 0.076

Fresh Water Lakes 330,000 29,340 0.009

All Rivers - 326 0.0001

Antarctic Icecap 6,000,000 6,194,000 1.9

Arctic Icecap andGlaciers

900,000 684,600 0.21

Water in the Atmosphere

197,000,000 3,260 0.001

Ground Water(Frozen)

- 1,343,120 0.412

Ground Water (Not-frozen) - 652 0.0002

armapua



5

This class isintended primarily for waters havingwatersheds which are inhabited and otherwiseprotected and which require only approveddisinfection in order to meet the National

Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of thePhilippines.

For sources of water supply that will require completetreatment (coagulation, sedimentation,filtration and disinfection) in order to meet theNSDW.

For primarycontact recreation such as bathing, swimming,

skin diving, etc. (particularly those designed fortourism purposes).

1) for propagation and

growth of fish and other aquaticresources

2) (For

boating, etc.)

3) (For

Manufacturing processes aftertreatment)

1) For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.

2) (for

cooling, etc)3) Other inland waters, by their quality,

belongs to this classification

1) Waters suitable for the propagation,survival and harvesting of shellfish forcommercial purposes

2) Tourism zones and national marineparks and reserves established underPresidential Proclamation No. 1801;

existing laws and/or declared as suchby appropriate government agency

3) Coral reef parks and reservesdesignated by law and concernedauthorities

1) (Areas

armapua



6

regularly used by the public forbathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.)

2) (Spawning

areas for chanos-chanos or bangus andsimilar species)

1) (boating,etc.)

2) (Commercial

and sustenance fishing)3) Marshy and/or mangrove areas

declared as fish and wildlifesanctuaries)

1) (cooling,

etc.)2) Other coastal and marine waters, by

their quality, belong to thisclassification

1. Irrigation2. Public Water Supply

3. Industry4. Transportation5. Recreation

to remove large solids such as logs, branches, rags,

and small fish.

the oldest and most widely

used form of water and wastewater treatment, uses gravity settlingto remove particles from water.

armapua



7

is the chemical process used to destabilize colloidal

particles.is the gentle mixing of the suspension, which

undertaken to promote particle contact.

is a process in which water passes through a filter bed

made up of fine sand over a layer of supporting gravel.

armapua



8

use to remove excessive amount of iron and manganese

from groundwater and odor caused by H2S.

process that removes hardness caused by Ca and Mg

ions.

Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O

CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4

MgCl2 + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2NaCl

removal of organic contaminants using an adsorbing

material (activated carbon).

water is forced through a semi permeable

membrane.

armapua



9

the most common method of disinfecting public

water supplies. The principal chlorine compounds used in water

treatment plants are chlorine (Cl2), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), calciumhypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).

the disinfection of water using ozone.

Antimony 0.02 mg/L

Arsenic 0.05 mg/L

Barium 0.7 mg/L

Boron 0.5 mg/L

Cadmium 0.003 mg/L

Chromium (Total) 0.05 mg/L

Cyanide (Total) 0.07 mg/LFluoride 1 mg/L

Lead 0.01 mg/L

Mercury (Total) 0.001 mg/L

Nickel 0.02 mg/L

Nitrate 50 mg/L

Nitrite 3 mg/L

Selenium 0.01 mg/L

Benzene 0.01 mg/L

Carbon Tetrachloride 0.004 mg/L

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 0.0007 mg/L

Toluene 0.7 mg/L

Vinyl Chloride 0.0003 mg/LXylene 0.5 mg/L

Chlordane 0.2 µg/L

Aldrin and Dieldrin 0.03 µg/L

DDT 1 µg/L

Lindane 2 µg/L

Taste No objectionable taste

Odor No objectionable odor

Color Apparent (10 Color Units)

armapua



10

True (5 Color Units)

Turbidity 5 NTU

Aluminum 0.2 mg/L

Chloride 250 mg/L

Copper 1 mg/L

Hardness 300 mg/L as CaCO3

Hydrogen Sulfide 0.05 mg/LIron 1 mg/L

Manganese 0.4 mg/L

pH 6.5 – 8.55 – 7 (for product water that undergonereverse osmosis or distillation process)

Sodium 200 mg/L

Sulfate 250 mg/L

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 500 mg/L<10 mg/L (for product water that undergone

reverse osmosis or distillation process)

Zinc 5 mg/L

– a complex of mixture containing water (over 99%) together withorganic and inorganic contaminants, both suspended or dissolved.

direct sources (sewers outfalls or industrial discharges.

indirect sources (urban or agricultural runoff or air pollution)

wastewater from humans, residential areas, industrial and

commercial establishments.excreted waste from humanswastewater from residential areas

wastewater from industries

runoff from rainfall, snowmelt, and street washing

normally present in water and in wastes

from humans

forms in wastes from humans, with

additional phosphorus detergents

normally present in water and

wastes as calcium and magnesium salts

armapua



11

arsenic, cyanide, and heavy metals found in

industrial wastes

determined by measuring theamount of CO2 produced when the organic carbon in the sample isoxidized by a strong oxidizing agent and comparing with the amount

in a standard of known TOC.

the measured amount of

oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organics present.

the measured amount of

oxygen required by acclimated microorganisms to biologicallydegrade the organic matter in the wastewater.

occurs when the discharge of waste impairs water quality or disturbs thenatural ecological balance.

agent that causes infection in a living host

Salmonella Salmonellasis - acute gastroenteritis, bloodpoisoning, typhoid fever

Shigella Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) – abdominalcramps, diarrhea and fever

Vibrio Cholarae Cholera – abdominal cramps, nausea, vomitingand profuse diarrhea that may lead todehydration, shock and death

Viruses Infectious Hepatitis – fever, loss of appetiteand energy, headache, backpain and jaundice

Entamoeba Histolyca Amebiasis (Amebic Dysentery) – stomachcramps and diarrhea

Giardia Lamblia Giardiasis – abdominal cramps, diarrhea,

fatigue, anorexia and nauseaCryptodporodium Cryptoporidiosis – diarrhea, abdominal pain,

nausea and vomiting.

Schistosoma Schistosomiasis – caused by blood flukes(parasitic worm)

increase BOD

armapua



12

unsightly deposits, odorous sludge banks, reduced penetration of sunlight

through water

algae boom, it can cause eutrophication

limitation of light penetration and reduction of DO levels

thermal pollution

carry domestic sewage, liquid commercial and industrial wastes,

and undesirable contributions from infiltration and storm water.

receive stormwater runoff from roads, roofs, lawns, and other

sources

perform the functions of sanitary and storm sewers

to remove large floating material

the process of grinding up the course solids without removing them

from the flow.

sand, small stones and grit are removed

armapua



13

where particulate matter settles out to form sludge

biological decomposition of concentration solids (raw sludge)

1. biochemical process

that converts the organic contaminants into CO2, water, some stable compounds andmore microorganism.

armapua



14

2. it consists of a bed of highly permeable medium to whichmicroorganisms are attached and through which the wastewater is percolated ortrickled.

3. the process of allowing any gas to dissolve in a fluid or the opposite

of that, promoting the release of a dissolved gas from a liquid.

armapua



15

- removal of nutrients such as phosphates, nitrates organic

chemicals and heavy metals

1. similar to those in drinking-water treatment plants can be used

to remove residual suspended solids and to polish the water.

2. are commonly used for BOD removal. The oxidation or polishing

pond is essentially a hole in the ground, a large pond used to confine the planteffluent before it is discharged into the natural watercourse.

3. another method of BOD removal, and this process

has added advantage that inorganics as well as organics are removed.

4. bacteria such as “nitrobacter” and “nitrosomonas” convert

ammonia nitrogen to NO3-, a process called nitrification.

5. is accomplished by either chemical or biological means.

acceptable kind of contaminants in water body that istested to be tolerated by the aquatic life in it or the humans who consume it.

water quality criteria that are implemented after

considering political, social, economic, environmental, public health. And otheraspects that may hinder implementing it.

armapua



16

1. Dissolved Oxygen2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)3. Solids

4. Nitrogen5. Bacteriological measurements

1. Dissolved Oxygen Meter:

armapua



17

Reaction at the lead electrode (anode):

Pb + 2OH- PbO + H2O + 2e-

Reaction at the silver electrode (cathode):

2e- + ½ O2 + H2O 2OH-

* the current is proportional to the DO level

2. Winkler Method

- is considered the "gold standard" for measuring the concentration of dissolvedoxygen in a sample of water.

Chemical Reagents Needed:1. manganese sulfate2. NaOH-KI solution

3. sulfuric acid4. starch solution (indicator)5. sodium thiosulfate (titrant)

This method involves the following steps:1. Manganese sulfate is introduced into the water sample made alkaline by NaOH.

MnSO4 + NaOH Mn(OH)2 + Na2SO4

2. The oxygen dissolved in the water reacts with the precipitate according to thefollowing equation.

2Mn(OH)2 + O2 2MnO(OH)2

3. The resulting precipitate is dissolved by adding sulfuric acid in the presence of KI.

2MnO(OH)2 + 4H+ + 2I- Mn2+ + I2 + 3H2O4. The evolved I2 is then titrated with standard sodium thiosulfate solution according to

the equation:

I2 + 2Na2S2O3 2NaI + Na2S4O6

A DO content of 500 mL of water sample was determined using Winkler method. During theanalysis, 200 mL of the aliquot portion of the sample was titrated with 0.025M Na2S2O3. Calculate

the DO of the water sample if the volume of thiosulfate consumed in the process was 8.3 mL.

Where : I – initial DO, mg/LF – final DO, mg/L

armapua



18

Where :DOi = the initial DO of the diluted water(blank)

DOt = the final DO of the diluted wastewater,

(5 days later)D = dilution factor

Where : sample size = vol of undiluted sample X 100%

vol of diluted water

0 14.60 23 8.56

1 14.19 24 8.40

2 13.81 25 8.24

3 13.44 26 8.09

4 13.09 27 7.95

5 12.75 28 7.81

6 12.43 29 7.67

7 12.12 30 7.54

8 11.83 31 7.419 11.55 32 7.28

10 11.27 33 7.16

11 11.01 34 7.05

12 10.76 35 6.93

13 10.52 36 6.82

14 10.29 37 6.71

15 10.07 38 6.61

16 9.85 39 6.51

17 9.65 40 6.41

18 9.45 41 6.31

19 9.26 42 6.22

20 9.07 43 6.1321 8.90 44 6.04

22 8.72 45 5.95

armapua



19

1. Three BOD bottles were prepared with sample and dilution water as shown in thefollowing table:

1 3 297

2 1.5 298.5

3 0.75 299.25

Calculate the dilution (D) for each.

2. The BOD of a wastewater sample is estimated to be 180 mg/L at 25o

C. What volume of undiluted sample should be added to a 300 mL bottle if the initial DO is the saturation?What is the sample size and dilution factor using this volume? Assume that 2 mg/L canbe consumed in the bottle. What the BOD5 of the wastewater if the DO of the DO values

for the blank and diluted sample are 8.7 and 4.2 mg/L, respectively?

3. A test bottle containing dilution water has its DO level drop by 1.0 mg/L in a five-day

test. A 300-mL BOD bottle filled with 15 mL wateswater experiences a drop of 7.2 mg/Lin the same time period. What would be the BOD5 of the wastewater?

Water Resources and Treatment, Wastewater and Water Quality Parameters

Documents

Transcript of Water Resources and Treatment, Wastewater and Water Quality Parameters