WATER RESOURCESPresented By,

Sujith Velloor S

Lecturer

Civil Department

Engineering College

Tuwa

1. Hydrological Cycle

2. Hydrology

3. Sources of water

4. Watershed development

5. Uses or requirement of water

6. Need for conservation of water

7. Dams

8. Weir & Barrage

9. Rainwater Harvesting

10.Flood control Measures

Content

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

Hydrologic cycle is the process of transfer of moisture from

atmosphere to earth in the form of precipitation(rain, snow,

etc..) and evaporation of water back to atmosphere

The water from the surface sources like stream and rivers to

oceans and lakes etc. converts to vapour by evaporation due

to heat(sun)

This vapor is again condensed due to sudden fall of

temperature and pressure. Thus Cloud are formed. These clouds

again cause the precipitation(i.e. Rainfall)

Some part of water may percolate through porous soil and

enter into ground. These is infiltration or percolation. The flow of

water below ground surface is known as ground water flow

HYDROLOGYHydrology is science deal with occurrence, distribution & movement of water

on earth, including that in atmosphere and below surface of the earth

Points included

1. Measurement of rainfall

2. Estimate surface runoff

3. Estimate filtration

4. Estimate evaporation and transpiration

5. Flood forecasting

6. Study of Ground water sources

Applications

1. Selection the site for reservoir

2. Determine Peak flow of river

3. Flood Control

4. Available for navigation

5. Source of water supply in city/town

SOURCES OF WATER

A.Surface Water Sources

B. Subsurface Water Sources

C.Well classification

A. Surface Water Sources

Water on land or on surface of earth is

termed as Surface water

Surface water is available from one

of the following sources

1. Stream 2. Rivers 3. Tanks. 4. Lakes

5. Storage Reservoirs

B. SUBSURFACE WATER SOURCES

The water is available below below ground level from any point

but saturated strata.

They are mainly divided in two groups

1. Wells 2. Percolation Tanks

Any saturated strata having ability

to transmit stored water can

developed for withdrawal 0f water

.It must have capacity to transmit

water at reasonable rate This type of

saturated stratum is termed as

Aquifer.

C. WELL CLASSIFICATION

Well are classified based in diameter Classified into major two groups

(a)Dug well or Open well (b) Tube well

TUBE WELL

The size of opening

is very small in

comparison to

open well. A tube

well is long partly

slotted pipe sunk

into ground with

strainer

WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT

Watershed development in broad sense implies

conservation and development of land rainfall water

and vegetation resource of area for maximum benefits of

people

The comprehensive development of watershed so as to

make productive use of all its natural resource and also

protect them is termed as watershed development

COMPONENTS

1. Conserving soil and water

2. Growing greenery

3. Control desertification

4. Mitigate affects of drought on crops

5. Improving ability of land to hold water

OBJECTIVES

1. Water management

2. Soil and land Management

3. Human resource Development

4. Crop Management

5. Livestock Management

6. Rural energy Management

7. Afforestation

USES OF REQUIREMENTS OF WATER

Water Requirement for different Uses

Consumptive

uses

Partial

Consumptive

uses

Non consumptive

uses

Irrigation Domestic uses

Fire water

Institutional Need

Industrial Need

Thermal Power Generation

Hydro Electric Power Plant

Inland Navigation

Pollution Control

Recreational uses

NEED FOR CONSERVATION OF WATER

There are several reason which will stress that there is immediate

need for conservation of water

1. Variation in Rainfall

2. Area of water storage

3. Uncertainty of Precipitation

4. Future Needs

MEASURES FOR WATER CONSERVATION

1. Domestic Conservation

2. Industrial Conservation

3. Agricultural Conservation

DOMESTIC CONSERVATION

1. Verify your home leak free

2. Turn off water while brushing teeth

3. Keep overflow valve in overhead tank

4. Use sprinkler irrigation in your garden

5. Use waste water in flush

6. Save water using mug rather thain running water

INDUSTRIAL CONSERVATION

1. Install waste water treatment Plant in factory For treating waste water

2. Reuse cooling water for gardening or irrigation

3. Develop new plant which require less water

4. Check efficiency of water equipment on regular basis

AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION

1. By Constructing structure like check dam

2. Avoid excess irrigation

3. Improve methods of irrigation like drip and sprinkler irrigation

4. Conventional flooding method of irrigation

5. Water meter should be installed to control the uses of water

6. Create awareness among farmer about the importance of water

DAMS

A dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river

or natural stream to create a reservoir for improving water

CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS

According to

uses

According to

hydraulic

structure

According to

Materials

According to

Structural

Behavior

1. Storage Dam

(Gravity Dam, Earthen

dam, Rock fill & Arch Dam)

2. Diversion Dam

(Weir & Barrage)

3. Detention Dam

(Debris dam)

1. Overflow

dams

2. Non overflow

dams

1.Rigid Dams

2.Non Rigid Dams

1.Gravity dam

2.Arch dam

3. Buttress dam

4. Earthen dam

5. Rock fill dam

According to Structural Behavior

1. GRAVITY DAM

A gravity dam is a dam constructed

from concrete or stone masonry

and designed to hold back water

by utilizing the weight of the

material alone to resist the

horizontal pressure of water pushing

against it. Gravity dams are

designed so that each section of

the dam is stable, independent of

any other dam section.

2. ARCH DAM

An arch dam is curved in

plan with its convexity

upstream side.

Arch dam transfer water

pressure & other force to

abutment by arch action

An arch dam is quite suitable

for narrow canyons with

strong banks which are

capable of resting the trust

produced by arch action

3.BUTTRESS DAM

A buttress dam consist of number of

buttress or pier dividing the space.

To retain water between buttress, panels

are constructed of horizontal arches or flat

slabs.

Types of buttress dam

1. Deck type buttress dam

2. Multiple arch type buttress dam

3. Multiple dome type buttress dam

4. Bulk head type buttress dam

4. EARTHEN DAM

Earth fill dam, also called Earth

Dam, or Embankment Dam.

Dam built up by compacting

successive layers of earth, using

the most impervious materials to

form a core and placing more

permeable substances on the

upstream and downstream sides.

A dam built of soil materials (sand,

loam, clay, and so on), with a

trapezoidal or nearly trapezoidal

cross section.

5. ROCK FILL DAM

Rock-fill dams are embankments of

compacted free-draining granular earth

with an impervious zone.

The earth utilized often contains a high

percentage of large particles hence the

term rock-fill.

WEIR & BARRAGE

1. WEIR

2. BARRAGE

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

It is a technique of collecting rainwater

and store it by construction Special

Storage structure

Objectives

1.It checks runoff and avoid floods

2. Help in raising ground water table

3. Help in meeting increasing demands of

water

Methods

1.Roof water storage

2. Check dam

3.Field ponds

4.Percolation tanks

5. Culvert plugging

FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES

THANK YOU