SKVA2562: BAHASA ARAB I UNTUK FAKULTI UNDANG-UNDANG

TUGASAN INDIVIDU

NAME: MUHAMMAD AIMAN FIRDAUS BIN NOOR AZMANMATRIX NO.: A146782TOPIC: JENIS-JENIS PEKERJAANDUE DATE: 17 MAC 2014LECTURERS NAME: USTAZ ZAHAROM BIN RIDZWAN

Waste Management and Administration in Malaysia : An Empirical Study in UKM

1.0 Introduction2.0 Background3.0 Discussion and Results 3.1 Waste Management Laws and Policy in Malaysia3.2 Waste management Department in Malaysia4.0 International Waste Management Law and Policy5.0 Literature View6.0 Empirical Study7.0 Recommendations 8.0 Conclusion

1.0 Introduction

The existence of ecosystem is a prove that the environment is a living system. The ecosystem consists of the flora and fauna and also the ever evolving creature that is the human. Human evolves in the state of their mind in which they craves for improvement and satisfaction. In some view, human evolution in the form of idea and knowledge is essential because it creates the technology, which makes things easier to achieve nowadays compared to a century ago. However, this evolution takes its toll, not on human but to the nature. Human have been exploring the mother-nature in order to get its resources. For example, people have been known to mine in some area that is concentrated with gold, coal or any other resources that can be sold at a high price. Human activities are the main culprit that contributed to environmental pollution, including land, water, air and other kinds of pollutions. Focusing on the main waste management issue, here we are trying to identify as well as initiate a solution so that this pollution issues can be overcome or controlled.

In this study, we are focusing on the solid waste management. Solid waste management can be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation. At the same time, increasing traffic density problems also affect the removal and collection of municipal solid waste transportation, which will affect adversely the productivity rate from the source of waste, in this case Kuala Lumpur State Territory, to the place of final disposal, in this case Bukit Tagar Landfill, a remote location with a regional urban settlements. The long period required to move a municipal solid waste from Kuala Lumpur State Territory towards Bukit Tagar Landfill.

By that, Government Board of Kuala Lumpur City should consider the best way of handling and management of municipal solid waste that meets the values of economic, hygienic, and ecologic. A more challenge now is to improve performance and productivity of municipal solid waste management that will bring economic benefits for local government which will then improve the quality of service to urban environmental management.

2.0 Background

In this study, the main focus area is in the campus of University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. We are trying to identify as well as initiate a solution so that this pollution issues, namely waste management issue can be solved.

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKMIn UKM, pollution issues also occurred. For instance, there has been several number of cases of landslides happened in UKM, flooding and also waste management problem. All these issues is directly caused by human activities. Human activities such as deforestation caused all the trees to be chopped down, thus causing landslides because there are no trees that can hold the soil from its ground, as it was the role of the trees to do so. Deforestation is being done so that a new place can be used to build industrial areas or even housing areas. This kind of activities not just harmed the flora, but also the fauna. All the birds as well as other animals that has been living in the forest had to move out because human is taking over that place. Loss of habitat and also extinction may occurred due to this incident. Plus, the land structure in UKM is hilly and in order to make the land useful for industrial or even housing, the land had to be flattened because hilly areas are hard to be managed.

Besides that, waste management issue is also important. We can see that most of the garbage areas are full with wild animals; because the animals searched for food from the garbage. But the most important factor that has contributed to this issue is the land pollution issue. Lack of awareness among the community within the campus contributes to the pollution. For instance, thrash such as water bottles or can, plastic bag, etc been thrown away along the road side.

3.0 Discussion and Results 3.1 Waste Management Laws and Policy in Malaysia

Pollution issue is a serious matter nowadays. This is because it has been worsening day by day. For instance, the emitting of carbon dioxide (Co2) and other harmful gaseous in the air has been causing the green-house effect and also thinning the ozone layer. The thinning of ozone layer and the green-house effect that are caused by air pollution has contributed to the increasing of temperature worldwide. This does not just stop here. In fact, these actions had also caused the melting of ice in the north pole, that also caused the risen of the water level. The polar bear species, for instance, is suffering from the habitat loss as their main habitat which is in the ice field of the north pole are melting. Later on, if this problem does not stop, our next generation might probably not going to see the polar bear species as they would extinct.

The Malaysias legislative bodies have taken step to counter this problem. One of the most effective legislation is the Environmental Quality Act 1947 of Malaysia. This act has provided several kinds of ways to prevent pollution in Malaysia including waste management, role of the Ministries and the Director General, penalties, and so on. This legislation is related to the prevention, abatement, control of pollution and enhancement of the environment. Industrial activities are required to obtain the following approvals from the Director General of Environmental Quality: EIA reports (for prescribed activities); Site suitability evaluation (for non-prescribed activities);Written permission to construct; Written approval for installation of incinerator, fuel burning equipment and chimney; License to use and occupy (for prescribed premises).Besides that, all the prescribed premises such as natural rubber processing mill, treatment and disposal of scheduled waste must obtain license to occupy and use; prescribe a vehicle or ship used in the movement of waste (called prescribe conveyance); fine for non-compliance is max. RM50k or jail up to 2 years or both; prior written permission to construct building or work on vehicle must be obtained; plans for buildings must be submitted for approval to the DG.The Minister may specify conditions for emission, discharge or deposit of environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or wastes or the emission of noise into any area, segment or element of the environment. Penalty for atmospheric pollution is max RM100k or jail term of up to 5 years or both. Penalty for noise pollution is max. RM100k or jail term of up to 5 years or bothA person is deem to have pollute any soil or surface of land if: places in or on any soil or in any place where it may gain access to soil any matter whether liquid, solid or gaseous; establish a refuse dump, garbage tip, soil and rock disposal site, sludge deposit site, waste injection well for disposal of solid or liquid waste so as to be obnoxious or offensive to human beings or interfere with underground water or detrimental to soil; and also Penalty is max.RM100k or jail term of up to 5 years or both. A person is deem to have pollute any inland waters if: places waste in or on any waters or in any place where it may gain access to water; places any waste in a position where it can gain access to water; causes the temperature of the receiving waters to be raised or lowered by more than the prescribed limits; Penalty is max. RM100k or jail term of up to 5 years or both. Penalty for discharge of oil in Malaysian waters exceeding acceptable conditions is max. RM500k or jail term of up to 5 years or both

Penalty for discharge of environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or waste in Malaysian waters exceeding acceptable conditions is max. RM500k or jail term of up to 5 years or bothMinister may prohibit the use of any material or equipment for process, trade or industry. Minister may prescribe any substance as environmentally hazardous substance and control its use and management. Minister may specify guidelines and procedures on deposit and rebate schemes in connection with the disposal of products that are considered environmentally unfriendly or causing adverse constraint on the environment.The DG, to control the emission of environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or waste, has the power to direct the owner: to install, operate, repair, replace control equipment; erect or increase height of chimney; measure or sample pollutants; conduct study of environmental risk; install, maintain and operate monitoring programs; measures to reduce or remove pollution. Any person who contravenes the notice issued in item 14 is liable to a fine of RM25k or jail up to 2 years or both The Minister may direct the DG to issue an order to the occupier to cease all acts that cause the pollution. Any person who contravenes item 16 is liable to a fine of RM50k or jail up to 2 years or both. The DG may direct the occupier of a premises, even if is not a prescribed premise, or ship or vehicle to conduct an environmental audit. For prescribed activities EIA report to the DG must be submitted before approval is given by the relevant approving activity.

Prior written approval of the DG is required: to place, deposit or dispose of scheduled waste except at prescribed premises;receive or send scheduled waste in or out of Malaysia;transit any scheduled waste. Any person who is aggrieved by the conditions set by the DG on his EIA submission may appeal to the Appeal Board. For the purpose of conducting, promoting or co-ordinating research, the Minister may impose a cess or set up an Environmental Fund on waste generated.

The DG may issue notices to occupier of premises or vehicle or ship or aircraft to furnish information on the equipment or products handled. The DG or an authorized officer may stop, board, search, enter a premise, ship, vehicle, aircraft. The DG or an authorized officer may examine a person in order to carry out investigation. Any vehicle or ship used in transportation of waste that is unapproved can be seized by the DG and forfeited and sold after judgement. DG may recover cost from the person responsible for the pollution to mitigate the pollution

Environmental Quality Act, 1974

Malaysia has had environmentally-related legislation since the early 1920s (table 4). But the legislation is limited in scope and inadequate for handling complex emerging environmental problems. So through EQA, 1974, a more comprehensive form of legislation and an agency to control pollution was established.

EQA is an enabling piece of legislation for preventing, abating and controlling pollution, and enhancing the environment, or for other related purposes. Pollution, as declared in EQA, includes the direct or indirect alteration of any quality of the environment or any part of it by means of a positive act or act of omission.Pollution is controlled through the mechanism of licences issued by the Department of Environment. The mode of control is by prescribing, by means of a ministerial regulation, that licences are mandatory for:The use and occupation of prescribed premises;Discharging or emitting wastes exceeding acceptable conditions into the atmosphere, as well as noise pollution, polluting or causing the pollution of any soil or surface of any land; Emitting, discharging or depositing any wastes or oil, in excess of acceptable conditions, into inland waters or Malaysian waters.The provision of "acceptable conditions" is controversial because the polluter is not liable for prosecution if the discharge are within those acceptable conditions, even if the effluents are sufficient to severely damage the environment. Most people adversely affected by pollution do not want to seek legal remedy through common law because of the prolonged nature of such hearings and the costs incurred.

Currently, 16 sets of regulations and orders are enforced by the Department of Environment under EQA. Despite government efforts to implement environmental laws and regulations, it has been found that enforcement measures need to be further enhanced to ensure the full compliance with laws and regulations.

With regard to monitoring and enforcement, surveillance capability will be strengthened. The penalty structure related to environment offences will be revised to ensure a more effective deterrent, especially in the case of repeat offenders. The enforcement function of agencies such as the Department of Environment, Health Department, Pesticide Board and local authorities will be rationalized and streamlined, and adequate training will be provided for their enforcement staff.

Environmental laws and regulations One of the three strategies embodied in EQA, 1974, is for the regulation of pollution. The other two strategies are for preventing and abating any form of pollution. To bring the law and other environmentally-related laws into effect, the laws and regulations listed below have been introduced and are strictly enforced by the Department of Environment.

3.2 Waste management Department in Malaysia

Besides, laws and policy regarding waste management in Malaysia, we also have our own department that controls issues related to waste management. For example, we have the National Solid Waste Management Department (JPSPN) which is to integrate solid waste management system at the national level was established under the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672). The Act was passed by the Parliament on July 17, 2007 and gazetted on August 30, 2007. This Act Gives the executive authority to the Federal Government to carry out the responsibilities on the management of solid waste and public cleansing.Before the establishment of JPSPN, SWM function is located within the Engineering Division of Environmental Health and Project Implementation Division, Department of Local Government (JKT), KPKT. With the passing of Act 672 and Act 673, this function is Transferred to JPSPN and the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation (PPSPPA).The objective of the establishment of PSN is to establish a sustainable solid waste management system so as to safeguard public health, protect and conserve the environment and preserve the natural-resource. Besides that, it is to ensure a clean surrounding and the esthetic value protected. Moreover, JPN responsible to play its role as the responsible institution on formulating policy, strategy, action plan and law on solid waste and public cleansing management; and to coordinate the cooperation between Federal Government agencies, State Government, local Authority, private and the communities so as to ensure smooth implementation of solid waste and public cleansing management.Data collection included populations, generation rate and characteristics of municipal solid waste, management system in the Kuala Lumpur study area. Prior to the main survey a pilot study was carried out to test the practicalities of the proposed sampling strategy, waste collection and sorting systems and questionnaire. This survey was restricted only to local authorities managed by Private Company rounds in each authority area.However, this represents an idealized situation and for practical reasons the following other criteria were set the survey had to be based on all of Kuala Lumpur local authorities there have to be two authorities from each community type (domestic and commercial); The survey and sampling was taken place in 100 samples and has carried out from November-December 2009 and January-June 2010. Data are collected from Annual Reports and through in depth interviews to Private Company executive staff. These data are necessary for population growth rate and MSW generation rate determination.

A. Financial BarriersMany developing countries like Malaysia and Indonesia, have a habit in terms of allocating budget for urban solid waste management in the range of 20-50 percent. Urban solid waste which cannot be handled for about 30-60 percent of the total amount of waste throughout the urban areas. The total urban population that can covered by solid waste management services by local governments amounted to less than 50 percent. In some cases, transport equipment and solid waste collectors who are not suitable to be used anymore has reached 80 percent range, which requires remedial action and maintenance stages. So that it can be said that any circumstances and the poor quality of municipal solid waste management in developing countries is a normal thing.B. Role of The GovernmentExisting solid waste expenditure levels increased in Malaysia in line with the pattern of economic standard of living and consumption rate. These levels may differ, follow the type of expenditures and use of the land, such as dwellings, commercial, industrial, institutional, and so forth. Salleh (2001) mentions that since 1993, it has been launched Recycling Program which involves 23 local authorities or Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) in the entire country.Role of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government or Kementrian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan (KPKT) in municipal solid waste management is giving advice and notification automatically. The Role of Environmental Department is in terms of pollution control and handling in order to protect and maintain the quality of community environment. The Economics Planning Unit is also get involved in the development programs relating to the municipal solid waste management in national level. The approach undertaken in this program specifically uses the original remains in the form of solid waste without going through the process of physical change. The rest is recycling a solid waste originally for producing a raw materials that may be used for further process. Last process is to deduct the expenses of existing solid waste generation from the sources. PBT has allocated between 30 to 70 percent of manpower for their responsible in environmental management practices. In addition, for 40 to 50 percent of PBT officers get involved in cleaning, including the solid waste management. KPKT will always help and support PBT in order to provide the financial allotment to purchase the appropriate machines and vehicles maintenance. In addition, KPKT also being providing the financial allotment for upgrading and constructing several new solid waste container in some area of PBT.C. Previous Condition of Municipal Solid Waste in MalaysiaIn 2001, Kuala Lumpur State Territory estimated the total solid waste at 2.500 tonnes per day or equal to 912.500 tonnes a year. The quantity of dwelling premises reached as many as 65 percent or 1.625 tonnes per day. With total population estimated around of 1.5 million, then the average of solid waste generated from any person is as many as 1.7 kilograms a day. According to the solid waste accretion of 1.2 percent tons a year, the 2020 estimation will be around of 3.317 tonnes per day or 1,210,705 tonnes a year.

In the year 2003, amounted to 17.000 tonnes of solid waste generated on all regions of Malaysia peninsular. On average, solid waste per capita output is about 0.85 kg /capita/day. In the Kuala Lumpur State Territory estimated of 1.5 kg / capita / day. Solid waste collection activities reached about 76 percent, and at 1-2 percent of it has recycled directly and the rest sent to the landfill. Amounting to 5 percent of solid waste from Kuala Lumpur City Area has recycled directly.In 2004, solid waste generation at Kuala Lumpur State Territory was calculated at 2.500 tonnes per day or a total of 912.500 tonnes a year. The quantity of dwelling premises reached as many as 65 percent or 1.625 tonnes per day. With a population of 1.57 million, then the average of solid waste generated from any person is as many as 1.6 kilograms a day.In 2005, Kuala Lumpur solid waste generation was about 3478 tonnes/day, with the population was around of 2.150 million. The average of solid waste generated from any person is as many as 1.6 kilograms a day.D. Lates Condition of Municipal Solid Waste in MalaysiaPrivatization program of the municipal solid waste management at Kuala Lumpur State Territory began in 1996, in which Alam Flora Sdn Bhd (AFSB) has been sworn as concession holder, and took over solid waste transfer station management namely Taman Beringin Transfer Station (TBTS) that started in 2001. Furthermore, as a technical problem occurred in AFSB, the management of the site TBTS then has transferred to the Solid Waste Disposal Sdn Bhd (SWDSB) in the year 2006. In order to ensure the work of municipal solid waste collecting, transporting and disposing executed perfectly, the Unit Kawal Selia (UKS) has been realized. For the contractor performance monitoring program, UKS always made the investigation sessions involving the Supreme Board of Management Kuala Lumpur. UKS also gave a warning to the relevant business partner, and provided achievement reports each month and surveillance programs simultaneously. UKS also serves as a guidance officer to ensure residual removal or garbage are placed in appropriate trash bins. Solid waste generated from every landed-houses, apartments, flats, commercial shops, private and royal offices levied and collected by the workers and put into baskets or trolleys and then transported into the suitable solid waste lorry. Solid waste that has been collected then transported using three types of lorries, namely compactor lorries, open lorries and roll-on-roll-out lorries. Solid waste generated from the entire area of Kuala Lumpur State Territory picked and sent by lorries owned by the private contractor, such as the Alam Flora Sdn Bhd, to Beringin Park transfer station. In transfer station, the whole municipal solid waste compressed and compacted to facilitate the transfer into the larger lorries, namely the semi-trailer container, which then sent to Bukit Tagar landfill.Recent investigations in 2010 resulted information that population of Kuala Lumpur City Area has reached 1.66 million people [6]. With the population growth rate of 6.1 percent, then the population in the year 2010 can be estimated at least to 1.69 million people. The number of municipal solid waste generated from Kuala Lumpur State Territory and delivered to TBTS was recorded of 2,000 tonnes per day. Accordingly, the solid waste generation average for any person is 1.2 kilograms a day. The amount and generation rate of solid waste from Kuala Lumpur State Territory remaining unchanged and cannot be better from year to year, and strategic planning needed to avoid excess spending capacity that bring bad impact on TBTS management and in Kuala Lumpur State Territory environment primarily.4.0 International Waste Management Law and Policy

In other countries, pollution is also a main issue. All the governments throughout the globe conduct research to get the best solutions for this issue. These include enacting laws and policy. In United Kingdom, the Control of Pollution Act 1974 was introduced. This act provides a comprehensive system of licensing for the disposal of waste which supplemented the existing control over land used in the Town and Country Planning Act of UK.

Regulation 16 of the Special Waste Regulations 1996 requires any person who makes a deposit of special waste in or on any land to record the location of the deposit. Records must be kept until the person surrenders his or her waste management license. The site records will comprise either a site plan marked with a grid or site. Regulations 17 prohibits any establishment or undertaking which carries out the disposal or recovery of special waste, or which collects special waste, from mixing different categories of special waste, or from mixing special waste with waste which is not special waste.In US, the program for Government agreed in 2007 included a number of objectives relating to waste management among them a commitment to carry out an international review of waste management plans, practices and procedures. In February 2008, a procurement process was initiated to appoint consultants to undertake a comprehensive study on the waste sector, to underpin the overall review, and to cover a wide range of issues to help identify how best to proceed with further efforts to reduce waste levels, improve recycling rates and deliver equitable and cost-effective sustainable waste management solutions.The Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government has prepared a new draft Statement of Waste Policy arising from the recommendations of the report. The statement is designed to set a policy context which will ensure that waste management services are delivered by the public and private sectors in an environmentally progressive and cost efficient manner. In advance of finalising the Statement of Waste Policy by Government, comments are invited from relevant stakeholders and any other interested parties.

The Regulatory Impact Analysis conducted by AP EnvEcon Limited for the Minister for the Environment, Heritage & Local Government which examines proposed areas of amendments to the Waste Management legislation with regard to the plastic bag levy and the landfill levy, including its extension to other treatment facilities, can also be accessed at the following link.

5.0 Empirical Study

Before the awareness and education program can be conducted, two different researches were carried out. The first study was to identify the current waste collection and waste data. Results showed it is estimated that the National University of Malaysia produce an average collection of about 8 ton of solid waste per day. In order to identify the type of waste produce by the university, waste characterization study was conducted. The method used can be referred from the study by Kian-Ghee Tiew, Stefan Kruppa, Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri and Hassan Basri (2010) of waste characterization research team from Faculty of Engineering and Built Environmental. After sorting, the waste was store in bins which were labeled for different items and later were weighed to determine waste composition. The study has been successful in highlighting the composition and characteristics of the solid waste produced at the university campus. The main components of the waste are organics (43%), plastics (36%) and paper (17%), which is more than 96% of the total solid waste. The average amount of a sample is 108 kg. Striking is the high plastic and organic content and the third most amounts is paper.

Most of the waste collected comprises combustible and noncombustible wastes. The combustible waste consists of materials such as paper, cardboard, furniture parts, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, plastic and garden trimmings. Non-combustible waste consists of items such as glass, discarded tins, aluminum cans and food waste. Characteristics of solid waste can be divided into two: physical and chemical characteristics. The physical characteristics of solid wastes vary widely based on socio-economic, cultural and climatic conditions. The physical qualities of solid waste like bulk density, its moisture content etc., are very important to be considered for the selection of disposal, recycling and other processing methods. Chemical characteristics information of solid wastes such as pH, chemical constituents like carbon content, nitrogen, potassium and micronutrients are important in evaluating processing and recovery options. In addition, the analysis helps in adopting and utilizing proper equipment and techniques for collection and transportation. Identifying both chemical and physical characteristics of solid wastes are important for the selection of proper waste management technology.

Thus both physical and chemical characteristics of the solid waste are important to determine the selection of the final method of waste disposal. Based on this findings the university provide three different bins for the separation at source activities. Each bin is coloured differently, for example green is for organic or bio-waste, orange for recyclables and black for residual waste. Before this only one bin is used for all waste.

In the second study, a self-administered questionnaire was used to assess students awareness, attitudes and perceptions towards the solid waste management. The approach of this research was to analyze problems, create and conduct interventions and then evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. The main tool used in data collection was a structured three part questionnaire specifically designed for this study. The questionnaire covered demographic factors such as year of study and ethnic of the respondent as well as variables related to the respondents littering attitudes and practices. Examples of statement regarding this variable: 1. I do not care if someone throws litter; 2. I assume waste is not useful and should be thrown away; 3. I do not care if my friends throw rubbish into drains.

Another part of the questionnaire consists of statements regarding the environmental awareness and knowledge of SWM among respondents. Respondents were asked about their knowledge of SWM and programs conducted by the university in order to create awareness. They were also asked about the source of their information regarding environmental problems.

For the first requirement, simple interactive statistical analysis for size sample calculation was used (Raosoft sample size calculator) to determine sample size required based on the population size of 5,000 students from the university main campus. Size of sample required at 95% confidence level, a margin of error at 5% was 537. Distribution numbers is estimate for cooperation for questionnaire return at 50%. A much higher number is required to entail sufficient number for survey study. Therefore 600 questionnaires were distributed by convenience sampling.

A total of 10 undergraduate students that were chosen randomly from different faculties in The National University of Malaysia completed the questionnaire forms. There were 6 Malays, 2 Chinese and 2 Indians. Most of the respondents were first year students. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program version 10 software. Descriptive statistics such as means and ranges were computed. Test of chi square was performed to determine the relationships between attitude and practices and also between facilities and practices.

Results showed that more than half of the students (64%) had high awareness status concerning SWM. But there was still quite a number of them (36%) which have low awareness status. Only 34.1% of the students showed positive attitude towards SWM whereas another 65.9% showed negative attitude. Regarding perceptions concerning SWM only 40% of the subjects perception status was positive.

Despite the high status of awareness expressed by 64% of the students concerning SWM, it is not consistent with their attitude and perception. The results of this study showed that more than half of the students (65.9%) have negative attitudes towards SWM. Like wise only 40% showed positive perception concerning SWM. Results from the descriptive analysis were supported by the results of Chi Square which showed that there was no relationship between attitude and practice (x2=2.452, p>0.05), and also between facilities and practice

Although results indicated that majority of the students showed high status of environmental awareness, however, more than half of the subjects showed negative attitude and perceptions concerning SWM. Behavioral problem: not practicing environmentally responsible behavior (an inconsistent and highly unbalanced strong knowing but weak doing) because: attitudinal problems, lack of enforcement, lack of monitoring and the students did not understand their roles and responsibilities in environment protection. Hvatum and Kelly (2008) [20] labelled the situation as you know it, but you dont do it.

Results of this study supports some studies that suggest that there is no relation between education and attitude to the environment [21,22]. Findings of previous studies [23-25] and the findings of Hines, Hugerford and Tomera (1986), also suggest that the level of consistency between environmental attitudes and behavior is affected by a persons knowledge and awareness, public verbal commitment and his/her sense of responsibility. The transfer from attitudes to behavior can also be affected by lifestyle; many people, while professing to correct attitudes to the environment, are not ready to change their lifestyle in ways that might mean sacrificing certain forms of leisure and comfort for the sake of the environment. Other study has also found a weak and inconsistent relationship between environmental attitudes and behavior; usually attributable to a reluctance to give up the comforts of modern life.

This answers the question as to why in certain circumstances individuals with acquired knowledge act on that knowledge to implement changed waste practices, while in other instances, this acquired knowledge does not lead to change. According to Miller and Morris, (1999:74) "there is a commonly held myth that providing individuals or groups with information will lead them to appropriate personal and organizational actions and performance, but this is far from true." According to Pfeffer and Sutton (2000), while information and knowledge are 'crucial to performance', but knowledge of an issue is often not sufficient to cause action: "there is only a loose and imperfect relationship between knowing what to do and the ability to act on that knowledge. The inability to transfer knowledge of what needs to be done into action or behavior which is consistent with that knowledge is referred as the 'knowing-doing gap' or the 'performance paradox'. While it was believed that the 'knowing-doing gap' was due to a lack of personal knowledge or skills, research conducted suggests that while personal knowledge is important in ensuring action, it is not as important as having management systems and practices in place.

6.0 Recommendations

Several universities have successfully implemented a greening university campus; whereby solid waste management programs were carefully planned based on key focus and waste characterizations. Paper and paper products represent a huge number component of solid waste due to academic and research activities. It is suggested that paper consumption to be reduced and paper recycling is encouraged. It is also advisable for campus community to use refillable cup to replace a single-use beverage containers. For instance, the University of Wisconsin-Madison is the first university that has initiated this programme.

Besides that, students awareness about the environmental problems and solutions can be increased through education. It is expected that solid waste management activities in university campus involve the students as part of their learning process. The particular skills and knowledge gained from environmental education would help in changing human behaviour towards the environment. Students with some knowledge and skills on environmental education are more motivated to take part in environmental protection activities and plans thus would generate new ideas for the solution of environmental problems. Sharing new informations from their activities with families, other adults, and community probably will have some positive implications on solid waste management practices. Although there are a number of literatures on solid waste management in term of intergenerational influence and socialization processes, however the practical impacts of environmental education somehow has been given little attention.

Actually, the best way to create awareness and to educate the students, steps had to be taken to include environmental education in the school educational system. This must be the leading approach to address the environmental problems and engendering sustainable development. Knowledge and understanding of the environment are important since a degraded environment means a lower quality of life for all. It is, therefore, the collective responsibility of all human beings to secure a healthy environment not only for present, but also for future generations, so building environmental curricula on this principle becomes a necessity.

Clear inadequacy in the environmental education paradigm in Malaysian educational curricular is essential as they pertain to solid waste management. For instance, elements of environmental problems were integrated into the subjects of health education, integrated science, agricultural science and geography among others. These approaches are insufficient if environmental protection is to be undertaken sustainably as presently advocated through environmental awareness and educational programming globally.

Environmental education should, therefore, be a fundamental and integral part of education for all members of society. Modern societies, both developed and developing, need environmental education in its formal and informal aspects. Knowledge of the environment, its conservation and threats must be integrated with the development of sensitivity to, and respect for, the natural environment and the formation of proper attitudes towards it. Fundamental education is therefore the kind of education aimed at realizing a sustainable living for mankind as a whole.

The Malaysian curricula need adjustments to allow for the inclusion of standard environmental education and training at the primary, secondary, tertiary, and informal levels. In so doing, the nations and their peoples would prospectively thwart the on-going environmental damage which is a threat to human survival and sustenance both now and in the future due to the lack of proper management of solid waste. Another aspect that is important to highlight because of its practical consequences on environmental education is teacher education. How do we expect a teacher to teach environmental education if he or she has not received the minimal tools to do so? For example, environmental education nowadays is included in some way in most of the basic education curricula, but teachers are not qualified to teach it. The pedagogical approach and the teachers interest in environmental issues seem to affect childrens learning processes. A major bottleneck of education in general and environmental education in particular, is teacher training and sensitivity about environmental matters.

In UKM, since the students and most of the workers had never been exposed to any proper environmental education before, an environmental and waste awareness and education program was implemented. The university is committed to protect the environment by developing practices that are safe, sustainable and environmentally friendly and has developed a practical, staged approach to manage waste in an increasingly sustainable fashion.

7.0 ConclusionThe realization that universities also contribute greatly to pollution and environmental issues, university decision makers should be proactive in promoting environmental sustainability through implementing this integrated approach as a tool for improving the environmental performance of their activities, reducing the negative impacts of their operations and conserving resources. For a university campus to be sustainable, it must preserve the environment, stimulate economic growth, and improve society. Plus, any environmental program at a university must be rooted in the belief that the process of paying attention to the environment will have the greatest impact if it becomes an integral part of the educational mission of the institution. The initiative offers a means to connect what happens in the classroom with what is happening immediately outside. Recycling alone will not earn a campus a clean bill of environmental health. Waste reduction and reuse are far more effective ways of reducing environmental impact, and the goal should be a net reduction in the campus waste stream, not simply more recycling. Yet, recycling is among the most visible, measurable, and enforceable of the environmentally sound practices that a campus can undertake. It is also important to make public the commitment to sustainable waste management since universities assume a special societal responsibility, in that they educate the future decision-makers of society. They take on a multiplier function and therefore a significant responsibility. Environmental protection should be the responsibility of all students and employees. The university will only fulfill this task when as many university members as possible identify with the aims of environmental protection and sustainable development, and actively contribute to the implementation of such aims.