WASHINGTON MONTANA SOUTH DAKOTA IOWA NEBRASKA · Red Vermillion Crossing Segment Columbia Gorge...
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KANSAS CITY OMAHA LINCOLN PORTLAND Hiawatha Atchison Leavenworth Ottawa Manhattan Emporia Junction City Marysville Hastings Lowell Fairbury Beatrice Fremont Norfolk Columbus York Grand Island Blair Hays McCook Holdrege Kearney Lexington North Platte Sterling Sidney Kimball Oshkosh Julesburg Brule Bayard Chadron Lusk Guernsey Wheatland Laramie Torrington Henry Douglas Muddy Gap Rawlins Harrison Scottsbluff Hot Springs Gillette Buffalo Worland Cody Jackson Pinedale Marbleton Cokeville Kemmerer Blackfoot Burley Nampa Glenns Ferry Twin Falls Rexburg Logan Brigham City Afton Soda Springs Montpelier Alliance Gering Ogallala Valentine Rock Springs Farson Riverton Lander Nyssa La Grande Walla Walla Arlington Dufur Sandy Astoria Longview Madras Bend Baker City Pendleton Coos Bay Roseburg VANCOUVER SALEM CORVALLIS EUGENE KENNEWICK BOISE IDAHO FALLS POCATELLO CASPER CHEYENNE FORT COLLINS GREELEY SALINA COUNCIL BLUFFS TOPEKA LAWRENCE ST. JOSEPH INDEPENDENCE PACIFIC OCEAN GREAT SALT LAKE River Columbia River Columbia R i v e r M i s s o u r i R i v e r Missouri River Platte River Platte North River Platte South Riv e r North Platte River Platte North Bear Lake River Snake Y e llo wst o n e River River Sn a k e River Snake River W i l l a m e t t e R i v e r S n a k e River N e h a le m River River Crater Lake No r t h U m p qu a S o u t h U m p q u a Upper Klamath Lake Malheur Lake River River Cr o o k e d D e s c h u t e s River John Day River Lake Wallula River Lake Owyhee M a l h e u r River Burnt Wallowa Lake Payette Lake Riv e r G r a n d e River R o n d e River S a l m o n Salmon Salmon River R iv er Hebgen Lake Jackson Lake American Falls Reservoir Lake Walcott Blackfoot Reservoir Palisades Reservoir Yellowstone Lake River Wind Fontenelle Reservoir River Green Flaming Gorge Reservoir River Powder River Bighorn Pathfinder Reservoir Lara m i e River Glendo Reservoir River River Niobrara Cheyenne Lake McConaughy River Loup Middle Niobrara River River Saline Smoky Hill River Harlan County Lake Re p u b li c a n Little Blue River Elk h o r n River Blue Big River River River Solomon Tuttle Creek Lake River Neosho des M arais River Kansas P l a t t e River River Cygnes Um a t i l l a S w e e t w a t e r R i v e r P o w d e r INDEPENDENCE was the pre- ferred jumping off point for the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails in the 1840s and early 1850s. FORT KEARNY: the U.S. Army established the fort in 1848 to provide protection for emigrants. All trails from jumping off points along the Missouri River met here, at the “Gateway to the Great Plains.” ASH HOLLOW was the entry to the North Platte River Valley. Ample supplies of wood, water, and grass made this a sought- after camping area. SCOTTS BLUFF was one of the major landmarks on the trail, and, with Chimney Rock 35 miles east, it signaled that almost one-third of the trail had been traversed. INDEPENDENCE ROCK: fur trap- pers named this formation on July 4, 1824. Many emigrants later carved or painted their names on the rock. SOUTH PASS: here the emigrants crossed the Continental Divide and passed into the Oregon Country. The Pass is so broad and so level that many did not realize they had passed into the Pacific watershed. REGISTER CLIFF: of the thousands of names carved by emigrants into the soft sandstone, several hundred are still legible. Some trail ruts, as deep as five feet, are three miles west. FORT BRIDGER was a major supply point on the trail. Here the Mormon Trail veered off to the southwest and into Utah. THREE ISLAND CROSSING: if the water was low this was the best place to cross to the north bank of the Snake River to a route that offered better travel conditions and ample drinking water. FLAGSTAFF HILL: travelers caught their first glimpses of the Blue Mountains from this point—an indication their trip was nearing the end. WHITMAN MISSION: Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, who helped blaze the route of the Oregon Trail, established a mission to Christianize the Indians here in 1836. BLUE MOUNTAINS: Though the trail passed over moun- tainous terrain, wood, water, and shade were abundant— a welcome change from the desert along the Snake River. THE DALLES: before the opening of the Barlow Road in 1846, emi- grants had no choice but to build rafts and float down the treach- erous Columbia. OREGON CITY: the Oregon Trail ended here. Fort Vancouver, a Hudson’s Bay Company trading post, is across the Columbia in Washington. BARLOW PASS: tired and weary emigrants who chose not to go down the Columbia faced a steep climb to the pass before descending into the Willamette Valley. FORT LARAMIE: this early Indian trading post quickly developed into the major resupply point for emigrants and a major military post. Old Bedlam, on the fort grounds, is the oldest structure in Wyoming. D iv i d e Continental Div i d e C o n tin ental D ivide C o n tin e n tal Divide Con ti n e n t a l D i v i d e C o n tin e n t a l G R E A T P L A I N S R A N G E S C O A S T R A N G E C A S C A D E B I T T E R R O O T R A N G E SALMON RIVER MOUNTAINS WIND RIVER RANGE B I G H O R N M O U N T A I N S L A R A M I E M O U N T A I N S B L U E M O U N T A I N S GREAT DIVIDE BASIN BLACK HILLS SAND HILLS M E D I C I N E B O W M O U N T A I N S GRANITE MOUNTAINS WYOMING RANGE C A N Y O N H E L L S Laramie Peak Prospect Hill Gannett Peak 13804ft 4207m Wind River Peak 13192ft 4021m Big Southern Butte Teapot Dome Castle Butte Bruneau Dunes Mt Hood 11235ft 3424m UMATILLA INDIAN RESERVATION WARM SPRINGS INDIAN RESERVATION FORT HALL INDIAN RESERVATION Crater Lake National Park John Day Fossil Beds NM Craters of the Moon National Monument City of Rocks National Reserve Fossil Butte NM Grand Teton National Park John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway Rocky Mountain National Park Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve Bighorn Canyon NRA Badlands National Park Wind Cave National Park Niobrara National Scenic Riverway Homestead NM of America Missouri National Scenic Riverway Mount Rushmore N Mem Jewel Cave NM Agate Fossil Beds NM Big Hole National Battlefield Nez Perce National Historical Park Nez Perce National Historical Park Golden Spike NHS Hagerman Fossil Beds NM Fort Clatsop National Memorial Fort Scott NHS Yellowstone National Park WASHINGTON OREGON IDAHO OREGON OREGON IDAHO IDAHO NEVADA UTAH WYOMING UTAH WYOMING UTAH WYOMING IDAHO M ONTAN A ID A H O MONTANA WYOMING WYOMING COLORADO NEBRASKA KANSAS COLORADO SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA WYOMING SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA NEBRASKA KANSAS MISSOURI KANSAS IOWA MISSOURI NEBRASKA KANSAS WASHINGTON OREGON IDAHO NEVADA UTAH MONTANA WYOMING COLORADO SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS IOWA MISSOURI End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center The National Oregon/ California Trail Center National Historic Trails Interpretive Center Fort Laramie NHS Scotts Bluff NM (Mitchell Pass) Chimney Rock NHS Fort Vancouver NHS Whitman Mission NHS Oregon City Philip Foster Farm Barlow Pass Government Camp The Dalles Three Island Crossing Fort Bridger South Pass Independence Rock Register Cliff Mexican Hill Ash Hollow Fort Kearny Blue Mound Kansas River Crossing/ Pappin’s Ferry Pellant Ruts Alcove Spring Parting of the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails Lone Elm Campground Scott Spring Coon Creek/Marshall Grave Hollenberg Station The Narrows Thirty-two Mile Station Ayr Ruts Susan Hail Grave and Ruts Plum Creek Dan Smith’s West Ranch Fort McPherson O’Fallon’s Bluff California Hill Windlass Hill Courthouse/ Jail Rock Robidoux Pass Guernsey Ruts Warm Springs Avenue of Rocks Emigrant Gap Willow Springs Split Rock Pacific Springs Dry Sandy Crossing Little Sandy Crossing West End of the Sublette Cutoff Sheep Rock Fort Hall American Falls Register Rock Coldwater Hill Caldron Linn Shoshone Falls Stricker Store/ Rock Creek Station Rock Creek Crossing C.J. Strike Ruts Rattlesnake Station Canyon Creek Station Utter Massacre Site Keeney Pass Givens Hot Springs Rocky Ridge Devil’s Gate Fort Casper Ayres Natural Bridge Horse Creek Treaty Grounds Hembree Grave Parting of the Ways Lombard Ferry Crossing Name Rock Thomas Fork Crossing Big Hill Soda Springs Complex California Trail Junction/ Raft River Crossing Massacre Rocks Milner Ruts Kanaka Rapids Teapot Dome Hot Springs Inscription Rock Ditto Station Indian Creek Station Bonneville Point Fort Boise Farewell Bend Hilgard Junction Blue Mountain Crossing Interpretive Park Meacham Echo Well Spring Emigrant Springs Echo Meadows Fourmile Canyon Biggs Junction Ruts Barlow Gate Tygh Valley Cascades of the Columbia John Day River Crossing Deschutes River Crossing Laurel Hill West Barlow Tollgate Deadman Pass Ward Massacre Site Vale Flagstaff Hill Canyon Hill Ruts Thousand Springs Upper Salmon Falls Church Butte Ice Slough Burnt Ranch Amanda Lamin Grave Rock Creek Station Junction of St. Joe and Independence Roads St. Marys Mission Vieux Cemetery/ Red Vermillion Crossing Upper Wakarusa Crossing Upper Crossing of the South Platte River Mormon Ferry (1849) Saleratus Lake Three Crossings Big Sandy Crossing Black Vermillion Crossing Upper Independence Landing Wildwood Recreation Area 84 84 84 82 5 5 26 20 126 5 97 97 97 12 26 20 26 26 20 95 20 20 26 30 30 30 30 93 19 19 19 74 11 218 207 207 206 197 395 730 395 201 86 75 21 78 75 75 82 95 93 93 84 84 84 86 26 93 15 89 20 20 20 26 14 20 26 89 89 89 191 15 15 80 189 189 189 191 191 287 287 287 191 30 28 28 372 789 220 372 26 287 26 89 14 16 80 80 80 76 25 30 287 20 26 18 85 25 25 90 90 16 16 20 83 20 18 20 20 85 26 30 83 30 81 75 77 77 24 75 69 71 73 36 75 36 36 73 30 30 81 26 85 76 85 85 85 71 29 385 385 385 25 23 30 275 80 80 6 34 283 6 83 81 70 6 275 80 29 29 680 34 75 99 16 63 70 35 35 70 29 35 135 335 169 80 95 North 0 0 50 Miles 50 Kilometers Big Sandy to Green River Segment West End of the Sublette Cutoff Segment Hagerman Fossil Beds Segment Sinker Creek Segment Alkalai Springs Segment Ladd Canyon Segment Emigrant Hill Segment Boardman Segment Barlow Road Segment Blue Mountains Segment North Trail Segment South Pass Segment Prospect Hill Segment Fort Laramie to Warm Springs Segment St. Marys- Red Vermillion Crossing Segment Columbia Gorge Discovery Center Tamustalik Cultural Institute Trail interpretive center Oregon Trail route Segments of the trail offering the best visitor experiences KANSAS CITY M is s o u ri R i v e r National Frontier Trails Center INDEPENDENCE Minor Park/Red Bridge Crossing Upper Independence Landing Eighty-fifth Street Ruts Heart Grove Campground New Santa Fe 69 71 73 70 70 35 35 29 470 MISSOURI KANSAS 0 0 10 Mi. 10 Km. 10 Santa Fe Trail Park Ruts Independence Courthouse Square 29 435 435 435 435 Kansas City/Independence area See map above
Transcript of WASHINGTON MONTANA SOUTH DAKOTA IOWA NEBRASKA · Red Vermillion Crossing Segment Columbia Gorge...
KANSAS CITY
OMAHA
LINCOLN
PORTLAND
Hiawatha
Atchison
Leavenworth
Ottawa
Manhattan
Emporia
Junction City
Marysville
Hastings
LowellFairbury
Beatrice
Fremont
Norfolk
Columbus
York
Grand Island
Blair
Hays
McCook
Holdrege
Kearney
Lexington
North Platte
Sterling
Sidney
Kimball
Oshkosh
Julesburg
Brule
Bayard
Chadron
Lusk
Guernsey
Wheatland
Laramie
TorringtonHenry
Douglas
Muddy Gap
Rawlins
Harrison
Scottsbluff
Hot Springs
Gillette
Buffalo
Worland
Cody
Jackson
Pinedale
Marbleton
Cokeville
Kemmerer
Blackfoot
Burley
Nampa
Glenns Ferry
Twin Falls
Rexburg
Logan
Brigham City
Afton
SodaSprings
Montpelier
Alliance
Gering
Ogallala
Valentine
Rock Springs
Farson
Riverton
LanderNyssa
La Grande
Walla Walla
Arlington
Dufur
Sandy
Astoria
Longview
Madras
Bend
Baker City
Pendleton
Coos Bay
Roseburg
VANCOUVER
SALEM
CORVALLIS
EUGENE
KENNEWICK
BOISE
IDAHO FALLS
POCATELLO
CASPER
CHEYENNE
FORT COLLINS
GREELEY
SALINA
COUNCIL BLUFFS
TOPEKA
LAWRENCE
ST. JOSEPH
INDEPENDENCE
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GREATSALTLAKE
River
Columbia
River
Columbia
River
Missouri
River Missouri
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Plat
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River
Platte North
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PlatteSouth
River
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Platte
River
Platte
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BearLake
River
Snake
Yellowstone
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Snake
Riv
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Snak
e
Riv
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Wil
lam
ette
River
Snak
e
Rive
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Nehalem
River
River
Crater Lake
North Umpqua
South Umpqua
UpperKlamath
Lake
MalheurLake
River
River
Crooked
Des
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tes
Rive
r Joh
nD
ay
River
LakeWallula
River
Lake
OwyheeMal
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Burnt
WallowaLake
PayetteLake
River
Gra
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Rond
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River
Salmon
Salmon
Salmon
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Hebgen Lake
JacksonLake
AmericanFalls
Reservoir
LakeWalcott
BlackfootReservoir
PalisadesReservoir
YellowstoneLake
River
Wind
FontenelleReservoir
River
Green
FlamingGorge
Reservoir
River
Pow
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River
Bighorn
PathfinderReservoir
Laramie
Rive
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GlendoReservoir
River
River
Niobrara
Cheyen
ne
LakeMcConaughy
River
LoupMiddle
Niobrara
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River
Saline
SmokyHill
RiverHarlanCounty
LakeRepublican
LittleBlue
Rive
r
Elkhorn
River
Blue
Big
River
River
River
Solomon
Tuttle Creek Lake
River
Neosho
des
Marais
River
Kansa
s
Platte
River
River
Cygnes
Um
atilla
Sweetwater River
Powder
INDEPENDENCE was the pre-ferred jumping off point forthe Oregon and Santa Fe Trailsin the 1840s and early 1850s.
FORT KEARNY: the U.S. Armyestablished the fort in 1848 toprovide protection for emigrants.All trails from jumping off pointsalong the Missouri River methere, at the “Gateway to theGreat Plains.”
ASH HOLLOW was the entry tothe North Platte River Valley. Ample supplies of wood, water,and grass made this a sought-after camping area.
SCOTTS BLUFF was one ofthe major landmarks on thetrail, and, with Chimney Rock35 miles east, it signaled thatalmost one-third of the trailhad been traversed.
INDEPENDENCE ROCK: fur trap-pers named this formation onJuly 4, 1824. Many emigrantslater carved or painted theirnames on the rock.
SOUTH PASS: here the emigrantscrossed the Continental Divideand passed into the OregonCountry. The Pass is so broad andso level that many did not realizethey had passed into the Pacificwatershed.
REGISTER CLIFF: of the thousandsof names carved by emigrantsinto the soft sandstone, severalhundred are still legible. Sometrail ruts, as deep as five feet, arethree miles west.
FORT BRIDGER was a majorsupply point on the trail. Herethe Mormon Trail veered offto the southwest and into Utah.
THREE ISLAND CROSSING: ifthe water was low this wasthe best place to cross to thenorth bank of the Snake Riverto a route that offered bettertravel conditions and ampledrinking water.
FLAGSTAFF HILL: travelers caughttheir first glimpses of the BlueMountains from this point—anindication their trip was nearingthe end.
WHITMAN MISSION: Marcusand Narcissa Whitman, whohelped blaze the route of theOregon Trail, established amission to Christianize theIndians here in 1836.
BLUE MOUNTAINS: Thoughthe trail passed over moun-tainous terrain, wood, water,and shade were abundant—a welcome change from thedesert along the Snake River.
THE DALLES: before the openingof the Barlow Road in 1846, emi-grants had no choice but to buildrafts and float down the treach-erous Columbia.
OREGON CITY: the Oregon Trailended here. Fort Vancouver, aHudson’s Bay Company tradingpost, is across the Columbia inWashington.
BARLOW PASS: tired and wearyemigrants who chose not togo down the Columbia faceda steep climb to the pass beforedescending into the WillametteValley.
FORT LARAMIE: this early Indiantrading post quickly developedinto the major resupply pointfor emigrants and a major militarypost. Old Bedlam, on the fortgrounds, is the oldest structurein Wyoming.
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Prospect Hill
Gannett Peak13804ft4207m
Wind River Peak13192ft4021m
Big SouthernButte
Teapot Dome
Castle Butte
BruneauDunes
Mt Hood11235ft3424m
UMATILLAINDIAN
RESERVATION
WARM SPRINGS
INDIAN
RESERVATION
FORT HALL
INDIAN
RESERVATION
Crater LakeNational Park
John Day Fossil Beds NM
Craters ofthe MoonNationalMonument
City of RocksNational Reserve
Fossil ButteNM
Grand TetonNational Park
John D. Rockefeller, Jr.Memorial Parkway
Rocky MountainNational Park
Tallgrass PrairieNational Preserve
BighornCanyonNRA Badlands National Park
Wind CaveNational Park
NiobraraNational Scenic Riverway
Homestead NM of America
MissouriNational ScenicRiverway
Mount RushmoreN Mem
Jewel CaveNM
Agate Fossil Beds NM
Big HoleNationalBattlefield
Nez PerceNationalHistorical Park
Nez PerceNationalHistorical Park
Golden Spike NHS
HagermanFossil Beds NM
Fort ClatsopNational
Memorial
Fort Scott NHS
Yellowstone
National Park
WASHINGTON
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MONTANA
WYOMING
WYOMING
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NEBRA
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SOUTH DAKOTA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
KANSAS
MISSO
URI
KAN
SAS
IOWA
MISSOURI
NEBRASKA
KANSAS
W A S H I N G T O N
O R E G O N
I D A H O
N E V A D AU T A H
M O N T A N A
W Y O M I N G
C O L O R A D O
S O U T H D A K O T A
N E B R A S K A
K A N S A S
I O W A
M I S S O U R I
End of the Oregon TrailInterpretive Center
National HistoricOregon TrailInterpretive Center
The National Oregon/California Trail Center
National HistoricTrails Interpretive Center
Fort LaramieNHS
Scotts Bluff NM (Mitchell Pass)
ChimneyRock NHS
Fort VancouverNHS
Whitman MissionNHS
Oregon City
PhilipFosterFarm
Barlow Pass
GovernmentCamp
The Dalles
Three Island Crossing
FortBridger
South Pass
Independence Rock
Register CliffMexican Hill
Ash Hollow
FortKearny
BlueMound
Kansas RiverCrossing/Pappin’s Ferry
PellantRuts
Alcove Spring
Parting of theOregon andSanta Fe Trails
Lone ElmCampground
Scott SpringCoon Creek/Marshall Grave
Hollenberg Station
TheNarrows
Thirty-twoMile Station
Ayr Ruts
Susan Hail Graveand Ruts
Plum Creek
Dan Smith’sWest Ranch
FortMcPherson
O’Fallon’sBluff
California Hill
Windlass Hill
Courthouse/Jail Rock
Robidoux Pass
GuernseyRuts
Warm Springs
Avenue of Rocks
Emigrant Gap
Willow Springs
SplitRock
Pacific Springs
Dry Sandy Crossing
Little Sandy Crossing
West End of theSublette Cutoff
SheepRock
Fort Hall
American Falls
Register RockColdwater Hill
Caldron Linn
ShoshoneFalls
Stricker Store/Rock Creek Station
Rock CreekCrossing
C.J. Strike Ruts
Rattlesnake Station
Canyon Creek Station
Utter Massacre Site
KeeneyPass
Givens Hot Springs
RockyRidge
Devil’sGate
Fort Casper
Ayres NaturalBridge
Horse CreekTreaty Grounds
Hembree Grave
Partingof the Ways
Lombard FerryCrossing
Name Rock
Thomas Fork Crossing
BigHill
Soda SpringsComplex
California Trail Junction/Raft River Crossing
Massacre Rocks
MilnerRuts
Kanaka Rapids
Teapot Dome Hot Springs
Inscription RockDitto Station
Indian Creek StationBonneville Point
Fort Boise
Farewell Bend
HilgardJunction
Blue Mountain CrossingInterpretive Park
Meacham
Echo
WellSpring
EmigrantSprings
EchoMeadowsFourmile
CanyonBiggs Junction Ruts
Barlow Gate
Tygh Valley
Cascades ofthe Columbia
John Day RiverCrossing
DeschutesRiverCrossing
Laurel Hill
West BarlowTollgate
Deadman Pass
Ward Massacre Site
Vale
Flagstaff Hill
Canyon Hill Ruts
Thousand SpringsUpper Salmon Falls
Church Butte
Ice Slough
Burnt Ranch
Amanda LaminGrave
Rock Creek StationJunction of St. Joe andIndependence Roads
St. MarysMission
Vieux Cemetery/Red VermillionCrossing
UpperWakarusa
Crossing
Upper Crossing of theSouth Platte River
Mormon Ferry(1849)
Saleratus LakeThree Crossings
Big Sandy Crossing
Black Vermillion Crossing
UpperIndependenceLanding
WildwoodRecreation
Area
84
84
84
82
5
5
26
20
126
5
97
97
97
12
26
20
26 26
20
95
20
20
26
30
30
30
30
93
19
19
19
74
11
218
207
207
206
197
395
730
395
201
86
75
21
78
75
75
82
9593
93
84
84
84
862693
15
89
2020
20
26
14
20
26
89
89
89
191
15
15
80
189
189
189
191
191
287
287
287
191
30
28
28
372
789
220
372
26287
2689
1416
80
80
80
76
25
30287
2026
1885
25
25
90
9016
16
20
83
20
18
20
20
85
26
3083
30
81
7577
77
24
75
69
71
73
36
75
36
36
73
30
3081
26
85
76
85
85
85
71
29
385
385
38525
23
30275
80
80
634
283
6
83
81
70
6
275
80
29
29
680
3475
9916
63
70
35
35
70
29
35
135
335
169
80
95
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50 Miles
50 Kilometers
Big Sandy toGreen River Segment
West End of theSublette Cutoff Segment
Hagerman Fossil Beds Segment
Sinker Creek Segment
Alkalai Springs Segment
Ladd Canyon Segment
Emigrant Hill SegmentBoardman
Segment
Barlow RoadSegment
Blue Mountains Segment
North Trail Segment
South PassSegment
Prospect HillSegment
Fort Laramie toWarm Springs Segment
St. Marys-Red VermillionCrossing Segment
Columbia GorgeDiscovery Center
TamustalikCulturalInstitute
Trail interpretivecenter
Oregon Trail route
Segments of the trailoffering the best visitorexperiences
KANSAS CITY
Missouri
River
National FrontierTrails Center
INDEPENDENCE
Minor Park/Red Bridge Crossing
UpperIndependenceLanding
Eighty-fifth Street Ruts
Heart Grove Campground
New Santa Fe69
71
73
70
70
35
35
29
470MISSO
URI
KAN
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10 Mi.
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Santa Fe Trail Park Ruts
IndependenceCourthouse Square
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435
435
435
435
Kansas City/Independence area
See map above
