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Washington Heads the New Government Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School.
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Transcript of Washington Heads the New Government Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School.
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Washington Heads the New Government
Mr. PagliaroSeymour High School
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Key objectives
1. Explain how the United States confronted the difficult task of forming a new government.
2. Show how the political ideas of Hamilton and Jefferson differed.
3. Describe how political differences evolved into a two-party system.
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1788 Election
• Washington defeated 11 opponents• Swept electoral
college
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Washington Shaped Executive Branch
• VP-John Adams• GW chose America’s
Best/Brightest for cabinet• Sec. of State-Thomas Jefferson• Sec. of Treasury-Alexander
Hamilton• Sec. of War-Henry Knox• Attorney General-Edmund
Randolph
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What were their backgrounds?
Jefferson:Washington’s Secretary of State
Plantation owner and slaveholder fromVirginiaFavored farming and rural lifeBelieved America “lived and died” with itsfarmers (the agrarian class).
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What were their backgrounds?
Hamilton:Washington’s Secretary of the Treasury
An orphan from the West IndiesSelf-made manOne of New York’s richest and most respectedcitizensBelieved businesses and strong centralgovernment would aid the new USA
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The power of the federal government...
• Jefferson• Power belonged to
the states and the people
• REPUBLICANISM
• Hamilton• Power belonged with
a strong central government
• FEDERALISM
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Whose interests should the federal government represent?
• Jefferson• “The Common Man”• Farmers
• Hamilton• The elite and the
educated business man
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The National Debt
• Jefferson• Should only included
money owed by the Continental Congress, and not state debts
• Hamilton• Should include state
debts, and all states should pay it off equally
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The U.S. economy...
• Jefferson• Based on agriculture
• Hamilton• Based on trade and
business
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The U.S. Constitution...
• Jefferson• “Strict”
interpretation
• Hamilton• “Loose”
interpretation
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“A national debt, if it is not excessive, will be to us a national blessing.”
Hamilton on “assuming the national debt”
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“When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property.”
“I was duped ... by the Secretary of the treasury [Alexander Hamilton], and made a fool for forwarding his schemes, not then sufficiently understood by me; and of all the errors of my political life, this has occasioned the deepest regret.”
Jefferson on “assuming the national debt”
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The Bank of the United States (BUS)
• Paid for by the government and private investors.• Tax receipts• Paper $$$$$$
• Hamilton wanted to get the wealthy involved in American politics
• Split the politics of the United States
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The beginning of America’s 2 party system of government:
Followers of Jefferson
Followers of Hamilton and Washington
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Domestic Policy
• Judiciary Act of 1789• Attorney General• Federal court system
• District courts-general trials• Appelate court-geographically based• Supreme Court Appointments
• John Jay-Chief Justice• James Wilson• William Cushing• John Blair• John Rutledge
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Domestic Policy
• Northwest Indian War (1790-1795)• Continued issues since Rev.• Ohio & Indiana areas of NW
Territory• Western Lakes Confederacy
• the Shawnee, Miami, Ottawa, Chippewa, Iroquois, Sauk, and Fox
• Little Turtle, Tecumseh, Blue Jacket
• High casualties among Americans
• Gen. “Mad Anthony” Wayne• Quick rout
• Treaty of Greenville & Jay’s Treaty
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Economic Policy
• Whiskey Rebellion 1791-94• Excise tax on liquor-W. PA
farmer’s revolted• Militia Law, 1792• Aug. 7, 1794-Washington
commanded 13,000 troops to stop rebellion
• Arrested then pardoned tax offenders
• Hamilton’s Economic Program• Assume state debts,
National Bank & currency, encourage industry
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Foreign Policy
• July 14, 1789-French Revolution erupted• Help French?-Francophiles• Citizen Genêt
• Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793• Neutrality Act, 1794
• Anglophiles???
• GB remained in NW Territory• Naval Act, 1794-6 warships
• Pinckney’s Treaty, 1795• Treaty of Tripoli, 1796
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Washington’s Farewell Address
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Farewell Address
• Dangers of Sectionalism• Dangers of Political Parties• Dangers of Entangling Alliances
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Cabinet upon leaving office
• State: Timothy Pickering (3rd S. of. S.)• Treasury: Oliver Wolcott (2nd)• War: James McHenry (3rd)• Att. General: Charles Lee (3rd)
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The Adams Administration
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Election of 1796
• Adams def. Jefferson: 71-68 electoral votes• Jefferson=VP
• Sectionalist vote
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Foreign Policy
• Issues:• British seizing American ships in Caribean• French attacking American ships headed
to England
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Policy with France
• French upset over Jay’s Treaty• XYZ Affair-
”Millions for defense, not a cent for tribute”
• Quasi War-1798-99• Completed 6 frigates approved in 1794
• Treaty of Mortefontaine
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Domestic Policy
• Alien & Sedition Acts-1798• Recent immigants=active Republicans
• Anti-administration???
• The Naturalization Act• The Alien Act• The Alien Enemies Act• The Sedition Act
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Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
• State opposition to Alien & Sedition Acts• Violation of 1st
Amendment• Jefferson (KY) &
Madison (VA)• Passed by state
legislatures
• Kentucky Resolution• Principle of
Nullification
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Election of 1800-Mudslinging
Against Adams• Tool of the rich• Anglophile• monarchist
Against Jefferson• Atheist• Franco-phile• Revolutionary• adulterer
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Election Results
Presidential Candidate
Party Home State
Popular Vote(a), (b), (c)
Electoral VoteCount Percentage
Thomas Jefferson
Democratic-Republican
Virginia 41,330 61.4% 73
Aaron Burr
Democratic-Republican
New York — — 73(d)
John Adams
Federalist
Massachusetts
25,952 38.6% 65
Charles Pinckney
Federalist
South Carolina
— — 64
John Jay Federalist
New York — — 1
Total 67,282 100.0% 276
Needed to win 70
Jefferson Burr no result
1st 35 ballots
8 6 2
36th ballot
10 4 2
Results
•Federalist HofR broke tie in 1801
•Hamilton supported Jefferson over Burr