Antebellum Revivalism & Reform Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School.
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Transcript of Antebellum Revivalism & Reform Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School.
Antebellum Revivalism & Antebellum Revivalism & ReformReform
Mr. PagliaroMr. Pagliaro
Seymour High SchoolSeymour High School
“Spiritual Reform From Within”
[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Asylum &Penal
Reform
Education
Women’s Rights
Abolitionism
The Second Great Awakening
In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States.
-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832R1-1
The Rise of Popular ReligionThe Rise of Popular Religion
““The Pursuit The Pursuit of Perfection”of Perfection”
In In AntebellumAntebellum America America
““The Benevolent Empire”:The Benevolent Empire”:1825 - 18461825 - 1846
The The “Burned-Over” District“Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New Yorkin Upstate New York
Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening Revival Revival MeetingMeeting
The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.
“soul-shaking”
conversionR1-2
Charles G. FinneyCharles G. Finney(1792 – 1895)(1792 – 1895)
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
1823 Golden Tablets
1830 Book of Mormon
1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL
The MormonsThe Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of (The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints)Latter-Day Saints)
Violence Against Mormons
The Mormon “Trek”
Deseret community, Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
Brigham Young(1801-1877)
The MormonsThe Mormons
The ShakersThe ShakersMother Ann Lee Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)(1736-1784)
If you improve in one talent, God will If you improve in one talent, God will give you more.give you more.
First community in US: First community in US: Niskayuna, NY Niskayuna, NY (modern Colonie, NY)(modern Colonie, NY)
Beliefs:Beliefs:– Enlightenment from withinEnlightenment from within– CelibacyCelibacy– Separation of genders in communitySeparation of genders in community– pacifismpacifism
Shaker MeetingShaker Meeting
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.
When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.
Shaker HymnShaker Hymn
Shaker Simplicity & UtilityShaker Simplicity & Utility
2. 2. TranscendentalismTranscendentalism(literary and philosophical (literary and philosophical
movement)movement) Liberation from Liberation from understandingunderstanding and and
the the cultivation of reasoningcultivation of reasoning.”.”– ““Transcend” the limits of intellect and Transcend” the limits of intellect and
allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the an original relationship with the Universe.Universe.
Transcendentalist ThinkingTranscendentalist Thinking Man must acknowledge a body of moral Man must acknowledge a body of moral
truths:truths:1.1. The infinite benevolence of God.The infinite benevolence of God.
2.2. The infinite benevolence of nature.The infinite benevolence of nature.
3.3. The divinity of man.The divinity of man.
Rejected secular authority, Rejected secular authority, authority of organized authority of organized churches and the Scriptureschurches and the Scriptures
Therefore…Therefore…
Man should Man should reject superstition and reject superstition and slaveryslavery
Ralph WaldoEmerson
Ralph WaldoEmerson
Henry DavidThoreau
Henry DavidThoreau
Nature(1832) Walden
(1854)
Civil Disobedience
(1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
“The American Scholar”
(1837)
Transcendentalists, Transcendentalists, Concord, MAConcord, MA
Give freedom to the slave.
Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
Give learning to the ignorant.
Give health to the sick.
Give peace and justice to society.
The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda
Understand, don’t Understand, don’t copy!!!copy!!!
• Their pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of humannature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance
• One should accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables
A Transcendentalist Critic:A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
3. Utopian Communities3. Utopian
Communities
IndividualFreedom
Demands ofCommunity Life
CLASH!!!
CLASH!!!
spontaneity
self-fulfillment
discipline
organizationalhierarchy
Secular Utopian Communities
John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)
Millenarianism --> the 2nd
coming of Christ had already occurred.
Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.
• all residents married to each other.• carefully regulated “free love.”
The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
George Ripley (1802-1880)George Ripley (1802-1880)
Brook FarmWest Roxbury, MA
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation”
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
New Harmony in 1832
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
New Harmony, IN
New Harmony, IN
Dorothea Dix(1802-1887)
4. Penitentiary Reform
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
Frances WillardThe Beecher Family
1826 - American Temperance Society
“Demon Rum”!
5. Temperance Movement
Annual Consumption of Alcohol
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
Sarah Ingraham(1802-1887)
R2-1
6. Social Reform ProstitutionThe “Fallen Woman”
MA 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
1860 every state -free public education to whites. * US: HIGH literacy rates.
7. Educational Reform
“Father of American Education”
children should be “molded” into a state of perfection
discouraged corporal punishment
established state teacher- training programs
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Troy, NY Female Seminary curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. train female teachers
Emma Willard(1787-1870)
Mary Lyons(1797-1849)
1837 she established Mt. Holyoke as the first college for women.
Women Educators
“Cult of Domesticity”
A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside).
Her role was to “civilize” her husband andfamily.
7. “Separate Spheres” Concept
1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own
property.4. Married no control over
herproperty or her children.
5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a
contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.
Early 19th c. Women
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.
Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké
Southern Abolitionists
Lucy Stone
American Women’sSuffrage Assoc.
edited Woman’s Journal
Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
1840 split of abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.
London World Anti-Slavery Convention
Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
8. Women’s Rights
Seneca Falls Declaration
1816 American Colonization Society created-gradual, voluntary, emancipation.
9. Abolitionist Movement
Create a free slave state in Liberia, WestAfrica.
No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.
Gradualists Immediatists
Abolitionist Movement
Slavery & Masonryundermined republicanvalues.
Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.
R2-4
William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
The Liberator
Lewis Tappan
Arthur Tappan
James Birney
Liberty Party. Ran for President in
1840 & 1844.
Other White Abolitionists
David Walker(1785-1830)
1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.
Black Abolitionists
1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass1847 “The North Star”
Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)
or Isabella Baumfree
Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)
or Isabella Baumfree
1850 The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10
Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)
Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad
“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape
“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
“Tracks” ==== routes
“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting
“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep
The Underground Railroad