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Warm-Up Water and Wind Erosion

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Words to Know

Fill in this table as you work through the lesson. You may also use the glossary to help you.

an icicle-shaped formation that hangs from the ceiling of a cave

a large, slowly moving body of ice and snow

the water that flows over the ground surface

a mound of mineral deposits shaped like a cone on a cave floor

any water found on Earth’s surface

the process of rocks and particles scraping against one another, wearing away their surfaces

an area of land characterized by barren, rocky ground; caves; sinkholes; underground rivers; and the absence of surface streams and lakes

the process by which wind moves loose sediment

the water that is stored in the ground

the process by which a glacier picks up larger rocks and deposits them in a new area

Lesson Goals

Explain howglaciers andwaves causeerosion anddeposition.

Identify causesof groundwatererosion.

Describe the

of wind erosionand deposition.

Identify

that are formedby water erosionand deposition.

Lesson Question

WK2

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Warm-Up Water and Wind Erosion

Erosion and Deposition

Erosion and deposition help shape Earth’s surface.

• Erosion transports to a new location. Agents of erosion include:

• water.

• ice and .

• wind.

• is the process of sediment being placed in a new

location.

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Water and Wind Erosion

Surface Water Erosion

Surface water is any water that moves across Earth’s .

• Runo� is water that over the surface.

• Runo� is the main cause of erosion in many areas.

• Runo� carries topsoil, , and other materials across the ground

Factors A�ecting Amount of Runo�

The amount of runo� depends on amount of rainfall, vegetation, type of soil, shape of the land, and how people use the land.

Vegetation helps

runo�.

soil

causes more runo�.

slopes cause more runo�.

surfaces cause more runo�.

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Instruction

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Features Created by Erosion

Runo�, and the erosion it causes, leads to the formation of some common

features.

A rill is a small groove in soil created by runo�.

A is a larger channel of

connected rills.

Increased runo� leads to increased erosion. This causes the of streams and tributaries.

A stream consists of that

connect and fill with water.

A tributary consists of streams that

connect to form a .

Instruction

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Features Created by Erosion from Rivers

Erosion by rivers creates a variety of .

• Waterfalls form when rivers softer rock.

• Over time, this can cause a height di�erence between two rock types,

which creates a .

As a river flows, erosion causes bends in the river, which then create certain features.

are bends or curves

in a river.

lakes are U-shaped

bodies of water cut o� from a river.

Instruction

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Water and Wind Erosion

Features Created by Deposition from Rivers

Much like erosion, deposition from creates a variety of features.

fan – wide, sloping, fan-shaped deposit

– deposit

created by flow into lake or ocean

plain –

large, flat area created by flooding deposits

Instruction

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Formation of Meanders and Oxbow Lakes

• As rivers flow, they wear away their banks until eventually a starts to form.

• Over time, the river begins to erode away the bank of the bend. This leads to the formation of a meander.

• Eventually, the river continues to erode away the riverbank until the river channel

connects to the .

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Groundwater

Water found , below Earth’s surface, is called groundwater.

• The saturated zone is the area the surface that is filled with water.

• The top of this zone is known as the table.

Erosion from Groundwater

Groundwater can cause erosion through weathering. This may create:

• .

• streams.

• .

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Karst Topography

Groundwater erosion may lead to the formation of karst topography, which includes caves and sinkholes.

Karst topography is land filled with caves, sinkholes, and

lakes.

A occurs when a cave

grows to the surface, causing the ground to collapse.

Deposition from Groundwater

Chemical weathering can also deposit

dissolved to create new

structures.

• A is an upward-

growing mound of mineral deposits on a cave floor.

• A is an icicle-

shaped formation that hangs from

a of a cave.

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Ways to Prevent Groundwater Erosion

Groundwater erosion can be prevented in several ways.

• Plant trees and other .

• Decrease the slope of .

• Avoid soil (the packing down of soil).

• Build drains and ditches with adequate outlets.

Karst Topography in the United States

Both Oregon and are known for well-developed karst topography.

Southern Missouri and Northern Arkansas, specifically the Ozark Mountains, are pocketed with numerous caves.

Tennessee has more than any other state.

The caves in Kentucky are perhaps the best known in the country.

Cave National Park is a popular tourist destination that also

happens to be the longest cave system in the entire world.

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Glacial Erosion

Glaciers cause erosion in two distinct ways: plucking and abrasion.

• Plucking involves picking up larger and depositing them in a new area.

• Abrasion occurs when glaciers the underlying rock as they move.

Glaciers

A glacier is a huge mass of that moves very slowly downhill along the landscape.

• Glaciers form in high near Earth’s poles and at high altitudes.

• They form due to the accumulation (piling up) and compaction

(packing down) of .

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Glacial Deposition

Glaciers also create surface features through deposition.

• As glaciers melt, they deposit

sediment called .

• Sometimes this till is left behind in a thick layer or ridge called a

.

• Chunks of ice left behind can form

depressions called .

• When these chunks of ice melt, the water stays in the kettles, forming

kettle .

Erosion by Waves

The energy in a wave is generated as blows across the surface of a body of water.

• Waves shape coastlines through erosion by:

• .

• .

• changing .

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Deposition by Waves

Through deposition, waves also create:

• .

• .

• islands.

• .

Wave-Cut Cli�s, Sea Arches, and Sea Stacks

Over time, the crashing of waves against rocks creates a variety of features.

-cut

cli�s

arches Sea stacks

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Wind Erosion

Wind, like water, causes erosion.

• Wind erosion works in two important ways.

•

•

Wind Deposition

Wind deposition is responsible for the creation of certain features.

dunes

Preventing Erosion by Waves

Some actions people can take to prevent erosion by waves include:

• building homes farther inland, away from .

• using breakwaters, barriers built to protect the land from .

• trying to slow the e�ects of global warming, which would lessen severe

.

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How to Prevent Wind Erosion

Some actions people can take to prevent erosion by wind include:

• installing .

• alternating .

• using mulch to cover exposed .

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Summary Water and Wind Erosion

Lesson Question

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Review: Key concepts

Surface water and groundwater shape Earth’s surface through erosion and deposition.

• Shapes surface through runo�, streams, and rivers

• Forms rills, gullies, streams, waterfalls, meanders, and oxbow lakes through erosion

• Forms alluvial fans, deltas, and flood plains through deposition

• Causes chemical weathering

• Forms karst topography, which includes caves and sinkholes, through erosion

• Forms stalactites and stalagmites through deposition

Answer

Lesson Question How have water and wind shaped Earth’s surface?

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Summary Water and Wind Erosion

Review: Key concepts

Glaciers, waves, and wind also shape Earth’s surface through erosion and deposition.

• Erode land through plucking and abrasion

• Create tills, moraines, kettles, and kettle lakes through deposition

• Erode through impact and abrasion

• Create wave-cut cli�s, sea arches, and sea stacks through erosion

• Form beaches, spits, and sandbars through deposition

• Erodes through deflation and abrasion

• Creates sand dunes and loess by deposition

Use this space to write any questions or thoughts about this lesson.

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