Warm-up Get out homework. Agenda Review Homework Continue Chapter 11 Homework.
Warm Up (take out your homework)
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Transcript of Warm Up (take out your homework)
Warm Up (take out your homework)
• Draw 5 boxes
• Draw the process of mitosis in each phase, and describe what is happening to the DNA in each phase
Interphase EarlyMitosis
Mid-Mitosis
LateMitosis
FinalProduct
Assessment
• Next Class: Growth and Development
Development: Growth & Differentiation Essential Questions
• How are the bodys tissues and organs formed?
• How can developmental problems lead to cancer?
• How are technologies like stem cell therapies and cloning organisms related to developmental processes?
Todays Objectives
• Describe the role of differentiation in the development of a multicellular organism.
• Describe the process that leads to differentiation of cells in a multicellular organism.
• Review key concepts of the unit so far (growth & differentiation)
Concept Review
Development
Growth
Mitosis
Differentiation
Inside Influences
Outside Influences (Induction)
Senescence
Vocab
• Zygote: a fertilized egg
• Phenotype: the observable traits of an organism
Readings: Coordinating GrowthDifferentiation and the Expression of Genetic Info
1) What might happen if too little cell division takes place? – Injuries go unrepaired
2) Too much?– A tumor can develop
2) Most of us go through every stage in the same sequence.
So what?
So clearly there is some pretty good coordination of development going on.
3) What are the two possible explanations for why all cells with the same DNA don’t do the same thing?
**DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION**– Environments inside the cells differ. A substance in
one part of the cytoplasm ends up in one daughter cell and not the other. This may change the activity of the genes in that cell.
– Something outside the cell differs. A nearby cell may affect its neighbor’s gene expression.
4) Define induction and give an example.An outside influence on differentiation that occurs when a group of cells can cause a neighboring group of cells to differentiate in a certain way.
Example: eye tissue developmentSweat glands, teeth, limbs, and feathers
* See graphic
5) Why are we not 4 Foot wide brains?
-Different cell types use different parts of their genetic material
6) How do environmental influences affect gene expression ?-Although all cells have the same genes, environmental influences inside and outside the cell cause certain genes to turn on and others to turn off.
*Active gene is transcribed to mRNA for protein synthesis
*Inactive gene is not transcribed
VOCAB GAME
• Try to get your partner to guess the vocabulary word by giving him or her the definition.
Development Differential Gene ExpressionGrowth InterphaseDifferentiation MitosisInduction Senescence
Concept Review
Development: Continuous permanent
changes from fertilization to death
Growth: Increase in number of cells
Mitosis: Cell division
Differentiation: Changes in structure and function of cells
Inside Influences Outside Influences (Induction)
Senescence: Aging leading to an
irreversible loss in function
Growth• Growth is a key
component of development in which a multicellular organism increases in size due to an increase in the number of cells.
• Mitosis produces an increase in the number of cells during development.
(http://geneticssuite.net/files/Cell%20multiplication.jpg)
The Cell Cycle – Life of a Cell
• Interphase– Accounts for 90% of the life cycle of a cell– Cell metabolism is active, the cell grows and DNA isreplicated before the cell divides
• M Phase– Consists of Mitosis (division of the nucleus) and Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)
Mitosis results in how many daughter cells?
A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4
How do the daughter cells of mitosis compare with the parent cell genetically?
A) differentB) sameC) some parts are different, some parts are the
sameD) I’m not sure
DNA packaging in a eukaryotic cell
• DNA wraps around proteins called histones to form chromatin fibers. Chromatin is the form in which genetic material takes during interphase.
• Chromatin further condenses into a chromosome during the M phase of the cell cycle.
(http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/types-of-chromosomes)
Chromosome Structure• A duplicated chromosome
consists of two sister chromatids (present during prophase and metaphase of mitosis)
• Sister chromatids are joined at a centromere– Which is an attachment point
for spindle fibers during mitosis
• A chromosome consists of one chromatid after sister chromatids are pulled apart during mitosis
Chromososmes are present in a condensed, visible (under the microsccope) form during
A) All parts of the cell cycleB) Interphase onlyC) Mitosis onlyD) I’m not sure
Interphase • Includes:
• Growth of cell• Metabolism is active• DNA is replicated• “Spaghetti Stage”
Early Mitosis
• Chromosomes Condense• Nuclear envelope
(membrane) disintegrate• Centrosomes migrate to
poles• Spindle fibers appear
Mid-Mitosis
• Chromosomes line up along the equator (middle) of the cell
Late Mitosis
• Sister chromatids separate
• Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to poles
Final Result: 2 identical daughter cells
• Chromosomes go to separate poles
• Chromosomes unwind• Nuclear envelope
reforms• Cytokinesis
(cytoplasm division) is completed
2.1.
4.3.
Differentiation• During development,
differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized. In other words, cells become structurally and functionally different.
• Different cell types express (make proteins from) different genes within the DNA sequence of the nucleus.
(http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2006/12/from_two_cells_to_many_cell_di.php)
How does differentiation occur?• During development of an embryo, both the
internal environment of cells and the external environment of cells within the embryo differs.
• This causes individual cells within the embryo to turn certain genes on and others off.
• Genes become turned on when they are transcribed into mRNA for protein synthesis.
• Different cell types produce certain proteins that are specific to the functioning of that cell type.
T-R-I summarizationsDraw two 4-squares on one sheet of paper
T-R-I summarizations
Topic: Growth Restriction
Illustration Non-illustration
T-R-I summarizations
Topic: Differentiation Restriction
Illustration Non-illustration
Written Response
• Write a one paragraph response to the following question:– Explain the relationship between mitosis and
growth that occurs during development
– Remember: more depth = higher grade
Four-Two-One
• Test prep for next class– Differentiation
Written Response
• Write a one paragraph response to the following question:
–Compare and contrast growth, differentiation, and senescencel
–Remember: more depth = higher grade