Warm-upList five observations about the picture shown below…

Handbook A

Applied Biology

Scientific Skills• Introduction & Discussion-

What are Scientific Skills?• Science process skills= science inquiry

skills.

Used to:• Explore the world• Gather information• Identify problems• Answer questions• Solve problems

• Do only scientists use these skills?

Science Processing Skills

1. Observing

using five senses- they are?

Tools for Observation

• Microscope

• Magnifying lens

• Scale

• Thermometer

• Ruler

Comparing and Contrasting

Comparing vs contrasting

similarities ( alike) vs differences

Analyze these two pictures-

2. Classifying Data

What is data?

Data – Information collected through observation.

Classify- grouping things together that are similar (alike)

What are some examples?oColor, shape, use, size…

When have you done this?o To recognize and study relationshipso To organize large groups- easier to study

3. Modeling and Simulating

Modeling and Simulations• Model- tool to represent an object or

process.Examples- 3-D picture, drawing, computer

image, diagram, blueprint

When/why would this be used?– When ‘something’ (object or process),is too

big or small to see.– Can be more detailed that what your eyes see– When a process is too hard to explain with

words

Modeling and Simulations

• Simulation- a computer model that shows a process.

What are some examples? – Flight training, combat training, computerized

dissections

Why use simulations?– Can be used to predict the outcome of an

experiment– Training– Show a process

4. Measuring

4. MeasuringMeasuring- comparing an unknown value

with a known value using standard units.

2 Systems-

1. English System – foot, gallon, pound

2. Metric System ( SI- Systeme International) – based on units of 10.

Why do scientists use the metric system?

Prefixes- are used to show units

kilo-, hecto -, deca-, centi-, milli-

Unit- an amount used to measure something

PREFIXPREFIX MEANINGMEANING

(k) kilo-(k) kilo- One Thousand ( 1,000 )One Thousand ( 1,000 )

(h) hecto-(h) hecto- One Hundred (100 )One Hundred (100 )

(da) deca-(da) deca- Ten (10 )Ten (10 )

BASE UNITBASE UNIT

(meter, liter, gram)(meter, liter, gram)

m l gm l g

One ( 1 )One ( 1 )

(d) deci-(d) deci- One tenth (1/10 or 0.1)One tenth (1/10 or 0.1)

(c) centi-(c) centi- One-hundredth (1/100 or One-hundredth (1/100 or 0.01)0.01)

(m) milli-(m) milli- One- thousandth One- thousandth (1/1,000or 0.001)(1/1,000or 0.001)

How Will I Ever Remember That???

• King- Kilo

• Henry - Hecto

• Doesn’t - Deca• Usually – unit (Meter, Gram, Liter )

• Drink - deci

• Chocolate - centi

• Milk - milli

LARGEST

SMALLEST

Metric ConversionsMetric Conversions

kmkm hmhm damdam BaseBaseMeterMeter

mm

dmdm cmcm mmmm

Let’s try one! How many centimeters are in 50 mm?

Metric ConversionsMetric ConversionsSimply move the decimal point in the direction you want to go !Simply move the decimal point in the direction you want to go !

kmkm hmhm damdam BaseBaseMeterMeter

mm

dmdm cmcm mmmm

XX

Set up the equation- 50. 0 mm = ___ cm

Hint: Where are you starting?Where do you want to end up?Which way do you move the decimal point?What do you do with the extra zeros?

Metric ConversionsMetric Conversions

Simply move the decimal point!!!Simply move the decimal point!!!

kmkm hmhm damdam BaseBaseMeterMeter

mm

dmdm cmcm mmmm

XX

50.0 mm = 5.0 cm

We simply moved the decimal place left 1 space.

Measuring Length/distanceMeasuring Length/distance• MeterMeter- unit of length or distance- unit of length or distance

– can measure in cm, mm, km..can measure in cm, mm, km..

• Instrument/tool used to measure length - Instrument/tool used to measure length - rulerruler

Inch

1 Millimeter1 Centimeter

1.How many millimeters are shown at A?

2.How many millimeters are shown at B?

3.How many millimeters are shown at C? Centimeters?

A B C

1.How many millimeters are shown at A? 3

2.How many millimeters are shown at B? 12

3.How many millimeters are shown at C? 30 Centimeters? 3

A B C

Measuring AreaMeasuring Area

When would you measure area?When would you measure area?

• Measuring the area of floor in a room. Measuring the area of floor in a room.

Area = Length x WidthArea = Length x Width

Units are square meters (mUnits are square meters (m²) or square ²) or square centimeters (cm²)centimeters (cm²)

Measuring Area

Practice - Calculate the area of this rectangle

10 cm

4 cm

Measuring Area

Calculate the area of this rectangle

10 cm

4 cm

Area= L x W

= 10cm x 4cm

= 40cm²

Measuring Mass & WeightMeasuring Mass & Weight• Mass = Amount of matter in something• Gram= metric unit of mass, can also use kg• Instruments to measure massInstruments to measure mass

• BalanceBalance• ScaleScale

• Weight Weight = measure of the Earth’s gravity pulling an object= measure of the Earth’s gravity pulling an object – unit =pounds

Measuring VolumeMeasuring Volume

• Volume= amount of space matter takes up

• Liter= l -unit of liquid volume; but can also use ml

• Tool= graduated cylinder

Measuring VolumeMeasuring Volume

• Always read the instrument Always read the instrument at at eye leveleye level

• Read the number at the Read the number at the bottom of the curve called bottom of the curve called the the meniscus.meniscus.

Measuring Volume of a SolidMeasuring Volume of a Solid

Using a rulerVolume = Length x Width x Height

=3 cm

=2 cm

=2 cm

Volume = L x W x H

Measuring Volume of a SolidMeasuring Volume of a Solid

Volume = Length x Width x HeightWhat is the volume of this object?

=3 cm

=2 cm

=2 cm

Units= cm3

Measuring Volume of a SolidMeasuring Volume of a Solid

Volume = Length x Width x Height

=3 cm

=2 cm

=2 cm

Volume = 3cm x 2 cm x 2 cm

= 12 cm³

Measuring Volume of an Irregular Solid

a. calculate initial volume of liquid

b. put solid in liquid

c. subtract initial volume from final volume

d. calculate volume of solid

Measuring TemperatureMeasuring TemperatureTemperatureTemperature – measure of – measure of

the amount of heat the amount of heat energy something energy something containscontains

Instrument = thermometerInstrument = thermometer

Thermometers are filled with Thermometers are filled with a liquid that expands and a liquid that expands and moves up the tube when moves up the tube when heat is added.heat is added.

3 Temperature Scales

• Fahrenheit- (F) English system

• Celsius (C) – metric system- used by scientists.

• Kelvin (K)- used for very low temperatures- below -273 0 C

Comparison Chart Celsius and Comparison Chart Celsius and Fahrenheit TemperaturesFahrenheit Temperatures

CelsiusCelsius FahrenheitFahrenheit

Boiling point of Boiling point of waterwater

100 100 ° C° C 212 212 00 F F

Human body Human body temperaturetemperature

37 37 ° C° C 98.6 98.6 ° F° F

Room Room temperaturetemperature

21 21 0 0 CC 70 70 0 0 FF

Freezing point Freezing point of waterof water

32 32 ° F° F 0 0 ° C° C

• Visual display of data/results

5. Analyzing Data & Communicating Results

• Data is organized - logical order, often visually in tables, charts, graphs, diagrams

• Table- rows and columns, show numerical data• Graph- bar, line, circle, use coloring or patterns

to represent information, typically have x- and y-axis

• Communication- sharing information

Results and data are communicated through reports, books, articles, websites

6. Making Predictions

• INFER = to form a conclusion• make INFERENCES based upon observation or

previous experience• Supported by evidence, can be tested by an

experiment• ONE POSSIBLE explanation, NOT A FACT• predict = to say ahead of time what you think is

going to happen• Make predictions based upon inferences,

evidence or past experience