QW 4-2-2010QW 4-2-2010

What do you think makes people What do you think makes people want to come to the United want to come to the United States?States?

(on average we introduce 1.7 million (on average we introduce 1.7 million new U.S. citizens a year)new U.S. citizens a year)

The Cold War:The Cold War:Tensions & ConflictsTensions & Conflicts

War in Korea and VietnamWar in Korea and Vietnam

General Douglas Macarthur

War OverviewWar Overview China/RussiaChina/Russia VS.VS.United States/UNUnited States/UN

To China it is:To China it is:"The War to Resist US "The War to Resist US

Aggression and Aid Aggression and Aid Korea." Korea."

To the U.S. it is:To the U.S. it is:"Korean War." "Korean War."

To Korea it is:To Korea it is:"Fatherland Liberation "Fatherland Liberation

War"War"

Standoff at the 38Standoff at the 38thth parallel parallel June 35June 35thth, 1950, The , 1950, The

north Koreans swept north Koreans swept across the 38across the 38thth parallel parallel in a surprise attack in a surprise attack against south Koreaagainst south Korea

President Truman was President Truman was convinced that the convinced that the north Korean north Korean aggressors were aggressors were repeating what Hitler, repeating what Hitler, Mussolini, and the Mussolini, and the Japanese had done in Japanese had done in the 1930’s.the 1930’s.

Standoff at the 38Standoff at the 38thth parallel parallel South Korea asked the South Korea asked the

United Nations to United Nations to interveneintervene

The soviets boycotted The soviets boycotted the Security Council to the Security Council to protest the seating of protest the seating of nationalist China nationalist China (Taiwan) rather than (Taiwan) rather than mainland China and mainland China and thus vetoing its right thus vetoing its right to appose the UN’s to appose the UN’s plan of action.plan of action.

The UN’s plan was to send The UN’s plan was to send an international force to an international force to Korea to stop the invasion. Korea to stop the invasion.

A total of 15 nations, A total of 15 nations, including Britain and including Britain and Canada, participated under Canada, participated under the leadership of General the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur.Douglas MacArthur.

September 1950, the North September 1950, the North Koreas had managed to Koreas had managed to take control of the entire take control of the entire Korean peninsula except Korean peninsula except for a tiny area around for a tiny area around Pusan in the far southeast.Pusan in the far southeast.

UN’s PlanUN’s Plan

A month later, MacArthur launched a surprise A month later, MacArthur launched a surprise attack and the troops moving north from attack and the troops moving north from Pusan met up with forces that had made an Pusan met up with forces that had made an amphibious landing at Inchon. About half the amphibious landing at Inchon. About half the North Koreans were surrendered, and the rest North Koreans were surrendered, and the rest retreated.retreated.

MacArthur’s AttackMacArthur’s Attack

The fighting continuesThe fighting continues

Late November, UN troops had pushed the Late November, UN troops had pushed the North Koreans almost to the Yalu River at the North Koreans almost to the Yalu River at the border with China.border with China.

October 1950, The Chinese felt threatened by October 1950, The Chinese felt threatened by the American fleet off their coast and sent the American fleet off their coast and sent 300,000 troops to aid North Korea, causing 300,000 troops to aid North Korea, causing the fight between North and South Korea to the fight between North and South Korea to become a war between China and America.become a war between China and America.

January1951, China had pushed all the UN January1951, China had pushed all the UN troops as well as the South Korean troops out troops as well as the South Korean troops out of North Korea.of North Korea.

General MacArthur then calls for a General MacArthur then calls for a nuclear attack against the Chinese nuclear attack against the Chinese cities.cities.

Truman disagreed, viewing Truman disagreed, viewing Macarthur’s proposals as reckless. Macarthur’s proposals as reckless. “We are trying to prevent a world “We are trying to prevent a world war, not start one,” were is words war, not start one,” were is words as he tried to explain his reasoning.as he tried to explain his reasoning.

MacArthur instead tried to go over MacArthur instead tried to go over Truman's head and took his case to Truman's head and took his case to Congress and the press. Truman Congress and the press. Truman fired him.fired him.

Nuclear Bomb…Again?Nuclear Bomb…Again?

On July 1953, UN forces On July 1953, UN forces and North Korea signed and North Korea signed a cease-fire agreement. a cease-fire agreement.

After 3 years of fighting, After 3 years of fighting, the border between the border between North and South Korea North and South Korea still lay close to the 38still lay close to the 38thth parallel, where it was parallel, where it was before the war started, before the war started, and approximately 5 and approximately 5 million soldiers and million soldiers and civilians had died.civilians had died.

DMZ=DMZ=demilitarized zonedemilitarized zone

• In July of 1953, the Korean War ended, in which over 54,000 Americans died.

Aftermath and LegacyAftermath and Legacy In North Korea, the Communist dictator Kim Il In North Korea, the Communist dictator Kim Il

Sung established collective farms. Developed Sung established collective farms. Developed heavy industry, and built up the country’s military heavy industry, and built up the country’s military power.power.

After Kim Jong Il’s father died, he ascended to After Kim Jong Il’s father died, he ascended to power and the country developed nuclear power and the country developed nuclear weapons.weapons.

Aftermath and LegacyAftermath and Legacy

The country continues to struggle The country continues to struggle with shortages of energy and food.with shortages of energy and food.

1987, South Korea adopted a 1987, South Korea adopted a democratic constitution and democratic constitution and established free elections.established free elections.

Between the 1980’s and 1990’s Between the 1980’s and 1990’s South Korea claimed one of the South Korea claimed one of the highest economic growth rates in the highest economic growth rates in the world.world.

The Korean War: Concluding Video

South Korean troops patrol along the DMZ.

ChinaChina CommunistCommunist

orginsorgins Developing Developing

capitalist capitalist ideasideas

Now more Now more of dictator of dictator leadership leadership

North KoreaNorth Korea Supposed to Supposed to

be socialistbe socialist Really a Really a

Stalinist like Stalinist like dictatorshipdictatorship

Single partySingle party Nuclear Nuclear

WeaponsWeapons

South South KoreaKorea

Is now a full Is now a full democracydemocracy

One of the One of the strongest strongest economies economies in the worldin the world

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War

War In Vietnam – The road to warWar In Vietnam – The road to war

Nationalist independence movements had Nationalist independence movements had begun to develop in the part of French begun to develop in the part of French Indochina that is now Vietnam.Indochina that is now Vietnam.

A young Vietnamese Nationalist, Ho Chi A young Vietnamese Nationalist, Ho Chi Minh, turned to the communists for help in Minh, turned to the communists for help in his struggle.his struggle.

During the 1930s, he inspired Vietnam’s During the 1930s, he inspired Vietnam’s growing nationalist movement from exile. growing nationalist movement from exile. He believed that independence would He believed that independence would surly follow.surly follow.

Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh When he was young, the poor When he was young, the poor

Vietnamese Nguyen That (uhng-Vietnamese Nguyen That (uhng-wuhn that) Thanh worked as a cook wuhn that) Thanh worked as a cook on a French steamship. In visiting on a French steamship. In visiting American cities where the boat American cities where the boat docked, such as Boston and New docked, such as Boston and New York , he learned both about York , he learned both about American culture and ideals.American culture and ideals.

He later took a new name – Ho chi He later took a new name – Ho chi minh, meaning “he who minh, meaning “he who enlightens.” But her held onto those enlightens.” But her held onto those American ideals. Though a American ideals. Though a communist, in announcing communist, in announcing Vietnam’s independence from Vietnam’s independence from France in 1945, he declared “all France in 1945, he declared “all men are equal.”men are equal.”

His people revered him and fondly His people revered him and fondly called him Uncle Ho. However, Ho called him Uncle Ho. However, Ho Chi Minh did not put his democratic Chi Minh did not put his democratic ideals into such practice. From 1954 ideals into such practice. From 1954 to 1969, he ruled North Vietnam by to 1969, he ruled North Vietnam by crushing all opposition.crushing all opposition.

War breaks outWar breaks out Vietnamese Nationalists and communists joined Vietnamese Nationalists and communists joined

to fight the French armies.to fight the French armies. There the vietminh had widespread peasant There the vietminh had widespread peasant

support. The Vietminh used hit-and-run tactics to support. The Vietminh used hit-and-run tactics to confine the French to cities.confine the French to cities.

1954, the French suffered a major military defeat 1954, the French suffered a major military defeat at Dien Bien Phu and the surrendered to Ho.at Dien Bien Phu and the surrendered to Ho.

After Frances defeat, international peace After Frances defeat, international peace conference met in Geneva to discuss the future of conference met in Geneva to discuss the future of Indochina. Based on these talks, Vietnam was Indochina. Based on these talks, Vietnam was divided at the 17 north latitude.divided at the 17 north latitude.

The United States and France set up an anti-The United States and France set up an anti-communist government and the leadership of communist government and the leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem.Ngo Dinh Diem.

The Domino TheoryThe Domino Theory

Once the French were Once the French were defeated in Vietnam, defeated in Vietnam, the U.S. feared other the U.S. feared other nations in SE Asia nations in SE Asia would also fall to would also fall to communism. communism.

This fear came to be This fear came to be known by President known by President Eisenhower as the Eisenhower as the Domino TheoryDomino Theory..

President Eisenhower

Vietnam – a divided countryVietnam – a divided country

Ho Chi Minh began a popular program of land Ho Chi Minh began a popular program of land redistribution in the north.redistribution in the north.

Vietnamese opposition to Diem’s corrupt Vietnamese opposition to Diem’s corrupt government grew and Communist guerrillas government grew and Communist guerrillas called Vietcong began to gain strength in the called Vietcong began to gain strength in the south.south.

Most were South Vietnamese who hated Most were South Vietnamese who hated Diem. Gradually, the vietcong won control of Diem. Gradually, the vietcong won control of large areas of the country side.large areas of the country side.

1963, backed by the United states, a group of 1963, backed by the United states, a group of South Vietnamese generals planned a coup.South Vietnamese generals planned a coup.

The United states gets involvedThe United states gets involved Americans had been serving as advisors to the Americans had been serving as advisors to the

South Vietnamese since the late 1950’sSouth Vietnamese since the late 1950’s In august 1964, President Johnson told congress In august 1964, President Johnson told congress

that North Vietnamese patrol boats had attacked that North Vietnamese patrol boats had attacked two American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. two American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. As a result, congress authorized the president to As a result, congress authorized the president to send American troops into Vietnam.send American troops into Vietnam.

By 1968 more than half a million solders were in By 1968 more than half a million solders were in Vietnam yet they faced to major difficulties: Vietnam yet they faced to major difficulties:

1.1. They were fighting a guerilla war in unfamiliar jungle They were fighting a guerilla war in unfamiliar jungle terrain terrain

2.2. the South Vietnamese government they were defending the South Vietnamese government they were defending was becoming steadily more unpopular. was becoming steadily more unpopular.

For What It’s WorthFor What It’s WorthBuffalo SpringfieldBuffalo Springfield

There's something happening hereThere's something happening hereWhat it is ain't exactly clearWhat it is ain't exactly clearThere's a man with a gun over thereThere's a man with a gun over thereTelling me I got to bewareTelling me I got to bewareI think it's time we stop, children, I think it's time we stop, children, what's that soundwhat's that soundEverybody look what's going downEverybody look what's going downThere's battle lines being drawnThere's battle lines being drawnNobody's right if everybody's wrongNobody's right if everybody's wrongYoung people speaking their mindsYoung people speaking their mindsGetting so much resistance from Getting so much resistance from behindbehindI think it's time we stop, hey, what's I think it's time we stop, hey, what's that soundthat soundEverybody look what's going downEverybody look what's going downWhat a field-day for the heatWhat a field-day for the heatA thousand people in the streetA thousand people in the streetSinging songs and carrying signsSinging songs and carrying signsMostly say, hooray for our sideMostly say, hooray for our side

It's time we stop, hey, what's that It's time we stop, hey, what's that soundsoundEverybody look what's going Everybody look what's going down Paranoia strikes deepdown Paranoia strikes deepInto your life it will creepInto your life it will creepIt starts when you're always It starts when you're always afraidafraidYou step out of line, the man You step out of line, the man come and take you awaycome and take you awayWe better stop, hey, what's that We better stop, hey, what's that soundsoundEverybody look what's going Everybody look what's going downdownStop, hey, what's that soundStop, hey, what's that soundEverybody look what's going Everybody look what's going downdownStop, now, what's that soundStop, now, what's that soundEverybody look what's going Everybody look what's going downdownStop, children, what's that soundStop, children, what's that soundEverybody look what's going Everybody look what's going downdown

Fortunate SonFortunate SonCreedence Clearwater RevivalCreedence Clearwater Revival

Some folks are born made to wave the flag,Some folks are born made to wave the flag,Ooh, theyre red, white and blue.Ooh, theyre red, white and blue.And when the band plays hail to the chief,And when the band plays hail to the chief,Ooh, they point the cannon at you, lord,Ooh, they point the cannon at you, lord,

It aint me, it aint me, I aint no senators son, It aint me, it aint me, I aint no senators son, son.son.It aint me, it aint me; I aint no fortunate one, It aint me, it aint me; I aint no fortunate one, no,no,

Yeah!Yeah!Some folks are born silver spoon in hand,Some folks are born silver spoon in hand,Lord, dont they help themselves, oh.Lord, dont they help themselves, oh.But when the taxman comes to the door,But when the taxman comes to the door,Lord, the house looks like a rummage sale, Lord, the house looks like a rummage sale, yes,yes,

It aint me, it aint me, I aint no millionaires It aint me, it aint me, I aint no millionaires son, no.son, no.It aint me, it aint me; I aint no fortunate one, It aint me, it aint me; I aint no fortunate one, no.no.

Some folks inherit star spangled Some folks inherit star spangled eyes,eyes,Ooh, they send you down to Ooh, they send you down to war, lord,war, lord,And when you ask them, how And when you ask them, how much should we give? much should we give? Ooh, they only answer more! Ooh, they only answer more! more! more! yoh,more! more! yoh,

It aint me, it aint me, I aint no It aint me, it aint me, I aint no military son, son.military son, son.It aint me, it aint me; I aint no It aint me, it aint me; I aint no fortunate one, one.fortunate one, one.

It aint me, it aint me, I aint no It aint me, it aint me, I aint no fortunate one, no no no,fortunate one, no no no,It aint me, it aint me, I aint no It aint me, it aint me, I aint no fortunate son, no no nofortunate son, no no no

Find the Cost of FreedomFind the Cost of FreedomCrosby, Stills, Nash, and YoungCrosby, Stills, Nash, and Young

Daylight again, following me to bedDaylight again, following me to bedI think about a hundred years ago, how my fathers bledI think about a hundred years ago, how my fathers bledI think I see a valley, covered with bones in blueI think I see a valley, covered with bones in blueAll the brave soldiers that cannot get older been askin' All the brave soldiers that cannot get older been askin' afterafteryouyouHear the past a callin', from Ar- -megeddon's sideHear the past a callin', from Ar- -megeddon's sideWhen everyone's talkin' and noone is listenin', how can When everyone's talkin' and noone is listenin', how can wewedecide?decide?

(Do we) find the cost of freedom, buried in the ground(Do we) find the cost of freedom, buried in the ground

Mother earth will swallow you, lay your body downMother earth will swallow you, lay your body downFind the cost of freedom, buried in the groundFind the cost of freedom, buried in the groundMother earth will swallow you, lay your body downMother earth will swallow you, lay your body down(Find the cost of freedom buried in the ground)(Find the cost of freedom buried in the ground)

The United States withdrawsThe United States withdraws Dissatisfied youth began to protest the tremendous loss of Dissatisfied youth began to protest the tremendous loss of

life in an unpopular conflict on the other side of the world.life in an unpopular conflict on the other side of the world. President Nixon began withdrawing US troops from Vietnam President Nixon began withdrawing US troops from Vietnam

in 1969 .in 1969 . Nixon's plan was called Vietnamization. It allowed for US Nixon's plan was called Vietnamization. It allowed for US

troops to gradually pull out while the South Vietnamese troops to gradually pull out while the South Vietnamese increased their combat role.increased their combat role.

The president also authorized bombings in neighboring The president also authorized bombings in neighboring Laos and Cambodia to wipe out Vietcong hiding places.Laos and Cambodia to wipe out Vietcong hiding places.

The last forces left in 1973 and the North Vietnamese The last forces left in 1973 and the North Vietnamese overran South Vietnam two years lateroverran South Vietnam two years later

The communists renamed Saigon, the former capital of the The communists renamed Saigon, the former capital of the South, Ho Chi Minh City to honor their dead leader. South, Ho Chi Minh City to honor their dead leader.

More than 1.5 million Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans More than 1.5 million Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans had died in the warhad died in the war

Postwar VietnamPostwar Vietnam Officials sent thousands of people to “reeducation Officials sent thousands of people to “reeducation

camps” for training in Communist thought. They camps” for training in Communist thought. They nationalized industries and strictly controlled nationalized industries and strictly controlled businesses.businesses.

Communist oppression also caused 1.5 million to Communist oppression also caused 1.5 million to flee from Vietnam. flee from Vietnam.

About 70,000 Vietnamese refugees eventually About 70,000 Vietnamese refugees eventually settled in the United states or Canadasettled in the United states or Canada

While the Cold war superpowers were struggling While the Cold war superpowers were struggling for power in the Korean and Vietnam wars. They for power in the Korean and Vietnam wars. They also were using economic and diplomatic means also were using economic and diplomatic means to bring other countries under their control.to bring other countries under their control.