The Cold War in The Cold War in Asia, China, Korea Asia, China, Korea

& Vietnam& Vietnam

Dean Acheson: United Dean Acheson: United States Position on China States Position on China

(1949)(1949) Secretary of State under Truman Secretary of State under Truman played a central role in the creation of many played a central role in the creation of many

important institutions important institutions Lend LeaseLend Lease the Marshall Planthe Marshall Plan the United Nationsthe United Nations NATONATO the IMF the IMF World Bank World Bank

After the Communist takeover of China, After the Communist takeover of China, Acheson defended his previous strategyAcheson defended his previous strategy

Argues that the U.S. provided enough aid to Argues that the U.S. provided enough aid to anti-Communist forcesanti-Communist forces

$2 billion to the Chinese gov’t$2 billion to the Chinese gov’t $232 million in military aid$232 million in military aid

Blames the Nationalist leadership for a lack Blames the Nationalist leadership for a lack of a will to fightof a will to fight

Credits the Communists for “ruthless Credits the Communists for “ruthless discipline & fanatical zeal”discipline & fanatical zeal”

Acheson rules out full-scale American Acheson rules out full-scale American intervention because it would be too costly intervention because it would be too costly & would be resented by the Chinese's & would be resented by the Chinese's massesmasses

Mao Zedong’s Speech Commemorating Mao Zedong’s Speech Commemorating the 20th Anniversary of the Chinese the 20th Anniversary of the Chinese

Communist Party Communist Party (June 30, 1949)(June 30, 1949) After defeating the Nationalists forces, the After defeating the Nationalists forces, the

People’s Republic of China on October 1, People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949. 1949.

With victory in his sight, Mao delivered a With victory in his sight, Mao delivered a speech on the anniversary of the partyspeech on the anniversary of the party

The Russian Revolution altered ChinaThe Russian Revolution altered China The Chinese found Marxism-Leninism as the The Chinese found Marxism-Leninism as the

universal truthuniversal truth Because China has suffered under Because China has suffered under

imperialism, bourgeoisie democracy will imperialism, bourgeoisie democracy will never work therenever work there

Communism has brought advances to ChinaCommunism has brought advances to China Under the leadership of the Proletariat, the Under the leadership of the Proletariat, the

workers, petty bourgeoisie, peasants & workers, petty bourgeoisie, peasants & national bourgeoisie have unitednational bourgeoisie have united

Externally, the Communist bloc has Externally, the Communist bloc has welcomed China into its foldwelcomed China into its fold

There can be no compromise with There can be no compromise with democratic elementsdemocratic elements

Mao justifies his dictatorship because Mao justifies his dictatorship because imperialism still exists in the worldimperialism still exists in the world

If the Chinese bourgeoisie adhere to the If the Chinese bourgeoisie adhere to the Communist policy, they will be allowed to Communist policy, they will be allowed to prosper, if not, the state will force them to prosper, if not, the state will force them to comply comply

China Gets the Bomb China Gets the Bomb (1964) (1964)

Mao once derided atomic weapons & Mao once derided atomic weapons & the United States as "paper tigers“the United States as "paper tigers“

in October 1864, China detonated its in October 1864, China detonated its first atomic bomb first atomic bomb

This press statement explains why This press statement explains why China decided to develop nuclear China decided to develop nuclear weaponsweapons

China declares that the development China declares that the development of the bomb is essential for defenseof the bomb is essential for defense

The bomb will help China in its The bomb will help China in its struggle to oppose “the U.S. struggle to oppose “the U.S. imperialist policy of nuclear blackmail imperialist policy of nuclear blackmail and nuclear threats” and nuclear threats”

China had advocated the abolishment China had advocated the abolishment of nuclear weapons, but the U.S. of nuclear weapons, but the U.S. blocked these effortsblocked these efforts

Nuclear weapons = a deterrent to Nuclear weapons = a deterrent to U.S. aggressionU.S. aggression

Pravda: Editorial concerning Pravda: Editorial concerning The Anti-Soviet Policy of The Anti-Soviet Policy of

Communist China (February Communist China (February 16, 1967)16, 1967)

Shortly after Mao’s victory in 1949, China joined the Shortly after Mao’s victory in 1949, China joined the Soviet Bloc as an ally Soviet Bloc as an ally

After the death of Stalin, Mao believed Khrushchev After the death of Stalin, Mao believed Khrushchev was too conciliatory to the West. was too conciliatory to the West.

Khrushchev angered Mao by refusing to give China Khrushchev angered Mao by refusing to give China nuclear weapons nuclear weapons

During the “Cultural Revolution,” Mao fanned the During the “Cultural Revolution,” Mao fanned the flames of anti-Soviet sentiment amongst China’s flames of anti-Soviet sentiment amongst China’s youth youth

'''Sino-Soviet split''' was a major diplomatic conflict '''Sino-Soviet split''' was a major diplomatic conflict which began in the late 1950s which began in the late 1950s

The Soviet newspaper Pravda denounced Mao’s The Soviet newspaper Pravda denounced Mao’s policy in 1967policy in 1967

Accused Mao of trying to divert the attention from his Accused Mao of trying to divert the attention from his many domestic & foreign policy mistakes many domestic & foreign policy mistakes

Mao has built a cult of personality that has reached Mao has built a cult of personality that has reached absurd proportionsabsurd proportions

The editorial argued that Mao Tse-tung could not The editorial argued that Mao Tse-tung could not remain in power without slandering the USSR remain in power without slandering the USSR

But Mao’s anti-Soviet campaign had serious But Mao’s anti-Soviet campaign had serious consequencesconsequences

It weakened the Communist bloc & worsened the It weakened the Communist bloc & worsened the entire political situation in Asia entire political situation in Asia

It also directly helped the Americans It also directly helped the Americans

Richard Nixon’s Remarks at Richard Nixon’s Remarks at Andrews Air Force Base on Andrews Air Force Base on

Returning From the People's Returning From the People's Republic of China Republic of China

Nixon decided to exploit the Sino-Soviet split to tip the Nixon decided to exploit the Sino-Soviet split to tip the balance of the Cold War in the United States’ favorbalance of the Cold War in the United States’ favor

At the conclusion of his trip, the United States and the At the conclusion of his trip, the United States and the PRC Governments issued the Shanghai Communiqué, a PRC Governments issued the Shanghai Communiqué, a statement of their foreign policy views statement of their foreign policy views

both nations pledged to work toward the full both nations pledged to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic relations normalization of diplomatic relations

The U.S. acknowledged the notion that all Chinese on The U.S. acknowledged the notion that all Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait maintain that there is both sides of the Taiwan Strait maintain that there is only one China and that Taiwan is part of China only one China and that Taiwan is part of China

Fearing the possibility of a Sino-American alliance, the Fearing the possibility of a Sino-American alliance, the Soviet Union yielded to American pressure for détenteSoviet Union yielded to American pressure for détente

The first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were finally The first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were finally concluded the same year with the SALT I treatyconcluded the same year with the SALT I treaty

Upon his return, Nixon delivered an address at Upon his return, Nixon delivered an address at Andrews Air Force BaseAndrews Air Force Base

Described the mission to China as a mission for peaceDescribed the mission to China as a mission for peace Goal was to reestablish communication with China after a Goal was to reestablish communication with China after a

generation of hostilitygeneration of hostility agreements were reached to expand cultural, educational, agreements were reached to expand cultural, educational,

and journalistic contacts and journalistic contacts

Security Treaty Between the Security Treaty Between the United States, Australia, and New United States, Australia, and New Zealand (ANZUS); September 1, Zealand (ANZUS); September 1,

19511951 The ANZUS Treaty is a military The ANZUS Treaty is a military

alliance binding Australia and alliance binding Australia and the United States, and separately the United States, and separately Australia and New Zealand to Australia and New Zealand to cooperate on defense matters in cooperate on defense matters in the Pacific Ocean area.the Pacific Ocean area.

treaty was concluded at San treaty was concluded at San Francisco on 1 September 1951, Francisco on 1 September 1951, and entered into force on April and entered into force on April 29, 1952 29, 1952

The Treaty was based on the The Treaty was based on the principle of the United Nationsprinciple of the United Nations

The Treaty was intended to deter The Treaty was intended to deter any potential aggressor in the any potential aggressor in the PacificPacific

Each signatory agrees to Each signatory agrees to cooperate towards peace & cooperate towards peace & stability in the Pacificstability in the Pacific

Security Treaty Between Security Treaty Between Japan & the U.S. (Sept. 8, Japan & the U.S. (Sept. 8,

1951) 1951) Part of the wider American defense network Part of the wider American defense network

in the Pacificin the Pacific Japan loses its “inherent right of self Japan loses its “inherent right of self

defensedefense Still, the Treaty recognizes that Japan as a Still, the Treaty recognizes that Japan as a

sovereign nation sovereign nation The United States will maintain military The United States will maintain military

forces in & around the Japanese islandsforces in & around the Japanese islands Interestingly, American forces can be used Interestingly, American forces can be used

to put down large scale to put down large scale internalinternal riots riots This clause was directed against This clause was directed against

Communist subversion in JapanCommunist subversion in Japan The treaty left Japan with a sizeable The treaty left Japan with a sizeable

American military force that persists to this American military force that persists to this dayday

Southeast Asia Collective Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty (September Defense Treaty (September

8, 1954)8, 1954) Also known as the Manila Pact or SEATOAlso known as the Manila Pact or SEATO created to oppose further Communist gains in Southeast created to oppose further Communist gains in Southeast

Asia Asia headquarters was located in Bangkok, Thailandheadquarters was located in Bangkok, Thailand The Treaty reaffirmed U.N. principlesThe Treaty reaffirmed U.N. principles Members will use peaceful means to settle international Members will use peaceful means to settle international

disputesdisputes Members will use joint military operations Members will use joint military operations members will “prevent and counter subversive activities”members will “prevent and counter subversive activities”

This is directed against internal Communist movementsThis is directed against internal Communist movements Treaty established a Council as an administrative organTreaty established a Council as an administrative organ unable to intervene in the early conflicts of Cambodia, unable to intervene in the early conflicts of Cambodia,

Laos, and Vietnam because an intervention required a Laos, and Vietnam because an intervention required a decision of unanimity decision of unanimity

The organization formally ended in 1977 The organization formally ended in 1977

SEATO MEMBERSSEATO MEMBERS

Report of The United Report of The United Nations Commission on Nations Commission on

Korea, 1950 Korea, 1950 the U.S the USSR divided Korea along the 38th parallel the U.S the USSR divided Korea along the 38th parallel

after World War II but the US did not consider this to after World War II but the US did not consider this to be a permanent partition.be a permanent partition.

South Korean President Syngman Rhee and North South Korean President Syngman Rhee and North Korean General Secretary Kim Il-sung were both intent Korean General Secretary Kim Il-sung were both intent on reuniting the peninsula under their own system. on reuniting the peninsula under their own system.

On June 25, 1950, North Korea struck across the 38th On June 25, 1950, North Korea struck across the 38th parallel parallel

Soon afterwards, the United Nations debated the issue. Soon afterwards, the United Nations debated the issue. Having walked out just prior to the debate, the Soviets Having walked out just prior to the debate, the Soviets

were unable to prevent the passage of a U.N. resolution were unable to prevent the passage of a U.N. resolution which pledged assistance to the beleaguered South which pledged assistance to the beleaguered South Koreans. Koreans.

This U.N. Report on Korea outlines the causes of the This U.N. Report on Korea outlines the causes of the war and efforts to stabilize the situation.war and efforts to stabilize the situation.

The report places blame on North Korea for the conflictThe report places blame on North Korea for the conflict The division of Korea into two states is described as The division of Korea into two states is described as

“artificial” & the primary cause of the war“artificial” & the primary cause of the war Although the reunification of Korea is desired, the Although the reunification of Korea is desired, the

North Korean gov’t is an obstacle to this goalNorth Korean gov’t is an obstacle to this goal It is important that democracy be maintained in KoreaIt is important that democracy be maintained in Korea

Andrei A. Gromyko: On Andrei A. Gromyko: On American Intervention in American Intervention in

Korea (1950)Korea (1950) Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (1909 – Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (1909 –

1989) was a Soviet politician and 1989) was a Soviet politician and diplomatdiplomat

served as Minister for Foreign Affairs served as Minister for Foreign Affairs for the Soviet Union (1957-1985) and for the Soviet Union (1957-1985) and Chairman of the Presidium of the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985-1988). Supreme Soviet (1985-1988).

At outbreak of the Korean War, At outbreak of the Korean War, Gromyko condemned U.S. intervention Gromyko condemned U.S. intervention in the conflict. in the conflict.

Gromyko blamed South Korea for Gromyko blamed South Korea for provoking the Northprovoking the North

Accused the South of planning to Accused the South of planning to invade the Northinvade the North

Also blamed the U.S. for encouraging Also blamed the U.S. for encouraging the South to attackthe South to attack

U.S. is using the United Nations as a U.S. is using the United Nations as a cover for its aggressive designscover for its aggressive designs

Truman On Korea and Relieving Truman On Korea and Relieving Macarthur from Command (April Macarthur from Command (April

11, 1951)11, 1951) To lead U.N. forces in the Korean War, Truman To lead U.N. forces in the Korean War, Truman appointed the aggressive & outspoken general appointed the aggressive & outspoken general Douglas MacArthurDouglas MacArthur

In October 1950, Communist China intervened on In October 1950, Communist China intervened on North Korea's behalf, raising the specter of a third North Korea's behalf, raising the specter of a third world war. world war.

MacArthur urged Truman to attack Chinese bases MacArthur urged Truman to attack Chinese bases across the Yalu River and use atomic bombs if across the Yalu River and use atomic bombs if necessary. Truman refused both suggestions. necessary. Truman refused both suggestions.

The Chinese pushed American forces far back into The Chinese pushed American forces far back into South Korea, but after much bloody conflict the South Korea, but after much bloody conflict the opposing forces eventually found themselves back at opposing forces eventually found themselves back at the original starting point. the original starting point.

Truman did not want to draw Russia & its atomic Truman did not want to draw Russia & its atomic weapons into the conflict. weapons into the conflict.

On April 11, 1951, Truman relieved MacArthur of his On April 11, 1951, Truman relieved MacArthur of his command. command.

The war, and the dismissal of MacArthur, helped to The war, and the dismissal of MacArthur, helped to make Truman so unpopular that he eventually chose make Truman so unpopular that he eventually chose not to seek a third term. not to seek a third term.

Truman defended his decision Truman defended his decision The goal in Korea is to prevent a world warThe goal in Korea is to prevent a world war MacArthur wanted to escalate the conflict which, in MacArthur wanted to escalate the conflict which, in

Truman’s opinion, was too dangerousTruman’s opinion, was too dangerous It was therefore necessary to dismiss the generalIt was therefore necessary to dismiss the general

General Douglas Macarthur: Farewell General Douglas Macarthur: Farewell Address to Congress (April 19, 1951)Address to Congress (April 19, 1951)

After his dismissal, MacArthur returned to After his dismissal, MacArthur returned to Washington (his first time in the continental US in 11 Washington (his first time in the continental US in 11 years), where he made his last public appearance in years), where he made his last public appearance in a farewell address to the U.S. Congress, which was a farewell address to the U.S. Congress, which was interrupted by thirty ovations. interrupted by thirty ovations.

In this closing speech, he recalled: "Old soldiers In this closing speech, he recalled: "Old soldiers never die, they just fade away." 'And like the old never die, they just fade away." 'And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away - an old soldier who tried to do his and just fade away - an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty. duty as God gave him the light to see that duty. Good-bye.‘Good-bye.‘

On his return from Korea, after his relief by Truman, On his return from Korea, after his relief by Truman, MacArthur encountered massive public adulation, MacArthur encountered massive public adulation, which aroused expectations that he would run for the which aroused expectations that he would run for the US presidency as a Republican in the 1952 election. US presidency as a Republican in the 1952 election.

In this document, MacArthur defends his position on In this document, MacArthur defends his position on the Korean conflict.the Korean conflict.

The Communist threat is global, the U.S. must have a The Communist threat is global, the U.S. must have a global strategyglobal strategy

The U.S. cannot “appease” the CommunistsThe U.S. cannot “appease” the Communists Since WW2, the Pacific is a vital area for American Since WW2, the Pacific is a vital area for American

defensedefense To win the war in Korea, the U.S. had to attack To win the war in Korea, the U.S. had to attack

ChinaChina The Korean people want & need American assistanceThe Korean people want & need American assistance

Vietnamese Declaration of Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 Independence, 1945

After the defeat of Japan in 1945, France, the old After the defeat of Japan in 1945, France, the old colonial power, tried to reclaim its colonies in colonial power, tried to reclaim its colonies in Indochina - i.e. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Indochina - i.e. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.

But France faced opposition, which it had been able But France faced opposition, which it had been able to beat down before the war, from a nationalist to beat down before the war, from a nationalist political party. political party.

This party, the Vietnamese Communist Party, had This party, the Vietnamese Communist Party, had been founded in Paris in 1930 by Ho Chi Minh been founded in Paris in 1930 by Ho Chi Minh (1890¬ 1969)(1890¬ 1969)

The Viet Minh fought a guerilla war against both the The Viet Minh fought a guerilla war against both the Japanese and the Vichy French forces - making the Japanese and the Vichy French forces - making the Viet Minh an ally of the United States at that time. Viet Minh an ally of the United States at that time.

Looking for recognition from the United States and Looking for recognition from the United States and other Western countries, Ho and his colleagues other Western countries, Ho and his colleagues proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945. The Vietnamese Declaration of September 2, 1945. The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence mirrored the United States’ own Independence mirrored the United States’ own declaration of 1776declaration of 1776

It also cited the French declaration of the Rights of It also cited the French declaration of the Rights of ManMan

The document outlined French misdeeds against the The document outlined French misdeeds against the Vietnamese & urged the West to recognize VietnamVietnamese & urged the West to recognize Vietnam

Instead of supporting the Republic, the West Instead of supporting the Republic, the West recognized French claims. recognized French claims.

BibliographyBibliography Slide #1Slide #1

Photo of Mao: Photo of Mao: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/8/82/180px-Mao-tiananmen-portrait.jpghttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/8/82/180px-Mao-tiananmen-portrait.jpg Photo of MacArthur: Photo of MacArthur: http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/bibl/mil/ww2/who/pics/macarthur.jpghttp://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/bibl/mil/ww2/who/pics/macarthur.jpg Vietnam Memorial: Vietnam Memorial:

http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/NYG/30175~Vietnam-War-Memorial-Posters.jpghttp://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/NYG/30175~Vietnam-War-Memorial-Posters.jpg Korean War Memorial: Korean War Memorial:

http://www.kestan.com/dcstock/monuments/IMG_0583%20korean%20war%20memorial%20(ok).jpghttp://www.kestan.com/dcstock/monuments/IMG_0583%20korean%20war%20memorial%20(ok).jpg Time Magazine Cover: Time Magazine Cover: http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1975/1101750512_400.jpghttp://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1975/1101750512_400.jpg

Slide #2Slide #2 Time Magazine Cover: Time Magazine Cover: http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1951/1101510108_400.jpghttp://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1951/1101510108_400.jpg Slide #3Slide #3 Photo of Mao: Photo of Mao: http://www.chiny.republika.pl/Mao%20Zedong.jpghttp://www.chiny.republika.pl/Mao%20Zedong.jpg

Slide #4Slide #4 Photo of Mao & the Bomb: Photo of Mao & the Bomb: http://www.vce.com/cgi-bin/Images/AtomicArt/maobomb.jpghttp://www.vce.com/cgi-bin/Images/AtomicArt/maobomb.jpg Slide #5Slide #5 Chinese-Soviet Flags: Chinese-Soviet Flags: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/research/AreaStudies/SinoSoviet_Relations/sino_soviet.gifhttp://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/research/AreaStudies/SinoSoviet_Relations/sino_soviet.gif Anti-Soviet Chinese Propaganda: http://www.what-means.com/encyclopedia/images/thumb/f/f8/300px-Ac.maoposter.jpgAnti-Soviet Chinese Propaganda: http://www.what-means.com/encyclopedia/images/thumb/f/f8/300px-Ac.maoposter.jpg Slide #6Slide #6 Original Photo of Nixon & Chairman Mao: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/premade/28067/14a.jpg Original Photo of Nixon & Chairman Mao: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/premade/28067/14a.jpg Original Photo of Richard & Pat Nixon Visiting the Great Wall: http://www.beegewelborn.com/swillstuff/nixonGreatWall.jpgOriginal Photo of Richard & Pat Nixon Visiting the Great Wall: http://www.beegewelborn.com/swillstuff/nixonGreatWall.jpg Slide #7Slide #7 Slide #10Slide #10 Map of SEATO Members: Map of SEATO Members: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SEATO.PNG Map of SEATO Members: Map of SEATO Members: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SEATO.PNG Slide #11Slide #11 Original Photo of the U.N. Security Council Vote (note the Soviet delegation is conspicuously absent): http://www.bevinalexander.com/korea/photos/korea-05-Original Photo of the U.N. Security Council Vote (note the Soviet delegation is conspicuously absent): http://www.bevinalexander.com/korea/photos/korea-05-

th.jpg th.jpg Slide #12Slide #12 Original Photo of Gromyko: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AndreiGromyko.jpg Original Photo of Gromyko: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AndreiGromyko.jpg Slide #13Slide #13 Original Photo Truman & MacArthur Meeting at Wake Island: http://b-29s-over-korea.com/General_MacArthur/images/MARCH_TO_THE_YALU/Truman-Mac-Original Photo Truman & MacArthur Meeting at Wake Island: http://b-29s-over-korea.com/General_MacArthur/images/MARCH_TO_THE_YALU/Truman-Mac-

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