WAD...In collaboration with UNEP, FAO and an extensive global network of experts WAD 5 Background:...
Transcript of WAD...In collaboration with UNEP, FAO and an extensive global network of experts WAD 5 Background:...
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WAD
Michael Cherlet Stefan Sommer Wolfgang Mehl Michele Conti
Eva Ivits Kathleen Corkery
Compilation of new World Atlas of Desertification Contributing to a global assessment
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WAD
Compilation of new World Atlas of Desertification Contributing to a global assessment
• WAD initiative
• WAD concept
• WAD content
• WAD global mapping
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• foundation to address the global challenges related to desertification and land degradation
• global reference and contribution to the target of zero net land degradation
• crucial aspect in the discussion on food security, poverty-reduction, resource efficiency, land-market issues
Coordinated by JRC In collaboration with UNEP, FAO and an extensive global network of experts
WAD
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Background: GlobCover 2005
International Network collaborating on WAD
Support to national reporting to UNCCD JRC as UNCCD Reporting Reference Centre
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• Objectives of the Atlas:
• Illustrate the occurrence of the problems of LDD on different levels of interest and indicate hot spots worldwide; illustrate that LDD is a local phenomenon but with global dimension
• Provide information on progress of the ‘fight’ against LDD and promote SLM
• Establishing a global baseline inventory on the status and trends of human induced LDD and on the various contributing factors/processes (expressed through ‘issues’), including policy, governance, economic and social aspects
• Provide contribution to the ‘indicator discussion’ of UNCCD and stakeholders: WAD3 strives to illustrate possibilities of what and how to integrate for assessment
• Foundation to achieve RIO+20 target and Promote synergies between RIO Conventions
• Reflecting recent scientific advancements in the fields of thematic understanding and conceptual frameworks for integrated assessments, not necessarily mirroring UNCCD wishes
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[ Definition framework (DSD WG1)
a) Desertification is best to be treated as an extreme case of land degradation, which is expressed in a persistent reduction or loss of biological and economic productivity of lands that are under use by people whose livelihoods depend on this productivity, yet the reduction or loss of this productivity is driven by that use. (b) Combating desertification means addressing all stages of land degradation that precede the level of productivity loss specific to desertification, the one that reclamation, rather than rehabilitation measures are required for restoring the persistently lost productivity of the land. (c) Land degradation and desertification, as described in (a) and (b), require attention in all lands, with special concern directed to all drylands, namely those of climate yielding an aridity index ≤ 0.65, whether based on 1950-1980 prevailing climate, and/or on more recent climate data. Land = terrestrial bio-productive system [delivering ES] that comprises abiotic structure elements (soil, rainfall,…) and biotic elements (all biodiversity - soil biota, vegetation)[Es structure] and all interactions, ecological, hydrological processes, that operate within the system [Es funtions] ]
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Pressure on Biophysical Condition Pre
ss
ure
on
So
cio
-ec
on
om
ic C
on
dit
ion
Sustainable region
Degraded region
Socio-economic threshold (St)
Biophysical threshold (Bt)
(1) Ecological and social issues are fundamentally interwoven.
(2) Slowly evolving conditions are critical (chronic problems under continual change).
(3) Nonlinear processes and feedbacks are at stake.
(4) Cross-scale interactions exist.
(5) Local environmental knowledge is important
Reynolds et al. (2007), Science, vol. 316
Processes & feedback loops to be understood through different conceptual approaches:
Stafford Smith & Reynolds (2002)
Dryland Development Paradigm
Proximate and indirect causes
Syndromes
Ecosystem Stewardship
(ES trade-offs)
Concept – boundary framework
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The assessment concept
• There are a limited number of issues that either alone or in
combination drive land degradation; issues provide a global level linkage of land degradation (Geist and Lambin, 2005-2006)
• Land use represents the exploitation of the ecosystem and
defines the services that the ecosystem should provide; it interfaces with the local character of land degradation
• Need to assess the status and change of the resource base • Integration of issue specific biophysical and socio-economical
variables/indicators based on adapted stratification(s) to assess relevant impact / productivity reduction (>trade-off)
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Land Management and Natural Hazards Unit ----- DESERT Action ----- Visit DG ENV – 22/11/11 10
Increased Aridity – Drought Frequency
Loss of Vegetation Cover and NPP
Decrease Water Availability - Water
Soil slipping away
Population Pressure Population
Movement and Migration
Grazing Forest
Fragmentation Deforestation
Cropping and Changing Cultivated
Use Land Pollution
Desertification Issues >
Pastoralism Agriculture Forestry Urban, tourism,
…..
rainfed
Irrigation
Agro-past.
No use
extensive
Intensive.
No use
extensive
Intensive.
+
Land Use System > with Bio-Climatic information
Key Variables & Indicators
Key Variables & Indicators
Key Variables & Indicators
++-=- ++-=- ++-=-
Syndrome type integration PER STRATUM
Ancillary Indicator selection Database
Global Variables measurable/available variables > @ various scales
Supporting
Regulating
Provisioning
Cultural Eco
syst
em
Se
rvic
es
Global Land Degradation Assessment
Qualitative / Quantitative Assessment
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Authors and Affiliations .................................................................................................. 1
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 1
Contents ........................................................................................................................ 1
Foreword, Preface and Preamble ................................................................................... 1
I. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
What is WAD? ................................................................................................................ 1
Scope of this WAD ......................................................................................................... 1
History of WAD ............................................................................................................. 2
UNCCD and the Decade of Desertification (UNDDD) ..................................................... 2
Recommended audience, how to use this WAD ............................................................. 2
II. Desertification and land degradation: Evolving Concepts, Science and Practice . ................................................................................................................................... 3
What is desertification, what is land degradation ............................................................ 3
How science and development contributed .................................................................... 3
Desertification and Land Degradation Issues ................................................................. 3
III. Issues: Local Dynamics Causing Desertification and Land Degradation ............ 7
(1) The Natural Environment: constraints and opportunities ....................................... 8
a. Increased Aridity and Variable Drought Frequency ................................................. 8
b. Potential Loss of Vegetation Cover and Primary Production ................................. 11
c. Decrease in Water Availability and Excess of Water ............................................. 13
d. The Soil Slipping Away ......................................................................................... 15
(2) The Human Environment .................................................................................... 17
a. Earth’s Growing Human Population - Changing Population Densities ................... 17
b. Human Movements and Migrations ....................................................................... 19
(3) How good is the land used: a question of sustainability ..................................... 21
a. Grazing ................................................................................................................. 23
b. Forest Fragmentation and Deforestation ............................................................... 25
c. Cropping and Changing Cultivated Use ................................................................ 27
d. Pollution ................................................................................................................ 29
IV. Global Mapping of Local Storylines of Desertification and Land Degradation .. 31
a. Integration of Issues at Global Scales ................................................................... 31
b. Case Studies ........................................................................................................ 32
WAD TOC
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WAD
WAD structure based on concept
Wad ISSUE chapters:
Basic facts Messages
“story line” written with Maps and examples how it can be integrated for multi-scale assessments
Planned for first half 2013 Paper and Digital portal (http://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/)
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WAD illustrates adapted assessment and mapping concept how this can be applied at various scales WAD contains considerations on SLM options, economic aspects
WAD
Participation in ELD and OSLO
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Variability of Vegetative Growing Season Length Based on Growing Season Length as calculated from GIMMS NDVI ‘81-’06
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23 ………
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C
Variable selection Using Classification
Tree Analysis
Status: Loss of Productivity
Capacity Local Scaling approach
change/time Steadiness
Index
Change: Loss of Productivity
Capacity Steadiness
D
Vegetation Index
Time Series Phenological,Productivity
Variables
B
ISSUE driven Land Use System/Bioclimatic zones
to consider for e.g. agriculture intensification
A
Land Degradation Assessment
(flags)
E
A
B
E C D
Syndrome based Analysis Continental and finer scale
e Climate Variability
Disturbances: drought & fire
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PHENOLO methodology and software
Productivity parameters:
MI=a+b+c+d+e+f+g (Minimum-Minimum Integral)
MPI=a+b+c (Minimum Permanent Integral)
SI=b+e+g (Seasonal Integral)
SRI=e+g (Season Residual Integral)
SPI=e+b (Season Permanent Integral)
SER=d+f (Season Exceeding Residual Integral)
SER2=d+f+a+c (Season Exceeding Total
Residual Integral)
CF=g (Cyclic fraction)
PF=d+e+f (Permanent Fraction)
NPP=d+e+f+g (Net Primary Productivity)
0
50
100
150
200
250
2003 2004 2005
0
50
100
150
200
250
2003 2004 2005
Time
a b c
d e f
g
SEV
SL
MAX
NDVI
SBD
SBV
MBD
MBV MEV
ML
MXD
MXV
Phenological parameters:
SBD = Season Begin Day
SBV = Season Begin Value
SED = Season End Day
SEV = Season End Value
SL = Season Length
MBD = Minimum Begin Day
MBV = Minimum Begin Value
MED = Minumim End Day
MEV = Minimum End Value
ML = Minimum Length
MXV = Maximum Value
MXD = Maximum Day
SED MED
Productivity parameters:
MI=a+b+c+d+e+f+g (Minimum-Minimum Integral)
MPI=a+b+c (Minimum Permanent Integral)
SI=b+e+g (Seasonal Integral)
SRI=e+g (Season Residual Integral)
SPI=e+b (Season Permanent Integral)
SER=d+f (Season Exceeding Residual Integral)
SER2=d+f+a+c (Season Exceeding Total
Residual Integral)
CF=g (Cyclic fraction)
PF=d+e+f (Permanent Fraction)
NPP=d+e+f+g (Net Primary Productivity)
0
50
100
150
200
250
2003 2004 2005
0
50
100
150
200
250
2003 2004 2005
Time
a b c
d e f
g
SEV
SL
MAX
NDVI
SBD
SBV
MBD
MBV MEV
ML
MXD
MXV
Phenological parameters:
SBD = Season Begin Day
SBV = Season Begin Value
SED = Season End Day
SEV = Season End Value
SL = Season Length
MBD = Minimum Begin Day
MBV = Minimum Begin Value
MED = Minumim End Day
MEV = Minimum End Value
ML = Minimum Length
MXV = Maximum Value
MXD = Maximum Day
SED MED
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Start of season change
Length of season change
NPPchange
Start of season change
Ratio CF/PF change
Steadiness Index to evaluate change and fluctuation of productivity and
phenology
Assessment of state: local scaling of variables combined through strata
Prof. S. Prince, 2011
Land degradation assessment (flags)
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LADA Senegal degradation map
Ratio of Permanent Fraction / Cyclic Fraction combined in “capacity classes” or “conversion dynamics”
Land degradation in the Darfur Area, Sudan
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• Implementation plan • Implementation Network • Formal Kick-off Meeting • Thematic Drafting Teams • Data Collection, System Framework
• Processing Global Data • Regional Mapping • Local Case Studies • Text and Illustrations • Advanced Draft
• Advanced Draft • Finalization • Printing • On-line Launch
• First Expert Meeting held • Concept and Roadmap drafted
WORLD ATLAS
OF
DESERTIFICATION
Photo: UNEP
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WAD PORTAL
http://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu
Utilities – upload Usr id: dni passw: dni
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Thank you!
Photos: various internet sources