w ¢mkv - XI studies.pdf · 8 XI˛mw ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw˛ Km‘n-b≥ ]T\w kwkvImcw kwkvImcw F∂...

$: w ¢mkv - XI studies.pdf · 8 XI˛mw ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw˛ Km‘n-b≥ ]T\w kwkvImcw kwkvImcw F∂ k¶o¿W]ZØn\v hnhn[ A¿YXeßfp≠v. Iptd `mKw am{Xw ]pdsa ImWpIbpw `qcn`mKhpw AZriyambncn°pIbpw$
tIc-f-k¿°m¿

hnZym- ym-k-h-Ip∏v

Km‘n-b≥ ]T\w

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)tIcfw2018

¢mkv - XI

lb¿ sk°-‚dn

tZio-b-Km\w

P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl

`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,

]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm

ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,

hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,

D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,

Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,

Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,

Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm

P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl

`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm

Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,

Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

]Xn⁄

C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚

ktlm-Z-co-ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw

sshhn[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥

A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.

Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-

hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-

Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n ]bXv\n°pw.

Prepared by :

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695012, Kerala.

Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail : [email protected] : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869Typesetting and Layout : SCERT© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

To be printed in quality paper - 80gsm map litho (snow-white)

ae-bmf mj am[y-a-am-°n-s°m≠v GXp hnj-bhpw FX Bg-Øn¬

]Tn°m\pw GXp -K-l-\-amb Bi-bhpw ]Im-i\w sNøm\pw Ign-

tb-≠-Xp-≠v. tijvT- m-j-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ \ΩpsS mj-bn¬

lb¿sk°‚dn ]T-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬Im-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-Øns‚

`mK-ambmWv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ ]cn- m-j-s∏-SpØn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-

∂-Xv.

F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. Xbm-dm-°nb F√m tIm¿ hnj-b-ß-fp-sSbpw ]pkvX-

I-ßƒ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v kzX¥ ]cn-`mj

\SØn ]pdØnd-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-knX cmPy-ßƒ amXr- mjbmWv

hnZym- ym-k-Øn\p≈ am[y-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂-Xv. tZio-b-X-

e-Øn-ep≈ an° a’-c-∏-co-£-Ifpw ]mtZ-inI mj-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-

gp-Xp-∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ lb¿sk-°‚dn

Xe-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. tIc-f-

Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS amXr- m-j-bn¬Øs∂ ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-

bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Cu ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Ahkc-sam-cp-°pw.

]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ ]c-am-

h[n aebmf-Øn-em-°m≥ ian-®n- p-≠v. F∂m¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-

c-Øn\v D]tbmKn-°p∂ ]Z-ßƒ ae-bmf en]n-bn¬ AtX ]Sn \ne-

\n¿Øm\pw ian-®n- p-≠v. Ip´n-I-fpsS Bi-b-K-lWw IqSp-X¬ Ffp-

∏-am-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ae-bmf mj-bpsS hf¿®bv°pw Cu ]cn- mj

]pkvX-I-ßƒ klm-b-I-amIp-sa∂v \ap°v ]Xym-in-°mw.

tUm.sP. ]kmZvUb-d-IvS¿

BapJwBapJwBapJwBapJwBapJw

]mT-]p-kvXI ]cn- mj

inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

hnZ-Kv[¿

tUm. _nPp e£va¨Atkm-kn-tb‰v ] -k¿, kvIqƒ Hm v Km‘n-b≥ tXm v B≥Uv Uh-e]v-sa‚ v

almflmKm‘n k¿∆-I-em-im-e, tIm´bw

tUm. tPm¿Pv sI. A-eIvkvcmjvS-X¥ hn`mKw ta[m-hn, sk‚ v tXmakv tImtfPv

tImg-t©-cn, ]Ø-\w-Xn´

hc

kn. cmtP-µ≥F.hn. Kh. _n.F-®v.-F-kv. Xg-h, Icp-\m-K-∏≈n

]q v

]n. b-lnbPn.Pn.-Fw.-Pn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.

Nme-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°mSv

A°m-Z-anIv tImUn-t\-‰¿

tUm. Un. klm-b-Zmkv

Akn-Ã‚ v ]^-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Vidhyabhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-695 012

A`n-emjv Nµ≥F≥.-F-kv.-F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv.

s\Sp-ap-Sn, Be-∏pg

tKm]n hn.s]c-f-t»cn F.sI.-Pn.-kvam-cIKh. F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv, IÆq¿

tUm.sePp ]n.tXm-akvsk‚v tacokv F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv. ]´w

Xncph-\¥]pcw

tUm.apcfn kn.Un.hnth-tImZbw t_mbvkv F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv.

Xriq¿

1. C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrIw ...................................... 07

2. Fw. sI. Km-‘n-bp-sS cq-]m¥-cw ˛ H∂mw L- w ..................... 25

3. Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bp-sS cq]m-¥cw c≠mw L´w ....................... 47

4. C¥y≥ kzmX¥ykacØn¬ Km‘nPn hln® ]¶v ................ 65

5. alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS ][m\ XØz-Nn-¥-Iƒ .......................... 90

6. kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ]tbm-K-w .................................................. 113

7. alm-fl-mKm-‘n-bpsS cmjvSobZ¿i-\-ßƒ ............................ 131

8. alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS kmº-ØnIZ¿i\-ßƒ......................... 160

9. almflmKm‘nbpsS kmaqlnIZ¿i\-ßƒ .......................... 192

D≈-S°w

\ap°v Adnbmw

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ kqN-\-Iƒ

\ap°p sNømw

\ap°p ]cn-tim-[n°mw

Nn¥n-°pI, ]¶p-h-bv°pI

10C¥ybpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrIw

][m-\m-i-b-ßƒ

l \mK-cn-IX, kwkvImcw

l C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ][m\khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

l C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnhn[L -ßƒ

l ]ucm-Wn-I-Imew a[y-Imew B[p-\n-I-Imew

l C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ aq¿Øn-a-

Zv m-h-amWv alm-flm-Km‘n

1

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Bƒcq-]-amWv alm-flm-

Km-‘n-. Km‘nPn-bpsS Pohn-Xhpw Z¿i-\hpw hy‡-

X-tbmsS Adn-bm≥ C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm\XØz-ßƒ a\-n-em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

C¥ybpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-Iw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂

Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ AXns‚ A¿Yhpw ]m[m-\yhpw

]tXy-I-X-Ifpw N¿®sNøp-∂p. Km‘nPn-bpsS Z¿i-

\-Ønepw ]tbm-K-Ønepw C¥ybpsS kmwkvIm-

cnIss]Xr-Iw ]Xn-^-en-°p∂-Xp-sIm-≠v, C¥y-

bpsS B[ym-flnI˛kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-º-cy-ß-sf-∏‰n

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ a\-n-em-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

hS-°p-h-iØv lnam-e-b≥ ]¿h-X-\n-c-Ifpw a‰p aq∂p

hi-ß-fn-embn kap-Zhpw AXn-cn-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm≠p

Xs∂ C¥y≥ D]-`q-Jfiw Gjy≥ h≥I-c-bn¬

]tXy-IX ]pe¿Øp∂ H∂mbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

Ie-bp-sSbpw aX-ß-fp-sSbpw Z¿i-\-ß-fp-sSbpw

kaRvPkamb Cgp-In-t®-c-¬ at‰-sXmcp kwkvIm-

c-Øn-ep-sa∂ t]mse C¥y≥kwkvIm-c-Ønepw

ImWmw. sshtZ-inI kmwkvIm-cnIm[n-\n-th-i-ß-

fn¬s∏SmsX \ne-\n¬°m-\pw H∏w B kzm[o-\-

ß-fpsS DØ-amw-i-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈m\pw C¥y≥

kwkvIm-c-Øn\v km[n-®Xv AXns‚ Ne\m-fl-I-

Xbpw kwhm-Zm-fl-I-XbpwsIm≠p amX-am-Wv.

8

XI˛mw ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw˛ Km‘n-b≥ ]T\w

kwkvImcw

kwkvIm-c-w F∂ k¶o¿W-]-Z-Øn\v

hnhn[ A¿Y-X-e-ß-fp-≠v. Iptd `mKw

amXw ]pdsa ImWp-Ibpw `qcn-`m-Khpw

AZr-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kap-Z-

Ønse a™p-a-e-I-tfmSv kwkvIm-c-sØ-

D]-an-°mdp≠v-. Hcp P\-X-bpsS kºq¿W

Pohn-X-co-Xn, Hcp hy‡n°v Ah-\-p -

ƒs∏Sp∂ kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂p e`n-°p∂

ss]XrIw, -Iogvhg-°ßƒ, BNm-cm-\p-

jvTm-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS kwkvI-mcsØ a\-n-em-°mw. kmaq-lnIam-‰-Ønepw Ncn-

X-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-Ønepw kwkvImcw \n¿Wm-bI ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p. kwkvImcw a\p-

jys‚ samØw s]cp-am-‰-sØbpw

Pohn-X-ssi-en-sbbpw Dƒs°m-

≈p∂p. \mtSm-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw BZn-

hm-kn Kncn-h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw Pohn-

X-coXn \mK-cnI-cp-sSbpw hnI-

knXkaq-l-ß-fp-sSbpw PohnX-

ssien -t]mse Hcp kwkvImcw-

Xs∂-bmWv. Kplm-`n-Øn-I-fn¬

tImdn-bn´ BZnaa\p-jys‚ NnX-

ßfpw en]n-Ifpw enb-\m¿tUm

Umhn©nbpsS FÆ-OmbmNn-X-

ßfpw Hcp-t]mse kwkvIm-c-

Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ßfm-Wv. Ie, -kw-KoXw XpS-ßn-bh amX-a√, hoSp \n¿amWssien-

Iƒ, XpWn-s\bvØpw a¨]mX\n¿am-Whpsa√mw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.

kwkvIm-c-Øn\v aq∂p ][m\ Xe-ß-fp-≠v. 1. Bi-b-ßƒ As√-¶n¬ Nn¥mcoXn-Iƒ

(DZm: apXn¿∂hsc _lp-am-\n-°Ww F∂- \ΩpsS Nn¥). 2. \nbaw As√-¶n¬ Iogvhg-

°-ßƒ, Bi-b-ß-fpsS ]tbmKcoXn-Iƒ (DZm: ]mb-ap-≈-hsc ImWp-tºmƒ Fgp-

t∂‰p \n∂p ssIIq∏p∂ coXn). 3. uXnIkwkvImcw : a\p-jy\v Bh-iy-ap≈ hkvXp-

°-fpsS \n¿amWcoXnbpw a‰pw (DZm: ]mN-Iw, hkvX-[m-c-Ww, sI´nS\n¿amWw XpS-

ßn-bh).

Bi-b-ßfpw \nb-a-ßfpw uXn-tI-XckwkvIm-c-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. aqey-ßfpw hnizm-

k-ß-fp-sams° Bi-b-ß-fn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. \nb-a-ßƒ hy‡n-I-fpsS kz`m-hsØ \nb-

¥n-°p-Ibpw kmaq-lnI\nb-¥-W-Øn-\p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

AS-bm-f-ßƒ, aqey-ßƒ, \nb-a-ßƒ F∂nh kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ s]mXpLS-I-ß-fm-Wv.

kw`-h-ßƒ°pw hkvXp-°ƒ°pw A¿Yw I¬∏n-°p∂ AS-bm-f-ßƒ F√m kwkvIm-c-

]-h¿-Ø\w

\ΩpsS ]tZ-isØ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

`mKamb hnhn[ Iem-cq-]-ßƒ, Blm-c-

hn`-hßƒ F∂nh Fgp-Xp-I. \ΩpsS

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ LS-I-ßƒ

Iem-cq-]-ß-fn-eqsS \nßƒ°p Is≠-

Øm≥ Ign-bptam?

Xm≥ Pohn-°p∂ kaq-l-Ønse ASn-ÿm\aqey-

ß-fm¬ kzm[o-\n°s∏´n-´p≈ Hcp khn-tij

PohnXcoXn-bmWv kwkvIm-cw. Ie-bn-epw aX-

ß-fnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw kmaq-lnIÿm]-

\ß-fn-epw kz`mhcoXn-I-fnepwIqSn shfn-s∏-Sp∂

aqey-ß-fpsS BIØpI-bmWv AX.v

sI.-Fw.- ap≥jn

\

ap°

v Ad

nbmw

kwkvImcw

9

C¥ybpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrIw

ßfnep-ap-≠v. `mj-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu AS-bm-f-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

]-h¿-Ø\w

Irjn, ]mN-Iw, KXm-KXw F∂n-hbv°v

]≠pw C∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[

D]-IcWßfpsS ]ńI Xbm-dm°n Ah

\ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-°n-b am‰-ßƒ

hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

F¥mWv \mK-cn-IX F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv?

F¥mWv kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrIw? N¿®sNøp-I.

Xe-ap-d-I-fn¬\n∂p Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te°p \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I¿ ssIam-dnb aqey-ßƒ, BNm-

c-ßƒ, A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, CS-ßƒ, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, Ie-Iƒ F∂nhbpƒs∏-sS-bp≈

PohnXcoXn-I-fpw AhbpsS Bhn-jvI-mc-ßfpamWv kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-Iw. amdnhcp∂

kml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm P\-hn-`m-Khpw AXp ]p\¿\n¿an®v sshhn-[y-ßsf

Dƒs°m≠v X\na \ne-\n¿Øm≥ ian-°p-∂p. a\p-jy≥ A\p-Zn\w CS-s]-Sp-∂Xpw A\p-

`-h-th-Zy-hp-amb (tangible) sIńSkap-®-b-ßƒ, kvamc-I-ßƒ, `q]-tZ-i-ßƒ, Ie, Ic-

Iu-i-e-hn-Zy-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw `mj, ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ, Adn-hp-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ _u≤n-I-X-

e-Øn¬ \n¬°p-∂- (intangible) LS-I-ßfpw sshIm-cn-Ihpw am\-kntIm√m-k-Øn\v

DX-Ip-∂-Xp-amb \mS≥Iem-cq-]-ßfpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI ss]Xr-I-ß-fmb ssPh-ssh-hn-

[yw, `q]-tZ-i-ßƒ F∂n-hbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-Iw.

\-ap-°p sN-ømwae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb s]mXpLS-I-ßƒ Is≠-ØpI. \ΩpsS

kmwkvIm-cnI]Xo-I-ambn HmWsØ Icp-Xmtam?

\mK-cn-IX

hoSv, ho´p-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, Bbp-[-ßƒ,

]mX-ßƒ, KXm-KXcoXn-Iƒ, hkvX

\n¿amWw XpSßn ùXnIhi-ßƒ ]cn-

tim-[n-®m¬ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Hcp hnI-

knXcq]-ambn \mK-cn-I-Xsb Icp-Xmw.

AXm-bXv, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ uXnIhi-

ßsf \mK-cn-I-X-bmbn IW-°m-°mw. Hcp

kwL-SnX kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øns‚

Ah-ÿsb CXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hcp P\-

X-bpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn\v enJnX`mj,

imkvXw, Z¿i-\w, sXmgn¬ hn`-P-\w,

kmt¶-XnIhnZy, cmjvSkwhn-[m\w F∂nh B¿Pn-°p-tºm-gmWv AXp \mK-cn-I-X-

bmbn amdp-∂-sX∂ hmZ-hpw ]_-e-am-Wv. kwkvImchpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw ]c-kv]c]qc-

I-ß-fmbn Icp-Xp-∂p. c≠pw XΩn¬ \ap°v IrXy-amb th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ ]d-bm≥ km[y-

a-√. ]hr-Øn-\n-jvT-amb [m¿anIaqey-ß-fpsS hf¿®-b-mbmWp Km‘nPn kwkvIm-csØ

\nco-£n-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jys‚ IS-a-bpsS ]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p∂ s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-bmWv

kwkvIm-c-sa∂p Km‘nPn \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂p.

10


C¥y≥ kwkvImcw

kwkvIm-c-Øn\v XØp-ey-amb kwkvIrX]Zw ìkwkvIrXnî F∂m-Wv. ip≤o-I-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-\m-bn-´p-≈-Xv, ]hn-X-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv, D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn, kv^pSw sNbvsX-Sp-ØXv

F∂nhsbms° kwkvIrXn F∂ ]Zw A¿Y-am-°p-∂p. Nnc-]p-cm-X\Imew apX¬-

Xs∂ C¥y≥ kwkvIrXn am\hkwkvIrXn F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏´n-cp-∂-Xv. C¥y≥

kw-kvIm-c-Øn\v km¿h-Xn-I-amb Hcp BI¿-j-Wo-b-Xbpw AkvXn-Xzhpap≠v. sshhn-

[y-am¿∂ ssIh-gn-I-fn-eqsS HgpIn IqSn-t®¿∂ Hcp kwkvIm-c-amWv C¥y-bp-tS-Xv. AXp

_lp-ap-Jhpw hn]p-e-hp-am-Wv. thtZm-]-\n-j-Øp°-fpw kwL-Im-ess]Xr-I-ßfpw C¥y≥

kwkvIm-csØ kº-∂-am-°nb [mc-I-fm-Wv.

C¥y≥ kwkvImcØns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

\m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GIXzw

]]-©-Øn\v Htcsbmcp Dd-hnSw amX-ta-bp-≈p-sh∂pw F∂m¬ AXn\p sshhn-[y-

am¿∂ Bhn-jvIm-c-ß-fp-s≠∂pw C¥y-bpsS Bflob]mc-ºcyw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p. ]e

alm∑m-cpw CXp hnh-cn-°p-Ibpw hnhn[ coXn-Ifn¬ A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠.v

AXmWv ì" GIw kXv hn]m _lp-[m- h-Z¥n'î (hn-hn[ cq]-Øn¬ kXysØ Bhn-

jvI-cn-°p-s∂¶nepw, kXyw GI-amWv) F∂-Xns‚ A¿Yw. \m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GIXzw

F∂Xv Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw ]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw kpZr-V-amb XØz-am-Wv.

hnhn[ aX-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ P\-ßƒ kl-h¿Øn-XztØmsS C¥y-bn¬ Pohn-°p-

∂p. ]e temI-a-X-ß-fp-sSbpw amXr-Kr-l-amWv C¥y. AkwJyw hmkvXp-hnZymcoXn-

Iƒ, inev]hnZy, NnX-I-e, imkvXo-b, \mtSmSn\rØ-˛-kw-Ko-X-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ F∂nh

ChnsS hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ ChnsS

[mcmfw D’-h-ßfpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Cu sshhn-[y-amWv C¥y≥

kwkvImcw kΩn-ihpw kº∂hpw kuµ-cy-]q¿W-hp-am°nØo¿°p-∂-Xv. F¥p-sIm-

≠mWv C¥y≥ kwkvImcw sshhn[y]q¿W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv? \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

sshhn-[y-Øn\v \nc-h-[n- Im-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. cmPyhnkvXr-Xnbpw `q]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-h-

ÿm-t`-Z-ßfpw apJy-Im-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

Cdm-\n-b¿, Ko°p-Im¿, Ipim-\¿, imI-¿, lpW¿, Ad-_n-Iƒ, Xp¿°n-Iƒ, apK-f-¿,

bqtdm-]y-¿ XpSßn hnhn[ hwiobhn`m-K-ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ h∂v Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

\ΩpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v Hcp _p≈‰v

Nm¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

\-ap-°p sN-ømwC¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-ßƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Nm¿´v Xbm-dm-

°p-I. (`£-Ww, hkvXw, Iem-cq-]-ßƒ, `mj, aXw, hmkvXp-hn-Zy, Ic-Iu-i-

ew)

11


Xt±-i-P-\-X-bp-ambn Cgp-In-t®¿∂p Pohn-°pIbpw sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS Nn¥-I-fpw ioe-

ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw ChnsS \ne\n∂ kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn IqSn-°-e¿∂p. Bibkzmwio-

I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ tijn C¥y°v bpK-ß-fmbp≈ Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. `qan-im-kvX-]-c-

amb sshhn-[yhpw Imem-hÿm t`Z-ß-fp-ap-s≠-¶nepw B¥-cn-I-amb Hcp kmwkvIm-

cnIss]XrIw \ap-°p-≠v. hyXykvX ]tZ-i-ß-fnse khn-ti-j-XIƒ AXXp kwkvIm-

c-ßƒ°v khn-ti-j-amb alØzw \¬Ip-∂p. kwKo-X-Ønepw \rØ-Ønepw \mS-I-

Ønepw NnX-I-e-bnepw inev]-hn-Zy-bnepw hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønep-sa√mw

\ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kΩnikz`mhw ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p.

XpS¿®bpw ]cn-h¿Ø-\hpw

temI-Ønse hnhn[ kwkvIm-c-ßƒ \in-®p-t]m-hp-Itbm ]Icw as‰m-∂n¬ Aen-

™n-√m-Xm-hp-Itbm sNbvXn- p≠v. am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-ImsX \ne-sIm-≈p∂ kwkvIm-

c-amWv XpS®p\o°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-tØmfw

]g-°-ap-≠v. C∂pw AXp- ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-bns°m-≠n-cn°p-∂p. C¥y-

bnse Kma-ßƒ lmc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \mw Is≠-Ønb Kma-ß-fn¬ \n∂v C∂pw

H´pw `n-∂-a-√.

_n.kn. Bdmw \q‰m-≠nse ]cn-jvIc-W-]ÿm\-ß-fmb ssP\˛ _p≤Z¿i\ßƒ,

]Xn-s\´pw ]sØm-ºXpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse kmaq-lnI ˛ aX]cn-jvI-c-W-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ

F∂nh C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øn-s‚ Nn¥mcoXn-bnepw ]ÿm-\-ß-fnepw hnπ-hm-fl-I-amb

apt∂‰ßƒ hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip-tºmƒXs∂ aX-ß-fn-sebpw a‰pw

k\m-X-\-aq-ey-ßƒ AXns‚ kmcmwiw Dƒs°m≠p XpScp∂ ImgvN-bmWv \mw C¥y≥

kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. c≠p \q‰m-≠p-Im-esØ _n´njv sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hmgvN

\ne-\n-∂n´pw XpS¿®bpw ]cn-h¿Ø-\hpw F∂ ]Inb C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

F°m-e-sØbpw khn-ti-j-X-bm-bnØo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. GXn-s\bpw Dƒs°m-≈m\pw

kzbw am‰-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-hm\pw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\p km[n-°p-∂Xv AXns‚

Ne-\m-fl-IXsIm≠m-Wv. bp≤-ßfp≠m-bn´pw CXn\p am‰-ap-≠m-bn-√.

aX-_-lp-eX

hnhn[ aXßfpsS Cu‰n-√-amb C¥y-bn¬ aXsØ tIhew A\p-jvTm-\-ß-

fmtbm ]am-W-ß-fmtbm A√; Pohn-X-co-Xn-bm-bmWp ImWp-∂-Xv. F√m aX-ßƒ°pw

Xpey-]m-[m\yw \¬Ip∂ ]mc-º-cy-amWv \ap-°p-≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬ ][m\ temI-a-X-

ß-sfms° C¥y-bn¬ thcp-d-∏n-®n- p-≠v. ë" AXnYn tZthm h'í F∂Xv \ΩpsS \mSns‚

Hcp s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-bmWv. ]c-kv]c[mc-Wbpw klnjvWp-Xbpw ]pcm-X-\-Imew apX¬

\ΩpsS PohnX]mT-ß-fmWv. C¥y-bnse aX-ß-fp-sSbpw Ie-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-

s‚bpw Z¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\hpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. kucm-jvS-aXw (]mgvkn)

Cdm-\n¬ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW-¶nepw AXv C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p∂ temI-Ønse GI

`q]-tZiw C¥y- am-X-am-Wv. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS ]mc-kv]-cy-amWv C¥y≥

aX-_-lp-e-kz-`m-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w.

12


hnhn[ aX-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS kmwkvIm-cnIka-\z-b-Øns‚ DØa DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv C¥y-

bnse kmwkvIm-cnI]mc-º-cy-ßƒ. Chn-sS-bp≈ sslµ-h ˛ Ckvemw˛ssIkvX-h˛

knJv ˛ _p≤˛ssP\˛]mgvkn aXhnizmknIƒ F√m aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-ambn CS-]-g-In-

bmWv Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. D’-h-Im-e-ß-fn¬ P\-ßƒ aX-t -Z-sat\y HØp-tN-cp-Ibpw hnizm-

km-Nm-c-ßƒ ]¶n-SpI-bpw sNøm-dp-≠v (i-_-cn-a-e-bn-te-°p≈ Aø-∏-`-‡¿ Fcp-ta-en-

bnse hmh-cp-]≈n kµ¿in-°p-∂Xv ]mtZ-in-I-amb Hcp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv). C¥y-bnse

GsXmcp ]uc\pw Ah-\hs‚ hnizmkw ]Jym-]n-°m\pw ]N-cn-∏n-°m-\pw CjvS-ap-

≈ -aXw kzoI-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX¥yap≠v. C¥y-bn¬ HutZym-Kn-I-amb Hcp aXan√.

adn®v, F√m aX-ß-sfbpw ka`mh-\-tbmsS ImWp-∂p.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

]mtZ-inI-X-e-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ atX-X-

c-aq-ey-ßƒ kw_-‘n®v (DZm : ]≈n-I-fnepw t£X-ß-fnepw CXc aX-ÿ¿

\¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ßƒ) Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

km¿h-Xn-IX

hkp-ss[hIpSpw-_Iw, ë temI-m k-akvXm kpJn-t\m- -h¥pí F∂o Bibßƒ C¥y≥

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ s]mXp]mc-ºcy-am-Wv. F√m a\p-jy-cnepw Cuiz-c-ssN-X\yw IpSn-

sIm-≈p-∂-Xmbn \ΩpsS Bflob]mc-º-cyw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v kakvX Poh-

Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw AXpeyX-bn¬ C¥y≥ kwkvImcw hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

`qan-im-kvX-]-ctam cmjvSobtam Bb cmPy-Øns‚ AXn¿h-c-ºp-Iƒ°-∏p-d-Øp-≈ kl-

h¿Øn-Xz-tØm-SpIqSnb PohnXhpw kam-[m-\-Øns‚bpw kulm¿ZØn-t‚Xp-amb Hcp

km¿h-XnIho£WhpamWv C¥y-bp-tS-Xv. AJfi-X-bp-sSbpw kmtlm-Z-cy-Øns‚bpw

ktµ-i-amWv C¥y temI-Øn\p \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

Bflob-Xbpw ùXn-I-Xbpw

Bflob-X-bpsS \mSmbmWv C¥y s]mXpsh Adnbs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]pcm-X-\-

Imew apX¬ Xs∂ ùXn-Ihpw ùXn-tI-X-c-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fn¬ hnImkw ]m]n®

Ncn-X-amWp \ap°p-≈-Xv. lmc-∏≥ \nhm-kn-Iƒ°v KWn-X-im-kvX-Ønepw Af-hnepw

Xq°-Ønepsams° \√ Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc imkvXo-b-amb coXn-bn-emWv Ah¿

]´-W-ßƒ cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. KWnXimkvXw, tPymXn-»mkvXw, sshZy-

imkvXw XpSßn an° imkvX-ß-fnepw ]pcm-X-t\¥y KWy-amb kw`m-h\Iƒ \¬In-

bn-´p-≠v. aX-hn-izm-ktam as‰-s¥-¶neptam ⁄m\kºm-Z-\-Øn\v XS--am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

C¥y≥ ]mcºcy-Øn¬ aX-sa-∂-Xn\v A`n-]mbw F∂-Xn¬ Ihn-s™mcp A¿Yhpap≠m-

bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ sshZy-im-kvX-]-fin-X-\mb Nc-I\pw \mkvXnIhnizm-

kn-bmb Nm¿hmI\pw aX-ÿm-]-I-cm-bmWp ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \mkvXnINn¥-Ifpw

ChnsS hf¿∂p hnImkw ]m]n-®n-´p-≠v.

13


am\-hn-I-Xbpw kln-jvWp-X-bpw

sshtZ-in-I-amb AXn-I-a-ßfpw cmjvSobIem-]-ßfpw C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p

sh¶nepw C¥y≥P\X Ah-cpsS A¥pw s]cp-am-‰hpw Ft∏mgpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p.

kln-jvWp-X-bp-sSbpw HuZm-cy-Øn-s‚bpw BZ¿i-ßƒ Ah¿ F°m-ehpw ]pe¿Øn-

t∏m-∂p. alm-fl-mKm‘n Db¿Ønb Alnw-k-bp-sSbpw kXym-K-l-Øn-s‚bpw XØz-

ßƒ temIsØØs∂ hnkva-bn-∏n-®p.

]c-kv]-c_‘n-X-amb kmaq-lnIhy-hÿ

]mc-º-cy-ßfpw BNm-c-ß-fpw -sIm≠v ]c-kv]c_‘n-X-amb IpSpw-_-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn-t‚-Xv. IpSpw-_-ßƒ apØ-—-∑m-tcmSpw amXm]nXm-°tfmSpw a°-

tfmSpw t]c-°p-´n-I-tfm-Sp-sa√mw ]c-kv]c_‘n-X-am-Wv. Ah¿ Htc aqey-ßfpw Htc

Bflmhpw ]mc-º-cyhpw kºØpw ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂p. IpSpw_w XpS-ßnb kmaq-lnI

ÿm]-\ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw AXn-eqsS PohnXw XpS-cp-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-Xmbn C¥y°m¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-Xbpw sshhn-[yhpw temIw apgp-h≥ AwKo-I-cn-°-

s∏-´-Xm-Wv. C¥y-bpsS Iem˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI kw`m-h-\-Iƒ, `£Ww, cpNn-t`-Z-ßƒ,

kmlnXyIrXn-Iƒ F∂n-hbv°v temIkwkvIm-c-Øn¬ D∂X-amb ÿm\-ap≠v.

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ L -ßƒ

at‰-sXmcp cmPysØbpw t]mse, C¥y-bpsS Ncn-X-sØbpw ]mNo-\w, a[y-Im-ew,

B[p-\nIw F∂n-ßs\ hn`-Pn-°mw. ]mNo\Ime-L´w qan-bn¬ a\pjyPohnXw Bcw-

`n-°p-∂Xp apX¬ XpS-ßp-∂p.

]mNo-\-Im-e-L´w

\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ssZ¿Lyta-dn-b-XmWv C¥y-bpsS NcnXw. kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-Ønse (2700-

1800 BC) lmc-∏bpw taml≥sPmZm-tcmbpw C¥y≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS BZy-Ime kz`m-h-

Øns‚ km£y-ß-fm-Wv. lmc-∏≥ \mK-cn-IX C¥y≥ D]-`q-Jfi-Ønse Adn-b-s∏-

´p∂ BZysØ \mK-cnIkwkvIm-c-am-Wv. Agp-°p-Nm-ep-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ipNn-Xz-kw-

hn-[m-\hpw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb tdmUp-Ifpap≈ \Kcßfpw A∂sØ ]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. NpSp-I-´-Iƒ sIm≠p \n¿an®, ASp-°-fbpw Ipfn-ap-dnbp-ap≈ hoSp-Iƒ A∂p-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. a¨]mX\n¿am-W-Øn¬ hnZ-Kv[-cmb lmc-∏≥ P\-Xbv°v teml-ßƒ, teml-

°q-´p-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰nbpw Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ kkyarKm-Zn-I-sfbpw

]IrXni‡n-I-sfbpw Bcm-[n-®p. arK-ß-fpsS cq]-ßƒ sIm-Øn-bXpw B¬acw NnXo-

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

14


I-cn-®-Xp-amb apZ-Iƒ FgpØv hi-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ lmc-∏≥ P\-Xbv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

A∂sØ Kmao-W-cpsS ][m\ sXmgn¬ Irjn-bm-bn-cp-∂p (lm-c-∏≥ kaqlw

satkms∏m´man-b-bp-ambn hym]mc_‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p.) temI-Øm-Zy-am-bn-

]cpØnIrjn sNbvXhsc∂p Icp-Xp∂ lmc-∏≥ P\-Xbv°v \q¬\q¬∏pw Xøepw

Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. _n. kn. 1800 HmsS lmc-∏≥ \mK-cn-I-X \miw t\cn´p.

thZ-ImekwkvImcw

lmc-∏≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ]X-\-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v B \Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ Hcp ]pXn-b -kwkvImcw

Bcy-∑m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]pjvSn-s∏´p. kn‘p ˛ kc-kzXn \Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ ÿnc-Xm-

a-k-am-°nb Bcy-∑m¿ Im¿jnIhrØn-bn-te¿s∏-´p. tZhotZh-∑msc kvXpXn-®p-sIm≠v

cNn® Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ EtKz-Zw, kma-th-Zw, bPp¿th-Zw, AY¿hthZw F∂o \mev thZ-

ß-fn¬ kam-l-cn-®p. ]hn-X-amb B[ymflnI⁄m\w F∂mWv thZ-Øns‚ A¿Yw.

thZ-Im-esØ BZn-th-Z-Im-e-sa∂pw ]n¬°m-e-th-Z-Im-e-sa∂pw Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. BZn/

thZImesØ EtKzZw ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn--°p-∂p. a‰p aq∂p thZ-ßfpw _m“-W-ßƒ, Bc-

Wy-I-ßƒ, D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ F∂n-hbpamWv ]n¬°m-e-th-Z-Im-e-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\.

CXn-lm-k-ß-fmb cmam-b-Whpw alm- m-c-Xhpw ]pcm-Wßfpw BZn-th-Z-Im-esØ Pohn-

X-sØbpw kaq-l-sØbpw Ipdn®v shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bm-Wv.

D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ : thZ-ß-fpsS D]-kw-lm-c-`m-K-ß-fmWv D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ. thZm-¥-sa-

∂-dns∏-Sp∂ Ch thtZm-]-tZ-i-ßfpsS kmcmw-i-am-Wv. 108 FÆw hcp∂ Ch _p≤-Im-

e-L-´-Øn\v apºpw ]nºpambmWv cNn°s∏-´Xv. C¥y≥ XØz-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw aX-Z¿i-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ. F¥mWv kXy-sa-∂-dn-bm-\p≈ At\z-

j-W-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fpsS tIµ]ta-bw.

k®n-Zm-\µ-am-Ip∂ ASn-ÿm\ bmYm¿Yy-Ønte°p \bn-°m-\p≈ ]m¿Y-\-bmWv Cu

XØz-Nn-¥-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w. kXv, NnXv, B\µw F∂o aqe-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-sf-°p-dn-

®p≈ At\z-j-W-am-WnXv. kXv F∂m¬ ]c-_-“hpw NnXv F∂m¬ Hcmƒ FØn-t®-

cp∂ Ah-t_m-[-Øns‚ D∂-X-X-e-hpw B\µw Hcmƒ ssIh-cn-°p∂ ]c-a-amb kt¥m-

j-hp-am-Wv.

`K-hZvKoX : alm`mc-XØnse `ojva-]¿h-Øns‚ `mK-amWv `K-hZvKoX. [¿a-Øn-

s‚bpw XØz-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw ]mTßƒ \¬Ip∂ `K-hZvKoX C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-Ønse

][m\ ]tNm-ZnXKŸ-ßfn¬ H∂m-Wv. `K-hZvKoXbpsS ktµiw km¿h-Xn-I-am-Wv.

\nkzm¿Ytkh-\-Øns‚ Blzm\-ambn "KoX'sb IW-°m-°p-∂p. "KoX'bpsS apJy-k-

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

]mNo\ Ime-L-´-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Fs¥∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

15


\-ap°p sN-ømw

D]-\n-j-Øp-°fp-sSbpw `K-h-ZvKo-X-bp-sSbpw tIµ Bi-b-ßƒ Xmc-Xayw

sNøpI.

tµ-i-amb \njvIm-a-I¿a-Øns‚ kØ \nkzm¿Ytkh-\-am-Wv. I¿a-tbm-K-Øns‚bpw

⁄m\-tbm-K-Øn-s‚bpw ka-\z-b-Øn-s‚ km£m-¬°m-c-amWv `K-hZvKoX. AXn-\m¬

Km‘nPn `K-hZvKoXsb AΩ-bmbpw B[ym-flnI \nL≠p-hmbpw Icp-Xn. Km‘nPn

A\m-k-‡n-tbmK F∂ t]cn¬ `K-hZvKoXbv°v hymJym\w cNn®p. H∂pw BK-ln-

°m-sX-bp≈ ]hrØn; I¿a^e-ßƒ XyPn-°p∂-XneqsS, F√m ]hr-Øn-Ifpw Cuiz-

c\v ka¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v Pohn-X-bmX XpS-cm≥ Km‘nPn A\m-k-‡n-tbm-K-bneqsS

Blzm\w sNøp∂p.

aXhpw kaq-lhpw : Bcy-k-aq-l-Øn¬ ]pcp-j-tI-µoIrX tKmXm-[n-]Xy coXn-bm-bn-cp-

∂p-sh-¶nepw kvXoIƒ BZ-cn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_-am-bn-cp-∂p G‰hpw ASn-Ø- n-ep≈

kmaq-lnI-L-S-Iw. IpSpw-_-ßƒ tN¿∂v Ipe-ßfpw, Ipe-ßƒ IqSn-t®¿∂v- tKmXhpw.

]e Ipe-ßfpw Kmaßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv cmjvStam cmPytam D≠m-bn-cp-

∂n-√. ]n¬°m-e-th-Z-Im-eØv kaqlw \mep-h¿W-ß-fmbn hn`Pn-°s∏´p. _m“W¿,

£Xn-b¿, sshiy¿, iqZ¿ F∂n-ßs\bmWv Ah.

NmXp¿h¿Wyhyhÿ F∂mWv Cu hn`-P\w Adn-b-s∏-

Sp-∂-Xv. XpS-°-Øn¬ hnhn[ sXmgnepI-fpsS hn`-P-\-am-bn-

cp -∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]n∂oSv ]mc-º-cym-Sn -ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈

I¿°ihyh-ÿ-bmbn AXp amdn. _m“-W¿ kaq-l-

Ønse B[n-]Xyh¿K-ambn hf¿∂p. c-W-hn-`mKw £Xn-

bcpw hym]m-cn-Iƒ sshiycpw CXc sXmgn-en¬ G¿s∏-´

-hn-`m-K-ßƒ iqZ--cpambn amdn.

a\pjyPohn-XsØ \mep hyXykvX L´-ß-fmbn Xncn-

°p∂ NXp-cm-ia as‰mcp kmaqlnIhyh-ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

_“-Ncyw (A-hn-hm-ln-Xm-h-ÿ, Hcp Kpcp-hns‚ Bi-a-

Ønse A®-S-°-am¿∂ hnZym-`ymkPohnXw), Km¿lÿyw

(Ip-Spw-_-Po-hn-Xw), hm\-]ÿw (Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬\n∂v AI-

∂p≈ Pohn-Xw), k∂ymkw (eu-InIPohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂-I∂v B[ymflnI At\z-j-W-

Øn-\m-bp≈ ka¿∏nXPohn-Xw). Bia[¿aßƒ kvXoIƒ°pw h¿Whyh-ÿ-bnse

Xmgv∂h-cm-°-s∏´ hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw _m[-I-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

Nm¿hmIw (tem-Im-b-Xw) : C¥y≥ XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS \mkvXnIZ¿i-\-ß-fn-sem-∂mWp-

Nm¿hmIZ¿i\w. Nm¿hmIZ¿i\w Cuiz-c-k-¶-¬∏-sØ \ntj-[n-°p∂p. _n. kn.

Ggmw \q‰mt≠m-Sp-IqSn cq]-s∏´ Nm¿hmIZ¿i\Øns‚ ]amWKŸ-ß-sfm∂pw e`n-

®n- n-√. _rl-kv]-Xn-bmWv CXns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-sh∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Id-I-f™ uXn-

16


I-hm-Z-amb temIm-bXw thZ-ß-fpsS hnip≤]cn-th-j-sØbpw AXns‚ t]cn¬ hnizm-

k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ F√m \ymb-hm-Zß-sfbpw i‡-ambn FXn¿°p-∂p. NqjWw

Dt±-in-®p≈ ]ptcm-lnXh¿K-Øns‚ kqX-∏-Wn-I-fm-Wn-sX∂p temIm-b-X-¿ hy‡-am-

°p-∂p.

aX-hnIm-k-ßƒ : _n. kn. 600 ˛ _nkn 200 Ime-b-fhv cmPy-Øns‚ cmjvSob ˛

kmwkvIm-cnINcn-X-Øn¬ ][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. thZ-Ime aX-ß-fn-ep-≠mb Zpjn® ]h-

W-X-Iƒs°Xn-tc cq]wsIm≠ ssP\a-Xhpw _p≤-a-X-hpw Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ kw`m-

h-\-bm-Wv. C¥y≥ Pohn-X-Ønepw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw \n¿Wm-bI kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-

bn- p≈ Cu aX-ßƒ _m“-Wm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øns\Xntc

D≠mb FXn¿∏n¬\n∂v DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv. Cu aX-ß-fpsS ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ [m¿anI

Pohn-XØn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m≠v k\ym-kmi-a-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. ssP\-a-X-Ønse

kwLßfpw _p≤-a-X-Ønse hnlm-c-ßfpw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Xcw-Xn-cnhp-I-fn-

√msX F√m-h¿°pw kzoIm-cy-am-b, kzmX-¥y-Ønepw ka-Xz-Øn-epw- A-[njvTnX-amb

Hcp kaq-l\n¿anXn-°m-bp≈ A`n-\n-th-ihpw ]pXnb aX-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhØn\p

Imc-W-ambXmbn Ncn-X-Im-c-¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

B[p-\nI _nlm-dnse sshim-en°p kao-]-ap≈ Ipµ-Km-a-Øn-emWv alm-ho-c≥

P\n-®Xv (_n. kn. 599). hnhm-l-Øn\p tijw alm-ho-c≥ euIn-I-kq-J-ßƒ shSn™v

k∂ymkw kzoI-cn®v Ae™p \S-∂p. ]¥≠psIm√sØ k∂ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn\p

tijw 42 masØ hb-n¬ ]c-a-amb ⁄m\w t\Sn. AXn\p tijw Pn\≥ F∂dn-

b-s∏-´p XpS-ßn. CXn¬\n∂mWv ssP\-aXw F∂ t]cv D¤-hn-®Xvv. aK-[w, tImk-

ew XpS-ßnb ]tZ-i-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ][m\ ]h¿Ø\taJe. cmPKr-l-Øn\SpØv

]mh F∂ ÿeØv h®v 72˛m-asØ hbn¬ At±lw \n¿hmWw ]m]n-®p

(_n.kn. 527).

ssP\-aXw

ssP\-a-X-Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥ BZnXo¿Y¶c-\mb Ej`tZh-\m-sW∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

Ccp-]-Øn-\m-em-aXv Xo¿Y-¶-c-\mb alm-ho-c-\mWv ssP\XØz-kw-ln-X-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-

®Xpw Ah-km\cq]w \¬In-b-Xpw. AXp-sIm-≠v alm-ho-c-\mWv ssP\-aXw ÿm]n-®-

Xv F∂p s]mXp-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. kXy-⁄m-\-Øn\v efnXPohnXw \bn-°-W-

sa∂pw ]©-a-lm-hX-ßƒ ]men-°-W-sa∂pw ssP\-aXw D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. kXyw (I≈w

]d-bm-Xn-cn-°p-I), Alnwk (lnwk h¿Pn-°p-I), AkvtXbw (X-t‚-X-√mØ hkvXp-

°ƒ kz¥-am-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I), A]-cn-Klw (B-h-iy-an-√mØ euIn-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ Aan-

X-ambn BKln-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.), _“-Ncyw (]-hn--X-Po-hn-Xw) F∂n-h-bm-W-h. icn-

bmb Pohn-X-Øn\v Xnc-Xv\-ßƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ icn-bmb hnizmkw, icn-bmb

⁄m\w, icn-bmb s]cp-am-‰w, F∂o aq∂p am¿Kßƒ ssP\-aXw \n¿tZin-°p-∂p.

F√m Pohn-Ifpw Pohn-°m-≥ BK-ln-°p-∂psh∂pw Hmtcm∂n\pw kz¥w Poh≥ G‰hpw

]nb-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂pw alm-ho-c≥ ]d-bp-∂p. km[m-cW P\-ßƒ°p ]m]y-amb ]mIr-

X-`m-j-bn-emWv At±lw ]`m-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

17


ssP\-aXØns‚ ]c-a-]-[m-\-amb XØzw Alnw-k-bm-Wv. CXv a\p-jy¿°p amX-a√,

arK-ßƒ°pw ]mWn-Iƒ°pw hsc _m[-I-am-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ AkvXn-XzsØ \ntj-

[n-°p∂ ssP\-aXw PmXn-c-ln-Xhpw km¿h-P-\o-\-hp-amb Hcp kmaqlnIhyh-ÿn-Xn-

°p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≠p.

ssP\-aXXØz-amb At\-Im-¥-hmZw bmYm¿Yy-ß-fpsS sshhn-[y-ßsf Du∂n-∏-d-

bp∂p. iXp-]-£-Øp-≈-h-cp-sSbpw \sΩ FXn¿°p-∂-h-cpsSbpw hnizm-k-ßfpw ImgvN-

∏m-Sp-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-W-sa∂ Nn¥-bmWXv. Hcp hkvXp-hn-s\-∏-‰ntbm ]]-©-sØ-

°p-dnt®m D≈ Adnhv Hcp ]tXy-I-ho-£-W-Øn¬ icn-bm-bn-cn-°mw. as‰mcp ho£-

WØn¬ sX‰m-bn-cn-°mw. AXp-sIm≠v F¥n-s\-°p-dn-®pap≈ Adn-h,v Ft∏mgpw

A]q¿Whpw Ahy-‡hpw Bt]-£n-IhpamsW∂v At\-Im-¥-hmZw ka¿Yn-°p-∂p.

Km‘n-Pnsb hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o-\n-® ssP\XØz-Nn-¥Ifn-sem-∂mWnXv.

_p≤aXw

alm-ho-cs‚ ka-Im-enI-\mb KuX-a-_p-≤-\m-Wv (_n.kn. 563

˛483) _p≤-aXÿm]-I≥. C¥y P∑w \¬Inb G‰hpw alm-

\mb Kpcp-ti-jvT-\mWv io_p-≤≥. Z£nW t\∏m-fnse

epw_n\nbn¬ P\n® kn≤m¿Y KuX-a≥ 29˛mw hb-n¬,

At±-l-Øn\v Hcp ]pX≥ P\n® tijw, F√m euIn-I-kp-

J-ßfpw XyPn®v k∂ymkw kzoI-cn-®p. kXym-t\z-jWhyK-

X-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ae™p \S∂ At±lw bmX-bpsS Ah-km-

\-L-´-Øn¬ _p≤-K-b-bn-seØn. At\IZnh-ksØ [ym\-

Øn-\p-tijw At±-l-Øn\v t_mt[m-Zbw e`n-®p. CXn-\p-

tijw KuX-a≥ _p≤≥ F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±lw

45 h¿j-tØmfw Xs‚ aXX-Øz-ßƒ ]N-cn-∏n-®p. Ipio \K-

c-Øn¬h®v 80˛m-asØ hb-n¬ Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn-™p.

kXy-Øn-s‚bpw XymK-Øn-s‚bpw tkh-\-Øn-s‚bpw cq-]-am-bn-cp-∂p io_p-≤≥. \mev

Bcy-k-Xyßfpw AjvSmw-K-am¿K-hp-amWv _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ ][m\ XØzßƒ.

\mev Bcy-k-Xy-ßƒ:1. euInIPohn-Xw apgp-h≥ ZpxJ-]q¿W-am-Wv. 2. BK-l-amWv

F√m ZpxJ-Øn-s‚bpw aqe-Im-c-Ww. 3. BK-l-ßsf C√m-Xm-°p∂-XmWv ZpxJ-\m-i-

Øn-\p≈ am¿Kw. 4. AjvSmw-K-am¿K-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn BK-l-ßsf \in-∏n-

°m≥ km[n-°pw.

AjvSmw-K-am¿K-ßƒ : 1. icn-bmb [mcW 2. icn -bmb k¶¬∏w 3. icn -bmb

`mjWw 4. icn-bmb s]cp-am‰w 5. icn-bmb D]-Po-h\coXn 6. icn-bmb ]cn-

iaw 7. icn-bmb Btem-N\ 8. icn-bmb GIm-KX

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

ssP\aX-Ønse ][m\mi-b-ßƒ Is≠Øn eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.

18


_p≤-a-X-Øns‚ PmXnclnXhpw km¿hP-\o-\-hp-amb kz`mhhnti-jw kmam\yP\-k-

aq-lsØ A-Xns‚ kzm[o-\-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p. kmaqlnI A\n-Xo-Iƒs°-Xn-cmb

_p≤-aXw Xoh-hm-Z-ßsf Xnc-kvI-cn®v a[y-am¿K-k-ao-]\w kzoI-cn-®Xv AXns\ IqSp-

X¬ ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°n. kam-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw kulm¿Z-Øn-s‚bpwIqSn Bi-b-amWv

_p≤-a-Xw.

AtimINI-h¿Øn (_n. kn. 304 232)

aucy-N-I-h¿Ønbmb Atim-I≥ c‡-cq-jnXbp≤-Øn-eqsS C∂sØ HUo-j-bnse

IenwK F∂ ]tZiw ]nSn-®-S-°nb tijw, bp≤-Øns‚ òI-c-X-bn¬ ]›m-Øm-]-hn-

h-i-\mbn AIaw ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pIbpw _p≤-a-Xm-\p-bmbn Bbn amdpIbpw sNbvXp.

kakvX Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw Pohs\ B-Z-cn®v kvXw`-ßfpw kvXq]-ßfpw ÿm]n®v

_p≤-a-Xm-ib-ßƒ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw P\-ßsf [m¿an-I-]m-X-bn¬ AWn-tN¿°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. [¿ahnP-b-sa∂ \bw kzoI-cn®v, P\-ßsf Alnwk ]cn-ioen-°m≥ Blzm\w

sNbvX Atim-I≥ cmPysØ P\-ß-fpsS t£a-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ ]≤-Xn-I-fmWp \S-∏n-em-

°n-bXv.

a[y-Im-e-L´w

kmwkvImcnIka-\z-b-Øns‚ kph¿W-Im-e-am-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bpsS a[y-Im-e-L´w. Xp¿°n-

Ifpw apKfcpw kmaqlnI˛kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-Ifn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂ ]pØ-\m-i-b-ßfpw

kq^n, `‡n, knJv XpS-ßnb B[ym-flnI \ho-I-cW]ÿm-\-ßfpw a[y-Im-e-L-´-

Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

apKƒ NI-h¿Øn-bmb AIv_¿ Ckvemw˛sslµ-h˛ssIkvX-h˛ssP\˛ kucm-

jvS aX-ß-fpsS \√ Aw-i-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v 16˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Zo≥ ˛ Cemln

F∂ aX-Øn\v cq]wsImSp-Øp. sFIy`mcXw F∂ e£ytØmsS hnhn[ kwkvIm-c-

ß-fpsS Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ°v an° apKƒ`cWm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw t]m’m-l\w \¬In.

kq^n]ÿm\w

CkvemwaX-Ønse tbmKm-flI Bflo-b-[m-c-bmWv kq^nkw. apl-ΩZv \_n-bpsS Pohn-

X-Øn¬\n∂pw Jp¿B\n¬\n∂pw ]tNm-Z\apƒs°m≠v ]›n-ta-jy-bn-em-cw-`n® Hcp

]cn-jvI-cW]ÿm-\-amWv kq^n-kw. kq^nkw C¥y-bn¬ ]N-cn-®Xv apKƒ`c-W-Im-

e-Øm-Wv. C¥y-bnse aX-ß-fp-ambn ASpØ kº¿°w ]pe¿Øn-b-Xns‚ ê-ambn

kq^nkw `mc-Xo-b-amb ]e Bi-b-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw kzmb-Ø-am°n. kq^n-

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

hnZym¿YnPohn-X-Øn¬ AjvSmw-K-am¿K-Øns‚ ]k-‡n- N¿®sNøpI.

19


Ifpw Xß-fp-tS-Xmb Bi-a-ßƒ ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p. ssP\˛_p-≤-a-X-ß-fpsS auen-I-XØz-

amb Alnwk kq^nIfpw kzoI-cn-®p. sslµhNn¥bpw Ckvem-anI B[ym-fln-I-Xbpw

IqSnt®cp∂ Hcp khn-tij Bflob[mc-bmbn C¥y≥ kq^nkw hf¿∂p. ]pcm-X\

kq^n Bi-a-ß-ƒ apkvenwIƒ amX-a√, lnµp-°fpw kµ¿in-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

sslµh˛ Ckvemw- a-X-ßsf ka-\zbn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw aXkln-jvWp-X-bp-sSbpw ]c-

kv]-c-[m-c-W-bp-tSXpamb A¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\pw CXp klm-b-I-ambn. kvt\l-

amWv Fs‚ aX-sa∂p ]Jym-]n® Pem-ep±o≥ dqan kqô ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ k¿hm-Z-c-

Wo-b-\m-Wv.

`‡n-]-ÿm\w

C¥y-bn-ep-≠mb Hcp \thm-∞m-\-]-ÿm-\-am-Wv `‡n-]-ÿm\w. 12 apX¬ 17 hsc-

iX-I-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bn-ep-S-\ofw `‡n-sb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Fgp-X-s∏´ IrXn-I-sfbpw

Ihn-I-sfbpw Ah-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw samØ-Øn¬ Ipdn-°m-\mWv ‡n-]-ÿm\w

F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. kmlnXyw, inev]-˛-Nn-X-Ie-Iƒ, kwKoXw, \rØw XpS-

ßnb ]e ta-J-e-I-fnepw ‡n-]-ÿm\Øns‚ kzm[o\w ]I-S-ambn. sshjvWh`‡-

cmb Bgvhm¿amcpw ssih- -‡-cmb \mb-\m¿amcpw Xan-gv\m- n¬ ‡n-]--ÿm-\-Øns‚

BZy-Ime h‡m-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

a[y-Im-esØ ]fin-X-∑m-cmb sslµ-h-kn-≤-∑m¿ Cuiz-c-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-

X Du∂n-∏-d-™p-sIm-≠p≈ `‡n-am¿Kw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

`‡n-`m-h-Øns‚ ]camh-ÿ-bn¬ ssZh-Øn\p kzbw-k-a¿∏n-X-cm-hpI F∂-Xm-Wv Cu

]ÿm-\w e£y-am-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]c-º-cm-KX PmXn-hy-h-ÿsb tNmZyw sNbvX-h-cm-

Wv `‡n-]-ÿm\Ønse an° kn≤-∑m-cpw. bmYm-ÿn-XnI _m“-W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-

s\-Xn-tc-bp≈ apt∂-‰-am-bn-cp∂p ‡n-]-ÿm\w. Cuiz-c- ‡n, ]hn-X-amb a\,v lnµp˛

apkvenw sFIyw, hnKlm-cm-[-\-tbm-Sp≈ \ntj-[w. PmXnhyhÿsb \ncm-I-cn-°¬,

]mtZ-inI`mjIfpsS D]-tbm-Kw F∂nh `‡n-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.

cmam-\p-P≥, cmam-\µ≥, I_o¿, Kpcp\m\m-Iv, ssNX-\y≥, aocm_mbv, h√-`m-Nm-cy≥,

kq¿Zm-kv, Xpf-koZmkv XpS-ßnbh¿ kmaqlnI ka-Xz-Ønepw \oXn-bnepw hniz-kn-®-

h-cm-Wv. Xm≥ Htckabw A√m-lp-hn-s‚bpw iocm-a-s‚bpw k¥-Xn-bm-sW-∂mWv I_o¿

DZvtLm-jn-®-Xv.

knJv aXw

]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Kpcp-\m-\m-°mWv knJv aXw ÿm]n-®-Xv. Kpcp, hnizmkkwlnX,

kwLw F∂o aq∂p LS-I-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv Kpcp-\m-\m-°ns‚ Z¿i\w. ]p\¿P∑

hnizm-k-Øn\pw hnK-lm-cm-[-\bv°pw At±lw FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p. GIssZhhnizm-k-

Øns‚ ]m[m\yw \m\m°v Db¿ØnImń. At±-l-Øns‚ hnizm-k-]-am-W-ßƒ

sslµh ˛ Ckvem-anI hnizm-k-co-Xn-Isf IqńbnW-°nb-Xm-Wv.

knJv-a-XsØ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw Hcp sFI-cq]yhyh-ÿ-bn-te°p sIm≠ph∂Xpw

KpcptKm_n-µv knßm-Wv. PmXnt`Ztam enwKt`Ztam C√msX F√m a\p-jy¿°pw ssZh-

tØmSp tNcm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-s≠∂v knJv-aXw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. \oXn, [¿aw, kzmX¥yw

20


XpS-ßnb Bi-b-ßƒ°v At±lw ]mapJyw \¬In. knJp-Im-cpsS ]pWy-K-Ÿ-amWv

KpcpKŸkmln-_v.

B[p-\nIIme-L´w

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse kmaqlnI˛ aX]cn-jvI-cW]ÿm-\-ßƒ B[p-\nI C¥y-

bpsS hf¿®bv°v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hym]\w C¥y≥ `mj-I-

fnse B[p-\nIkmln-XysØ kzm[o-\n-®p. Aßs\ ]m›mXy Bi-b-ßfpw ÿm]-

\-ß-fp-ambn C¥y \nc-¥ckº¿°-Øn-em-bn. P\-X-bpsS kmaqlnI˛kmwkvIm-cnI

PohnXw sFIcq-]y-Øn-e-∏pdw Hmtcm ]tZ-isØbpw sshhn-[y-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂

coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. aXkln-jvWp-Xbpw lnµp˛ apkvenw kulm¿Zhpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-

∂p. Ccpkap-Zm-b-ßfpw c≠p Iq´-cp-sSbpw D’-h-ß-fn¬ ]c-kv]cw ]¶ptN¿∂n-cp-∂p.

apkvenwIƒ C¥y≥ kwkvIm-chpambn hf-sc-tbsd XmZm-fly-s∏-´p. an° lnµp-°fpw

CkvemwaX hnip-≤-∑m-scbpw an° apkvenwIfpw sslµhtZh-∑m-scbpw kn≤-∑m-scbpw

]c-kv]cw _lp-am-\n-®p.

kmaq-lnIkm-l-Ncyw : Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠mb-t∏m-tg°pw kvXoI-fpsS kmaq-ln-I-\ne

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-jvI-cW]ÿm-\-ßƒ DZbw sNbvXp. ssiihhnhmlw

hym]-I-am-bncp-∂-Xp-aqew sNdp-]m-b-Ønte hn[-hI-fmIm≥ hn[n-°-s∏-´-hcpsS FÆw

h¿[n-®ph∂p. A°m-eØv hn[-h-mhnhmlhpw anihnhmlhpw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√.

_lp`mcyXzw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. kvXoIƒ°v kº-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

XmWhsc∂p ]d-b-s∏´ PmXn-bn¬s∏-´-h¿ Db¿∂hsc-∂-h-Im-i-s∏´ PmXn-bn¬s∏-´-

htcm--sSm∏w `£Ww Ign-°p-∂Xv kaqlw hne-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CkvemwaXØnse

kvXoIfpw ]¿Zkº-Zm-bw, _lp`mcy-Xzw, hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw kzØ-h-Im-i-Øn-

s‚bpw A`mhw F∂nh aqew Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂p.

kmaq-lnI]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ : ssIkvXh anj-\-dn-am¿ ÿm]n-® kvIqfp-Iƒ hgn

hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v Ah-kcw e`n-®p. A®-Sn-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn. Cw•ojv

hnZym- ym-k-w kaq-l-Øn¬ KWy-amb am‰w hcp-Øn. ]m›mXyhnZym- ym-k-w e`n® C¥y-

°m¿°n-S-bn¬ Cw•ojv`mj kmam-\y-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. kzmX-¥yhmZw, bp‡n-Nn-¥, P\m-

[n-]Xyw, kaXzw F∂o Bi-b-ßƒ kaq-l-Øn\p ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn. ]m›mXy hnZym-`ym-

k-Øm¬- ]tNm-Zn-X-amb Hcp a[y-h¿Kw cq]w-sIm-≠p. ]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-

≠pIfnse kmaq-lnI˛ aX-]-cn-jvIcW ia-ßƒ°v Cu kml-Ncyw hgn-sX-fn-®p.

C¥y-bpsS B[p-\nIbpK-Øns‚ XpS-°-°m-c\mbn cmPmdmw taml≥ dmbv (1774˛ 1833)

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. aX-K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬Øs∂ A\m-Nm-c-ßƒs°-Xntc

At±lw ]Xn-tj[apb¿Øn. At±lw kmaqlnIka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw

ktµ-i-ap-b¿Øn _“-k-amPw ÿm]n-®p. GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ _“-

k-amP A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ hnK-lm-cm-[-\-sbbpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-sfbpw FXn¿Øp.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

a[y-Im-e-L-´-Ønse aX\ho-I-cW]ÿm-\-ß-sf-∏‰n Hcp hne-bn-cp -Ø¬Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

21


Bflmdmw ]mfipcwKv 1867 ¬ ]m¿Y\mkamPw ÿm]n-®p. ani-t`m-P-\w, anihnhmlw,

hn[-hm-]p-\¿hnhmlw, A[x-ÿnXh¿K-°m-cpsS D∂-a\w F∂n-h-bv°mbn Ah¿ ]cn-

i-an-®p.

bqtdm-∏n\pw Ata-cn-°bv°pw sslµh[¿a-Øns‚ kmcmw-i-ßƒ ]`m-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS

]I¿∂p \¬Inb k∂ym-kn-tijvT-\mWv kzmanhnth-Im-\-µ≥ (1863- 1902). kaqltkh-

\-Øns‚ alØzw Xncn-®-dn™ hnth-Im-\-µ≥ Kpcp-hmb iocm-a-Ir-jvWs‚ t]cn¬

iocm-a-Ir-jvW anj≥ ÿm]n-®p. thZm¥Nn¥ tLmjn® hnth-Im-\-µ≥ kzmX-¥yw,

ka-Xzw, kzX¥Nn¥, aXhnizm-k-ß-fpsS AJ-fiX F∂n-hbv°v ]mapJyw \¬In.

Xntbm-k-^n-°¬ skmssk‰n t\Xmhmb B\n _k‚ v(1847-˛1933). ]pcm-X\ C¥y≥

aX-ßƒ, Z¿i-\w, hnizm-k-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n ]T-\-ßƒ \S-Øn. km¿h-eu-InI

kmtlm-Zcyw e£y-am-°nb skmssk‰n B[ym-flnI˛hnZym-`ym-k˛tkh\ taJ-e-I-

fn¬ \nc-h[n kw`m-h\Iƒ \¬In.

CkvemwaX-Ønse ]ap -J -\mb Hcp kmaqlnI]cn -jvI¿Øm-hm -Wv

k¿ kønZv Alv-aZvJm≥. B[p-\nIhnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS amXta ]ptcm-KXn km[y-

amhq F∂p hniz-kn® At±lw aXhntZz-j-sØbpw bp‡n-c-lnXNn¥-sbbpw

FXn¿Øp. ]¿ZkºZmbw, _lp-`m-cy-Xzw, hnhmltamN\w F∂n-ßs\ CkvemwaX

hnizmkn-I-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ D≠m-bncp∂ A\m-Nm-c-ßsf At±lw hna¿in-®p. Aen-KUv

]ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hmb At±lw imkvX-]-T-\-ßƒ°mbn apl-Ω-Z≥ Bt•m˛

Hmdnb‚¬ tImfPv ÿm]n-®p. D¿Zp`mjbpsS hf¿®bv°pw Aen-KUv ]ÿm-\-w kw`m-

h\ \¬In.

]qs\-bnse Hcp A[x-ÿnXhn`m-K-Øn¬ P\n® tPymXn-dmhp ^qte (1827˛1890) sXm´p-

Iq-Sm-Ø-h-sc∂p Icp-Xp-∂-, -kmaqlnI]n∂m-°m-hÿ t\cn´ P\hn`m-K-ß-fp-sS

kmaqlnI\oXn-°mbn t]mcm-Sm≥ 1873 ¬ kXytim[Iv kamPv ÿm]n-®p. A[x-ÿnX

P\hn`m-K-ßfpsSbpw kvXoI-fp-sSbpw D∂-a\w hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS amXta km[y-

am-hp-I-bp-≈q-sh∂v At±lw hniz-kn-®p. CXn-\mbn Hcp kvIqfpw At±lw ÿm]n-®p.

tIc-f-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ kmaqlnI˛aX ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hmWv io\m-cm-bWKpcp(1854˛

1928). kwkvIr-XØnepw Xangnepw ae-bm-fØnepw ]mhoWyw t\Sn-b k∂ym-kn-ti-

jvT-\mb \m-cm-bWKpcp P\-ß-fpsS kmaqlnI˛B[ym-flnI D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn bXv\n-

®p. A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw FXn¿Ø \m-cm-bWKpcp PmXn-hy-h-

ÿsb sh√p-hn-fn®p. Hcp PmXn, Hcp aXw, Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy-\v -F-∂Xv \m-cm-

bWKpcphns‚ apJy D]-tZ-i-am-Wv.

hniz-am-\-hn-I-X-bpsS ktµiw DZvtLm-jn-°p∂ "KoXmRvPen' F∂ Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-

c-Øn-eqsS t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n® BZy C¥y°m-c-\m-Wv c_oµ\mY SmtKm¿ (1861

˛ 1941). C¥y-bpsS Iem˛ kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]T-\-ßƒ°p hgn-sbm-

cp-°nb hniz- m-cXn k¿hI-em-ime I¬°-Ø-bnse im¥n-\n-tI-X-\n¬ SmtKm¿ -ÿm]n-

®p. kwKo-X-⁄-\pw \mS-I-Ir-Øp-amb SmtKmdmWv tZio-b-Km-\-amb "P\-K-W-a\' cNn-

22


®-Xv. Zm¿i-\n-I\pw Kpcp-hp-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ C¥y≥ kwkvIm-csØ D±o-]n-∏n® tZiobhm-

Zn-bmWv SmtKm¿. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-ep≈ \nc-h[n kmaqlnI]cnjvI¿Øm-

°ƒ B[p-\nIImeØv C¥ybpsS kmwkvIm-cnItaJ-e-I-fn¬ kPo-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-

hgn Hcp B[p-\nI C¥ybpw tZiobImgvN-∏m-Sp-w cq]-s∏-´p.

almflmKm‘n ˛ C¥y≥ kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-Øns‚ aq¿Øn-aZv mhw

C¥y≥ kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-Øns‚ aqey-ßƒ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw Km‘nPn

Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Pohn-Xhpw I¿ahpw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-cØnepw ]mc-º-

cy-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. C¥y≥ kwkvIm-cØns‚ al-Ømb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

At±lw kzmwio-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]I¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Alnw-k-bpsS ]m[m\yw Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hmtcm \nan-j-hpw Km‘nPn Xncn-®-dn-™p.

kakvX Poh-tem-I-Øn-s‚bpw im¥nbpw t£a-hp-am-Wv Km‘nPnbpsS e£yw. efn-X-

Po-hnXw apJ-ap-Z-bm-°nb Km‘nPn C¥y-bnse km[m-cWP\-ß-fp-ambn XmZm-fly-s∏-

´mWv Pohn-®-Xv. ssZh-Øn-ep≈ AN-©-e-amb hnizm-k-amWv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS PohnXZ¿i-

\w. Xs‚ kl-Po-hnItfm-Sp≈ IS-∏m-Spw \nkzm¿Y-amb tkh-\-hp-amWv Pohn-X-Øn¬

ssZhsØ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn. At±lw kXy-Øns‚ hgn ]n¥p-S¿∂p. kXyw

ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿Kw kzbw-k-l-\-amWv. kXyw Xncn-®-dn-b-emWv ssZhsØ

Is≠-Ø¬. temI-Øp≈ F√m aX-ßfpw Xpeyhpw Htc e£y-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-

∂Xpamb-Xp-sIm≠v F√m -a-X-ß-sfbpw BZ-c-thm-sS-bmWv Km‘nPn I≠-Xv. At±-

lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kmap-Zm-bnI sFIy-amWv k¥pjvSPohn-X-Øns‚ ASn-

Ø-d. Km‘n-b≥Z¿i-\-w C¥y≥ kwkvIm-cØn¬ Bg-Øn¬ thcq-∂n-b-Xm-sW∂p

kmwkvIm-cnINcn-X-Im-c-\mb F. F¬. _mjw A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

C¥y≥ kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-Øns‚ h‡m-hmbn Km‘nPn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. F√m

sshhn-[y-ß-fpw Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠p≈ im¥n-]q¿W-amb Hcp kaqlw sI´n-∏-Sp-°m-

\p≈ IcpØpw Bfl-ss[-cyhpw C¥y≥ kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-Øns‚ aq¿Øn-

aZv`mhamb almflmKm‘n \ap°p \¬Ip-∂p.

\-ap°p sN-ømw

B[p-\nIIme-L-´-Ønse ][m\ kmaqlnI˛aX]cn-jvI¿Øm-°-fpsS

]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Hcp _p≈‰v Nm¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

23


$ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ A¿Yw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

$ kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

$ thZ, a[y-Im-e, B[p-\n-I-Im-e-ßfnse C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-

I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

$ C¥y≥ kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-Øns‚ Bƒcq-]-amWv alm-flm-Km‘n F∂p Xncn-®-dn-

bp∂p.

F\n-°v I-gnbpw

kw-K-lw

$ Hcp \n›nX k-aq-l-Øn¬ Ignbp∂ P\-ß-fpsS \ne-\n-¬∏n\v Bh-iyamb Pohn-X-co-Xn-bmWv

kwkvImcw.

$ Xe-ap-d-I-fn¬\n∂p Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te°p \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I¿ ssIam-dnØ∂ aqey-ßƒ, BNm-c-

ßƒ, A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, ÿe-ßƒ, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, Ie-Iƒ F∂nhbpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ PohnXcoXn-

I-fpsS Bhn-jvI-mc-ßƒ. F∂n-h-sb-√m-amWv kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-Iw.

$ kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw ]c-kv]cw amdnamdn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-ß-fm-Wv.

$ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v XØp-ey-amb kwkvIrX]Zw ìkwkvIrXnî F∂m-Wv. kwkvIrXn F∂m¬

A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv ip≤oI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- p-≈-Xv, ]hn-X-am-bn- p-≈-Xv, D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn, kv^pSw

sNbvsX-Sp-ØXv F∂nßs\-bmWv.

$ hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-ßƒ h®p-]p-e¿Øp∂ \nc-h[n Iq -ß-fpsS Zo¿L-amb CS-]-g-Iep-I-fpsS

]cn-WX^e-am-Wv C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ aX-\n-c-t]£kz`mhw.

$ hkp-ss[hIpSpw-_Iw, temI-m k-akvXm kpJn-t\m- -h¥pí F∂o XØz-ßƒ C¥y≥ kwkvIm-

c-Øns‚ s]mXp ]mc-ºcy-am-Wv.

$ hºn® kmaqlnIam-‰-ßfp≠m-sb-¶n-epw C¥y≥ kwkvImcw AXns‚ ÿmbo`mhw C∂pw

\ne-\n¿Øp∂p.

$ lmc-∏≥ \mK-cn-IX C¥y≥ D]-`q-Jfi-Ønse Adn-b-s∏Sp∂ BZysØ \mK-cnI kwkvIm-c-

am-Wv.

$ kmwkvImcnIka-\z-b-Øns‚ kph¿W-Im-e-am-Wv C¥y-bpsS a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ \mw ImWp-

∂Xv.

$ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse kmaqlnI ˛ - aX]cn-jvI-cW]ÿm-\-ßƒ B[p-\nI C¥y-bpsS

hf¿®bv°v hgn-sbm-cp-°n.

$ C¥y≥ kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-Øns‚ aq¿Øn-aZv`mhamWv almflmKm‘n.

24


hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ tNm-Zyßƒ

1. C¥ybpsS kmwkvIm-cnIsshhn[yw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

2. C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

3. \mK-cn-I-Xbpw kwkvImchpw kw_-‘n®v Hcp sNdpIpdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

4. C¥y≥ kwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-sØ-∏‰n hni-Z-amb Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI

5. C¥y≥ kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-Øns‚ aq¿Øn-aZv`mhamWv almflmKm‘n ˛ \nßƒ

CXn-t\mSp tbmPn-°p-∂pthm? hy‡-am-°p-I.

6. thZ-ImekwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v sNdpIpdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

7. C¥y≥ kwkvIm-cØns‚ A\-\y-amb Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bmWv aX_lp-e-X N¿®°pdn∏v

Xbm-dm-°p-I.

8. kmwkvImcnIka-\z-b-Øns‚ -Im-e-bfhmbmWv C¥y-bpsS a[y-Im-e-L-´sØ IW-°m-

°p-∂Xvv ˛hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

9. _n.-kn. 600 apX¬ _n.-kn. 200 hsc-bpff Ime-L´w c≠p ][m-\-s∏´ aX-ß-fpsS

hf¿®bv°v km£yw hln-®p. P\-IobaXßfm-bn-Øo-¿∂ Ah-tb-sX∂p Is≠Øn hnh-

c-W°pdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

25

Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bp-sS cq-]m¥-cw˛H∂mw L- w

Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bp-sS cq]m-¥cw

H∂mw L´w

][m\mi-b-ßƒ

l B-ZyIm-e Po-hn-Xhpwk-vIqƒ Zn-\-ß-fpw

Ip-Spw-_]-›mØ-ew

tam-l≥-Zm-kv I-cwN-µvKm-‘n-bp-sS k-vIqƒZn\ßƒsI‰n¬ kw -hw

l e-≠-\n-se hn-Zy-m¿-YnPo-hnXw

e-≠≥ sh-Pn-t‰-dn-b≥ skm-ssk‰n

Xn-tbm-k- n-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bpsS kzm-[o\w

aX-ßƒ sN-epØn-b kzm-[o\w

ln-µpaXw

_p-≤aXw

ssP-\a-Xw

In-kv-Xp-a-Xw

Ckvemw a-Xw

e-≠≥ Po-hn-Xw tam-l≥-Zm-kvI-cwN-µv Km-‘n-bn-ep-≠m°n-bam‰ßƒ

l A- n- m-j-I≥ F-∂ \n-e-bn¬C-¥ybn¬

l C-¥y≥ kzm-[o\ßƒ

ioa-Zv cm-Pm-N-µ

tKm-]m-e-Irjv-W tKmJse

2

Cu A-[ym-b-Øn¬ tam-\n-b (Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bp-sSHm-a-\-t∏cv) bn¬\n-∂p a-lm-flm-hn-te-°p-≈ Fw.sI.Km -‘n -bpsS cq -]m -¥-c -sØ-∏-‰n -bm -Wv]-Xn-]m-Zn°p∂-Xv.

Ip- n-°m-ehpw k-vIqƒZn-\-ß-fpw

I-gn-™ A-[ym-bØn¬ N¿®sNbvX C¥y≥ -kw-kv-Im-c-w, ss]Xr-Iw, \m-K-cn-I-X F-∂n-h-bp-sSk-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ tIm-Uo-I-cn-°p-I.

$ B-flob-X

$ G-Im-fl-I-Xbpw G-h-cp-tS-bpw \∑bpw

$ kw-kv -Im -c -ß-fp -sSbpw a -X -ß-fp -sSbpw -ssh-hn[yw

C¥y≥ kw-kv-Im-c-Øns‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fpw k-º-

∂am-b ss]-Xr-I-hpw tam-l≥-Zm-kv I-cwN-µv Km-‘n-

bn¬-\n-∂p a-lm-flmKm-‘n-bn-te-°p-≈ cq-]m-¥-csØ

t\-cn-´p kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p≠v. -Km-‘n-bp-sS Z¿-i-\-ß-fpw

Po-hn-X-hpw hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bvXm¬ A-t±-l-Øns‚

hm°nepw Nn¥-bnepw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw Cu L-S-

Ißƒ I-s≠-Øm-\m-Ipw.

IpSpw-_-]-›m-Ø-ew

Ip-Spw-_]-›m-Ø-ew, c-£n-Xm°ƒ, A-SpØ _-‘p-

°fpw kplr-Øp-°-fpw, kw-kv-Im-c-w, a-X-w, hnZym- ym-

26


k-w, Po-hn-°p-∂ Im-e-w F∂n-h-sbm-s° G-sXm-cm-fnepw \n¿-Wm-b-I-am-b kzm-[o-\w

sN-ep-Øp-∂p≠v. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ C-Xv A-\p-]-ahpw A¿-Y-]q¿-W-hp-am-Wv.

c-£m-I¿-Xr-Xz-hpw _meyØn¬ Ip-Spw-_-hr-Ø-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂ A-\p- -h-ßfpw

H-cm-fp-sS hy-‡n-Xz-sØ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \n¿-Wm-b-I kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øp-∂p-

s≠∂v B-[p\n-I tN-„m-hm-Z im-kv-X⁄-cpw a-\»m-kv-X-⁄cpw km-£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂p.

Icw-Nµv Km‘n-bp-sSbpw ]pXv-eo-_m-bn-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn 1869 HIvtSm-_¿ 2 \m-Wv

I-Øn-b-hm-Unse t]m¿_-¥-dn¬ tam-l≥-Zm-kv I-cwN-µv Km‘n P\n-®-Xv. sshiy-

h¿-W-Ønse _\nb kap-Zm-bm-wK-am-Wv Km‘n. k-Xy-k-‘-X-bnepw em-fn-Xy-Ønepw

hn-iz-kv-X-X-bnepw t]-cp-tI-´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]q¿-hnI¿. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS

apØ-—-\mb DØw-Nµv Km‘n t]m¿_-¥-dnse Znhm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. cm-⁄n-bm-bn-cp-∂

cq-]m-en-_m-bp-ambp-≈ A-`n-]m-b`n-∂-X-sb-Øp-S¿-∂v ]Z-hn H-gn™v At±lw Ip-Øn-

bm-\-bn-se ]q¿hn-I-cpsS Km-a-Øn-te°p a-S-ßp-Ibpw ]m¿-Y-\bn¬ ap-gp-In Po-hn-

°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. Cu k-a-b-Øv Pp-\-K-Un-se \-hm-_v D-ØwN-µv Km-‘n-sb cm-P-k-

Z-n-te-°p £-Wn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. \-hm-_p-am-bp-≈ Iq-Sn-°m-gv-N-bn¬ A-t±lw C-S-

XpssI D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv D-]Nm-cw ]-I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv. C-tX∏-‰n tNm-Zn--®-t∏mƒ X-s‚ h-e-

XpssI t]m¿-_-¥-dn-\m-bn k-a¿-∏n-®p-t]m-sb-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øns‚ a-dp-]Sn.

A-Xm-bn-cp-∂p ]n-d-∂-a-Æn-t\m-Sp-≈ DØw-N-µns‚ B-flm¿-YX.

t]m¿-_¥¿˛N-cnXw, `q-an-im-kvXw

Kp-P-dm-Øn-se ku-cm-jv-Sta-J-e-bn-se ]p-cmX\ Xp-dap-J]-´-W-amWv t]m¿-

_-¥¿. s]m-dmbn, _-¥¿ F-∂o hm-°p-Ifn¬\n-∂m-Wv t]m¿_-¥¿ F-∂

t]-cv cq-]-s∏-´-Xv. s]m-dm-bv F∂-Xp tZ-i-tZ-h-X-bp-sS t]-cpw _¥¿ F∂m¬

Xp-d-ap-Jw F-∂p-am-W¿Yw. io-Ir-jvW-s‚ k-Xo¿-Yy-\m-bn-cp-∂ kp-Zm-am-hn-s‚

-P∑ÿ-esa∂p hniz--kn-°p∂Xn\m¬ kp-Zm-am-]p-cn F∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

\-ap-°p ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw\n-ßƒ kw-kv-Imcw, ]m-c-º-cyw, c-£n-Xm-°ƒ, Ip-Spw-_w F-∂n-hn-S-ß-

fn¬-\n-∂v B¿-Pn-s®-Sp-Ø G-sX-¶nepw c-≠p aq-ey-ß-sf-°p-dn-s®-gpXp-I.

1.

2.

DØ-c-ßƒ a-‰p≈hcp-tS-Xp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

27


Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ]nXmhv Icw-Nµv Km-‘n- ]n-∂oSv t]m¿_-¥-dns‚ Znhm-\mbn. 28 h¿-

j-tØm-fw A-t±-lw Cu ]Z-hn-bn¬ tkh\a\p-jvTn-®p. Fw.sI. Km‘n ]n-Xm-hn-

s\∏-‰n B-fl-I-Y-bn¬ Hm¿-sØ-Sp-°p∂-Xv C-]-Im-c-am-Wv:

""F-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv X-s‚ hw-i-tØm-Sp ]n-b-ap-≈-h-\pw k-Xy-k-‘-\pw [o-c\pw a-lm-a-\-

kv-I-X-bp-≈ B-fpambn-cp-∂p. F-∂n-cn-°nepw A-t±-lw £n-]-tIm-]n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kº-

Øv Ip-∂p-Iq-´-W-sa-∂ B-K-l-w A-t±-l-Øn-\p≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂

Ipd-®v h-kv-Xp-hI-Iƒ am-X-am-Wv A-t±-lw R-ßƒ-°m-bn A-h-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv. henb

hn-Zym-`ym-k-an√m-Xn-cp-∂ A-t±-lw A-\p-`-h-]-cnN-bwsIm-≠v A-Xn-s\ a-dn-I-S-∂p. \q-

dp-I-W-°n-\v B-fpI-sf \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-Xn\pw K-l-\am-b ]-iv-\-ßƒ-°p-t]mepw ]-cn-

lm-cw I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw ]mtbm-Kn-Im-\p-`-hß-ƒ A-t±-l-Øn-\p k-lm-b-I-am-bn.''

taml≥Zm-kn\p k-Xy-k‘-X, ]m-tbmKn-I⁄m-\w F-∂o- aq-ey-ßƒ ]m-c-º-cy-ambn

Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬-\n-∂p e-`n-®-Xm-sW-∂p sX-fn-bn-°p-∂Xm-Wv Cu hm-°pIƒ. Zn-hm-\m-

bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p- I-cw-N-µn-s\ ImWm≥ hnhn[ aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-¿ ho-´n¬ FØn-bn-

cp-∂p. a-X-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Kuc-h-amb N¿-®-Ifpw C-h¿-°n-Sbn¬ ]-Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. AXo-

hXm¬-∏-cy-tØm-sS tam-l≥-Zmkv CØcw N¿-®-Ifn¬ tI-ƒhn-°m-c-\m-bn. B Ip™pa-

\n¬ hnhn-[ a-X-ß-sf A-dn-bm\pw a-\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ hn-Øp-Iƒ hn-X-bv-

°m≥ ho-´n-se Cu k-hn-ti-jam-b km-l-N-cy-ßƒ h-gn-sbm-cp-°n. Cu A-\p-`-h-ß-

fm-Wv ]n-∂o-Sv F√m a-X-ß-fpw H-cp-t]mse _lp-am-\n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-sW∂ Km‘n-

Pn-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-d-bm-bn am-dn-b-Xv.

Icw-N-µv Km-‘nbpw ]pXveo_m-bnbpw(Fw.sI.-Km-‘n-bpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ)

\-ap-°p ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw

hnhn-[ a-XK-Ÿ-ß-fn-se h-cn-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ hm-bn-°p-Ibpw A-h-sb∏-‰n

Ip-dn-∏v X-bm-dm-°p-I-bpw sNøpI.

28


Km‘n-bpsS amXmhv ]pXv-eo-_m-bn B-g-Øn-ep≈- a-X-m-\p-km-c Po-hn-X-Øn-\p-S-a-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. t£-X-Z¿i-\w ]-Xn-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂ A-h¿ Cu th-f-Ifn¬ Ip-ń-I-sfbpw

H-∏w Iq´p-I ]-Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. e-fn-X-Po-hn-Xw io-e-am-°n-b ]pXveo-_mbn ITn-\-hX-

ßƒ t]mepw A-Wp-hn-S-sX-‰m-sX A-\p-jvTn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fw.sI. Km-‘n- A-Ω-sb-

°p-dn-®v F-gp-Xn-b-Xv C-ß-s\-bmWv: "" F-s‚ Hm¿-a-bn¬ hn-in-„am-b A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-

Ø-em-bn AΩ A-h-ti-jn-∏n-®n-´p≈Xv A-h-cpsS hn-ip-≤n-bm-Wv. B-g-Øn-ep-≈ a-X-

]-cam-b Po-hn-Xw \-bn-®n-cp-∂ A-h¿ \n-Xy-]m¿-Y-\-Iƒ-°p ti-j-a√m-sX `-£-

Wwt]mepw I-gn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√.''

Cu-iz-c-\n-ep-≈ hn-izmkw, h-X-ß-tfm-Sp-ff B-Z-c-hv Xp-Sßn-b Km-‘n-bpsS a-X-sØ-

°p-dn-®p≈ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-Ifn¬ Cu A-\p-`h-ßƒ F-∂-t∂-°pw \n-e-\n¬-°p∂ kzm-

[o-\w sN-ep-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. kv-XoIsf kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚bpw Xym-K-Øn-s‚bpw aq¿-Øn-a-

Zvv`m-h-ß-fm-bn Im-Wp-∂ Im-gv-N-∏mSv A-Ω-bn¬-\n-∂mWp Km-‘n- cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-

ØXv.

sN-dp-∏Øn¬ `-b-sØ a-dn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn-

\p-≈ h-gn Km-‘n I-s≠-Øn-b-sX-ß-s\-

sb-∂mWv C-\n ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-

sS ho-ńse ]mbw-sN∂ ]cn-Nm-cn-I-

bmb cw-`-bm-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-¬ Cuiz-

chn-izm-k-Øn-s‚ hn-Øp-Iƒ ]m-In-b-Xv.

sN-dp-∏Øn¬ taml≥Zm-kn\p `qX-t]-

X-ßsf `b-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬-\n∂p c£-t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p cw-`-bpsS \n¿tZ-i-]-Im-cw

Km‘n cma-\maw Dcp-hn-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. ]n-∂o-Sv Km-‘n-Pn C-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p∂-Xv

C-ß-s\-bmWv: ""Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw cma-\m-aw F-\n-°v -Zam-b \n-hr-Øn-am¿-K-taIn.''

cmPm lcn-›-µ-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ \mSIw _mey-Im-e-Øv tam-l≥-Zm-kns\ Gsd kzm[o-

\n-®p. k-Xy-Øn-\p-th-≠n F√mw Xy-Pn-® l-cn-›-µ-s‚ Po-hn-Xw A-t±-l-sØ G-sd

B-I¿-jn-®p. ""F¥p-sIm≠v F√m-h¿°pw lcn-›-µs\t∏mse kXy-k-‘-cm-bn-°q-

Sm'' F∂ tNmZyw C-tX-Øp-S¿∂p Km‘n kzbw tNmZn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-t±-l-

Øn\p k-Xy-tØm-Sv F√m-Im-e-Øpw Xo-ham-b Hcp BI¿-jWhpap≠m-bn-cp∂p. l-

cn-›-µ-s‚ I-Y Km-‘nbn¬ k-Xy-Øn-s\m-∏w \n-e-sIm≈m\pw A-Xn-ep≈ hn-izm-

kw Du-ń-bp-d-∏-n --°m-\pw Im-c-W-ambn.

]h¿Ø\w

_m-eyØn¬ \n-ßƒ-°p-≠m-b `-b-ò-Xn-I-

sf-°p-dn®pw A-h a-dn-I-S-∂-Xns\-°p-dn®pw

k-l-]mTn -I -fp -am -bn N¿ -®sN-øp -I.

A-\p-`h-ßƒ ¢mkn¬ ]-¶p-h-bv-°pI.

\-ap-°p sNømw

Km-‘n-Pns°∂-t]mse \n-ß-fp-sS hy-‡n-XzØnepw am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-

sSbpw a-‰p ]n-b-s∏- -h-cp-sSbpw kzm-[o-\w D-≠m-bn- p-≠mhpw. A-h-sb∏-

‰n A-h-tem-I\°pdn∏v X-bm-dm-°pI.

29


C-°m-e-Øp-Øs∂ "i-h-W ]n-Xr-`‡n \m-S-I' F-∂ Nn-X-I-Y Km-‘n hm-bn-°m-\n-

S-bmbn. i-h-W-Ip-amc-s‚ am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-tfm-Sp-≈ Km-V-kv-t\-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ \m-S-

I-Øn-s‚ Nn-X-I-Ym-cq-]w Km-‘n AXo-hXm¬-∏-cy-tØm-sS-bm-Wv hm-bn-®p Xo¿-Ø-

Xv. X-s‚ A-‘cm-b am-Xm-]n-Xm°-sf tXm-fn-te-‰n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂ i-hW-s‚ NnXw

Km-‘n-sb B-gØn¬ kzm-[o-\n®p. i-h-W-s\-t∏m-se am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-tfm-Sv B-flm¿-Y-

X-bp-≈-h-\m-bn-Øocm≥ Km-‘n Xo-cp-am-\n®p. A-tXm-sSm-∏w B-fl-k-a¿-∏-W-tØm-

sSbpw kv-t\-l-tØm-sSbpw am-Xm-]n-Xm°-sf ip-iq-jn-°p-sa∂pw Xo-cp-am-\-sa-SpØp.

a-m-Xm-]n-Xm-°-tfm-Sp-≈ hn-t[-b-Xzw A-t±-l-Øns‚ e-£y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-Øo¿∂p.

tam-l≥-Zm-kn-\p Iq-SpX¬ sa-®-s∏-´Xpw ]-cn-ip-≤-hpam-b H-cp Po-hn-Xw \-bn-°p-∂-

Xn\p cm-Pm l-cn-›-µ-\pw i-h-W\pw am-Xr-I-Ifmbn-Øo¿∂p. A-h¿ A-t±-l-Øn-

s‚ hy-‡n-XzØn¬ F-°m-ehpw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ ]-`m-hßƒ A-h-ti-jn-∏n®p.

l-cn-›-µ-s‚ IY

A-tbm-[y-bn-se cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p kq-cy-hw-i-Øn-¬ P-\n-® l-cn-›-µ≥. k-Xy-k-

‘-X-bv-°v t]-cptI-´-bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-lw. F-¥p- hn-e-sIm-SpØpw k-Xyw ap-dp-

sI ]n-Sn-°p-∂-bmƒ. A-Xn-\m-bn F¥pw \¬-Im≥ A-t±-lw X-bm-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p. tZ-

h∑m¿ l-cn-›-µ-s\ ]-co-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn H-cp _m-“W-s\ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A-

Sp-tØ-°-b-®p. _m-“-Ws‚ B-h-iy-]-Imcw cm-Pm-hv X-s‚ cm-Py-apƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈

ap-gp-h≥ k-ºØpw A-t±-l-Øn-\p Zm-\-am-bn \¬-Ip∂p. C-tX-Øp-S¿-∂v F√mw \-

„-s∏-´ l-cn-›µ≥ sIm-´m-cw hn-´n-d-ßp-∂p. H-Sphn¬ H-cp iv-a-im-\w \-S-Øn-∏p-Imc-

s‚ A-Sn-abm-bn am-dp∂p. iv-a-im-\w kq-£n-∏p-Imc-s‚ tPm-ensNø-th a-c-W-s∏-´

kz-¥w aI-s‚ ar-X-tZ-l-hp-am-bn A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]Xv\n A-hn-sS-sb-Øp∂p. F∂m¬

B-h-iy-am-b ]-Ww \¬-Im-\m-hm-Ø-Xn\m¬ aI-s‚ ar-X-tZ-lw t]mepw kw-kv-I-cn-

°m≥ l-cn-›µ≥ X-bm-dm-Ip-∂n√. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ k-Xy-k-‘-Xbn¬ kw-]o-Xcm-

b tZ-h∑m¿ l-cn-›µ\p ap∂n¬ ]-Xy-£-cm-hp-Ibpw F√mw Xn-cn-sI \¬-Ip-Ibpw

sN-øp-∂p. kXyw F∂ [¿aØn\v a‰p≈ k¿h[¿aßtf°mƒ DXvI¿jm[nIyap-

s≠-∂ ]mTamWvv lcn›µs‚ I-Y \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

\

ap°

v Ad

nbmw

i-hW-s‚ I-Y

A-tbm[ym cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂ Z-i-c-Y-\p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v cm-am-b-WØn¬ ]-d-bp-∂ I-

Y-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv i-h-W-t‚Xv. A-‘cm-b hr-≤-am-Xm°-sf ip-iq-jn-®v A-h-cp-sS

F√m B-K-l-ßfpw \n-d-th‰p-I F-∂Xv B bp-hm-hv Xs‚ Po-hn-X-e-£-y-am-bm-Wv

I-cp-Xn-bXv. A-ß-s\-bn-cn-s° Hcp Xo¿-Y-bmX -\S--Ø-W-sa-∂ B-K-lw am-Xm-]n-

Xm-°ƒ i-hW-s\ A-dn-bn-®p. Xo¿-Ym-S-\-Øn-\p t]m-Im-≥ B-h-iyam-b ]-Ww i-

hW-s‚ ssIh-iap≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. A-Xn\m¬ H-cp ap-f¥-≠n-s‚ C-cp-h-iØpambn

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

30


k-vIqƒZn\-ßƒ

H-cp hy-‡n-bp-sS km-aq-loI-c-W-]-In-b-bn¬ hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ°p \n¿-Wm-b-Iam-b ]-

¶m-Wp-≈Xv. Iu-am-c-°m-c\m-b Km-‘n-

bp-sS kz- m-h-sØ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXn¬

hn-Zym-eb-ßƒ h-ln-® ]-¶v hf-sc h-

ep-XmWv. A-[ym-]-I-cpw kp-lr-Øp-°-

fpw A-t±-lØn¬ hen-b kzm-[o-\w sN-

ep-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Km-‘n-bpsS ]n¬°m-

ePo-hn-X-Øn-se [¿-am-N-c-W-ß-fp-sS

th-cp-Iƒ k-vIqƒPo-hn-XØn¬ \-ap-°p

I-s≠-Øm-\m-hpw.

cm-Pv-tIm-ń-se ]m-Yan-Ihn-Zym-e-

bØn¬ 1876˛emWv tam-l≥-Zm-kv

I-cwN-µv Km-‘n-bp-sS k-vIqƒ Po-

hn-X-Øn-\p XpS-°w Ip-dn-°p-∂Xv.

]n-∂o-Sv ]-Xn-s\m∂mw h-b-kn¬

cm-Pv-tIm-ń-se Xs∂ I-Øn-bhm-

Uv ssl-kv-Iq-fn¬ 1880˛¬ A-t±-

lw tN¿-∂p. kv-Iqfn¬ icm-icn

hnZym¿Yn-bm-bn-cp-∂ A-t±-l-Øn-

\p k-l-]mTn-I-fp-am-bn-t∏mepw

ku-lr-Zap≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. A-[n-

I-am-bn H-cp \n-an-jw-t]m-epw kv-

Iqfn¬ taml≥Zmkv sN-e-h-gn-®n-

cp -∂n√. H -cn -°¬-t∏mepw

At±lw AkXyw ]d-™n-√. k-

l-]mTn -I-tfmtSm A-[ym-]-I-

tcmtSm H-cn-°¬-t∏mepw I-≈w ]-

d-™-Xm-bn Xm≥ Hm¿-an-°p-∂p-t]m-ep-an-s√-∂p Km-‘n ]n-∂o-Sp hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.

Ip´-Iƒ sI-ń am-Xm-]n-Xm°-sf A-Xn-en-cp-Øn Np-aen¬ ap-f-bp-ta‰n ih-W≥ A-h-

cp-am-bn Xo¿-Ym-S-\-Øn-\p ]p-d-s∏´p. i-hW-s‚ k-a¿-∏-W-Øn-s‚ Cu I-Y am-Xm-

]n-Xm-°-tfm-Sv Im-t´-≠ B-Z-c-hn-s‚bpw _-lp-am-\-Øn-s‚-bpw D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn \-

Ωp-sS ]p-cm-WØn¬ F-Sp-Øp ]-d-bp-∂ H-∂mWv.

]h¿Ø\wam-Xm-]n-Xm°-sf k-lm-bn-°p-∂ Ip- n-I-sf-

∏-‰n-bp-≈ \n-ch-[n PohnXIY-Iƒ \n-ßƒ

tI-ń-´p-≠-t√m. C-Xph-gn hy-‡n-XzØn¬

F-s¥√mw Kp-W-ß-fm-Wv A-h¿ h-f¿-Øn-

sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv? N¿-®sN-øpI.

B¬- -Uv ssl-k-vIqƒ

_n-ńjv `-c-W-Ime-Øv ku-cm-jv -Sta-

Jebn¬ B-cw-`n-® B-Zy-sØ Cw-•o-jv hn-

Zym-e-bw. 1853 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 17˛\m-Wv k-vIqƒ

ÿm-]n-X-am-bXv. cm-Pv-tIm- v Cw-•o-jv k-vIqƒ

F∂p Xp-S-°Øn¬ hn-fn°-s∏-ń-cp-∂ kv-

Iqƒ cm-Pv-tIm-´v ssl-k-vIqƒ F-∂ -t]cn¬

1886 ap-X¬ A-dn-b-s∏Sm≥ Xp-Sßn. Pp-\KUv-

\-hm_v 1907 ˛¬ B¬-^-Uv cm-P-Ip-amc-s‚

kv-a-c-Wm¿-Yw kv-Iq-fn-s‚ t]-cv B¬-^-Uv

kv-Iqƒ F-∂m-°n. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n hn-Zym- ym-

kw t\-Sn-b Cu k-vIqƒ kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p-

ti-jw tam-l≥-Zm-kv ssl-k-vIqƒ F-∂p ]p-

\¿-\m-a-Ic-Ww sN-ø-s∏´p.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

31


H-∂-c\q-‰m-≠p apºv \-Ωp-sS cm-Py-sØ kv-Iq-fp-Iƒ F-ßs\bmbn-cp∂p-

sh∂p- \n-ßƒ Nn¥n-®n- p-t≠m?

t_mws_ ]-kn-U≥-knbn¬ B-cw-`n-® H≥-]-Xm-a-sØXpw I-Øn-bhm-UvDƒ-s∏-Sp∂ C-∂-sØ ku-cm-jv-Sta-J-e-bnse B-Zy-sØ kv-Iq-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p cm-Pv-tIm-´v ssl-kv-Iqƒ. Km-‘n G-gp-h¿-j-am-Wv C-hn-sS ]Tn-®-Xv. A-°m-esØ a-‰p kvv-Iq-fp-I-fn¬-\n-∂p hn- n-∂-am-bn an-I-® sI- n-S-ßfpw Ip- n-Iƒ-°mbnU-k-vIpw s_-©p-ap-≈ ¢m-kv-ap-dn-I-fpw C-hn-sS D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-[ym-]-I¿-°m-bn D-b¿-∂ X-dbpw C-cn-∏n-Shpw ¢mkvvap-dn-Ifn¬ I-ao-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ¢mkp-I-fn¬s]¨-Ip-ń-Iƒ C√m-bn-cp-∂p.]-Xn-s\m-∂p h-bpw c-≠p-am-khpw c-≠pZn-h-khpw ]m-b-ap-≈-t∏mgm-Wv tam-l≥-Zm-kv C-hn-sS H∂mw ¢m-kv _n Un-hn-j\n¬ tN-cp-∂-Xv. F-´v A-W (50ss]-k) B-bn-cp-∂p ]-Xnamk okv. ]-hr-Øn-Zn-h-k-ßfn¬ cm-hn-se 11 apX¬-ssh-In-´v A-©p h-sc-bm-Wv k-vIqƒ k-a-bw. c-≠pap-X¬ aq-∂pa-Wnhsc D-®-`-£-W-Øn-\m-bp-≈ C-S-th-f. i-\n-bm-gv-N-Ifn¬ A-c-a-Wn°q¿ t\-c-tØ hn-Sp-Ibpw sN-øpw. H-∂mw- ¢mkn¬ K-WnXw, Kp-P-dm-Øn`m-j, N-cn-Xw-, `q-an-im-kv-Xw F-∂o hn-j-b-ß-fm-Wv tam-l≥-Zm-kv ]Tn-®Xv. B-Zy]-co-£-bn¬ `q-an-im-kv-X-Øn-\p ]qPyw am¿-°m-Wv Km-‘n-°vv e-`n-®Xv. Cw-•o-jv tI-s´-gp-Ønepw am¿-s°m∂pw t\-Sm-\mbn√. Cu ]-co-£bn¬ ¢m-kn-se 34 Ip-ń-I-fn¬ 32˛mw kvv-Ym-\w am-X-am-Wv Km-‘n-°v t\Sm-\m-bXv. F∂m¬ hm¿jn-I∏co-£bn¬ H∂mw¢m-kn-se c-≠v Un-hn-j-\nse Ip-ń-I-fn¬- B-dmw ÿm-\w tam-l≥-Zm-kv I-c-ÿ-

am°n.

Adopted from 'Mahatma Gandhi as a Student'

edited and compiled by J.M. Upadhyaya.

Im-bn-I-hn-t\m-Z-ß-fn-tem kv-Iq-fn-se ]m-

tTy-X-c ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fntem Km-‘n-°v

Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F-∂m¬ H-

cm-fp-sS hy-‡n-Xzhn-I-mkØn¬ Im-bn-

I A-[ym-]-\-Øn-\p-≈ ]-¶v ]n¬-°me-

Øv Km-‘n-Pn Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p. hn-Zym¿-Yn-

bm-bn-cn-s° ssI-b-£-c-Øn-s‚ ]m-[m-

\ysØ-°p-dn-®v Km-‘n t_m-[-hm-\m-bn-

cp-∂n√. F∂m¬ ]n-∂o-Sv an-I-® ssI-

b-£-c-sØ Ip-‰-a-‰ hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚

A-S-bm-f-sa-∂m-Wp Km-‘n hn-ti-jn-∏n

®-Xv.

Xm-sg- X-∂n-´p-≈-hbn¬ \n-ßƒ ]-s¶-Sp-Øn- p-≈ Im-bn-I-hn-t\m-Z-ßƒ-°p t\-tc i-cnbS-bm-fw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.]-s¶-Sp-°m-Øh-bv-°p t\-tc

Kp-W-\-Nn-”-an-SpI.

1. Hm-´-a¬kcw

2. tXm-t_mƒ

3. Nm´w

4. a-‰p I-fnIƒ

\n-ß-fp-sS Iq-´p-Im-tcm-Sv ]-s¶Sp-Ø-hbpw A√m-Ø-h-bpam-b I-fn-Iƒ F-sXm-s°-sb∂p tNm-Zn-°p-I. A-h¿°vI-fn-Ifn¬\n-∂p≠m-b t\-´-ßfpw \-„-ßfpw F-s¥-∂v A-dnbm≥ i-an-°p-I. \n-ß-fp-sS I-s≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ ¢mkn¬N¿-®sN-øp-I.

\ap°p sNømw

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

32


hn-Zym-`ym-k-Ime-Øv Km-‘n tZ-i-`-‡n-Km-\-ß-fn-epw I-hn-X-I-fn-epw B-Ir-„-\m-bn

amdn. A-tX-∏-‰n-bm-Wv C-\n ]-d-bp-∂Xv. hn-Zym¿-Yn-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒX-s∂ Xn-I-™

H-cp tZikv-t\-ln-bm-bn Km-‘n- amdn. Kp-P-dm-Øn I-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂ \¿-a-Zn-s‚ ]-kn-

sI‰n¬ kw- hw

hn-Zym-`ym-kIme-Øv a-s‰m-cp Ip-ń-bp-sS DØ-cw t\m-°n-sb-gpXm≥ A-[ym]-I≥ B-h-

iy-s∏-ń-´p-t]mepw Km-‘n X-bm-dm-bn√. X-s‚ Po-hnXØn¬ D-S-\o-fw ]p-e¿Ønb kz-

`m-hip-≤n sN-dp-∏-Øn-teX-s∂ Km-‘n kzm-b-Ø-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p F∂-p sX-fn-bn-°p-

∂ kw-`-h-am-WnXv. kv-Iq-fp-I-fpsS C≥-kv-]-Œ-dm-bn-cp∂ an. Kn¬-kv k-vIqƒ k-µ¿-in-

°p-I-bp-≠mbn. A-t±lw Hcp tIs -gpØp]co£ \S-Øn. A-©p- hm°pIfmWv CXn-

\mbn F-gpXm≥ B-h-iy-s∏-´Xv. tam-l≥-Zm-kv \m-ep- hm-°p-Iƒ sX-‰n√m-sX F-gp-Xn-

sb-¶nepw A-©m-a-sØ hm°m-b "sI-‰n¬' sX-‰m-bm-Wv F-gp-Xn-bXv. C-Xp i-≤-bn¬-

s∏-´ A-[ym]-I≥ k-l-]mTn-bp-tSXp t\m-°n-sb-gpXm≥ A-t±-l-sØ t]-cn-∏n-®p. F-

∂m¬ Km-‘n-°v A-Xp sNøm≥ I-gn-™n√. a‰p Ip-ń-Isf√mw A-©p -hm-°p-Ifpw i-

cn-bm-bn F-gp-Xp-I-bpw sN-bvXp. C≥-kv-s]-Œ¿ t]m-bti-jw A-[ym]-I≥ Km-‘n-sb

C-°mcyw Nq-≠n-°m-ń i-Im-cn-®p. F∂m¬ A[ym-]-Is‚ iIm-c-Øn-\p-t]mepw

taml≥Zm-kns‚ \ne-]m-Sn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-°m-\m-bn-√. X\n°v Hcn-°epw tIm∏n-bSn

F∂ Ie A`y-kn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v Km‘n CtX-∏‰n Bfl--I-Y-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

F¶nepw B A[ym-]-I-t\m-Sp-ff _lpam\-Øn¬ Km‘n Hcn-°epw Ipdhp hcp-Øn-

bn-√.

hn-Zym¿-Yn-bm-bn-cns° H-cn-°¬ ktlm-Z-cs‚ ISw ho-´p-∂-Xn-\m-bn tam-l≥-Zm-kn\v

H-cp tamj-Ww \-S-tØ-≠n-h∂p. tPy-jvT-s‚ ssI-h-f-bn¬-\n-∂v sN-dn-sbm-cp -IjWw

kz¿-Ww taml≥Zmkv tamjvSn®p. Cu kw`hw A—-\v X-∂n-ep-≈ hn-izm-k-sØ l-

\n-°psa∂v Xncn-®dn™ Km‘n°v th-Z-\- tXm∂n. X-s‚ a-\-m-£n--sb t_m-[y-s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn A-—-\p-ap∂n¬ Ip-‰-kΩ-Xw \-S-Øm≥ A-t±--lw Xo-cp-am-\n®p. X-m≥

sNbv-X sX-‰v Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v H-cp I-Øv X-bm-dm-°n A—-\p \¬In. C-\n sX‰v

Bh¿Øn-°pI-bn-s√∂v Dd-∏p-]-d-bp-I-bpw Xs∂ in-£n-°-W-sa-∂v B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. IØp hmbn®v ]nXm-hns‚ I-hn-fn-eqsS IÆp-\o¿ H-gp-In-bn-dßn. C-

Xp I-≠ tam-l≥-Zmkpw I-c-™p-t]mbn. A—-s‚ Z-bm-hm-bv-]v \nd™ IÆp-\o¿ X-

s∂ ip-≤o-I-cn-®-Xmbn Km-‘n-°v A-\p-`-h-s∏´p. A-t±-l-sØ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw

C-sXm-cp hn-ip-≤amb Ip-‰-k-Ω-X-am-bn-cp∂p. Fw.sI. Km-‘n C-tX-∏-‰n-∏-d-bp∂-Xv C-

]-Im-c-am-Wv: "" H-cp b-Ym¿-Y Ip-‰-kΩXw, A-tXmsSm-∏w sX-‰v B-h¿-Øn-°n-s√-∂

G-‰p-]-d-®n-¬, A-X¿-ln-°p-∂ B-fn-\p ap-∂n-ep-≈ k-a¿-∏-Ww, A-Xm-Wp I-f-¶-an√mØ

]-›m-Øm-]-Øn-s‚ amXrI.''

Cu kw-`-h-sØ A-lnw-k-bn-ep-≈ X-s‚ km-[-\m-]mT-am-bm-Wv Fw.sI. Km-‘n ]n-

∂o-Sv hn-ti-jn-∏n®Xv. B-fl-I-Ybn¬ Km-‘n A-tX∏-‰n F-gp-Xn-b-Xv C--ß--s\--bmWv:

""CXvv A-lnw-kbn¬ F-\n-s°m-cp km-[-\m-]mT-am-bn-cp∂p. A-∂v F-\n-°Xn¬ A—-

\p a-I-t\m-Sp-≈ kv-t\-l-Øn¬ I-hn-™v H∂pw hm-bn-s®-Sp°m≥ I-gn-™n√. F-

∂m¬ C-∂v A-Xp ip-≤am-b A-lnw-k-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v F-\n-°-dn-bmw. AØ-cw A-

lnw-k k¿-hm-t«-j-am-bn am-dp-tºmƒ, A-Xp kv-]¿-in-°p-∂ F√m-‰n-s\bpw cq-]m-¥-

c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. A-Xn-s‚ i-‡n-°v A-Xn-cn√.''

33


≤am-b H-cp I-hn-X-bmWv C-Xn-\p Im-c-

W-am-bn-Øo¿-∂Xv. C-°me-ØpX-s∂ Km-

‘n X-s‚ kp-lr-Øm-b sibv-Jv sa-

lvØm-_n-s‚ t]-c-Wbn¬ amw-km-lm-

cw I-gn°m≥ B-cw-`n-®p. i-‡n e-`n-°-

W-sa¶n¬ amw-km-lm-cw I-gn-°-W-sa-∂

I-hn-bp-sS hm°p-Ifpw C-Xn-\p t]-c-W-

bmbn. C-¥y-bn-se _n-ń-jv `-c-Ww A-

h-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ amw-

km-lm-cw I-gn-®v i-‡n t\-

tS-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw Km-‘n hn-

iz-kn-®p. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Xo-

htZ-i-kv-t\-l-sØ-bm-Wv C-

Xp Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. G-I-tZ-

iw H-cp h¿-j-°m-ew C-Ø-

c-Øn¬ A-t±-lw amw-km-lm-

cn-bm-bn XpS¿∂p. F∂m¬

C-°mcyw IpSpw_Øn¬\n-

∂p Km‘n ad-®p-h-®p-. ]n-∂o-

Sv am-Xm-]n-Xm°-sf h-©n°p-

I F-∂-Xp h-en-b H-cp ]m-]-

am-bn A-t±-lw Xn-cn-®-dn™p. C-tX-Øp-S¿-∂v amw-km-lm-cw D-t]-£n®p. C-Xn-\p-]pd-

ta im-aƒ `-ń-s‚ Xn∑bv-°p-≈ a-dp-]-Sn- \∑bm-sW-∂- B-i-b-Øn-\v Du-∂¬ \¬-Ip-

∂ I-hn-Xbpw A-t±-l-Øn¬ hen-b kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øn.

-]-h¿Ø\w

H-cp tZ-i-`-‡n-Km-\w Xnc-s™-Sp-ØvA-Xn-s‚ Bi-bw ¢mkn¬ N¿-®-sN-øp-Ibpw \n-ßfn¬ A-Xp-f-hm°n-bkzm-[o-\sØ-°p-dn-®v hn-i-Z-am-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-I. ¢mkn¬ kwL-ambnCu Km-\w B-e-]n°pI.

\¿-a-Zn-s‚ Ihn-X

I-cp-Ø≥ km-bp-th t\m-°q,

`-cn-°p-∂-h-\n-¥ysb

C-¥y-t\m, ip-jv-I\mw Ip≈≥

km-bp-htX `-cn∏h≥

I-cp-Ø≥ km-bphn≥ s]m°w

ap-g-a-s©-∂p \n¿Wbw

I-cp-Øn-s\-¥p ImcWw?

C-d-®n-Xn-∂p-thm\-h≥

(F-s‚ k-Xym-t\z-j-W ]-co-£W-I-Y)

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

im-aƒ - n-s‚ Ihn-X

H-cp sam-¥ sh-≈w X-cp-∂-h¿-°mbvH-cp \√ t`mP-\w \¬-In-tSWwH-cp-h≥ \n-∑p∂n¬ X-e-Ip-\n®m¬A-h-\p-sS Im¬-°¬ \o ho-Wn-tSWwsh-dp-sam-cp Im-ip \n-\-°p X∂m¬]I-cw \o \¬I-Ww kz¿-W-\mWywH-cp-h≥ \n≥ Poh-\p c-£sN-bvXm¬A-h-\m-bn \n≥ Po-h≥ \¬-In-tSWwA-dn-hp-t≈m-sc-∂mtem X-∑\n¬h-N-\Øn¬ I¿-a-Øn-em-I-am\wsN-dn-tbm-cp tkh-\w sN-bv-X-h¿-°mbvD-]-Im-cw sN-øp-∂p ]-Øncńi-cn-sb-∂m-ep-Ø-a ]p-cp-j∑m¿a-\p-P-sc-sbm-∂m-bn Im¨-I-bmteA-]c-s‚ Xn-∑bv-°p \∑amXw]-I-c-am-bv sN-øp-∂p tam-Z-]q¿hw.

(F-s‚ k-Xym-t\z-j-W ]-co-£W-I-Y )

\

ap°

v Ad

nbmw

34


B¬-^-Uv ssl-kv-Iqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ]-Xn-aq-∂m-asØ h-b-n¬ Fw.sI. Km-

‘n-bp-sS hn-hm-lw \-S∂p. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ kJnbmb IkvXq¿-_-bv°pw AtX ]m-

b-am-Wv. A-h¿ kv-Iqfn¬ t]m-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. hnhm-l-Zn\sØ-°p-dn-®v Km‘n-

Hm¿-an-°p∂Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv: ""[cn-°p-hm≥ \√ hkvX-ßƒ, hmZy-ta-fw, hnhm-l-

tLm-j-bm-X, hn`-h-k-ar-≤-amb hn-cp-∂p-k¬°m-cw, IqSmsX Iqń-\m-bn A-]-cn-Nn-

Xbmb Hcp s]Ïp-ń. A√m-sX ]-tXy-In-®v H-∂pw-X-s∂ F-\n-°v hn-hm-l-Zn-\-sØ-

°p-dn-®v ]-d-bm-\n√.'' ]n¬-°me-Øv A-t±-lw ssii-hhn-hm-l-Øn-s\-Xntc i‡-

amb \ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-®p. B-tem-N-\m-c-ln-Xhpw A-]-I-S-I-c-hp-sa-∂m-Wp Km-‘n

ssi-i-h-hn-hm-l-sØ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv. ssl-k-vIqƒ hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-ti-jw Km-‘n

`m-hv-\-K-dn-se ka¬-Zm-kv tImtf-Pn¬ D-]-cn-]T-\-Øn-\m-bn tN¿∂p. F∂m¬ C-hn-S-

sØ hn-Zym-`ym-kw A-t±-l-Øn-\p _p-≤n-ap-t´-dn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p. C-Xn-\p ]pd-ta 1885˛¬

A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hn-s‚ a-c-Whpw kw-`-hn-®p. A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-Øo¿-∂m¬ ]n-Xm-

hn-s‚ Zn-hm≥-]-Zw bp-hm-hm-b Km-‘n-°p e`n-°m-≥ km-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂p IpSpw-_-kp-

lrØv amthmPn tZhv tPm-jn A-`n-]m-bs∏´p. tPm-jn-bp-sS \n¿-tZ-i-]-Im-cw aq-∂p-

h¿-j-sØ \n-b-a-]T-\-Øn-\mbn Cw-•-≠n-te°v t]mhm≥ tam-l≥-Zm-kv k-Ω-Xn®p.

A-Ω-bp-sS F-Xn¿-∏n-s\ a-dn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn aZyw, kvXo, amwkw F∂n-h sXm-Sp-I-

bn-s√-∂v A-t±-lw ZrV]-Xn-⁄ sN-bv-Xp.

Cw-•≠n-te-°p-≈ bm-X-bv-°p ap-t∂m-Sn-bm-bn B¬^-Uv kv-Iq-fn-se k-l-]mTn-Iƒ

Km-‘n-°v bm-X-bb-∏p \¬-In. a-dp]-Sn ]-kw-KØn¬ \n-b-a-]-T-\-Øn-\p-ti-jw Xm≥

e-£y-an-Sp-∂-sX-¥m-sW-∂ kq-N-\bpw A-t±-lw \¬In: ""\n-ßfn¬ ]-ecpw F-s‚

]m-X- ]n-¥p--Scm≥ B-K-ln-°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. ]T-\-Øn-\p-ti-jw a-S-ßn-h∂m¬ C-¥y-

bn¬ hen-b am-‰-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n ]q¿-W-a-\-tm-sS ]-h¿-Øn-°-Ww.'' k-apZm-b-t\-

Xm-°-fp-sS I-Sp-Ø F-Xn¿∏p \n-e-\n¬-s° 1888˛¬ e-≠≥ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n tIm-

tfPn¬ \n-b-a-]T-\-Øn-\m-bn Km-‘n k-ap-Z-am¿Kw bm-X-Xn-cn®p.

e-≠-\n-se hn-Zym- ym-kPo-hn-Xw

Cw-•≠n¬ hn-Zym¿-Yn-bm-bn F-Øn-b- Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw F-]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-

∂p-sh-∂v C-\n \-ap-°p N¿-®-sNømw.

Cw-•-≠n-se-Øn-b D-S≥ Km-‘n Cw-•o-jp-Im-cp-sS co-Xn-Ifpw Po-hn-X-ssi-en-bpw X-\n-

°p km-[y-am-Ip-∂ F√m-X-c-Øn-epw kzo-I-cn®v, H-cp "am\y-\mb Cw•o-jp-Im-c≥' B-

bn-Øocm≥ ian®p. A-Xn-\m-bn kw-km-cssien, ]m-›m-Xy-\r-Øw, kw-KoXw, ^-

©v`mj F∂n-h ]-cn-io-en°m≥ B-cw-`n®p. _n-ńjv Pohn-Xco-XnIƒ A-\p-I-cn-°p-I-

bm-b-n-cp-∂p A-t±-lw. A-\p-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS H-cmƒ-°v kw-kv-Im-ck-º-∂-\m-Im-\m-hn-

s√-∂v Km-‘n ]n-∂oSp Xn-cn-®-dn™p. anX-hy-b-io-eØn-eqsS Xß-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ

\nd-th-‰p∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v Cw-•-≠n-se C-¥y-°mcm-b hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ°v At±lw

D-]-tZi-ßƒ \¬In.-

35


e-≠≥ sh-Pn-t‰-dn-b≥ skm-ssk‰n

sl≥dn kmƒ´v Fgp-Xnb "πo t^m¿ shPn-t‰-dn-b-\nkw' (Henry Salt-Plea forVegetarianism) F∂ ]pkvX-Iw Km-‘n-sb G-sd kzm-[o-\n-®p. BlmcsØ-°p-dn-®p-

≈ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-t\m-`m-hØn¬ am‰-ßƒ h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw k-kym-lm-c-am-Wv

a-\p--jy-\v G-‰hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-sa-∂ hn-izm-kw D-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu ]p-kvX-Iw

klm-b-I-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. 1890˛s‚ Xp-S-°Øn¬ am-©-kv-‰-dn-sebpw e-≠-\n-sebpw

k-kylm-c kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfm-b "sh-Pnt-‰-dn-b≥ sa-k-©-dn-'s‚-

bpw "Zn sh-Pn-t‰-dn-b-s‚'bpw ÿn-cw hm-b-\-°m-c-\m-bn Km‘n amdn. C-°m-e-b-fhn¬

\-S∂ kkym-lm-c-hm-Zn-I-fpsS cm-Pym-¥c k-tΩ-f-\Øn¬ tPmkn-b Hmƒ-Uv-^o¬-

Un-s\m∏w taml≥Zmkv ]s¶-Sp-Øp. sk]vXw-_-dn¬ shPn-t‰-dn-b≥ skmssk-‰n-

bn¬ Aw-Kam-b A-t±lw `c-W-k-an-Xn-bn-te°pw Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. 1891 s^_p-

hcn 20˛\v shPn-t‰-dn-b≥ skmssk-‰n-bpsS tbm-K-Øn¬ Pohn-X-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn Km-

‘n ]kw-Kn-®p. Xp-S¿-∂p sh-Pn-t‰-dn-b≥ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-amb "Zn

shPn-t‰-dn-b\n¬' A-t±-l-w \n-ch-[n te-J\-ßƒ F-gpXn.

1891-˛¬ t]m¿Svkvau-Øn¬ h®v \S∂ shPn-t‰-dn-b≥ skmssk-‰n-bpsS tbmKØn¬ \n∂v. H∂m-asØhcn-bn¬ CSØp\n∂v he-tØm´v Sn.Sn.-a-PqwZm¿, tPmknb HmƒUv^o¬Uv, Fw.sI.Km‘n

(IS-∏mSv: shPn-t‰-dn-b≥ sak-©¿ B≥Uv sl¬Øv dnhyp sk]vXw-_¿ 1936)

36


sl≥dn kmƒ- pw Fw.sI. Km-‘nbpw

e-≠\n¬ F-Øn-t®¿-∂ Ime-Øv kky`£Wim-eIƒ I-s≠-Øm\m-bn Km-‘n- \n-

ch-[n A-t\z-j-W-ßƒ \-S-Øn. hn-e-°p-d-hn¬, a-\-n-\n-W-ßp-∂ `£-Ww e-`n-°p-

∂ IS-Iƒ tX-Sn ]Øp ap-X¬ ]-¥≠p ssa¬h-sc \n-Xyhpw \-S-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

A-t±-l-Øn-\p H-cn-S-Øp-\n-∂pw kw-Xr-]v-Xn e-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn√. C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈

A-t\z-j-W-Ø-n-\n-sS ^m-cnMv-S¨ kv-So-‰n-ep-≈ H-cp kky`£W-im-e A-t±-lw I-

s≠-Øn. lr-Z-b-Øn-¬ kq-£n-®n-´p-≈ Hcm-K-lw km-[n-°p-∂ Ip-´n-bp-sS k-t¥m-j-

am-Wv A-t∏mƒ Km-‘n-°v A-\p-`-h-s∏-´Xv. I-S-bn-te-°p I-S-∂-t∏mƒ X-s∂ A-hn-sS

]-Z¿-in-∏n-®n-cp-∂ kmƒ-´n-s‚ "πo t^m¿ sh-Pn-t‰-dn-b-\n-kw' F-∂ ]p-kvX-Iw Km-‘n-

bp-sS i-≤-bn¬-s∏-´p. H-cp jn-√nMv \¬-In A-Xp hm-ßn-s°m-≠v Km-‘n Xo≥-ap-dn-bn-

te-°p I-S∂p. Cw-•-≠n-se-Øn-b-ti-jw A-∂m-Wv a\-p \nd-™v B-Zy-am-bn `£-

1931 \hw-_¿ 20-˛\v \S∂ e≠≥ shPn-t‰-dn-b≥ skmssk-‰nbpsS kwK-a-Øn¬ Fw.sI.-Km-‘nbpw sl≥dn Fkv. kmƒ´pw. (IS-∏mSv : sska¨ ssh¬Uv, tPm¨ ssh\n ssS-

k¨-, sl≥dn kmƒ´v tiJcw)

sl≥dn kv-‰o- ≥ kmƒ v

F-gp-Øp-Im-c≥, tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v ]-Ir-Xn-hmZn, k-kym-lm-chm-Zn F-∂o \n-e-

Ifn¬ ]-i-kvX≥. 1851 sk-]v-Xw-_¿ 20 \v C-¥ybn¬ P-\n®p. hn-Zym-`ymkw

tIw-_n-Uv-Pn¬. sl≥dn tU-hn-Uv tXm-tdm-bp-sS Po-h-N-cn-Xw, F πo t^m¿

sh-Pn-t‰-dn-b-\n-kw F-∂n-h-bm-Wv ][m-\ Ir-XnIƒ. ar-K-ß-fp-sS A-h-Imi-

ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Iq-cX-Iƒ X-S-bp-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn 1891˛¬ lyp-am-\n-

t‰-dn-b≥ eo-Kn-\p cq-]w \¬-In. 1939 G-]n¬ 19\v A-¥-cn®p. \

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37


Ww I-gn-®-sX-∂p Km-‘n ]-d-bp-∂p. Cu ]p-kvX-Iw hm-bn-® Znh-kw h-sc k-kym-

lm-cw F∂-Xv Km-‘n-°v H-cp Xnc-s™-Sp-∏m-bn-cp∂p. A-Ω-bp-sS ap∂n¬ h-®v ]-Xn-

⁄sNbv-X B Znh-ksØ A-\pKrlo-Xam°n amw-km-lm-cw h¿-Pn®-Xv k-Xy-sØ

ap-dp-sI ]n-Sn-°m\pw A-Ω-bv-°p \¬In-b ]-Xn-⁄ ]m-en-°m\p-am-bn-cp∂p. A-tXka-

bw X-s∂ a-\-n¬ F√m C-¥y°m-cpw amw-km-lm-cw I-gn-°p-∂-h-cmI-Ww F-∂pw

hcpw Im-e-Øv H-cp-Znh-kw X-\n°pw A-ß-s\-bm-bn-Øo-c-W-sa∂pw A-t±-l-w B-K-

ln-®n-cp∂p. B-lm-c-Im-cyØn¬ kzo-I-cn-t°-≠nh∂ Cu Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v ]n-∂o-Sv k-

kym-lm-c-tØm-Sp-≈ B-`n-ap-Jy-am-bn am-‰-s∏-Sp-I-bpw k-kym-lm-c-]-Nm-c-Ww Km-‘n

Xs‚ Zu-Xy-am-bn kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.

Xn-tbm-k- n-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w

Xntbmk^n°¬ skmssk‰n 1875 ˛emWv \yqtbm¿°n¬ cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv.

ª-hSvk-vIn, B-\n _k‚ v F-∂o skm-ssk-‰n t\-Xm°-sf Km-‘n e-≠-\n¬- h-®m-

Wp ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. kw-L-S-\-bp-sS X-Øz-ßfn¬ A-t±-lw B-Ir-„-\mbn. 1891

am¿-®v 26\v A-t±-lw e-≠≥ Xn-tbm-k-^n-°¬ skm-ssk-‰nbn¬ Aw-KXzw t\Sn.

Xn-tbm-k- n-°¬ skm-ssk‰n

slte-\ s]-tSm-hv\ _v-f-hSv-k-vIn, tI-W¬ sl≥-dn Ão¬ Hmƒ-tIm´v, hneyw

Iyp-hm≥ P-Uv-Pv F-∂n-h-cp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-¬ 1875 sk-]vXw_¿ G-gn-\mWv Xn-

tbm-k-^n-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv.

e-£yßƒ

1. hw-i, h¿-K, enw-K, h¿-W hy-Xym-k-ß-fn√m-sX a-\p-jycm-in-bp-sS km¿-h-

Xn-Iam-b km-tlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚ tI-µ-am-bn amdp-I.

2. a-X-ß-fp-sS Xm-c-X-ayw, X-Øz-im-kv-Xw, hn⁄m-\im-kvXw F-∂n-h-sb-

°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T\-ßƒ t]m-’m-ln-∏n°p-I.

3 hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-≥ I-gn-™n-´n√m-Ø ]-Ir-Xn\n-b-aßƒ, a-\p-jy\n¬ H-fn-

™p-In-S-°p-∂ i-‡n-Iƒ F-∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈ A-t\zjWw.

Zn Io Sp Xn-tbmk-^n (1889)˛amUw ª-hSv-k-vIn

[¿-a-im-kv-Xw, hn⁄m-\im-kv-Xw, X-Øz-im-kvXw F-∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ hy-

‡am-b hym-Jym-\w tNm-tZym-Ø-cco-Xnbn¬ F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv Cu ]p-

kv-XIw. skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS ÿm-]n-X-e£yw X-s∂ Cu ta-J-e-I-fn-se ]T-\-

amWv. Km-‘n e-≠-\n¬h-®v Cu ]p-kvX-Iw hm-bn-°p-I-bpw Xn-tbm-k-^n-°¬

skm-ssk-‰n-bn¬ B-Ir-„-\m-hp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.

1882 ˛ta-bn¬ aZn-cmin°p kao-]-apff A-U-bmdn¬ skm-ssk-‰n hn-im-eam-b

H-cp `q-]-tZ-iw hm-ßp-Ibpw h¿-jm-h-km-\-tØm-sS B-ÿm-\w Chn-tS°p am-

‰n ÿm-]n-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

\

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38


Xn-tbm-k^n-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS kzm-[o-\-hpw k-kym-lm-cn-I-fp-am-bp≈ ]-cn-N-b-

hpw Km-‘n-bp-sS Bflo-bh-f¿®sb \n¿-Wm-b-Iam-bn k-lm-bn®p.

Xn-tbm-k-^n-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS

kzm-[o-\w 1899 Im-e-L-´Øn¬ Km-‘n-

sb amUw _v-f-hSvk-vInbp-sS "Io Sp Xn-

tbmk- n', F-Uv-hn≥ Bƒ-t\mƒ-Un-s‚

"Zn tkmMv sk-e-kv-‰n-b¬', "Zn sse-‰v

Hm-^v Gjy', `-Kh-ZvKo-XbpsS b-Ym-

cq]w, ss__nƒ F∂n-h hm-bn-°p-∂-

Xn-te-°p \-bn-®p.

e-≠≥Po-hn-X-Øn-\n-sS c-≠p Xh-W B-

\n _-k‚n-s‚ ]-kw-Kw tIƒ-°m≥ Km-

‘n-°v A-h-k-c-ap-≠mbn. e-≠-\n-se

Izo≥-kv lm-fn¬ "F-¥p-sIm-≠v Rm≥

Xn-tbm-k-^n-kv-‰m-bn' F-∂ hn-j-b-

Øn¬ \-S-∂ ]- m-j-Ww tIƒ-°m-\mWv

A-t±-l-Øn-\v A-hk-cw e- n-®-Xv. X-s‚

i-h-Ip-So-cØn¬ ""Cu kvXo Po-hn-®Xpw a-cn-®Xpw k-Xy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-sW-∂p tc-

slte-\ s]-tSm-hv\

ª-hSv-kv-In 1831˛18911831 Hm-K-kv-Xv 12\v d-jybn¬ P-\n®p. F-

gp-Øp-Im-cn, X-Øz-Nn-¥-I F-∂o \n-

eIfn¬ ]-i-kv-X-. tem-Iw ap-gp-h≥ -k-

©-cn-® A-h¿ B-flo-b-Xbpw im-kv-

Xhpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-sØ-°p-dn-®v B-

gØn¬ ]-Tn-®p. Zn thm-bv-kv Hm-^v ssk-

e≥kv, Zn ko-I-´v tUmIvSn≥, Zn Io Sp

Xn-tbmk-^n F-∂n-h-bm-Wv ]-[m-\- Ir-

XnIƒ. 1891 sa-bv F-´n-\v Cw-•-≠n¬

h-®v A-¥-cn-®p.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

B-\n _-k‚v

1847 HtŒm_¿ 1 \v- Cw-•≠n¬- P-\n-®p. Xn-tbm-k-^n-Ãv,

kv-Xo-I-fpsS A-h-Im-i-ßƒ-°m-bp-≈ ]-h¿ØI, F-gp-

Øp-Im-cn, hm-‹n F∂-o \n-eIfn¬ ]-i-kvX. C¥ysb

amXrcmPyambn kzoI-cn® v \thm∞m\Øn\pw

kzmX¥yØn\pw th≠n ]h¿-Øn®p. _-\m-d-kn-¬

1898˛¬ sk≥S¬ ln-µp tIm-f-Pv ÿm-]n®p. 1933 sk-]v-

Xw-_¿ 20˛\v A-U-bm-dn¬ h-®v A-¥-cn-®p.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw \

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B-\n -_-k‚n-s‚ D-≤-c-Wn-Iƒ

$ ""tem-I-Øn-se F√m a-lØm-b a-X-ßƒ°pw X-ß-fp-sS P-∑Kr-l-w

I-s≠-Øm-\mhpI C-¥ybnem-Wv.''

$ ""C-¥y≥ Km-a-o-Why-hÿsb X-I¿-ØXv Cw-•-≠ns‚ N-cn-X-]-cam-b

hn-Uv-Vn-Ø-am-bn-cp-∂p.''

$ ""sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS A-`m-hØn¬ hn-iz-kn-°m-Xn-cn°p-I F∂-Xv bp-‡n-]-c-

am-b \n-e-]m-Sm-sW-¶nepw \-Ωp-sS ]-cn-an-Xam-b A-\p-`-h-ßƒ-°v A-Xo-X-

am-bn-´p-≈ Im-cyß-sf \n-cm-I-cn°p-I F∂-Xv \n-c¿-Y-I-am-Wv.''

39


J-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-w, F¶n¬ Cu tem-I-Øn-se G-‰hpw k-t¥m-j-h-Xnbm-b kvXo Rm-

\m-bn-cn-°pw'' F-∂ B-\n _-k‚n-s‚ hm-°p-Iƒ Km-‘nsb A-Km-[-am-bn kv-]¿-in-

®p.

aX-]-c-amb kzm[o-\-ßƒ

Fw.sI. Km-‘n F-°m-eØpw ln-µp-sh-∂ \n-e-bn¬ D-b¿-Øn-°m-Wn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

H-cn-°epw B ]m-c-º-cy-sØ D-t]-£n°m≥ A-t±-lw X-bm-dm-b-Xp-an√. F-∂n-cn-s°-

Ø-s∂ a-‰p hn-izm-k-ß-tfmSp Xp-d-∂ k-ao-]-\-am-Wv At±-l-Øn-\p-≠-m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. bphm-

hm-bn-cn-s° A-t±-lw G-‰hpa[n-Iw Dƒ-s°m-≠-Xpw kzmw-io-I-cn-®Xpw ssP-\]m-c-º-

cy-sØ-bm-Wv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ P∑ÿ-e-am-b Kp-P-dmØn¬ ssP-\-a-X-Øn-\p hen-b

]-Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-\p- Im-c-W-am-bn-Øo¿-∂Xv. e-≠-\n¬ \n-b-

ahn-Zym¿-Yn-bm-bn-cn-s° 1890˛Ifn¬ A-t±-l-w In-kv-Xp-a-XtØmSp hen-b Xm¬-∏cyw

h-f¿-Øn-sb-SpØp. ]-tXy-In®pw "]p-Xn-b-\n-b-a'-tØmSv. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬ b-ph

A-`n-`m-j-I-s\-∂ \n-e-bn¬ C-¥y°m-cp-sS A-h-Im-i-kwc-£-W t]m-cm-´-ß-ƒ-°p

t\-XrXzw \¬In-b Ime-Øv A-t±-lw H-cpt]m-se C-¥y°m-cm-b ln-µp-°-fp-sSbpw

apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw t\-Xm-hm-bn amdn. A-tX-ka-bw A-t±-l-Øn-\-hn-sS \n-ch-[n Pq-

Xkp-lr-Ø-p°-fp-sS k-lm-b-hpw e-`n-®p. Km‘n \-bn® ]-t£m-`-w ln-µp, ap-kvenw,

In-kvXp, Pq-Xa-X hn-izm-kn-I-sf H∂m-sI Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xmb-Xn\m¬ At±-l-Øn\v

Cu a-X-hn-izm-k-ß-fn-se√mw B-g-Øn-ep-≈ A-dn-hp k-ºm-Zn°m≥ I-gn™p.

ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s‚ kzm-[o-\w

Km-‘n-bp-sS Nn-¥-I-fp-sSbpw Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-hpw N-´-°qSpw ln-µp-a-X-

sØ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n cq-]wsIm-≠XmWv. Hcp bmYm-ÿn-XnI lnµp-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬

P\n-®p-h-f¿-∂ Km-‘n-sb I-Øn-bhmUn¬ A-∂p \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂ a-X-]-cam-b A-¥-

co-£w h-en-sbm-c-fhn¬ kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p≠v. C-Xn-lm-k-ßfmb alm-`mcXhpw cmam-b-

Whpw Km-‘n-bp-sS a-\n¬ im-iz-Xam-b ]-`m-h-ß-fm-Wp kr-„n-®Xv. Xp-f-ko-Zm-kn-

s‚ cm-amb-Ww ]m-cmb-Ww sN-øp∂-Xv 13˛m a-sØ h-b-n-em-Wp Km-‘n B-Zy-am-bn

tIƒ-°p-∂Xv. X∂n¬ B-g-Øn-ep-≈ A-S-bm-fw A-h-ti-jn-∏n°m≥ A—s‚ ap-∂n¬

\-S-Øn-b cm-am-b-W]m-cm-b-Ww C-S-bm°nbn-´p-s≠∂pw cm-a-mb-W-tØm-Sp-≈ I-Sp-Ø

B-cm-[-\-bv°pw Iq-dn-\pw A-Sn-Ø-d]m-Inb-Xv C-Xm-sW-∂pw Km-‘n ]-d-bp∂p. Xpf-

kocm-am-b-W-sØ `-‡n-c-k]-[m-\amb K-Ÿ-ß-fn-se G-‰hpw an-I-®-sX-∂m-Wp Km-

‘n hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Fw.sI. Km-‘n `-Kh-ZvKo-X ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv FUzn≥ Bƒt\mƒUv Fgp-Xnb "Zn

tkmMv sk-e-Ãn-b¬' h-gn-bmWv. Km-‘n `K-h-ZvKo-X-bpsS Cu ]cn-`m-j- hmbn-°p-

Ibpw AXv apt∂m- p-h-bv°p∂ Bi-b-ß-fn¬ BIrjvS-\m-hp-Ibpw -K-hZvKo-X-bp-sS

b-Ym¿-Y-cq-]w hm-bn-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. Km-‘n-sb kw-_-‘n-®nS-tØm-fw -Kh-ZvKo-X-

\¬-Ip-∂ k-tµiw Xn∑bvv-°v ta-ep-≈ \∑bp-sS D-Zv-tLm-j-am-Wv. `Kh-ZvKo-X-bn-se

^ew C-—n-°m-sX-bp-≈ I¿-a-Øn-s‚ kmw-K-Xyw, ]-cn-ip-≤am-b am¿-Kw F-∂n-h-bpw

Km-‘n-sb kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s‚ km-cmw-i-am-bm-Wp `-Kh-ZvKoX-sb Km-

‘n hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. -ew C-—n-°msX I¿aw-sN-øp-I F-∂ -Ko-Xm-XØzw Km-‘n-

sb h-io-I-cn°p-IX-s∂ sN-bvXp. A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-∂p: ""Po-hn-X-sØ∏-‰n ]p-Xn-sbm-cp

40


Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv Ko-X F-\n-°v Xp-d-∂p-\¬-In.'' `K-hZvKo-X ]n-∂o-Sv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Pohn-X-

Ønse Bflob\n-L-≠p-hm-bn amdn. ln-µphn-izm-k-Øn-se F√m Po-h-\n-ep-ap-≈ G-

I-Xz-sa-∂ Bi-bw A-lnw-k-bn-ep-≈ Km-‘n-bp-sS hn-izm-k-sØ Du-´n-bp-d-∏n-®p. Km-

‘n-bp-sS A-`n-]m-b-Øn¬ tem-I-Øn-se F√m ]-hm-N-I∑m¿°pw Ko-Xbn¬ C-S-ap-

≠v. A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-∂p:

F-√m hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°pw hm-bn-°m-hp-∂ c-N-\-I-fnsem∂m-W-Xv.

hn-`mKo-b Im-gv-N-∏mSp-I-sfm∂pw A-Xpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂n√,

[¿-a-sØ-°p-dn-®√m-sX a-s‰m∂pw A-Xp ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-an√.

Fw.sI. Km-‘n ]-d-bp∂p: "" ln-µpa-X-Øn¬-°q-Sn-bm-Wv Rm≥ In-kv-Xp-a-X-sØ-bpw

Ckvemwa-X-sØbpw B-Z-cn°m≥ ]Tn-®-Xv. ln-µpa-Xw Cu tem-I-sØ aq-ey-ap≈ Po-

hn-X-Øn-\v DX-Ip-∂-Xm-°p-∂XpsIm≠mWv Rms\mcp lnµp-hm-Ip-∂-Xv. Rm≥

a-\p-jyPo-hnI-sf am-X-a√, Po-h-\p-≈ F√m-‰n-s\bpw kv-t\-ln-°p-∂p F∂Xp-

sIm≠mWv Rms\mcp lnµp-hm-Ip-∂Xv.'' (b-Mv C-¥y, P-\ph-cn 12, 1926)

""ln-µpa-Xw Kw-K-sb-t∏m-se-bm-Wv, D-d-hn-SØn¬ ]-cn-ip-≤-hpw a-en-\-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xpw. F-

∂m¬ h-gn-Ifn¬ AXn¬ am-en-\y-ßƒ h-∂p-tN-cp∂p. F-∂n-cp-∂mepw Kw-K-sb-t∏m-

se sam-Ø-am-sb-SpØm¬ A-Xp Kp-W-]-ZwX-s∂-bmWv. Hm-tcm ]-hn-iy-I-fnepw A-

XXp ]-hn-iy-I-fp-sS kz-`m-hw ]-I-S-am-°p-∂p-s≠¶n-epw D-≈n-eq-sS A-Xv F√m-bn-

SØpw F-Øn-t®-cp∂p.'' (b-Mv C-¥y, F-]n¬ aq∂v, 1926)

_p-≤-a-X-Øn-s‚ kzm-[o-\w

_p≤-s‚ Po-hn-X-sØbpw Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-bp-w Km-‘n ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp∂Xv FUzn≥

Bƒt\mƒUns‚ "Zn sse‰v Hm^v G-jy' F∂ ]pkv-X-I-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv. _p-≤-s‚

]-cn-Xym-KPo-hnXhpw Im-cp-Wy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈ ]-t_m-[-\-ßfpw k-ln-jv-Wp-Xbpw Km-

‘n-sb G-sd kzm-[o-\n-®p. _p≤-s‚ D-]-tZi-ßƒ X-s∂ kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-s≠-∂v A-t±-

lw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p∂p. Km-‘n-bp-sS A-`n-]m-bØn¬, X-s∂-s°m-≠v I-gn-bp-∂ hn-

[Øn¬ _p≤-s‚ Po-hnXw ]n-¥p-S-cm-\m-Wv Xm≥ i-an-°p-∂-sX-∂v A-t±-lw hy-‡-

am-°p∂p. AjvSmw-K-am¿-K-ß-fm-Wv io-_p≤-s‚ ][m-\ D-]-tZ-i-ßfn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-

∂Xv. B-\-µ-Øn-te°pw kzbw -D-W¿-hn-te°pw \-bn-°p-∂ h-gn-bm-bm-Wv A-„mw-K-

am¿-K-sØ _p-≤≥ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. -

k¿ F-Uzn≥ Bƒ-t\mƒUv

]-X-]-h¿-ØI≥, ]-Xm-[n]¿, Ihn, A-[ym]-I≥ F-∂o \n-e-Ifn¬ A-Xn-]-

i-kvX≥. 1832 Pq¨ 10 \v Cw-•-≠nse tK-hv-sk≥Un¬ P-\n®p. 1856˛¬ ]q-s\-

bn-se K-h¨-sa‚ v kw-kvvvIr-X tIm-f-Pv ]n≥-kn-∏-embn C-¥y-bn-te-s°Øn.

G-gp-h¿-jw B ]-Z-hnbn¬ A-t±-lw Xp-S¿∂p. C-°m-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv 1857˛se H-

∂mw kzm-X-¥y-ka-cw \-S-°p-∂Xv. c-‡-Øn\p Pm-Xn-bn√ F-∂ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv

A-t±-lw D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn®p. Z sse-‰v Hm-^v Gjy, Z tkm-Mv sk-e-kv-‰n-b¬ F-

∂n-h-bm-Wv ]-[m-\- Ir-XnIƒ. 1904 am¿-®v 24 \v A¥-cn®p.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

41


ssP\-a-X-Øn-s‚ kzm-[o-\w

ssP-\-a-X-Øn-s‚ k-º-∂amb N-cn-X-am-Wv Kp-P-dm-Øn-\p-≈Xv. a-lm∑mcm-b ssP-\

k-∂ym-kn-I-fm-b B-Nm-cy tl-a-Nµ, B-Nm-cy io¬ Kp¨ kqcn, ioa-Zv cm-Pm-N-µ, I-

\m-Pn kzm-an F-∂n-h¿-°v P∑w \¬-Inb- -tZ-i-am-Wn-Xv.

ssP-\-a-X-Øn-\p \n¿-Wm-b-Iam-b kzm-[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ C-S-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wp I-Øn-

bhm-Uv. P∑tZi-Øp \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂ ssP\-a-X]-cn-kcßƒ, A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ am-Xm-

hv ]p-Xv-eo-_m-bn-°v ssP-\-a-X-tØm-Sp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ A-Sp∏w, ssP-\Nn-¥-I\m-b cm-Pm-

N-µ-bp-am-bp-≈ ku-lrZw F-∂n-hbpw Km‘nsb kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p≠v.

km-[m-c-WP-\-ßƒ-°m-bn ssP-\-a-Xw A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂ A-©ph-X-ßfpw Km-‘n

D∂-Xam-b X-eØn¬ Dƒ-s°m≠p. Alnw-k, k-Xyw, Akv-tX-b, A]-cn-K-l, _“-

N-cy F-∂n-h-bm-Wv A-h. C-h-bv-s°√mw D-]-cn-bm-bn Km-‘n-sb H-cp b-Ym¿-Y ssP\≥

F-∂- \n-ebn¬ \mw I-W-°m-°p∂-Xv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ [o-c-X-sb ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-tºm-gm-

Wv. `o-cp-hm-b Km-‘n-sb \-ap-°v H-cp km-l-N-cy-ß-fnepw Im-Wm≥ km-[n-°p-I-bn√.

B-bp-[-an√m-Ø [o-c\m-b hy-‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p Km-‘n. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ e-fn-X-Po-hn-Xhpw

th-j-hpw ssP-\-aX-Øn-s‚ kzm-[o-\w hn-fn-t®m-Xp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ssP\a-X-Øn-se ]-©-a-lm-hX-ßƒ Km-‘n-sb G-sd kz-m-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. A-tXm-sSm-

∏w Xnc-Xv-\-ßƒ F-∂ a-lØm-b ssP-\-a-XX-Øzhpw At±-lsØ kzm-[o-®n-´p≠v.

Km-‘n ]-d-bp-∂p:"" tem-IØn¬ ssP-\-a-X-tØm-fw B-g-Øn-epw hy-h-ÿm-]n-X-ambpw

Alnw-k-sb Po-hn-X-Øn-se A-Xn-s‚ ]m-tbm-Kn-I-X Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v hn-i-Zo-I-

cn-®n-´p-≈- a-s‰m-cp a-X-hp-an√''. `-Khm≥ a-lm-ho-c-s\ A-lnw-k-bp-sS G-‰hpw hen-b

A-[n-Im-cn F-∂ \n-ebn¬ B-Z-cn-°m-sa-∂p X-\n-°v D-d-∏p-s≠∂pw Km-‘n ]-d-bp∂p.

In-kv-Xp-a-X-Øn-s‚ kzm-[o\w

Km‘n-Pn hn-ip≤ ss_-_nƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Cw-•-≠n¬ h®m-Wv. "]p-Xn-b-\nb-aw'

Km-‘n-sb kzm-[o-\n®p. Km-‘nbp-sS A-`n-]m-bØn¬ "]pXn-b-\n-b-a'-Ønse Kn-cn-]-

`m-j-Ww lr-Z-b-Øn-te°p t\-cn- p ]-th-in-°p-I-bm-Wp sN-bv-XXv. Km‘nPn AXns\

`K-hZvKo-X-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn. ss__n-fnse ""Rm≥ \nß-tfmSp ]-d-bp∂Xv

ZpjvS-t\mSv sNdpØp\n¬°-cp-Xv, \n-s‚ Hcp Ic-W-Ø-Sn-°p-∂-h\p adp-I-cWw IqSn

ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I, \nt∂mSp hyh-l-cn®v \n-s‚ h-kvXw ssI-h-i-s∏-SpØm≥ ian-

°p-∂-h\p \ns‚ ta¬-h-kvXwIq-Sn \¬IpI'' F∂o hcn-Iƒ Af-hn-√m-Ø-hn[w

Xs∂ BÀm-Zn-∏n-®p-sh∂pw im-aƒ `-´n-s‚ "H-cp sam¥ sh-≈w tNm-Zn-°p-∂-bmƒ°v

\nd-sb -£-W-w Iq-Sn \¬Iq' F-∂ h-cn-Iƒ Xs‚ a-\-n-te-°v F-Øn-®p-sh∂pw Km-

‘n ]-d-bp-∂p. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS sN-dp-∏-am¿-∂ a-\-v `-Kh-ZvKo-X-sb-bpw "sse-‰v Hm-^v

G-jy'-sb-bpw Kn-cn-]-`m-j-W-sØbpw Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-SpØn. Xym-K-am-Wv a-X-Øn-s‚ G-

‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ cq-]-sa-∂p Km-‘n-°v t_m-[y-ambn. X-∂n¬ Ku-c-h-a-m-b am‰-ßƒ h-

cpØn-b temI-Øn-se alm-\mb Kpcp-hns‚ ÿm-\-am-Wv In-kv-Xp-hn-\v X-s‚ lr-Z-b-

Øn-ep-≈-sX-∂p Km-‘n- Du-∂n-∏-d-bp∂p. Kn-cn-]-`m-j-W-am-Wv tb-ip-hn-s\ X-\n-°v

]n-b-s∏-´-h-\m-°n am-‰n-b-sX-∂p Km-‘n- ]-e-t∏m-gpw hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v. F-∂m¬

42


tb-iptZh≥ Km-‘n-°v B-cm-bn-cp∂p? A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-∂p: ""am-\-h-cm-in-bp-sS G-‰hpw

hen-b Kpcp-hmWv tbip.'' Km-‘n-sb tb-ip-hn-te-°v B-I¿-jn®-Xv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚

k-l-\-Po-hn-Xw X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. a‰p-≈-h¿-°p th-≠n-bp-≈ k-l-\-w Km-‘n tem-I-

Øn-\p \¬-In-b k-tµ-i-ß-fp-sS B-[m-c-in-eI-fn-sem-∂m-bn-Ø-s∂ ]n-∂o-Sp amdn.

Km-‘n-bp-sS k-XyK-lk-a-c-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\w k-Xyw, A-lnw-k, kz-bw kl-\w

AY-hm X]-ky F-∂o aq-∂p X-Øzßfm-Wv. Cu aq-∂p X-Øz-ßfpw A-t±-lw In-kv-

Xp-hn-s‚ Po-hn-X-Øn¬ I-s≠-Øn. A-Xn¬-Ø-s∂ X-]-ky AYhm a-‰p-≈-h¿-°p-th-

≠n-bp-≈ k-l\w, A-s√¶n¬ Xym-Kw F-∂ In-kv-Xp-Z¿-i-\w Km-‘n-sb G-sd B-

I¿-jn-®p. Km-‘n hy-‡-am-°p-∂p: "" tb-ip-hn-s‚ D-Zm-l-c-Ww, AYhm k-l-\w F∂Xv

F-s‚ A-lnw-k-bn-ep-≈ H-cn-°epw \-in-°m-Ø hn-izm-kØn¬ Dƒ-t®¿-∂n-cn-°p-

∂p. F-s‚ F√m ]-hr-Øn-I-sfbpw A-Xv \n-b-¥n-°p∂p. eu-In-Ihpw sF-ln-I-hpam-

b F√m-‰n-t\bpw.'' k-Xy-K-ln-I-fp-sS cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ F-∂m-Wv Km-‘n tb-ip-hn-s\ hn-

ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

C-kvem-an-s‚ kzm-[o\w

Ckvemw F-∂ hm-°n-s‚ A¿-Yw k-am-[m-\w F-∂mWv. tXma-kv Im¿-te c-Nn-® "lo-

tdm-kv B≥-Uv lotdm h¿-jn-∏v' e-≠\n¬ h-®m-Wv Km-‘n hm-bn-°p-∂Xv. Km-‘n F-

gp-Xp∂p: ""]-hm-N-I-s\ ho-c-tbm-≤m-hm-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂ A-[ym-bØn¬\n-∂m-Wv

A-t±-l-Øns‚ a-lØzw, [oc-X, ITn-\amb Po-hn-Xw F-∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-dn-hv

F-\n-°v e-`n-®Xv. hn-ip-≤ Jp¿B≥ ap-t∂m-´ph-bv-°p-∂ Nqj-Wc-ln-Xam-b hy-h-ÿn-

Xn, \o-Xn, A-\pI-º F-∂n-hbpw Km-‘n-sb kzm-[o-\n®p. Ckvemw Pm-Xnhy-h-ÿ-bv-

°v F-Xn-cmWv. Jp¿Bs‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬ Pohn-Xe£yw F∂Xv hy-‡n-bp-sS

kt¥m-jhpw t£-a-hp-am-Wv. Ckvemw k-ln-jv-Wp-X-sb-∏-‰nbpw km¿-h-euIn-Ikv-

t\-l-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂ a-XwIq-Sn-bmWv.

Km-‘n-bn-¬ e-≠≥Po-hn-Xw h-cpØn-b am-‰ßƒ

$ kz¥w Xm¬∏cy-]-Im-c-ap≈ k-kym-l-m-c-Øn-s‚ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v

$ Cw•ojv `mjm-]-cn-⁄m\w

$ F-gp-Øv, ]-kn-≤o-Ic-Ww F-∂n-h-bn-ep-≈ I-gn-hn-s‚ hn-Imkw

$ kw-L-S-\m-]-h¿-Ø-\hpw coXnIfpw kzm-b-Ø-am-°n.

$ ]p-tcmK-a-\]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ _-‘w


hnhn[ aX-ßƒ Km‘n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øn-b kzm[o-\ßƒ Fs¥√mw?

Iq´mbn N¿®-sNbvXv dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

43


$ hnhn-[ a-X-K-ÿ-ß-fp-am-bp-≈

]-cn-N-bw

$ B-flo-b-X-bn-ep-≈ A-dnhv

$ A-`n-`m-j-I-\mbXv

$ Cw-•ojv, em-‰n≥, ^©v, b-¥-im-

kvXw, c-k-X-¥w, Du¿-P-X-¥w,

N-cn-Xw, `q-an-im-kv-Xw, K-Wn-X-im-

kvXw F-∂o hn-jbßfn¬ e-≠≥

bq-Wn-th-gv-kn‰n ]-co-£Ifn¬ hn-Pbw.

$ IrXy-\njvT

$ \n-Xy-Po-hn-XØn¬ Ub-dn-sbgp-Xp∂ io-e-w

$ kn-Uv-\n sP-bnw-kv sh_v, tPm¿-Pv s_¿-Wm-Uv jm F-∂o F-gp-Øp-Im-cp-am-bp-

≈ k-º¿°w.

$ X-Øz-Nn-¥-Icm-b F-tUz-Uv Im¿-s]‚¿, am-Uw ª-h-Sv-k-vIn, B-\n _k‚ v F-

∂n-h-cp-am-bp-≈ ]-cnNbw.

tam-l≥-Zm-kv I-cwN-µv Km-‘n-bn-¬\n-∂v a-lm-flm-hn-te-°p-≈ Km-‘n-bp-sS ]-cn-

h¿Ø\w \n-ch-[n kzm-[o-\-ß-fp-sS B-I-Øp-I-bmWv. C-¥y-bp-sS kmw-kv-Imcn-I

]m-c-º-cyw, \m-K-cnI-X, Ip-Spw-_]-›m-Ø-ew, Ipń-°m-e-sØbpw kv-Iq-fn-sebpw A-

\p-`-h-ßƒ, aq-∂p-h¿-jsØ e-≠-≥Po-hn-Xw F∂n-h A-h-bn¬ Nn-e-XmWv. Km-‘n

Xp-S-°-Øn¬ e-÷m-io-e-Øn-\v D-S-a-bm-bn-cp∂p. F-∂m¬ X-s‚ e-÷m-ioew e-≠≥

Po-hn-X-Øn-\n-sS ]pXn-b Im-cy-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-t±-l-Øn-\p X-S--am-bn√. N¿-

®-I-fn-epw km-aq-lnI]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fnepw A-t±-lw D-’m-l-tØm-sSbpw hen-b Xm¬-

∏-cy-tØmsSbpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

Fw.sI. Km-‘n A- n- m-j-I-\m-bn C-¥ybn¬

tam-l≥-Zm-kv I-cwN-µv Km-‘n 1891 Pq¨ 12 \v C¥y-bn-te°p Xncn-®p. \m-ń-seØn-b

A-t±-l-sØ Im-Øn-cp-∂ B-Zy B-Lm-Xw A-Ω-bp-sS a-c-W-hm¿-Ø-bm-bn-cp∂p.

t_mwt_ sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ A-t±-lw A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn 1892 sabvam-k-Øn¬ F≥-

tdmƒ sN-bvXp. F∂m¬ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ tI-kv ]-cm-P-b-am-bn-. cm-Pv-tIm-ń-

te-°p a-Sßn-b A-t±-lw A-hn-sS k-tlm-Z-c≥ e-£v-aoZm-kn-s\ k-lm-bn°m≥ Xp-S-

ßn. s]m-fn-‰n-°¬ GP‚ v C._n.sI. H-en-h‚n-s‚ A-Sp-Øv H-cp ip-]m¿-i sNøm≥ C-

°m-e-Øv k-tlmZ-c≥ A-t±-l-tØm-Sv B-h-iy-s∏´p. Km-‘n-°v A-t±-l-sØ e-≠\n¬

h-®v ]-cn-N-b-hpap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F-∂m¬ Km-‘n-tbm-Sv H-enh‚ v tIm]n°p-Ibpw

\-ap-°p ]-cn-tim-[n-°mwFw.sI. Km-‘n-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw cq]m-¥c-s∏-SpØp∂Xn¬ hnhn-[ kzm-[o-

\-ßfpw A-Xp-f-hm°n-b ^-e-ßfpw N¿-®sN-øpI.

\ap°p sNømw

Cw-•-≠n-se Imew Km-‘n-Pn-bp-

sS Po-hn-XØn¬ h-cpØn-b am-

‰-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v G-‰hpw ]-[m-\-

s∏´ A-s©-Æw Xn-c-s™-Sp-Øv

H-∂p-ap-X¬ A-©p h-sc ÿm-\w \¬-IpI.

Iq-´m-bn N¿-®sN-bv-Xv ¢mkn¬ A-h-X-cn-

∏n-°pI.

44


tPy-jvT-≥ Ip-‰-°m-c-\m-sW-∂v tcm-j-tØmsS hy-‡-am-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. X-s∂ kzm-

[o-\n°m≥ i-an-®-Xn\p Km-‘n-sb H-enh‚ v A-]-am-\n-®p. Cu kw-`-h-Øn-\p-ti-jw

hy-‡n-]-cam-b Im-cy-ßƒ-°m-bn H-cmƒ-°p-th-≠nbpw ku-lr-Zßƒ Zp-cp-]-tbm-Ks∏Sp-

Øn-s√∂ Xo-cp-am-\w A-t±-lw ssI-s°m≠p. C-¥y-bn-se Po-hn-XØn¬ Km‘n Xn-

I®pw A-k-wXr]vX-\m-bn-cp-∂p. C-¥y-°p ]p-d-Øp-t]m-hm≥ A-t±-lw B-K-ln®p. C-

°m-e-bfn¬ Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se Zm-Zm A-–p-≈ B≥-Uv I-º-\n-bn¬-\n-∂v A-t±-l-

Øn-\v H-cp tPm-en-hm-Kv-Zm-\w e-`n®p. H-cp h¿-j-am-bn-cp-∂p Im-em-h[n. Cu hm-Kv-Zm-\w

kzo-I-cn-®v 1893˛¬ 24˛mw h-bn¬ Km‘n Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-te-°p bm-XXncn-®p.

Km-‘n-sb kzm-[o-\n-® C-¥y≥ hy-‡n-Xzßƒ

ioaZv cmPmNµm (dm-bvN-µv)

ssP\X-Øz-Nn-¥-I\m-b ioa-Zv cm-Pm-N-µ Km-‘n-bp-sS G-‰hpw A-Sp-Ø kp-lr-Øp-

°-fn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p. ssP-\X-Øz-ßfn¬ A-Km-[am-b ]m-fin-Xy-ap-≈ ]-Xn- -bmWv-

dmbv Nµv_mbn F-∂-dn-b-s∏- n-cp∂ ioaZv cmPm-Nµ. Cw-•-≠n¬-\n-∂p a-S-ßn-sbØnb

Km-‘n A-t±-l-hp-am-bn Iq-Sn-°mgv-N \-S-Øn. k-hnti-jkz-`m-h-Øn-\p-Sabm-b A-t±-

lw i-X-h-[m-\n (H-tc-k-a-bw \q-dn-te-sd Im-cy-ßfn¬ C-S-s]-Sm-\p-≈ I-gnhv) F-∂pw

A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. [¿-a--im-kv-Xm--Zn-Ifn¬ A-t±-l-Øn-\v A-Km-[am-b ]m-fin-Xy-ap-

≠m-bn-cp∂p. dm-bv-N-µn-s‚ ]-kw-K-ßfneq-sSbpw a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®pw Cu-iz-c-s\-°p-dn-

®p-ap-≈ te-J-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv Km-‘n-°v A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ B-flo-b-am-b⁄m-\-sØ-

Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign™-Xv. Cu-izc-s\ ap-Jm-ap-Jw Im-Wp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Xo-ham-b B-K-

l-sØ-°p-dn®pw B-fl-km-£m¬°m-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw Km-‘n dm-bv-N-µp-am-bn N¿®-Iƒ

\-SØn. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°bn-em-bn-cn-s° A-t±-lw X-s‚ Bflo-b]-Xn-k-‘n-I-sf-°p-

dn®pw kw-i-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ H-cp tNm-Zym-h-en-X-s∂ cm-PmN-µ-bv-°v A-b-®p-sIm-

Sp-Øp. 27 tNm-Zy-ßƒ A-S-ßp-∂ Km-‘n-bp-sS I-Øn-\v cm-Pm-N-µ D-Nn-X-hpw A-t±-l-

Øn-s‚ kw-i-bßƒ Zq-co-I-cn-°p-∂-Xpam-b D-Øc-ßƒ \¬-Ip-Ibpw sN-bvXp. X-

∂nse B-flo-b-X-bpsS h-f¿-®bn¬ dm-bv-N-µn-s‚ ]-¶n-s\∏‰n Km-‘n-Pn B-fl-I-Y-

bn¬ F-Sp-Øp]-d-™n-´p-≠v.

tKm-]m-e-Irjv-W tKmJse

tKmJsesb X-s‚ cm-jv-So-bKp-cp F-∂ \n-ebn¬ Km-‘nPn Aw-Ko-I-c-n-®-n-cp∂p. X-

s‚ C-f-b k-tlmZ-c≥ F-∂ \n-e-bn-em-Wv tKmJ-se Km-‘n-sb t\m-°n-°-≠Xv.

tKm-J-sebp-sS ]-h¿-Ø-\-ssi-en Km-‘n-Pn-sb hen-b tXmXn¬ kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p≠v.

Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS A-`n-]m-b-Øn¬ tKm-Jse-bp-sS ]-h¿-Ø\-ßƒ I-≠p-\n¬-°p-∂-Xp-

X-s∂ H-cp hn-Zym-`ym-k-amWv. H-cp an-\n-‰v t]mepw ]m-gm-°m-sX A-t±-lw X-s‚ cm-Py-

sØ a-\p-jy¿°mbn tk-h-\-ß-fn-te¿-s∏-´p. C-¥y-bn-se Zm-cn-Zy-sØ-°p-dn-®v A-t±-

lw G-sd B-Ip-e-\m-bn-cp∂p. kzm-X-¥y-sa-∂ tKm-J-sebp-sS B-Z¿-iw Km-‘n-sb

G-sd B-I¿-jn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. s]m-Xphn¬ ]-d-™m¬, tKm-J-se-bp-sS hy-‡n-Xz-w,

Po-hn-X-ssien, ]m-tbmKn-I⁄m\w, em-fnXyw F∂n-h Km-‘n-sb B-gØn¬ kzm-

[o-\n-°p-Ibpw X-s‚ hy-‡n-Xzw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn¬ G-sd k-lm-bn-°p-Ibpw sN-

bvXp.

45


l e-≠-\n¬h-®v Fw. sI. Km-‘n hnhn-[ a-X-ß-fp-sS hn-ip≤-KŸ-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏sS A-kw-Jyw

]p-kvX-Ißƒ hm-bn-°pI-bp-≠m-bn.

$ hnhn[ Nn-¥-I-tcmSpw F-gp-Øp-ImtcmSpw km-aqln-I]-h¿-Ø-I-tcmSpw e-≠-\n¬h®v Fw.sI.

Km-‘n \n-ch-[n N¿®-Iƒ \-S-Øp-I-bpw C-Xv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ _u-≤n-Ihn-Im-k-Øn-\v G-sd

k-lm-b-I-am-hp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

$ e-≠-\n¬h®v ]p-tcm-K-a-\Nn-¥-I-tfmSpw ]-ÿm-\-ß-tfm-Spw Km-‘n k-º¿-°-Øn-te¿-s∏-Sp-I-bp-

≠mbn. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ B-¥-cn-Iam-b cq-]m-¥-cØn¬ CXp \n¿-Wm-b-I L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p.

$ Fw.sI. Km‘n B-¥-cn-Iam-b I-cpØp t\-Sn-b-Xpw Zr-V-hn-izm-kßƒ hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xpw

X-s‚ cq-]m-¥-c-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-L-ámb Cu Im-e-Øm-Wv.

kw-K-lw

$ Km-‘n-bp-sS hy-‡nXzw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn¬ Ip-Spw-_-]-›m-Ø-ehpw am-Xm-]n-Xm-°fpw Fß-

s\ kzm-[o-\n-®p F-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn°p-I.

$ Km-‘n-bp-sS B-ZyIm-e Po-hnXm-\p-`-h-ß-fn-se k-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw A-lnw-k-bp-tSbpw ]-¶v

hc-®p Im´p-I.

$ Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bp-sS Ip-ń-°m-ehpw hn-Zym¿-YnPo-hn-X-hpw hn-i-Ie-\w sNøp-I.

$ e-≠≥ Po-hn-X-Øn-se hnhn-[ A-\p- -h-ßƒ N¿®sNøp-I. Ah Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bn¬ D-≠m°n-

b ^-e-ß-ƒ F-s¥√m-sa∂p Xn-cn-®-dnbp-I.

$ e-÷m-io-ew a-dn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn-\pw t\-Xr-Kp-W-ßƒ h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw e-≠≥ sh-Pn-t‰-

dn-b≥ skm-ssk-‰n Fw.sI. Km-‘nsb F-ß-s\-bm-Wv k-lm-bn-®-Xv F-∂p hn-h-cn°p-I.

$ Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bp-sS cq-]m-¥-c-Øn-\v k-lm-b-Iam-b hnhn-[ L-S-I-ß-fpw A-h-bp-sS kzm-[o-

\-ß-fpw hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I.

$ Km-‘n-sb hnhn-[ aX-ßƒ F-]-Im-c-am-Wv kzm-[o-\n-®-sX-∂pw A-h-bp-≠m°n-b ê-ßƒ

F-s¥∂pw Xn-cn-®-dnbp-I.

$ tKm-]m-e-Irjv-W tKm-J-sebpw cm-Pm-N-µ-bpw Fw. sI. Km-‘n-sb kzm-[o-\n-®-sX-ß-s\-sb-

∂p hn-h-cn°pI.

F-\n-°p I-gn-bpw

46



1. C-¥y-bp-sS k-hn-ti-jamb kmwkv-Im-chpw k-º-∂am-b ss]Xr-I-hpw tam-l≥-Zm-kv I-cwN-

µv Km-‘n-bn¬ \n∂p alm-flm-Km-‘n-bn-te-°p-≈ cq-]m-¥-c-Øn¬ t\-cn´p kzm[o-\w sN-ep-Øn-

bn- p-≠vv hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

2. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS IpSpw-_-]-›m-Ø-ew, am-Xm-]n-Xm°ƒ, A-Sp-Ø _-‘p°ƒ, kplr-Øp-°ƒ,

kw-kv-Imcw, a-Xw,hnZym-`ym-kw, Po-hn-°p-∂ Im-ew F∂nh B hy‡n-bpsS kz`m-h-cq-]o-I-c-

W-Øn¬ hen-b- kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øp∂p≠v. Km‘n-Pnsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw C-Xv A-km-

[m-c-Whpw ]-k-‡hp-am-Wvv˛ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

3. Km-‘n B-fl-I-Ybn¬ F-gp-Xp∂p: "" CXvv A-lnw-kbn¬ F-\n-s°m-cp km-[-\m-]mT-am-bn-

cp∂p. A-∂v F-\n-°Xn¬ A—-\p a-I-t\m-Sp-≈ kv-t\-l-Øn¬ I-hn-™v H∂pw hm-bn-s®-

Sp°m≥ I-gn-™n√. F-∂m¬ C-∂v A-Xp ip-≤am-b A-lnw-k-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v F-\n-°-dn-

bmw''. Cu kw`-hw G-sX-∂p Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I, \n-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn¬ CsXm-cp km-[-\m-]mT-

am-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p hy-‡-am-°pI.

4. tam-l≥-Zm-kn-s‚ Po-hn-X-Øn¬ cm-Pm l-cn-›-µ-\pw i-h-W\pw, am-Xr-I-I-fpw ]-cn-ip-≤amb

Po-hn-Xw \-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]tNm-Z-\hpambn-Øo¿∂p. C-h-cp-sS kzm-[o-\w Km-‘n-bp-sS

Po-hn-X-Ønepw Nn-¥-I-fnepw F-ß-s\-bmWv ]-Xn-^-en-®-Xv ?

5. tam-l≥-Zm-kv hn-Zym¿-Yn-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ-Ø-s∂ X-s‚ A-Snÿm-\X-Øz-ßfn¬ hn-´p-ho-gv-N-

bv-°v X-bm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√- F∂-Xv sI‰n¬ kw`-hw Im-´n-Ø-cp∂p. an. Kn¬-kn-s‚ kvvIqƒ ]-cn-

tim-[-\-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn C-°m-cyw hn-h-cn-°pI.

6. ""Km-‘n A-Ω-bv°p \¬In-b ]-Xn-⁄ ]m-en-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn amw-km-lm-cw h¿-Pn®p. F∂m¬

F-s‚ \n-e]mSp C-°m-cy-Øn¬ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv, F-s‚ amw-kh¿-P\w AΩ-bv-°v `m-¥v ]n-Sn-

∏n-°p-∂ H-∂m-bn. Imc-Ww Rm≥ \-in-°p-sa-∂v A-Ω Nn-¥n-®p.'' e-≠≥ sh-Pn-t‰-dn-b≥ skm-

ssk-‰n-bp-sS hm¿jn-Itbm-KØn¬ 1931 \-hw-_¿ 20\v sl≥dn kmƒ´v \S-Ønb ]-kw-K-

Øn¬-\n-∂p-≈ ]-c-m-a¿-i-am-Wv ap-Ifn¬ \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Km-‘n F-]-Im-c-am-Wv k-kym-

lm-c-Øn-s‚ k-tµ-i-hm-l-I-\m-bsX∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°pI.

6. kkym-lm-c-]-ÿm\w Km‘n-Pnsb F]-Imcw kzm[o-\n®p F∂p hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

7. ""ln-µpa-X-Øn¬-°q-Sn-bm-Wv Rm≥ In-kv-Xp-a-X-sØ-bpw Ckvemw a-X-sØbpw B-Z-cn°m≥

]Tn-®-Xv.'' ln-µp-a-X-Øn-se aq-ey-ßƒ Fw.sI. Km-‘n-sb kzm-[o-\n-®-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂p hn-e-bn-

cp-Øp-I.

10Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bp-sS cq]m-¥cw

c≠mw L´w

][m-\m-i-b-ßƒ

l ]o-‰¿- am-cn-‰v-kv-_¿-Kv A-\p -hw

l thm- -hIm-i \n-tcm-[-\\n-b-a-hpwt\‰mƒ C¥y≥ tIm -Kkpw

l aq-∂p ]-h≥ \n-IpXn

l ]-®e-Lpte-J

l C¥y≥ H-∏o-\n-b≥

l t_m-h¿ bp-≤hpwkp-fpI-em-]-hpw

l ]m-›m-XyNn-¥-Icpw Km-‘n-bpw

l kaq-lPohn-X]-co-£Wßƒ

l k-Xy-K-l-Øn-s‚ DZv hw

3

tam-l≥-Zm-kv I-cwN-µv Km-‘n Z-£n-Wm-^n-°bn¬F-Øp-∂-Xn-\p apºp-≈ Po-hn-Xhpw A-\p- -h-ß-fpamWvI-gn-™ A-[ym-bØn¬ hn-i-Z-am-°n-bXv. Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bn¬-\n-∂p a-lm-flmKm-‘n F-∂ hy-‡n-Xz-Øn-te-°p-≈ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- h-f¿-®bpw ]-cn-Wm-a-hp-am-Wv Cu A-[ym-bw N¿-®sNøp-∂Xv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n¿-Wm-b-I-am-bn amdnb A-\p- -hßƒ,]-co-£-Wßƒ, kzm-[o-\n® -L-SI-ßƒ F-∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bpw \-SØn-b C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS ]-cnWX^-e-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-amWp \mw C-hn-sS ]Tn-°p∂Xv. ]o-‰¿-am-cn‰vkv_¿-Kv kw-`hw, thm-´-h-Im-i\n-tcm-[-\w, t\-‰mƒ C¥y≥ tIm¨-K-kn-s‚ cq-]o-I-cWw, aq-∂p]-h≥ \n-Ip-Xn k-a-cw, C¥y≥ Bw-_p-e≥-kv tk-\-F-∂n-h-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ A-\p-`hßƒ, tPm¨ d-kv-In≥, entbm tSmƒ-kv-t‰mbv, sl≥dn tU-hn-UvtXmtdm F-∂o ]m-›m-XyNn¥-I¿ sN-epØn-b kzm-[o-\w, kaq-lPohn-X]-co-£-Wßƒ, _-“-N-cy-hXw,k-Xy-K-l-Øn-s‚ D¤-hw F-∂-n-h-bm-Wv C-hn-sS hn-i-Z-am-°p-∂Xv.

Km-‘n Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬

\-ap-°p N¿-®sN-ømw:

$ Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-sb∏-‰n Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ BZyw\-Ωp-sS a-\-n-te-°v I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xm-cm-Wv?(2013˛¬ A-t±-lw A-¥-cn-®p).

$ a-‰p-≈-h-cn¬-\n∂v A-t±-l-sØ ]-i-kv-X\pwhy-Xy-kv-X-\p-am-°p-∂-sX-¥m-Wv?

$ A-t±-l-sØ G-‰hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kzm-[o-\n-®hy-‡n B-cm-Wv?

Zm-Zm A-–p-≈ B≥-Uv I-º-\n- \¬-Inb hm-Kv-Zm-\wkzo-I-cn-®v 1893˛¬ Xs‚ 24˛mw h-b-n-emWp tam-l≥-Zm-kv I-cwN-µv Km-‘n H-cp h-¿-j-tØ-°v Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-te-°p ]hm-kPo-hn-X-Øn-\mbn ]p-d-s∏-

Sp∂Xv.

48

XI˛mw ¢mkvv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw˛ Km‘n-b≥ ]T\w

C-tX-t]m-sem-cp A-\p -hw Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬ FØn-b B-Zy-Zn-h-k-ßfn¬ Km-‘n-°v t\-cn-tS-≠nh-∂p. Cu A-h-k-cØn¬ A-t±-l-w ]-Xn-I-c-n®-Xv F-]-Im-c-sa-∂p ]-cn-tim-[n°mw.U¿-_-\n¬- I-∏-en-dßn-b Km-‘n-°v ]n-t´m-dn-b-bn-te-°p t]mIp-∂-Xn\p apt∂m-Sn-bmbn AhnsS Xm-a-kn-t°-≠-Xm-bnh-∂p. Km-‘n-Pn-sb Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-te-°v £-Wn® Zm-Zm A-–p-≈ B≥-UvI-º-\n- D-S-abmb A-–p-≈ tk-´v c-≠pZnh-kw I-gn-™-t∏mƒ A-t±-l-sØbpwIq- n U¿-_≥ tIm-S-Xn-bn-te-°p t]mbn.Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se tImS-Xn\-S-]-Sn-

Iƒ Km-‘n-°v ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p D-t±iyw. ]-e ][m-\ hy-‡n-I-sfbpw A-hn-sSh®v A-t±-lw Km-‘n-°v ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. I-º-\n-bpsS A-`n-`m-j-I-s\m-∏w Km‘n tIm-S-Xn°p-≈n¬ C-cp-∂p. Cu k-ab-Øvv P-Uv-Pn-bn¬-\n-∂p≠m-b \n¿-tZ-iw Km-‘n-°v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-\m-bn√. A-tX∏‰n Km-‘n ]-d-bp-∂-Xn-ßs\:""P-UvPn F-s∂ \n-co-£n-°p-Ibpw cq-£-ambn t\m-°n-s°m-≠v X-e-∏m-hv A-gn®p-am-‰p-hm≥ B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. F∂m¬ Rm-\-Xp Xn-c-kv-I-cn-°p-Ibpw tIm-S-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂v C-d-ßn-t∏m-cp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp''. C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈ ap-kvenwIƒ-°p am-X-amWv tImS-Xnap-dn-°p-≈n¬ ]-c-º-cm-K-X X-e-∏m-hv [-cn-°m-\p-≈ A-\p-hm-Zap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. a-‰p≈-h¿ tIm-S-Xnbn¬ ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p ap-ºv X-e-∏m-hv A-gn-®p-am-‰-W-sa-∂mWp Io-gv-h-g-°-w. C-Xm-Wv P-Uv-Pn A-]-Imcw -]-d-bm-\p-≈- Imc-Wsa∂v A-–p-≈tk-´v Km-‘n-tbm-Sv hy-‡-am-°n-sb-¶n-epw C-Xw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\m-bn-√.Xe-∏mhv Agn°p∂Xv hy‡n-XzsØ Ah-tl-fn-°p-∂-Xn\p Xpey-am-bmWv Km‘n°vA\p-`-h-s∏-´-Xv."t\‰mƒ A-Uz-¿ssSk¿' ]-Xw Cu kw`-hw dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-bvXp. Km-‘n C-tX-Øp-S¿∂p X-s‚ `m-Kw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®v ]-Xm-[n-]¿°v Ip-dn-∏v Ab°pIbpwA-Xp ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°bn¬ FØn- H-cm-gv-N-bv-°p≈n¬A-]-Xo£n-Xam-b ]-i-kv-Xn A-t±-l-Øn-\p e- n-°m≥ C-Xp h-gn-sbm-cp-°n. am-[yaßƒ"A-kzo-Im-cy\mb A-Xn-Yn' F-∂ hn-ti-j-WtØm-sS Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se B-Zy-Zn-

\-ßfn¬ Km-‘n-sb Nn-Xo-I-cn-°m≥ C-u kw`-hw Im-c-W-ambn.

]o-‰¿am-cn-‰v-kv_¿-Kv kw- hw

H-cm-gv-N-bv-°p-ti-jw U¿-_-\n¬-\n-∂p Km-‘n]n-t´m-dn-bbn-te-°v sS-bn\n¬ ^-kv-‰v ¢m-kvIw-]m¿-´vsa‚n¬ bm-X-bmbn. sh-≈-°mcm-bklbm-XnI¿ bmXbv-°n-S-bn¬ "H-cp Iqen'sS-bn\n¬ ^-kv-‰v ¢mkn¬ Xßƒ-s°m∏wbm-XsN-øp-∂-Xns\-Xntc ]-cm-Xn-s∏-´p.aq∂mw ¢mkn-te°p amdm≥ Bh-iy-ap∂--bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu Bhiyw \nc-kn®Km‘nsb ]o-‰¿-am-cn‰v-kv_¿Kn¬ F-Øn-b-t∏mƒ _e-ambn sSbn-\n¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øm-°n. Xp-S¿∂v H-cp cmXn ap-gp-h\pw Km-

]-h¿-Ø\w

\-ap-°p N¿-®sN-ømw

l C-¥ybn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw H-tc h-kv-X-[m-c-Wco-Xn-bm-tWm?

l \-Ωp-sS cm-Py-Øp \n-e-hn-ep-≈ hy-Xy-kv-X-ßfmbh-kv-X-[m-c-Wco-Xn-Iƒ Xn-cn-®-dnbpI.

l hy-Xy-kv-X- h-kv-X-[m-c-Wco-Xn-Iƒ-°v Hmtcm

k-aq -l-hpw ap≥K-W-\ \¬-Ip -∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

l ]-c-º-cm-K-X- thjßƒ [-cn°m≥ -]m-Sns√--

s∂mcmƒ ]d™m¬ \n-ßƒ Fß-s\ ]-Xn-I-

cn-°pw?

]o‰¿ amcn‰vkvv_¿Kv sdbn¬th-tÃ-j≥

49

Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bp-sS cq]m-¥cw˛c≠mw L´w

‘n kv-t‰-j-\n-se πm‰vt^m-an¬ I-gn™p. Cu kw`-hw A-t±-l-Øns‚ cm-jv-So-bPo-hn-X-Øn-se h-gn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Km‘n AtX-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""Rm≥F-s‚ I¿-Ø-hy-sØ-∏-‰n Nn-¥n®p. F-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n t]m-cm-Sp-I, A-s√¶n¬ C-¥y-bn-te-°p a-S-ßp-I. AXpa-s√¶n¬ Cu hn-thN-\w k-ln-®v ]n-t´m-dn-b-bn-te-°p t]m-bn tI-kv A-h-km-\n-∏n-®-ti-jw C-¥y-bn-te-°p a-S-ßp-I? F-s‚ I-S-a\n¿-h-ln-°m-sX-bp≈ a-S-°w o-cp-Xz-amWv. F-\n-°p kw-`-hn-® I-„-∏m-Sp-Iƒ- tIh-ewD-]-cn--π-h-am-Wv; h¿-W-hn-tZzjw F-∂ B-g-tadn-b tcm-K-Øn-s‚ _m-ly-e-£-W-ßƒ.Cu tcm-K-sØ D-∑qe-\w sN-øm\pw B ]-In-b-bn¬ D-≠m-hp-∂ I-„-∏m-Sp-Iƒ k-ln-°m\pw Rm≥ i-an-°Ww. F-t∂m-Sp sNbv-X sX-‰p-Iƒ-°p ]-cn-lm-cw tX-Sp-∂-Xn\v,h¿-W-hn-tZz-jw C√m-Xm°m≥ B-h-iy-am-bn-S-tØm-fw th-≠ ]cni-a-ßƒ Rm≥

sNøWw.''

H-Sphn¬, Zp¿-L-Sam-b h-gn-X-s∂ apt∂m-´p t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p Xnc-s™-Sp°m≥ Km-‘n

Xo-cp-am-\n®p˛ Z-£n-Wm-^n-°bn¬ Xm-a-kn-®v h¿-W-hn-tZz-j-Øn-s\-Xntc t]m-cm-SpI.

Xs‚ ia-ßƒ F-fp-∏-ap-≈-XmIn√ F-∂ ]q¿-Wt_m-[y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv A-t±-lw Cu

Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-ØXv. Xp-S¿-∂v A-Sp-Ø sS-bn\n¬ Km‘n ]n-t´m-dn-b-bn-te-°p-≈ bm-

X Xp-S¿∂p. ]o‰¿am-cn-‰vkv-_¿-Kv kw-`-h-Øn-\p-ti-jw A-Sp-Ø Zn-h-kw-X-s∂ tPm-l-

∂m-kv_¿-Kn¬-\n∂p ]n-t´m-dn-bbn-te-°pff Ip-Xn-c-h≠nbm-Xbn¬ Km-‘n--°v k-am-

\am-b a-s‰m-\p`-hw t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. IpXn-c h-en-°p-∂ tIm-®n-s‚ A-I-Øn-cn-°m≥-

tIm-®n-s‚ N-p-a-X-e-°m-c\m-b sh-≈-°m-c≥ Km-‘n-sb A-\p-h-Zn-®n-√. tIm-®n-s‚ ap≥-

`mK-Øv Po-h-\-°m¿-°p-≈ C-cn-∏n-S-am-Wv Km-‘n-°v A-\p-h-Zn-®Xv. A-]-am-\w k-ln-®v

A-t±lw A-hn-sS bm-XsN-bvXp. ]¿-t±-t°m-^v F-∂ ÿ-e-sØ-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Km-‘n-

tbm-Sv A-hn-sS-\n-∂p -Nhn-´p-]-Sn-bn-te-°p am-dn-bn-cn°m≥ Poh-\-°m-c≥ B-h-iy-s∏´p.

A-Xn-\p X-bm-dm-Im-Ø-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v A-t±-l-sØ a¿±n°m≥ X-p-Sßn. C-XpI≠v a-

‰p bm-X-°m¿ C-S-s]-´v Km‘nsb c-£n-°p-I-bpw bm-XXp-Scm≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw

sN-bvXp. C-Ø-cØn¬ A-t±-l-Øn\p Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬ sh-≈-°m-cn¬-\n∂p h¿-

W-hn-tZz-j-Øn-s‚ \n-ch-[n Zpc\p-`h-ßƒ t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.

tIm-S-Xnbn¬ h®v P-Uv-Pn-bn¬-\n-∂p t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂ A-]-am\w, ]o-‰¿am-cn-‰v-kv-_¿-Kv

kw- -hw F-∂n-h- Km-‘n-Pn-bn-se t]m-cm-fn-bmb km-aq-lnI]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ ]p-dØpsIm-

≠p-h∂p

ZuXyw I-s≠-Øp∂p

Nn-¥n-°pI, ]-h¿-Øn-°pI

\n-ßƒ H-cp sSbn≥ Iw-]m¿´v-sa‚n¬ bm-XsN-øp-tºmƒ hr-Øn-

bn√mØ h-kvXw [-cn-®v bm-XsN-øp-∂ H-cm-sf a-‰p bm-X°m¿ tN¿-

∂p ]p-d-Øm°m≥ i-an-°p∂p. Iq-sS bm-XsN-øp-∂ hy-‡n-sb-∂ \n-ebn¬ \n-

ßƒ Fß-s\ ]-iv-\Øn¬ C-S-s]-Spw? a-\pjy≥ A-]-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ k-µ¿`-

ßƒ \n-ßƒ t\cn¬ I-≠n-´p-t≠m? CØ-cw kw-`-h-ßfn¬ \n-ß-fp-sS ]-Xn-

Ic-Ww F-¥m-bn-cn-°pw? N¿® sNøpI.

50


Zm-Zm A-–p-≈-bp-sS tI-kv tIm-S-Xn-°p ]pd-Øv c-ay-am-bn ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥ Km-‘n-°p I-

gn-™p. ]-cn-i-a-im-enbpw k-Xy-k-‘-\pamb bp-h A-`n-`m-j-Is‚ \n¿-tZ-ißfpw hy-

h-ÿ-Ifpw C-cp-hn- m-Khpw Aw-Ko-I-cn®p. Zm-Zm A-–p-≈-bp-sS ÿm-]-\-Øn-\p \¬-Im-

\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂ 37000 ]u-≠v \¬-Im-sa-∂v X-bv-_v-tk-Øv k-Ω-Xn-®p. C--cp-h-cp-sSbpw Ip-

Spw_-ßƒ C-Xp-aq-ew ho≠pw A-Sp-∏-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw A-Xp Iq-SpX¬ i-‡am-b _-

‘-Øn-\p h-gn-sbm-cp-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

tI-kv A-h-km-\n-®-tijw Fw.sI. Km-‘n U¿-_\n¬ Xn-cn-sI-sbØn. C-°m-e-b-

fhn¬ C-¥y-°m¿-°n-Sbn¬ "Km-‘n `mbn' F-∂ t]-cn¬ A-t±-lw kp-]-cn-Nn-X-\m-bn

am-dn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Km-‘n-bp-sS a-S-°-Øn-\p ap-t∂m-Sn-bmbn Zm-Zm A-–p-≈ sk-bv-

Z≥lm-an¬ bm-X-b-b-∏ptbm-Kw kw-L-Sn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. tbm-K-Øn¬ B Znh-kw "t\‰mƒ

sa¿-°p-dn' F-∂ ]-XØn¬ h-∂ Hcp hm¿-Ø-sb∏-‰n Km-‘n hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p, C-tX-

Øp-S¿-∂p tbm-Kw \o-≠p-t]mbn. C-¥y°m¿-°v thm-´-h-Im-iw \n-tj-[n-®p-sIm-≠v H-

cp ]pXn-b _n¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hm¿-Ø-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. Km-

‘n Cu hm¿-Ø-sb∏-‰n Zm-Zm A-–p-≈-tbm-Sp Xn-c-°n. CØ-cw Im-cy-ß-fn-sem-∂pw

Xm-¬-∏-cy-an√m-Ø-Xn\m¬ C-h-sbm∂pw i-≤n-°m-dn-s√∂pw A-Xn-\m¬-Øs∂ ]-iv-

\w F-s¥-∂v A-dn-bn-s√∂pw A-t±-lw k-Ω-Xn-®p. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬ P\n-®p-h-

f¿∂ C-¥y-°m-sc kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p t\-XrXzw \¬-Im≥ Zm-Zm A-–p-≈-bv-°v I-

gn-bptam F-∂-m-bn-cp-∂p Km-‘n-bp-sS A-Sp-Ø- tNm-Zyw. AØcw Hcp kwL-S-\-bv°p

-am-Xta C¥y-°m¿ t\cn-Sp∂ Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xntc t]mcm-Sm\mIq F∂mbn-cp∂p

At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-bw. tbm-K-Øn-s\Ønb-h¿ H-∂S-¶w ]-iv-\Øn¬ Km-‘n

C-S-s]-S-W-sa∂pw aS-°w H-cp am-k-tØ-°p \o-´-W-sa∂pw B-h-iy-s∏´-p. ]-Xn-^-

ehpw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ tk-h-\-Øn-\p hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-ø-s∏´p. Km-‘n ]Xn-^ew \nc-

-kn®p. ""s]m-Xp-]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v ^o-kv B-h-iy-an√.'' F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p C-tX-∏-‰n- A-t±-

l-Øns‚ ]-Xn-I-c-Ww. Xm-a-k-ku-I-cyhpw \n-b-a-]p-kv-XI-ßƒ hm-ßm-\p≈ ]-Whpw

am-X-am-Wp Km-‘n B-h-iy-s∏-´-Xv. A-hnsS Iq-Snb-h¿ Bhiyam-b ]-Ww kz-cq-]n-

°m≥ A-t∏mƒ-Øs∂ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p. bm-X-bb-∏ptbm-Kw Aß-s\ kw-L-S-\-bp-sS

]-h¿-Ø-Ik-an-Xn tbm-K-am-bn am-dn. Km-‘n-bp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn-se kp-][m-\ h-gn-Øn-

cnhm-bn Cu Zn-\w A-ß-s\ amdn.

""Aß-s\ ssZhw Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se Fs‚ Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\in-e

]mIpIbpw tZ-io-b-X-bv-°pw B-flm-`n-am-\-Øn\pw th-≠n s]m-cp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p≈ hn-

Øp hn-X-bv-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp'' F-∂mWv Km-‘n Cu kw-`-h-sØ ]n-∂oSv- hn-ti-jn-∏n-

®n-´p-≈-Xv.

thm- hIm-i\n-tj-[hpw t\‰mƒ C¥y≥ tIm -K-kpw

Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se C-¥y≥hw-i-P-cpsS A-h-Im-i-ß-ƒ-°pta¬ \n-b-¥W-ßƒ G¿-

s∏-SpØpI F-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p thm-´h-Im-i\n-tcm[-\w hgn `-c-W-Iq-Sw e-£y-an-´-Xv. C-

Xn-s‚ `m-K-ambn t\‰mƒ \n-b-a-\n¿am-Wk-`bn¬ thm-´-hIm-i t`-ZK-Xn _n¬ A-h-

X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´p. Cu \o-Xn\n-tj-[-Øn-s\-Xn-tc ]-cm-Xn-Iƒs°m-≠p amXw ]-tbm-P-

\-an-s√∂pw H-cp kwL-S-\ B-h-iy-am-sW∂pw Km-‘n Xn-cn-®-dn™p. ""tIm¨-K-kv

51


F-∂ t]cv Cw-•-≠n-se bm-Ym-ÿnXn-I I-£n-Iƒ°v A-k-ly-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v F-\n-

°-dn-bmw. AXnt\mSIw C¥ybpsS Bflmhmbn tIm¨-K-kv am-dn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p.

C-Xn-\p t\-‰m-fn-epw ]-Nmcw \¬I-Ww F-∂v Rm≥ B-K-ln®p. A-ßs\ "t\‰mƒ

C¥y≥ tIm¨-K-kv' F∂pXs∂ Cu kwL-S-\sb hnfn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿-tZ-in-®p.''

Cu k-a-b-sØ C-¥y°m-cp-sS B-t-hihpw \n-›-b-Zm¿-Vy-hpw \nd™ ]-h¿-Ø-\-

ß-ƒ t\m-°n-°-≠ Km-‘n-Pn A-Xp hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv:

""Zn-h-khpw \n-c-¥-c-am-bn tbmK-ßƒ Iq-Sn-s°m-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. P-\-ß-fpsS ]-¶m-fn-Øw

A-\p-Zn-\w h¿-[n-®p-an-cp-∂p. B-h-iy-am-b-Xn-t\-°mƒ A-[nIw kw-`m-h-\bpw ]n-cn-

™p-In´n. ]-Xn-^-te-— Iq-Sm-sX \n-c-h-[n- B-fpIƒ ssI-sb-gp-Øp]-Xn-Iƒ X-bm-dm-

°p-∂-Xn-\pw H-∏p-ti-J-c-W-Øn\pw A-Xp-t]m-se-bp-≈ a-‰p -]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ°pw k-

∂-≤-cm-bn ap-t∂m´p h-∂p-sIm-≠p-an-cp∂p.''

t\‰mƒ C¥y≥ tIm¨-K-kn-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS [m-cm-fw ]p-Xn-b kp-lr-Øp°-

sf Is≠-Øm≥ Km-‘n-°p I-gn™p. Ir-Xyam-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p kw-L-

S-\- cq-]w \¬In. thm-´-hIm-i\n-tcm-[-\ _n√n\v A\p-a-Xn \-¬-Ip∂-Xn-s\-Xntc i-

‡-am-bn k-a-c]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifmbn-cp∂p t\‰mƒ C¥y≥ tIm -K-kv BZyw Bcw- n®Xv.

K-h¨-sa‚n-\p ap-ºm-sI ]cm-Xn-Iƒ k-a¿-∏n-°p-I, cm-jv-So-bt\-Xm-°-sf ]-s¶-Sp-∏n-

®p-sIm-≠v tbm-Kßƒ \-S-Øp-I, ]-X-ßƒ-°p hm¿-Ø F-Øn-°p-I F-∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-

∂p AXn¬ ]-[m\w. C-Xn-\p-]pd-ta `cW-t\-Xr-Xz-hp-ambpw cm-jv-So-b-t\-Xr-Xz-hp-am-

bpw _n¬ ]n≥-h-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn N¿®Ifpw \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. -thm-´-hIm-

i\n-tcm-[-\ t`-ZK-Xn _n¬ X-S-bm≥ Z-£n-Wm-^n-°≥ K-h¨-sa‚ v X-bm-dm-hm-Ø-

Xn-\m¬ Fw.sI. Km-‘n _n´njv tImf-\n sk-I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂ dn-∏¨ ]-`p-hn-\v C-

°m-cy-ßƒ Nq-≠n-°m- n \n-thZ-\w \¬-In. H-Sphn¬ t\‰mƒ \n-b-a-\n¿am-Wk- _n¬

]n≥-h-en-°m≥ X-bm-dmbn. Km-‘nbpw t\‰mƒ C¥y≥ tIm¨-K-kpw tN¿-∂p \¬In-

b ]-cm-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw \n-th-Z-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ^-e-am-bn _n√n-\v _n-´¨ AKo-Im-cw

\¬-In-bn√. C-tX-Øp-S¿-∂v _n¬ ]m-km-°m-≥ I-gn-™p-an√. Km-‘n Z-£n-Wm-^n-

°bn¬ t\-Sp-∂ B-Zyhn-P-b-am-bn-cp-∂p CXv. Cu k-a-c-tØmsS Z-£n-Wm-^n-°bn¬

C-¥y°m¿ t\-cn-Sp-∂ A-]-am-\-ßsf sNdp-°p-∂-Xn\v ÿn-c-am-bn Hcp kw-L-S-\-bp-

sS B-h-iy-I-Xbpw ]m-[m-\y-hpw Km-‘n-°v t_m-[y-am-bn. C-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se B-ZysØ cm-jv-So-b]-ÿm-\w F-∂ \n-ebn¬ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-

am-bn 1894 am¿-®v 22 \v t\‰mƒ C-¥y≥ tIm¨-K-kv P-∑w-sIm-≠p. hy-h-ÿm-]n-Xam-

b kw-L-S-\m-]-h¿-Ø\w, P-\ß-sf kw-L-Sn-∏n°¬, t\-Xr-]-cam-b I-gn-hp-Iƒ F∂n-

h kzm-b-Ø-am-°m≥ kw-L-S-\-bp-sS ]nd-hnbpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfpw Km-‘n-°v k-lm-b-

I-am-bn amdn.

thm´h-Imi\ntcm-[\ _n√n-s\-Xn-cmb ka-c-Øn-eq-sSbpw t\‰mƒ

C¥y≥ tIm¨K-kns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw Fw.sI. -Km‘n B¿Pn®

hy‡n-]-c-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

(a) k¿Km-flIkao-]-\-ßƒ (b) kwLm-S\w

\-ap-°p sNømw

52


aq-∂p]-h≥ \n-IpXn

thm-´-hIm-i\n-tcm[-\ _n¬ ]n≥-h-en-®-n´pw bq-tdm-]y¿-°v C-¥-y-°m-tcm-Sp-≈ hn-tZz-

jw A-h-km-\n-®n√. C-¥y-°m-cp-sS Po-hn-X-co-Xn˛ em-fn-Xyw, hym]m-cco-XnIƒ, ip-Nn-

Xz-an√m-Ø Np-‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h sh-≈-°m¿ C-„-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√. AXp-sIm-≠p ]p-Xn-

sbm-cp Ip-Sn-tb-‰\nb-aw sIm-≠p-hcm≥ A-h¿ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-Øp. C¥y-bn¬-\n-s∂Øn-

b Icm¿sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ ]-tXy-Iw \n-Ip-Xn A-S-bv-°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p \n¿-Zn-„

_n√n-se hy-h-ÿ. _n√n-se \n_-‘-\-Iƒ Ch-bm-bn-cp∂p:

1. Icm¿ A-h-km-\n-°p-∂ ap-d-bv-°v C-¥y-°m¿ \m-ń-te-°p \n¿-_-‘-ambpw aSt-ß-

≠-XmWv.

2. Icm¿ I-gn-™v Xm-a-kn-°p∂-h¿ c-≠p-h¿-jw I-gn-bp-∂ ap-d-bv-°v Icm¿ ]p-Xp-°-

Ww. sNdn-b tXmXn¬ thX-\w h¿-[n°m≥ am-X-am-Wv km-[y-Xbp≈Xv.

3. ta¬-∏-d-™ \n¿-tZ-i-ßƒ ]m-en°m≥ I-gn-bmØ-h¿ h¿-jm-h¿jw 25 ]h≥ \n-

Ip-Xn A-S-bv-°-Ww.

Nn-¥n-°pI, ]h¿-Øn-°pI

ta¬ kq-Nn-∏n-® ]-Im-c-ap-≈ H-c-h-ÿ a-s‰m-cp cm-Py-Øp \n-ßƒ-°p-≠mbm¬ Fß-s\ ]-Xn-I-cn-°pw?

Km-‘n-bp-sS t\-Xr-XzØn¬ t\‰mƒ C-¥y≥ tIm -K-kv A-\ym-b\n-Ip-Xn Np-a-Øp-∂ Ip-Sn-tb-‰ _n-√n-s\-Xn-tc ka-cw B-cw-`n-®p. _n-ńjvC-¥y-bn-se K-h -sa‚ns\ ]-iv-\Øn¬ C-S-s]-So-°m\pw k-a-c-°m¿-

°p-ta¬ k-Ω¿-±w sN-ep-Øm\pw t\‰mƒ `-c-W-Iq-Sw c-≠p ]-Xn-\n-[nI-sf C-¥y-bn-te-°v A-b®p. F-∂m¬ ssh-tkm-bn- F¬Kn≥ ]-`p t\‰mƒ K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ \n¿-tZ-iw Aw-Ko-I-cn°m≥ X-bm-dm-bn√. 25 ]-h≥ \n-Ip-Xn F-∂-Xp aq∂p ]-h-\mbn A-t±-lw sh-ń-°p-d-®p.

Aß-s\ 1896˛¬ t\-‰m-ƒ C¥y≥ tIm¨-K-kv X-ß-fp-sS ]-t£m-`-ßfn¬ `m-Kn-Iam-b c-≠p hn-Pb-ßƒ t\Sn. A-h Xm-sg tN¿-°p-∂p.

1. C¥y≥ thm-´-hIm-i t`-ZK-Xn _n¬ t\‰mƒ `-c-W-Iq-Sw B-K-ln-®co-Xnbn¬ \-S-∏m-°m-\m-bn√.

2. C-¥-y-°mcm-b Ip-Sn-tb-‰-°m¿ 25 ]-h≥ \n-Ip-Xn-b-S-bv°Ww F-∂ _n¬\n¿-tZ-iw aq∂p ]-h-\m-°n Ip-d-®p _n√v ]m-km-°n.

C-]-Im-cw t\‰mƒ C¥y≥ tIm¨-K-kpw Fw.sI. Km-‘nbpw Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se C-¥y°m¿-°n-S-bnepw bq-tdm-]y¿-°n-S-bnepw H-cp-t]m-se ]-kn-≤n t\Sn.

53


Nn-¥n°pI, ]-¶p-h-bv-°pI

]-®e-Lp-te-J

Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-te-°p Ip-Spw-_-sØ sIm-≠p-t]m-

Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn 1896˛¬ Km-‘n C-¥y-bn-¬ l-kz-k-µ¿i-

\w \-S-Øn. Cu k-ab-Øv cm-Pv-tIm-ń¬h-®v Z£nWm-

^n-°-bn-se sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmb C-¥y-°m-cp-sS I-„-

X-Ifpw ]-bm-k-ßfpw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂ H-cp e-Lpte-

J "Zn Kn-h≥k-kv Hm-^v _nńjv C-¥y≥-kv C≥

ku-Øv B-^n-°: B≥ A∏o¬ Sp Zn C¥y≥ ]-ªn-

Iv' (Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se C-¥y-°m-cp-sS I-„-XIƒ:

C¥y≥ k-aq-l-tØm-Sp-≈ H-c-`y¿Y-\) F-∂ X-e-s°-

ń¬ At±-lw F-gp-Xn ]-kn-≤o-I-cn®p. Cu e-Lp-te-

J-bpsS ]p-dw-N- -bv-°v ]-®\n-d-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn\m¬ ]-®e-

Lpte-J F-∂ t]cn¬ C-X-dnb-s∏-´p. C-¥y≥ \mj-

W¬ tIm -K-kn-s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-Ik-an-Xn-bp-sS ]-tXy-

I- tbm-KØn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø Km-‘n A-hn-sSbpw ]-[m-

\-s∏-´ ]-´-W-ß-fn-epw C-Xp hn-Xc-Ww sN-bvXp. Z-

£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se C-¥y°m¿ A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂ I-„-

X-I-sf∏-‰n C-¥y-bnepw a-‰n-S-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈ P-\ß-sf

A-dn-bn°p-∂-Xn-\pw hn-hn-[-bn-S-ß-fn¬-\n∂p ]-Xn-I-

c-Wßƒ D-≠m-°p-∂Xn\pw C-Xp-aq-ew km-[y-am-bn.

Km-‘n°v ]-X-]-h¿-Ø-\cw-K-sØ X-s‚ I-gn-hv kz-bw t_m-[y-s∏-Sm\pw C-Xp Im-c-

W-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. A-tXm-sSm-∏w km-aqln-I]-iv\ßfn¬ P\ap-t∂-‰w D-≠m-°m\pw

A-h-bv-°p ]-Nm-cw \¬-Im\pw am-[y-a-ßƒ-°p-≈ ]-¶v a-\n-em-°m\pw Cu D-Zy-aw

Km-‘n-sb k-lm-bn®p.

C-¥y≥ H-∏o-\nb≥

Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-¬ \-S-Øp-∂ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfpw X-s‚ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-I-fpw P-\-ßfn¬

t\-cn-´v F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn Hcp ]Xw ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ Km-‘n B-K-

ln®p. A-Xn-\m-bn 1904 A-t±-lw "C-¥y≥ H-∏o-\n-b≥' F-∂ ]Xw U¿-_-\n¬-\n-∂v

B-cw-`n-®p. F-∂m¬ ]-X-Øn-s‚ No-^v F-Un-‰¿ ]-Z-hn G-s‰-Sp°m≥ A-t±-lw X-bm-

dm-bn√. ]-Xm-[n-]ÿm\w A`n-`m-jI≥ F-∂ \n-e-bn-ep-≈ X-s‚ ]-c-kyam-Ip-sa-∂

Nn-¥-bm-Wp Km-‘n-bpsS Cu Xo-cp-am-\-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-bXv. -]Icw a≥-kp-Jvem¬

• \n-ß-fp-sS ¢m-kv-apdnIfn¬ t\m-ókv, t]m-kv‰¿, e-Lp-te-J F∂nh t\-c-tØ \n¿-an-®n-´p-≠-t√m. C-h X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xymk-ßƒ F-s¥m-s°-bm-Wv ?

• e-Lp-te-Jbpw ]-Xhpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xymk-ßƒ F-s¥m-s°-bm-Wv?

• Km-‘n G-sX-¶nepw X-c-Øn-ep-≈ e-Lp-teJ-Iƒ B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xm-

bn \n-ßƒ-°-dn-bm-tam?

• km-aqln-I]-iv\-ßƒ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂ H-cp e-Lpte-J X-bm-dm-°pI.

54


\m-k-dn-s\ ]-X-Øn-s‚ No-^v F-Un-‰¿ ]-Zw G¬-∏n-®p. H-

cp h¿-j-Øn-\p-ti-jw ^o\nIv-kv sk-‰n¬-sa‚ v B-cw-`n-®-

t∏mƒ ]-X-Øn-s‚ ]-kv ]q-¿W-ambpw A-hn-tS-°p am-‰-n-

ÿm-]n-®p. C-¥y-°m-cp-sS ]-iv\-ßƒ ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-

Xn-\p ]pd-ta t\‰mƒ C-¥y≥ tIm¨-K-kn-s‚ ap-J-]-X-am-

bn C-tXmsS "C¥y≥ H-∏o-\n-b≥' am-dn.

-Htc-ka-bw Kp-P-dm-Øn, lnµn, X-angv, Cw-•o-jv `m-j-I-fn¬

]-Xw ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ]-e-t∏m-gpw kz¥w ssI-bn¬-

\n-∂p ]-Ww ap-S-°n-bm-Wp Km‘n ]-X-Øn-s‚ ]-kn-≤o-

Ic-Ww ap-t∂m- p sIm-≠p-t]m-bXv. ]n-∂oSv 3000 h-cn-°mcpw

20000 hm-b-\-°m-cp-ap-≈ ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-bn "C¥y≥ H-∏o-

\n-b≥' h-f¿∂p. C-¥y≥ k-aq-l-hpw bq-tdm-]ycpw K-h¨-

sa‚ v D-tZym-K-ÿ-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p hm-b-\-°m-cn¬ G-dn-b-]-¶pw.

"C¥y≥ H-∏o-\n-b≥' P-\ß-sf tk-hn-®Xv X-s‚ Nn-¥-I-fp-

sS B-fl-]-Im-i-\-w X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Km-‘n ]n-∂o-Sv Xn-cn-®-dn™p. B-fl-I-

Y-bn¬ Km-‘n C-tX-∏-‰n ]-d-bp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv: ""F\n-°v B-fl-\n-b-¥-W-Øn-\p≈

]-cn-io-e-\-hpw kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ-°v F-s‚ Nn-¥-I-fp-am-bn _-‘w ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈

H-cp am¿-K-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p C-¥y≥ H-∏o-\n-b≥.''

Km-‘n-bp-sS Nn-¥-Ifpw ]-h¿-Ø-\]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se P-\-ß-ƒ-°n-

Sbn¬ ]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xnepw C¥y≥ k-aq-l-Øns‚ A-`n-]mb-ßƒ A-dn-bp-∂-Xnepw

k-a-c-ßƒ-°v ]n-¥p-W-tb-Ip-∂-Xnepw "C¥y≥ H-∏o-\n-b≥' \n¿-Wm-b-I ]¶ph-ln®p.

t_mh¿ bp-≤hpw kp-fp I-em-]-hpw

1899˛se t_m-h¿ bp-≤-Im-

eØpw 1904˛se kp-fp I-em-

]-Ønepw Z-£n-Wm-^n-°≥

ssk-\y-Øn-\p k-lm-bw

\¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn Km‘n

C¥y≥ Bw-_p-e≥-kv tk-\

cq-]o-I-cn®p. bp-≤Øn¬ ap-dn-

th -‰ -h -¿°p ]-cn -N -c -Ww

\¬Ip-I, ssk-\y-Øn-\p-th-

≠ a-‰p klmb-ßƒ sNøp-

I F-∂n -h -bm -bn -cp∂pt_mh¿ bp≤ImeØv C¥y≥ Bw_p-e≥kv tk\mw-K-ß-tfm-sSm∏w

Km‘nPn (1899-˛1900)

Nn-¥n-°pI, ]-h¿-Øn-°pI

H-cp ]-Xm-[n-]-cm-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°m≥ A-hk-cw e-`n®m¬ F-s¥m-s° sN-

øm≥ \n-ßƒ-°p I-gn-bpw?

55


e-£yw. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se _nńjv k¿-°m-cn-\v Bh-iy-ap≈ k-µ¿-`-ß-fn¬ k-

lm-bn-°m≥ C-¥y°m¿°pw I-gn-bp-sa-∂p sX-fn-bn-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p Km-‘n C-Xph-gn

D-t±-in®-Xv. _n-ńjv ]u-c-sc-t∏mse Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se C-¥y-°m¿°pw \n-b-a-]-

cam-b A-h-Imi-ßƒ t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ C-Xv A-h-k-c-sam-cp-°p-sa∂pw A-t±-lw hn-iz-

kn®p. bp-≤-cw-K-sØ A-lnw-km-flItk-h-\-Øn-eq-sS e-`n-® A-\p-`h-ßƒ AI-a-cm-

ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ i-‡n-bn-ep-≈ Km-‘n-bpsS hn-iz-mkw h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p k-lm-b--I-am-

bn. -BXpc-ip-iq-jmcw-K-ßfn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ ]cn-⁄m-\w t\-Sm\pw Cu ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-

fn-eq-sS Km-‘n°v I-gn™p.

]m-›m-XyNn-¥-Icpw Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bpw

]m-›m-XyNn-¥-Icn¬ Km-‘n-sb ]-[m-\-

am-bpw B-I¿-jn-® hy-‡n-Iƒ tPm¨ d-kv-

In≥, entbm tSmƒ-kv-t‰mbn, sl≥dn tU-

hn-Uv tXmtdm F-∂n-h-cm-Wv.

tPm¨ d-kv-In-s‚ kzm-[o\w

tPm¨ d-kv-In-≥ k-º-Øn-s‚ kz-`m-h-sØ

A-[n-I-cn-s®-gpXn-b ]-_-‘k-am-lm-cam-b

"A¨ Sp Zn- em-kv-‰v' Km-‘n-sb B-gØn¬

kzm-[o-\n-°p-Ibpw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Im-gv-N-

∏m-SpI-sf H-∂msI am-‰n-a-dn-°p-Ibpw sN-

b vXp. 1904˛¬ kp -lr -Ømb F-®v .

F-kv.F≥. s]m-≈-°m-Wv tPm-l-∂m-kv_¿-

Kn¬-\n-∂v U¿-_-\n-te-°p-≈ sSbn≥ bm-

X-bv-°n-sS hm-bn-°m-\m-bn Km-‘n°v Cu

]p-kv-X-Iw \¬-In-bXv. kºØn-s‚ A-Sn-

ÿm-\Øn¬ k-aq-lØn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂

A-k-a-Xz-ß-fmWp ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ D-≈-

S°w. CXv [m¿-an-I-X-bv-°p \n-c-°p-∂-X-

s√∂pw k-aq-lØn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw

Zm-cn-Zy-Øn-¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xns‚ Imc-Ww km-ºØn-I A-k-a-Xz-ß-fm-sW∂pw ]p-kv-X-

IØn¬ d-kvIn≥ ]-d-bp∂p.

Km-‘n-sb G-sd B-I¿-jn-® "A¨ Sp Zn- em-kv-‰n-'se aq∂v B-ib-ßƒ Xm-sg tN¿-

°p-∂p.

$ hy-‡n-bp-sS \-∑ s]mXp\-∑bn¬ A-¥¿-eo-\-am-Wv.

$ A-`n-`m-j-Ihr-Øn°pw £p-cI-s‚ tPm-en°pw Htc a-l-Øz-am-Wp-≈Xv. Im-cWw,

kz-¥w A-[zm-\wsIm-≠v D-]-Poh-\w I-s≠-Øm-\p-≈ A-h-Imiw F√m-h¿°pw

H-cp-t]m-se-bm-Wv.

tPm¨ d-kv-In≥ (1819˛1900)

hnIv-tSmdn-b≥- Im-e-L-´Øn¬ Cw•≠n¬ i‡amb

kzm[o\w sNepØnb FgpØpImc\pw Iem˛kmaq-

lnI hna¿i-I-\pamWv tPm¨ dkv-In≥. e≠\n¬

P\n®p. hn-Zym¿-Yn-bm-bn-cn-s°-Ø-s∂ I-hn-sb-∂ \n-ebn-

¬ ]-i-kv-X-\mbn. NnXIebnepw ]mhoWyw kºmZn®p.

HmIv -kvsÛv k¿hIemimebn¬ NnXIem -

hn`mKØn¬ s]m^k¿. kmaqlnI-]cnjvI¿Ømhpw

Nn¥I\pw F∂ \nebnepw ]ikvX\mbn. tamtU¨

s]-bn-t‚-gv-kv (5 thmfyw), Zn sk-h≥ emw-]v-kv Hm- v B¿-

°n-sS-IvN¿, Zn kv-t‰m-do-kv Hm-^v sh-\okv, A¨ Sp Zn

em-kv-‰v F-∂n-h-bm-Wp ][m-\ Ir-Xn-Iƒ.

56


$ A-[zm-\n-®p≈ Po-hnXw, A-XmbXp Irjo-he-s‚bpw ssI-th-e-°m-c-s‚bpw Po-

hn-X-am-Wv G-‰hpw a-q-ey-ta-dn-b-Xv.

""C-Xn¬ B-Zy-tØ-Xv F-\n-°v A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv Rm≥ A-hy-‡-am-bn

K-ln-®n-cp-∂p. aq-∂m-atØ-Xv F-\n-s°m-cn-°epw A\p-`-h-s∏´n-cp-∂n√. Cu XØz-

ßƒ ]-tbm-KØn¬ h-cpØm≥ X-bm-dm-bn-s°m-≠m-Wp ]-`m-XØn¬ Rm≥ D-W¿-

∂-Xv.''

d-kv-In-s‚ Cu am-¥n-I-h-cn-Iƒ Km-‘n-bp-sS lr-Z-bØn¬ B-gØn¬ ]-Xn™p. A-

t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-\n¬ hn-π-h-I-cam-b Ne\-ßƒ-°v C-Xn-S-bm°n. d-kv-In-s‚ B-ib-

ßƒ Km-‘n ]q¿-W-ambpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p. A-t±-lw A-hsb km¿h-Xn-I-am-°p-Ibpw

sN-bvXp.

"A¨ Sp Zn- em-kv-‰v' hm-bn-®-ti-jw A[nIw Xma-kn-°msX Km‘n ^n-\n-Iv-kv sk-

‰n¬-sa‚n-\p XpS-°w Ip-dn-®p. d-kvIn≥ ap-t∂m-´p-h-® B-i-bßƒ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-

bmWv Cu k-aq-l-Øn-\v A-t±-lw A-Sn-Ø-d ]m-In-b-Xv. k¿-thm-Z-b F-∂ t]cn¬ Km-

‘n Kp-P-dm-Øn`m-j-bn-te-°v "A¨ Sp Zn em-kv-‰v' ]cn`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn. F√m-h-cpsSbpw

t£-aw F-∂m-Wp k-¿-thm-Z-b F-∂ ]-Z-Øn-s‚ hmNym¿-Yw.

tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bn-bp-sS kzm-[o\w

tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bn-tbmSpw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ B-

i-b-ß-tfm-Spw \o-≠-Im-e-sØ A-Sp-∏hpw

]-cn-N-bhpw Km-‘n-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. e-≠-

\n-se hn-Zym-`ym-kIme-Øv kkym-lm-c

kw-L-S-\bn¬ Aw-K-am-b-t∏m-gm-Wp Km-‘n

tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bv F-∂ t]-cv B-Zy-am-bn tIƒ-

°p∂-Xv. "Zn InMv-Uw Hm-^v tKm-Uv Cukv

hnØn≥ bp' F-∂ tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bn-bp-sS ]p-

kv-X-I-w Km-‘nsb G-sd B-I¿-jn®p. Xn∑-

bv-s°-Xn-tc "]m-ko-hv d-kn-kv-‰≥-kv' D-]-tbm-

K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xv Fß-s\ F-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

Cu ]p-kv-X-I-Ønse ][m-\ B-ibw.

ssP\-a-X-Øn-s‚ A-Snÿm-\]-am-W-ß-fn-

sem∂m-b A-lnw-k-bp-am-bn k-am-\-Xbp-

≈ Cu B-i-bsØ Km-‘n-Pn Xp-d-∂ a-\-

-tm-sS Dƒ-s°m-≠p. C-tX-Øp-S¿-∂p tSmƒ-

kv-t‰m-bn-bp-sS B-cm-[-I\pw hm-b-\-°m-

c\pam-bn amdn-b Km-‘n A-t±-l-Øn-s‚

tKm-kv-]¬ C≥ _o-^v, hm-´v Sp Uq, Zn ^-kv-‰v kv-s‰∏v, lu jm¬ ho F-kv-tI-∏v, kv-

tfh-dn Hm-^v Hu¿ ssSw-kv F-∂o ]p-kv-XI-ßƒ hm-bn-®p-Xo¿Øp.

H-cp b-Ym¿-Y ssI-kv-X-h-s\-∂m¬, lnw-k H-gn-hm-°p-∂-h\pw A-b¬-hm-kn-I-tfm-Sv

entbm tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bn (1828 1910)

tem-I-]-i-kv-X\m-b km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥, XØzNn-¥-I≥. ]Sn™md≥ djybnse ‰qf \KcØn-\Sp-Øp-≈ bmkv\mb t]meym\-bn-¬ P-\n-® entbm \nt°m-sf-hn®v- tSmƒtÃmbnbpsS cN\Iƒ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse djy≥Pohn-X-Øns‚ t\¿°mgv-NIfmWv.X\Xv BhnjvIm-c-Øns‚bpw a\pjyPohnX-Ønsebpw NcnXØnsebpw ]iv\ßtfmSp≈kaKamb kao]-\-Øn-s‚-bpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬km-ln-Xy-tem-I-Øn-se G-‰hpw an-I-® c-N-\-I-fm-bn-´m-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Ir-Xn-Iƒ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.hm¿ B≥-Uv ]okv, A-∂ I-cn\o\, sU-Øv Hm-^vChm≥ C√n®v, Zn InMv-Uw Hm- v tKm-Uv Cu hnØn≥bp F-∂n-h-bm-Wp ]-[m-\- Ir-Xn-Iƒ.

57


G-‰p-ap-´¬ C√m-Ø-h\pw X-\n-°p-th-≠ kzm-X-¥yw kzm-b-Ø-am-°n tem-I-Øn-s‚

hn-tam-N-\-Øn-\m-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°-p-∂-h-\p-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ B-i-b-amWp tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-

bn-bp-sS F√m Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Fw.sI. Km-‘n s]m-Xp-hm-bn I-≠-Xv. tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bn-°v

B-Zc-hv A¿-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v Km-‘n A-t±-l-sØ∏-‰n ]-d-bp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:

"" tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bn Cu Im-e-L- w P-∑w \¬In-b A-I-a-cm-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ G-‰hpw henb

At∏m-kv-X-e-\mWv. A-t±-l-Øn-\p ap≥t]m C-Xp-h-sctbm ]-Sn-™m-dv B-cpw X-s∂

C-Xpt]m-se F-gp-Xp-Itbm kw-km-cn-°p-Itbm -D-≠m-bn-ń√. sh-dp-∏n¬-\n∂pw hn-tZz-

j-Øn¬-\n-∂p-ap-≈ tam-N-\-hpw F√m-h-tcm-Sp-ap-≈ \n-d-™pXp-fp-ºp-∂ kv-t\-l-hp-

am-Wp b-Ym¿-Y A-lnw-k- A¿-Y-am-°p-∂Xv. Cu D-b¿-∂ X-e-Øn-ep-≈ b-Ym¿-Y

A-lnw-k a-\n¬ Du-ń-bp-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v, kap-Zk-am-\am-b kv-t\-lw \-sΩ Im-

ńØ∂ tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bn-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw \-ap-°v F-°m-ehpw sh-fn-®-ta-Ip∂ Zo-]-kv-Xw-

`hpw H-cn-°-epw ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sm-Ø ]-tNm-Z-\-Øn-s‚ D-d-hnShp-am-bn-cn-°pw.''

tXm-tdm-bp-sS kzm-[o\w

]-ikv-X A-ta-cn-°≥ Nn-¥-I\m-b sl≥dn tU-hn-Uv tXmtdm knhn¬ \n-b-a-ew-L-

\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ B-ib-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂Xn¬ Km‘n-sb \n¿-Wm-b-I-am-bn

kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p≠v. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ "F-t

Hm¨ Zn Uyq-ń Hm-^v knhn¬ Un-kv-H-_o-

Un-b≥kv' (Essay on the Duty of CivilDisobedience) F-∂ ]p-kvXIw Km-‘n-bp-

sS k¿-K-i-‡n-sb Io-g-S°n. Xm≥ ]-d-™

Im-cy-ßƒ \n-Xy-Po-hn-XØn¬ \-S-∏m-°n-b

B-fm-Wp tXm-tdm-sb∂-Xp Km-‘n-°v A-

t±-l-sØ-°p-dn-®v Iq-Sp-X¬ a-Xn-∏p-f-hm°m≥

Im-c-W-am-bn. tXm-tdm-sb-°p-dn-®v X-s‚ B-

Z-c-hv ]-I-S-am-°n-s°m-≠v Km-‘n ]-d-bp∂Xv

C-ß-s\-bm-Wv:

""F-\n-°v tXm-tdm-bn-eq-sS e-`n®-Xv A-[ym-

]-I-s\-bm-Wv. "F-t Hm¨ Zn Uyq-ń Hm-

^v knhn¬ Un-kv H-_o-Un-b≥-kv' F-∂ D-

]-\ym-k-Øn-eq-sS A-t±-lw F-s∂ k-÷-

\m-°n-sb-SpØp. Z£n-Wm^n°-bn-se F-

s‚ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v im-kv-Xo-bamb

km[p-X \¬-In''. X-s‚ Po-hn-X-Øn-se \n¿-

Wm-b-Iam-b H-cp Im-e-L-´-Øn-em-Wv Km-‘n- tXm-tdm-sb B-Zy-am-bn hm-bn-°p-∂Xv.

Xs‚ cm-jv-So-bZ¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS Im-X¬ Cu D-]-\ym-kw Dƒ-s°m-≈p∂p-sh-∂p Km-

‘n hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

sl≥dn tUhnUv tXmtdm (1817˛1862)

Atacn°°m-c-≥. FgpØpImc\pw Ihnbpw XØz-

Nn¥I-\pw. ASnaØØns\Xnsc PohnXw apgph≥

t]mcm-Sn-b A-t±lw A\o-Xn-s°-Xntc k¿°mcnt\mSv

\n-l-I-c-Ww \SØp∂sX∏-‰n-bp-≈ B-ib-ßƒ B-Zy-

am-bn ap-t∂m- p-h-®p. Atacn°bnse akm®psk‰v-knse

tIm -tImUv Km-aØn¬ Pohn-® A-t±-l-sØ B-[p\nI

]-cn-ÿn-Xnim-kv-X-Øn-s‚ Xp-S-°-°m-c-\m-bm-Wp hn-ti-

jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. hmƒ-U≥ Hm¿ sse-^v C≥ Zn hp-Uvkv,

Hm¨ Zn Uyq-ń Hm^v knhn¬ Un-kv-H-_o-Un-b≥kv, sse-

^v hn-Øu- v ]n≥-kn∏nƒ F∂nh ][m\ Ir-Xn-I-fmWv.

58


d-kv-In≥, tSmƒ-kv-t‰mbn, tXmtdm F-∂n-h-cn¬-\n∂p e-`yam-b aq-ey-ßƒ

$ F√m Po-h-s\bpw B-Z-cn-°p-Ibpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw thWw.

$ F√m-hcpw Xp-ey-cm-Wv F-∂ X-Øzw ap-dp-sI ]n-Sn-°m-\p-≈ ]-Xn-⁄m_-≤X.

$ ]-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sv B-g-Øn-ep-≈ Ir-X-⁄-Xbpw B-Z-chpw ]p-e¿-Øn-s°m-≠v, kpÿnc

PohnXhgn-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-≈ A-[zm-\w.

$ hy-‡n-I-fn-ep-≈ hn-izm-kw.

$ ]-c-kv-]-cm-in-Xamb H-cp k-aq-l-w B-Xy-¥n-I-am-bn hy-‡n-bp-sS \-∑-bv-°m-Wv h-gn-

h-bv-°p-∂-sX-∂ bm-Ym¿-Yyw Aw-Ko-I-cn°¬.

$ Po-hnX-Øn-s‚ F√m Xeß-fnepw em-fnXyw ]-I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p-≈ B-K-lw.

$ hym-h-km-bn-Iam-b D¬-∏m-Z-\]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf X-≈n-s°m≠v, ]m-tZ-in-Iam-bn k-

aq-l-Øn-\v D-]-bp-‡hpw A¿-Y-]q¿-W-hpam-b ]-¶m-fn-Øw D-d-∏m-°p-∂ D¬-∏m-Z-

\hy-h-ÿnXn-sb ]n-¥p-W-bv-°pI.

$ Bflo-bamb \-ho-I-c-W-w km-[y-am°p∂Xv Iq´mb A-\p-`-h-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw A-\p-

I-º-bn-eqsS-bpw Xn-cn-®-dn-hp-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw am-\-hn-IX-sb A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-

bpam-sW∂ Adn-hv.

Nn -e ]p -kv -XI-ßƒ Km -‘n -Pn -bp -sS Po -hn -X -sØ-Ø-s∂ am -‰n -a -dn -® -Xm -bn

\n-ßƒ a\-n-em°n. \n-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n¿-Wm-b-Ikzm-[o-\w sN-epØnb ]p-kv-X-I-

sØ-°p-dn-®v Ip-dn-∏v X-bm-dm-°p-I. ¢mkn¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°pI.

Nn-¥n°p-I, ]-h¿-Øn°pI

\-ap-°p ]-cn-tim-[n-°mwXm-sg tN¿-°p-∂ ]p-kv-XI-ßƒ Fw.sI. Km-‘nbn¬ h-cpØn-b

am‰-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°pI.

l A¨ Sp Zn em-kv‰v

l Hm¨ Zn Uyq-´n Hm-^v knhn¬ Un-kv-H-_o-Un-b≥kv

]m-›m-Xy F-gp-ØpIm¿ Km-‘n-sb h-en-sbm-c-fhn¬ kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ A-

hsb√mw I-ÆS®p ]-I¿Øm≥ A-t±-lw X-bm-dm-bn√. A-h-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fn-se \-∑-I-

sf Dƒ-s°m≠v -Ah-bn¬ C¥y-bp-sS B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v DX--Ip-∂h A-t±-lw kzoI-

cn®p. C-Xph-gn X-s‚ Nn-¥-Is-f ]-cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w hy-‡n-XzsØ Im-

Øp-kq-£n-°p-∂-Xnepw Fw.sI. Km-‘n AXoh i-≤-]p-e¿Øn.

k-aq-lPo-hn-X-]-co-£-Wßƒ

Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se Po-hn-X-Ime-Øv Fw.sI.- Km‘n c-≠p ][m-\ kaq-lPo-hn-X-

tI-µ-ßƒ ÿm-]n-®p.

59


(i) ^n-\n-Iv-kv sk-‰n¬-sa‚v

tPm¨ d-kv-In-s‚ B-i-b-ßfn¬ B-Ir-„-\m-bn kaq-lPo-hn-Xw B-cw-`n°p-I F-∂

e-£y-tØm-sS-bm-Wp Km-‘n-Pn 1904˛¬ n-\n-Iv-kv sk-‰n¬-sa‚n-\p XpS-°w Ip-dn-®Xv.

U¿-_-\n¬-\n-∂p ]-Xn-\m-ep ssa¬ A-Ise 100 G-°¿ ÿ-ew C-Xn-\m-bn A-t±-lw

hmßn. d-kv-In-s‚ "A¨ Sp Zn-v em-kv-‰v'

F-∂ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv C-Xn-\p ]-tNm-Z-\-ta-

In-bXv. n-\n-Iv-kv sd-bn¬thkv-t‰-j-\p

c-≠-cssa¬ A-I-se-bm-bn- au-≠v F-

Uv-Kw-t_m-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p n\n-Iv-kv sk-

‰n¬-sa‚ v ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´Xv.

k-aq-lPo-hn-X-w F∂ B-i-bsØ A-

Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv n-\n-Iv-kv sk-‰n¬-

sa‚ v B-cw-`n-®-Xv. k-aq-l-Øn-se- ÿm-

\-tam sXm-gntem I-W-°n-se-Sp-°m-sX

F√m-h¿°pw Xp-eyam-b th-X-\-am-Wv

C-hn-sS \¬-In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. s]m-Xp\-∑-bv-°pw sk-‰n¬-sa‚n-s‚ t£-a-Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw

G-hcpw kw-`mh-\ \¬-tI--≠-Xp-s≠-∂ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv C-hn-

SsØ Aw-K-ßƒ Po-hn-®n-cp-∂Xv.

Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS h-k-Xn, Aw-K-ß-fp-sS ho-SpIƒ, ]n‚nMv ]-kv F∂n-h Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xm-bn-cp-∂p ^n-\n-Iv-kv sk-‰n¬-sa‚ v. ]gh¿-K-ßfpw G-°¿ I-W-°n-\p [m-\y-hn-f-

Ifpw AwK-ßƒX-s∂ C-hn-sS Ir-jnsN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. 1913˛se ]m-ko-hv sd-kn-kv-‰≥kv

-]-t£m-`-Øns‚ ][m-\ i-‡n-tI-µ-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn- ^n\n-Iv-kv sk-‰n¬-sa‚ v ]-

h¿-Øn-®p. \q-dp-I-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ A-`-b-ÿm\w A-t\z-jn®pw D-]-tZi-ßƒ tX-Sm-\p-

am-bn C-hn-sS F-Øn-. A-Xp-sIm-≠v C-hn-SsØ Xm--akhpw A-°me-Øv A-]-I-S-km[y-

Xbp-≈-Xm-bn amdn. ]-t£m-`w \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-s° sXmgn-se-Sp-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn®

A-t¥-hm-knIƒs°-Xnsc a¿±\w Agn®phnSp-Ibpw shSn-hbv]v \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

(ii) tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bn ^mw

Sm-≥kv-hm-fn-¬ 1910˛¬ kzm-i-b-Z¿-i-\w A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wp Km-‘n tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-

bn ^m-an-\p XpS-°w Ip-dn-®Xv. tSm-ƒ-

kv-t‰m-bn-bp-sS kva-c-W \n-e-\n¿Øm≥

]n-∂oSv "tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bn ^mw' F-∂

t]cpw \¬-In. tPm-l-∂m-kv_¿-Kn¬-

\n-∂p 35 In-tem-ao-‰¿ AI-se em-hv-

en-bn-em-Wv tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bn ^mw ÿn-

Xn-sN-øp-∂Xv. Km‘n-Pn-bp-sS P¿-a≥

kv-t\-ln-X-\m-b sl¿-a≥ I√≥-_m-

jv kw-`m-h-\-sNbvX 1100 G-°¿ `q-an-

^n\nIvkv sk‰n¬sa‚ v

tSmƒtÃmbn mw

60


bn-em-Wv ^mw B-cw-`n-®Xvv. ]m-ko-hv d-kn-kv-‰≥kv- ]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚ C-c-Iƒ A`-bw

tX-Sn-sb-Ønb-Xv C-hn-sS-bm-Wv. lnµp, ap-kvenw, In-kv-Xy≥ hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-´ C-¥y-

°m¿-°p ]pd-ta sh-≈-°mcpw X-t±-io-bcm-b I-dp-Øh¿-K-°mcpw C-hn-SsØ A-t¥-

hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ^m-an-s‚ am¿-K-Zo-]amb Z¿-i-\w A-lnw-k-bm-bn-cp∂p. k-kym-

lm-cw \n¿-_-‘-am-°n-bn-cp-∂ C-hnsS A-t¥-hm-kn-I-sf√mw D-b¿∂ [m¿an-I Po-hn-

X-\n-jvT ]p-e¿-Ø-W-sa-∂p \n-jv-I¿-jn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

BiaPohnXw

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Bi-a-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ BZy]co-£-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ^n\nIvkv

sk‰n¬sa‚pw tSmƒtÃmbn ^mapw. kaql]m¿Y\-bpsS i‡n a\-n-em-°n-bn-

cp∂ Km‘n AXhnsS ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°n. Km‘n -ap-t∂m-´p-h® Z¿i-\-ß-fmb _“-

-N-cy, kXy-K-lw, Alnwk F∂n-h-bpsS ]cn-io-e\-bn-S-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Cu tIµ-

ßƒ.

P\-ßsf kzm[o-\n-°m-\p-ff Xs‚ Ignhv Km‘n ChnsS sXfn-bn-®p. lnµp- -apkveow

sFIy-Øn-ep-ff Xs‚ hnizm-kw, F√m aX-ßsfbpw Hcp-t]mse _lp-am-\n-t°-≠-

Xm-sW∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sv, kvXosb Xpey-]-¶m-fn-bmbpw ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-Iƒ°v FXntc

t]mcm-Sm--\pff i‡n-bmbpw am‰n-sb-Sp-°m\pff ia-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw cq]w

sIm≠Xpw ]co-£n-°--s∏´Xpw ChnSß-fn-em-Wv. Aßs\ Z£nWm^n° Fw.sI.-

Km-‘n--bpsS Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw BZ¿i-ß--fp-sSbpw bYm¿Y ]tbm-K-`q-an-bmbn amdp-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

k-Xy-K-l-Øn-s‚ D-¤hw

Sm≥-kvhmƒ K-h¨-sa‚ v 1906˛¬ H-cp ]pXn-b Hm¿-Un-\≥-kv A-km-[m-c-W K-k‰n¬

]-kn-≤o-I-cn®p. F-´p h-b-n-\p ap-I-fn-ep-≈ F√m C¥y≥ "Iq-en'Ifpw G-jym-‰n-Iv c-

Pn-kv-‰dn¬ t]-cp tN¿-Øv k¿-ń-^n°-‰v hm-ß-W-

sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Cu D-Ø-c-hn-s‚ km-cmw-iw. hy-

‡n-I-fp-sS Xn-cn-®-dn-b¬ A-S-bm-f-ßfpw hn-c-e-S-

bm-fhpw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-n-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Cu k¿-ń-

^n-°‰v. Cu hy-h-ÿ ]m-en--°p-∂Xn¬ B-sc-

¶nepw hogv-N h-cp-Ønbm¬ A-h¿-s°-Xntc ]n-

gtbm aq-∂p-am-kw X-S-thm th-≠n-h∂m¬ \m-Sp-

I-S-Øp-Itbm sN-øm-sa∂pw G-jym-‰n-Iv c-Pn-kv-

tS-j≥ BŒn¬ hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. G-

sXmcp t]m-eo-kv D-tZym-K-ÿ\pw G-Xp k-a-bØpw

Cu k¿- n- n°-‰v B-h-iy-s∏-Sm≥ A[nImcw \¬-

In-bn-cp-∂p. ho-Sn-\p≈n¬ I-S-∂psN∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-

b¬tcJ ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ hsc Cu \nb-aw t]m-

eo-kn-\v A-\p-hmZw \-¬In. H-cp hy-‡n, k¿-ń-

61


^n-°-t‰m Xn-cn-®-dn-b¬ A-S-bm-f-ßtfm Im´m≥ hn-k-Ω-Xn-®m¬ Ip-‰-°m-sc-∂p

I-s≠-Øn in-£ \-S-∏m-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Hm¿-Un-\≥kv Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se C-¥y≥ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ-°v F-Xn-

cm-sW-∂v Km-‘n°p t_m[y-am-bn. km-[m-c-W-°mcm-b P-\-ßƒ-°v a-\-n-em-°p-∂-

Xn-\m-bn A-t±-lw Cu \nb-aw Kp-P-dm-Øn-bn-te-°p ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn. Km‘n-bpsS

t\-Xr-XzØn¬ ]-ap-Jcm-b C-¥y°m¿ k-tΩ-fn-°p-Ibpw At±lw tbm-K-Øn¬ \n-b-

a-sØ∏-‰n hn-i-Z-am-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se C¥y≥k-aq-lw H-∂msI

\n-b-a-Øn-s\-Xn-tc ka-cw sN-øm≥ X-bm-dmbn.

Cu ]-t£m-`-Øn\p Xp-S-°-Øn¬ Km‘n "]m-ko-hv sd-kn-kv-‰≥kv' F-∂m-Wp t]cp

\¬-In-b-Xv. X-ß-fpsS k-a-c-am¿-K-Øn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y A¿-Yw sh-fn-hm-°p∂ H-∂√ Cu

t]-sc∂p ]-t£m-`-w Xp-S¿-∂-t∏mƒ Km-‘n Xn-cn-®-dn-™p. C-¥y-°m-cpsS k-a-cw Cw-

•o-jv t]-cn-¬ A-dn-b-s∏Sp∂Xv A-]-am-\-amsW-∂m-bn-cp∂p A-t±-l-Øns‚ Nn-¥. C-

tX-Øp-S¿∂v "C¥y≥ H-∏o-\n-b-\n'¬ k-a-c-am¿-K-Øn-\p ]pXn-b t]cp I-s≠-Øm\mbn

H-cp a¬k-cw \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\∏-‰n A-t±lw ]-c-ky-w \¬-In. "k-ZmKl'˛\√-Im-cy-

ß-fn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°p-I F-∂¿-Yw h-cp∂ t]-cp a-K≥-em¬ -Km-‘n \n¿-tZ-in-®p. Km-

‘n C-Xn-s\ "k-Xy-K-l' F-∂p ]-cn-jv-I-cn®p. "kXy' F∂m¬ "k-Xyw' F∂pw "A-

K-l'sa∂m¬ "ap-dp-sI ]n-Sn-°p-I' F-∂p-am-W¿Yw. k-Xy-Øns‚ i-‡n-bn¬-\n-∂p

]n-d-∂ Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se C-¥y-°m-cp-sS ka-cw Aß-s\ k-XyK-l F-∂ t]-cn-

eq-sS A-Xn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y A¿-Yw sh-fn-hm-°p-∂ H-∂m-bn. ]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚ A-lnw-

kmkz-`m-h-Øn-\p X-Zv^e-am-bn Iq-Sp-X¬ ]m-[m-\yw e-`n-®p. A-ß-s\ ]m-ko-hv

d-kn-kv-‰≥-kv F-∂ t]-cv D-t]-£n-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.

G-jym-‰n-Iv c-Pn-kv-tS-j≥ B-Œn-s\-Xn-tc-bmWv Km-‘n B-Zy-am-bn k-Xy-K-l-ka-cw

]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. Cu \n-b-a-sØ F-Xn¿-°Wsa∂pw A-Xn-s‚ ^-e-am-bp-≠m-Ip-∂ ]o-

U\-ßƒ k-ln-°-W-sa∂pw A-t±lw C-¥y-°m-tcm-Sv B-h-iy-s∏-´p. K-h¨-sa‚ v A-

Sn-®-a¿-Ø¬ k-ao-]-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv k-a-c-sØ t\-cn-´Xv. A-lnw-km-fl-I-am-bn G-gp-

h¿-j-°m-ew \o-≠ k-a-csØ K-h¨-sa‚ v Iq-c-am-bn t\-cn-´-p. k-am-[m-\-am-bn \-S-Øp-

∂ k-a-ctØm-Sp-≈ A-Sn-®-a¿-Ø¬ k-ao-]-\-Øn-s\Xn-tc s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-]m-bw cq-]-

s∏- p. C-Xp Km-‘n-bp-am-bn H-Øp-Xo¿-∏p-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\p Z-£n-Wm-^n-°≥ K-h -sa‚n-

s\ \n¿-_-‘n-X-am°n. Aß-s\ k-Xy-K-l-sa-∂ k-a-cm-i-b-w Iq-Sp-X¬ \n-b-Xam-b

H-cp cq-]am¿-Pn-°p-I-bpw _-lp-P-\k-a-c-ßƒ-°p-≈ i-‡-am-b ]pXnb H-cm-bp-[-am-bn

am-dp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-≥ Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ ]m-[m-\yw

Km-‘n-sb-∂ hy-‡n-Xz-w aq-∂p cm-jv-S-ß-fpsS, C-¥y, Cw-•≠v, Z-£n-Wm-^n-° F-

∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se A-\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw ]-co-£-W-ß-fp-sSbpw D¬-∏-∂-am-Wv. Z-£n-Wm-

^n-°-bn¬ Km-‘n F-Øn-t®-cp-∂ Ime-Øv A-t±-lw bp-hmhpw A-hn-SsØ km-l-N-

cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v A-dn-hn√m-Ø-h\p-am-bn-cp∂p. F-∂m¬ 21 h¿-j-ßƒ-sIm≠p Km‘n

b-Ym¿-Y- cm-jv-So-b-°m-c\pw t\-Xm-hp-am-bn ]m-I-s∏-´p. hw-io-b-X-bv°pw h¿-Whn-th-

62


N-\-Øn-\psaXn-tc A-t±-lw s]m-cpXn. cm-jv-So-b]-iv-\-ßƒ-°p-≈ ]-cn-lm-c-am¿Kw

F-∂ \n-ebn¬ A-lnwk-sb D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®p. Km-‘n-bp-sS B-^n-°≥ Po-hn-Xw h-

cm-\n-cn-°p-∂ h-en-b-Im-cy-ß-fpsS kq-N-\bmbn-cp-∂p. Z-£nWm-^n-°bn¬ A-t±-lw

\q-dp-I-W-°n-\p k-a-c-°m-sc H-cp-an-®p-Iq-´n-sb-¶n¬ C-¥ybn¬ A-t±-lw B-bn-c-°-W-

°n-\m-fpIsf kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw _-lpP\k-a-c-Øn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t\-Xm-hm-bn-Øo-

cp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. A-Xn_r-lØm-b H-cp k-a-c-Øn-eq-sS 1947˛¬ C-¥y-°v A-t±-lw

kzm-X-¥yw t\-Sn-Ø-∂p. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°≥ A-\p-`-h-ßƒ C-s√¶n¬ Km-‘n-°v C-

sXm-cn-°epw km-[y-am-hn√m-bn-cp∂p. Fw.sI.- Km-‘n-bpsS hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ icn-

bmb cq]m-¥cw \S-∂Xv Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬h-®m-Wv. H-cp km-[m-c-W a-\p-jy-\n¬-

\n-∂p a-lm-flm-hn-te-°p-≈ Km-‘n-bp-sS hf¿® km[y-am-°n-bXpw Z£n-Wm-^n°

Xs∂-bm-Wv.

63


$ ]o-‰¿am-cn-‰v-kv-_¿-Kv kw- -hw Fw.sI. Km-‘n-bn-se km-aqln-I]-h¿-ØI-s\ ]p-d-Øp-sIm-

≠p-h-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂p hn-e-bn-cpØp-I.

$ t\‰mƒ K-h¨-sa‚v A-h-X-cn-∏n-® Ip-Sn-tb-‰\n-b-a-Øn-s\-Xn-tc Km-‘n \-SØn-b ]-t£m-`-

ßfpw ap-t∂-‰-ß-fpw F-s¥-ms°bm-sW-∂p hn-i-Z-am-°p-I.

$ _n-´njv k¿-°m-cn-t\m-Sp- Iq-dp ]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn Km-‘n \-SØn-b ]-h¿-Ø-\ßƒ

hn-e-bn-cpØp-I.

$ Km-‘n-bpsS kaq-lPo-hn-X]-co-£Wßƒ hn-e-bn-cpØp-I.

$ Nn-¥-Ifpw B-i-b-ßfpw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p Km-‘n-Pnbn¬ ]m-›m-XyNn¥-I¿ sN-epØn-

b kzm-[o-\w hn-e-bn-cpØp-I.

$ A-lnw-km-fl-I ]-Xn-tcm-[-Øn-eq-sS Fw.sI. Km-‘n F-ß-s\-bm-Wv k-Xy-K-lw hn-I-kn-

∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-sX-∂p hn-i-Z-am°pI.

F\n-°p I-gnbpw

kw-K-lw

$ C-¥y-bn-¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´ A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-b-n-cp-∂ Km-‘n Z-£n-Wm-^n-°bn¬ hn-P-bw ssI-h-

cn® A- n- m-j-I-\m-bn am-dn.

$ "C¥y≥ H-∏o-\n-b≥' P-\-ß-fn-te-°v C-d-ßn-s®√m-\p-≈ I-gn-hp h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Km-‘n-°v

k-lm-b-I-ambn.

$ Pohn-X km-l-N-cy-ßƒ sa-®-s∏-SpØm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-Ih-gn Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se C-¥y°m-

cp-sS [m¿-anIX D-tØ-Pn-∏n°m≥ Km-‘n--°v I-gn-™p.

$ d-kv-In≥, tSmƒ-kv-t‰m-bv, tXm-tdm F-∂o Nn-¥-I¿ kaq-lPo-hn-X-Øn\pw k-Xy-K-l-sa-∂ Bi-

bw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xn-\pw Km-‘n-°v ]-tNmZ\ambn.

$ Km-‘n-bp-sS C-¥y-bn-se Bi-aPo-hn-X-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-L-´-ß-fm-bn Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se k-aq-

l-Pohn-X ]-co-£-Wß-sf tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ -s]m-Xp-]-h¿-Ø-I-¿ \-bn-t°≠ efn-X-Po-hn-X-sØ∏‰n s]m-Xp-P-\-sØ t_m-[y-s∏-SpØm≥

Km-‘n-°v I-gn™p.

$ C-∂p km¿-h-Xn-I-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´ k-XyK-l-sa-∂ ka-cw Km-‘n-Pn B-Zy-am-bn ]-co-

£n®Xpw hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-SpØXpw Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-em-Wv.

64



1. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°bn¬ F-Øn-b- DS-s\ K-m-‘n ]-kn-≤n t\-Sn-b-sX-ßs\?

2. ]o-‰¿ am-cn-‰v-kv-_¿-Kv sd-bn¬-th kvv-t‰-j\n¬ h-®v Km-‘n-°p≠m-b A-\p-`h-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-

°pI.

3. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬ Fw.sI. Km‘n kw-LS-\mcq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS km-aqln-I]-h¿-Ø-\-

ßƒ-°p XpS-°w Ip-dn-®-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂p hy-‡-am-°pI.

4. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°bn¬ Xp-S-°-an-´ ]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ hn-P-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn Km-‘n-Pn kzo-I-cn-®

X-¥-ßƒ F-s-¥√m-sa-∂p hn-i-Z-am-°pI.

5. k¿-°m-cn-s‚ ssZ-\wZn\ ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°m-hiyam-b h-cp-am\w I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xv \n-Ip-Xn-I-

fn-eq-sS-bmWv. F-∂m¬ 25 ]-h≥ \n-Ip-Xn-s°-Xn-cm-bn Km-‘n ]-t£m-`w \-bn-°p-I-bm-Wp-

≠m-bXv -˛ Im-cW-ßƒ hn-e-bn-cp-ØpI.

6. \mw bm-Xm-th-f-I-fn¬ e-`n-°p-∂ k-a-b-sØ In-bm-fl-I-am-bn hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°m-dn√. ]-t£,

Km-‘n F√m-bv-t∏mgpw X-s‚ k-a-bsØ In-bm-fl-I-am-bn hn-\n-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p Z-£n-Wm-^n-

°-bn¬-\n-∂v C-¥y-bn-te-°p-≈ bm-Xm-th-fbn¬ Km-‘n H-cp e-Lpte-J X-bm-dm-°p-Ibpw C-

¥ybn¬ A-Xp hn-Xc-Ww sN-øp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Cu e-Lpte-J sh-≈-°m¿-°v \n-ch-[n ]-iv\-

ßfp≠m°n. C-Xn-s‚ t]cn¬ Km-‘n-°v t\-tc ssI-tb-‰w t]m-ep-ap-≠mbn. e-Lpte-J G-sX-

∂p Xn-cn-®-dn-™v A-Xn-se D-≈S-°w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°pI.

7. km-aqln-I]-iv\-ßƒ ]p-d-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\pw A-Xn-t\-Xn-tc ]Nmc-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw

Zn\]X-ßƒ hen-b ]-¶m-Wv h-ln-°p-∂Xv. Km-‘n-bp-sS Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se ]-X-]-h¿Ø-

\w hn-h-cn-°pI.

8. bp-≤w t]m-se-bp-≈ A-Snb-¥-c km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬-t∏m-epw Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se C-¥y°m¿

A-hn-SsØ k¿-°m-cn-t\m-Sv Iq-dp]p-e¿-Øp-∂-h-cm-bn-cn°pw F∂p sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn Km-

‘n \-SØn-b ]-h¿-Ø\-ßƒ hn-e-bn-cpØpI.

9. \-Ωp-sS hy-‡n-Po-hn-XØn¬ a-‰p≈-h¿ h-enb kzm-[o\w sN-ep-Øm-dp≠v. Km-‘n-bp-sS Po-hn-

X-sØ kzm-[o-\n-® al-Zvhy-‡n-Iƒ B-sc√m-sa∂pw A-h-cp-sS kzm-[o-\w F-ß-s\-sb∂pw

hn-i-Z-am-°pI.

10. km-aqln-I]-iv-\-ßƒ-°p-≈ ]-cn-lm-cw ]-kw-K-Øn-e√, ]-hrØnbn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂v

Fw.sI. Km-‘n \ap°v Im-´n-Ø-cp∂p. Km-‘n-Pn Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬ \-SØn-b CØcw ]-

h¿-Ø\-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

11. ]-t£m-`-ßƒ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ A-Xn-\m-bn kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ am¿-K-ß-fpw hf-sc ]m-[m-\y-

a¿-ln-°p∂p. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-se k-XyK-lk-a-cw hn-P-bn-∏n-°p-∂Xn¬ A-Xn-\m-bn kzo-I-

cn-® am¿K-ßƒ k-lm-b-I-am-tbm? Km-‘n-Pn F-ß-s\-bm-Wv CØ-cw H-cp am¿-Kw ]-t£m-`-

Øn-\m-bn cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv ?

12. Z-£n-Wm-^n-°bn¬ 1893˛¬ B-Zy-am-bn FØn-b Km-‘n-sb-bpw 1915˛¬ a-Sßn-b Km-‘n-

sbbpw Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

65

C¥y≥ kzmX¥ykacØn¬ Km‘nPn hln® ]¶v10C¥y≥ kzmX¥ykacØn¬ Km‘nPn hln® ]¶v

][m-\mi-b-ßƒ

$ Km‘nPnbpsS hchn\p apºp≈C¥y≥ tZiob]ÿm\Øns‚ HcpeLphnebncpØ¬.

$ ]mtZinI ]iv\ß-fneqsS Km‘nPn-bpsS C¥y≥ cm„ob]thi-\w-(Nºmc≥, tJZ,-Alva-Zm_mZv kXy-Klw)

$ almflmKm‘nbpsS C¥y≥cm„o-b]thi\w

˛ due‰v \nbaw,- Pmenb≥-hmem_mKvIq´s°me

˛ Jnem^Øv ]ÿm\w

˛ \nlIcWkacw

˛ \nbaewL\kacw

˛ Km‘n- ˛ C¿hn≥ k‘n

˛ h´taiktΩf\ßƒ

˛ ]q\mIcm¿

˛ bp≤hncp≤ kXyKlw

˛ Izn‰v C¥ym kacw

˛ C¥y≥ kzmX¥y\nbaw

$ kmapZmbnIelf \n¿Øm≥Km‘n-Pn-- \SØnb CSs]S¬

$ almflmKm‘n: Hcp kmaqln-I ˛cm„ob]h¿-ØI≥

˛ \n¿amWmflI]h¿Ø-\ßƒ

˛ ssh°w kXyKlw

˛ Kpcphmbq¿ kXyKlw

˛ lcnP≥ tkhIv kwLv

˛ IkvXq¿_mKm‘n \mjW¬sa-tΩm--dnb¬ SÃv

4

C¥y≥ kzmX¥ykacØn¬ Km‘nPn hln®

]¶mWv Cu A[ymbw N¿®sNøp∂Xv.

]mtZinI]iv\ßfn¬ Km‘nPnbpsS kPoh

CSs]S¬ amXa√, At±lØns‚ C¥y≥

cm„obØnte°p≈ ]thi\hpw kmapZmbnI

Iem-]kabØv AXn√mXm°m≥ At±lw

\SØp∂ kPohamb CSs]Sepw kmaqlnI˛

cm„ob cwKØv Km‘nPnbpsS hy‡napZ ]Xn-

∏n®- kw`hhnImkßfpw CXnepƒs∏Sp∂p.

c≠p ZiIØne[nIap≈ Z£nWm-

^n°bnse ]hmkPohnXw aXnbm°n C¥y-

bn--te-°p Xncns®Øptºmƒ At±lØn\v

C¥y≥-P\X \¬Inb kzoIcWw \ap°p

t\m°mw.

Fw.sI.Km‘n°v hºn® kzoIcWw

thZn: PlmwKo¿t] v lukv, t_mws_

C¥y≥P\X F¥psIm≠mWv Km‘nPn°v CX

Kw`oc kzoIc-Ww- \¬InbXv?

1915 P\phcn 9, almflmKm‘n Z£nWm-

^n°bn¬\n∂v C¥ybnte°p Xncns®Øn. Xs‚-

IqsS-bp≈ BiahmknIsf Xmakn∏n°m-\mbn

Km‘nPn AlvaZm_mZnse sIm®vdm_n¬ Hcp Biaw

66


ÿm]n®p. ]n∂oS v Cu Biaw IqSpX¬ kuIcyßfp≈ ÿeamb

k_¿aXnbnte°p am‰n. CXn-\p-]pdta hm¿[bnepw At±lw Hcp BiaØn\p

Xp-S-°-an´p. B ImeL´Ønse C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨Kkns‚ t\Xmhmb

tKm]meIrjvW tKmJsebpsS D]tZiØm¬ Hcph¿jtØmfw cm„ob-

Øn¬\n∂v hn´p-\n¬-°p-Ibpw Xoh≠nbn¬ c≠mw¢mkn¬ k©cn®v C¥y≥

P\XbpsS ]iv\ßfpw ]bmkßfpw ]Tn°m≥ i-an-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. AXn-

\nSbn¬ tcmK_m[nX\mbXn\m¬ Km‘n-Pn°v Xs‚ ZuXyw ]q¿Ønbm°m≥

Ign™n√. 1893 ¬ Km‘n Z£nWm^n°bnte°p t]mIptºmƒ I≠ C¥ybmbn-

cp∂n-√ Xncns®Øptºmƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. _nńjpImcpsS tImf\nbmbn Xp-S-cp--

tºmƒX-s∂ C-¥y-bnse cm„obcwKw IqSpX¬ kPohambn amdn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p.

C¥y≥ tZiob]ÿm\w Km‘nPnbpsS hchn\p apºv ˛ Hcp hnebncpØ¬:

B[p\nI C¥y≥ tZiobXbpsS hf¿®tbmsSbmWp ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚

DZbw. Cu \q‰m≠ns‚ ]IpXntbmsS \ΩpsS cmPyw _nńjv B[n]XyØnembn.

CXn\nsS _nńjv `cWØns\Xnsc \nch[n kacßfpw ]t£m`ßfpw \S∂p.

CXn¬ ][m\s∏´XmWv 1857 se H∂mw kzmX¥ykacw.

C¥y≥ tZiobXbpsS hf¿®bv°p klmbIamb LSIßfn¬ ][m\ambh Xmsg

sImSp°p∂p.

$ cm„ob sFIyw

$ ]m›mXyhnZym`ymkw

$ aX˛kmaqlnI]ÿm\ßƒ

$ B[p\nI hm¿Ømhn\nab ˛ -KXmKXhnIk\w

$ ]XßfpsS ]¶v

$ FgpØpImcpsS ]¶v

$ hnthN\ßƒs°Xnscbp≈ t]mcm´w

$ a[yh¿KØns‚ DZbw

$ NcnXKthjWØns‚ kzm[o\w

$ C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨Kkv cq]oIcWw

C¥y≥ tZiob]ÿm\Øns‚ BZyL´w anXhmZcm„obambncp∂p. tZiob-

t\Xm°fmb ZmZm_mbv \hvtdmPn, ]n.Fw. taØ, Znt\jv hm®m, Uªyp.kn.

_m\¿Pn, tKm]meIrjvW tKmJse apXembh¿ C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨Kkns‚

]apJcmb t\Xm-°fmWv.

sshtZinIhnZym`ymkw t\Snb Cu t\Xm°ƒ ]m›mXy Bibßfn¬ ]tNmZn-

Xcmbncp∂p. AhcpsS ImgvN∏mSn¬ _nńjv `cWw C¥y°v KpW-Icambncp∂p.

_n´s\t∏mse Hcp B[p\nI cmPyamIm≥ C¥y°v km[n°pw F∂h¿ hnizkn®p.

67

C¥y≥ kzmX¥ykacØn¬ Km‘nPn hln® ]¶v

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ _nńjpIm¿s°Xnsc P\IobkacØn\v Ah¿ FXncm-

bncp∂p. BZyIme tIm¨Kkv t\Xm°fn¬ ]ecpw kPohcm„ob-°mcmbn-cp∂n√.

kaqlØns‚ D∂XtiWnbn¬ \n∂ph∂ anXhmZnIfmb CØcw t\Xm°ƒ°p

P\Iob]n¥pW Ipdhmbncp∂p.

kzmX¥ykacØns‚ c≠mwL´w XohhmZcm„obØnt‚Xm-Wv. AchnµtLmjv,

_meKwKm[c XneIv, _n_n≥Nµ ]m¬, emem ePv]Xv dmbv XpSßnbhcmbncp∂p

][m\ t\Xm°ƒ. XohhmZ]ÿm\ßfpw t\Xm°fpw hfcm\nSbmb kml-

Ncy-ßƒ Xmsg ]dbp∂p.

£maw, tπKv, ]I¿®hym[nIƒ, sshtkmbnbpsS ]Xn-tem-a-I-c-amb \ne]mSpIƒ,

]XnIqe kmºØnIkmlNcyw, lnµpaXØns‚ DW¿hv, kmaqlnIhnthN\w,

hnπhßfpsSbpw A¥mcm„kw`hßfpsSbpw kzm[o\w, hnZym`ymkØns‚

]Nmcw XpSßnbh. ChcpsS ][m\ ]h¿Ø\ßfmWv kzcmPv, kztZin,

\nlIcWkacw, _lnjvIcWw, tZiobhnZym`ymkw XpSßnbh. XohhmZ

\ne]mSpIfpsS kzm[o-\Øns‚ eambncp∂p 1911 se _wKmƒ hn`P\w d±m°¬.

CXv C¥y≥ tZiob-Xbv°v IcpØp]I¿∂ kw`hamWv.

apkvenw eoKv 1906 Unkw_¿ 30- \mWv cq]oIcn°s∏´Xv. tZiob]ÿm\Ønse

Hcp ][m\i‡nbmhm≥ ]n∂oSv apkvenw eoKn\p km[n®p.

]mtZinI]iv\ßfneqsS C¥y≥ cm„obØnte°v Km‘nPnbpsS cwK]thi\w

Nºmc≥ kXyKlw (1917)

almflmKm‘n C¥ybn¬ \SØnb BZyImekacßƒ an°Xpw I¿jIcpsSbpw

sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpw ]iv\ßƒ ]cnlcn°m\p≈XmWv. 1916 s‚ Ahkm\Øn¬

Nºmc\nse I¿jI\mb cmPvIpam¿ ip¢ Km‘nPnsb ImWms\Øn, AhnSsØ

\oewI¿jIcpsS ]iv\ßfpw ]bmkßfpw Km‘nPntbmSp hni-ZoIcn®p. _nńjv

\oew tXm -apSaIƒ \S∏nem°nb "Xo≥ ITmbn kºZmb]Imcw,' \oew I¿jI¿

kz¥w `qanbpsS Ccp]-Xn¬ aq∂p-

`mKw `qhpSaI-ƒ°mbn \oewIrjn

sNøWsa∂p \n¿_-‘n-®p.

1917 , BZywXs∂ Km‘nPn

Nºmc\nseØn. At±lØns‚ e-

£yw Nºmc\nse Irjn°mcpsS

ZpcnX-ßƒ AdnbpIbpw Ah¿

\ap°p sNømw

Km‘n-Pn°p apºp-ff C¥y≥ tZiob]ÿm-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

]-h¿-Ø\wC¥y-bnse _nńjv `c-W-Øns‚ Cc-Iƒ BcmWv ?N¿®-bn-eqsS ]ńI ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-I.l I¿j-I¿

l sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒl

l

68


tXm´apSaIƒs°Xnsc D∂bn® Btcm]WßfpsS kXymhÿ a\n-em°pIbpamWv. CXn\mbn Bbnc°W°n\v sXmgnemfnIsf t\cn´p ImWm\pwAXn\p apºv tXm´w DSaIƒ, IΩojW¿, Znhm≥ F∂nhcpsS `mKw tIƒ-°m-\pwAhcpsS hnizmkw B¿Pn°m\pw Km‘nPn ian®p. F¶nepw tXm´-apSaIfpsSskI´dn, Km‘nPn ]pdsa\n∂p≈bmfmsW∂pw I¿jIcpsS ]iv\-ßfn¬CSs]tS≠Xns√∂pap≈ \ne]mSv ssIs°m≠p. GsX¶nepw XcØnep≈]cmXnbps≠¶n¬ FgpXn\¬IWsa∂ \n¿tZiw \¬In. Km‘nPn FXbpw s]s -∂v Nºmc≥ hn´pt]mIWsa∂v IΩojW¿ D]tZin®p.

CXn\nsS Nºmc≥ hn´pt]mIm\p≈ DØchv Km‘nPn°v e`n®p. F∂m¬Xs‚ At\zjWw ]q¿ØnbmImsX Nºmc≥ hnSm≥ Km‘nPn Xbmdmbn√. XpS¿∂vtImSXnbn¬ IogSßn hmZw tIƒ°m≥ B⁄ e`n®p. Cu hm¿Ø P\ßfn¬Im´pXot]mse ]S¿∂p. \nba]cambn ]cnlcn°m≥ ]‰p∂Xmbncp∂p CuImcysa¶nepw Km‘nPn DØchp ssI∏‰pIbpw AXp \¬Inb DtZymKÿtcmSvacymZ]q¿hw s]cpamdpIbpw sNbvXp. P\ßsf \nb¥n°m≥ A\pbmbnItfmSvKm‘nPn \n¿tZin®p. Xs‚ BflIYbn¬ At±lw Cßs\ Ipdn®p: ""CXvAXnitbm‡nb√. XnI®pw kXywXs∂. I¿jIsc t\cn´p I≠t∏mƒ Rm≥Cuizc≥, kXyw, Alnwk F∂nhbv°v t\¿°pt\¿ \n¬°pIbmbncp∂p.''

e^v‰\‚ v Kh¿Wdmbncp∂ k¿ FtUzUv sKbv‰v At\zjW IΩojs\\ntbmKn°m≥ XbmdmsW∂p kΩXn®p. At±lw Km‘nPnsb HcwKamIm≥£Wn®p. \n_‘\Iƒ°p hnt[bambn Km‘nPn £Ww kzoIcn®p.P\ßfpambp≈ _‘w \ne\n¿Øn, ]cmPbs∏´m¬ kacØns‚ KXn am‰nI¿jIsc H∂n∏n°m\p≈ kzmX¥yw Dd∏m°ns°m≠p Km‘nPn IΩoj\pambnklIcn®p. FtUzUv sKbv‰v Km‘nPnbpsS hyhÿIƒ kzoIcn°pIbpwAt\zjWw ]Jym]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. kacØn\\pIqeamb Is≠Øembncp∂pAt\zjW IΩojt‚Xv. CtXØpS¿∂v Nºmc≥ AtKdnb≥ _n¬ ]mkmbn.CtXmsS kacw Ahkm\n∏n®p. kactØmsSm∏w Km‘nPn \n¿amWmflI]h¿Ø-\ßfpw Bcw`n®p. ]mYanIhnZymebßƒ, ipNoIcWw, BtcmKy]cnNcWwapXembhbmbncp∂p CXn¬ Dƒs∏´Xv.

AlvaZm_mZnse an¬sØmgnemfnkacw (1918)

AlvaZm_mZnse XpWnan¬ sXmgnemfnIƒ t\cnSp∂ ]iv\ßƒNq≠n°m´n A\kqb _l≥ Ab® IØv Km‘nPn°v e`n®p. AhcpsS thX\whfsc°pdhpw sXmgn¬kabw IqSpXepambncp∂p. Km‘nPn AhnsSsbØn an√pSa-ItfmSp kulm¿Z]camb kao]\w kzoIcn®p. N¿®Iƒ°p Xømdmbn kahm-bØneqsS sXmgnemfnIfpsS ]iv\ßƒ ]cnlcn°Wsa∂v Km‘nPn A`y¿Yn®p.X¿°ßƒ a[yÿXocpam\Øn\p hnSWsa∂ Km‘nPnbpsS A`y¿Y\\nckn®tXmsS At±lw kXyKlkacØn\v Blzm\w \¬In. kacw hnPb-Icam°m≥ Km‘nPn sXmgnemfnIƒ°p Nne hyhÿIƒ \¬In.

Ah Xmsg ]dbp∂hbmWv.

1. AIaap≠m°cpXv.

2. Icn¶menIsf D]Zhn°cpXv.

69


3. Hcn°epw Bbp[w D]tbmKn°cpXv.

4. hnPbw hsc kacØn¬ ASnbpdbv°pIbpw t\cmb hgnbneqsS BlmcØn\p

th≠n ]bXv\n°pIbpw sNøWw.

kact\Xm°fpw sXmgnemfnIfpw hyhÿIƒ AwKoIcn°pIbpw

s]mXptbmKØn¬ ]Xn⁄sbSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. Bhiyßƒ an√pSaIƒ

AwKoIcn°p∂Xphsc Ah¿ tPmen sNbvXn√. Cu kacØn¬h®mWv Km‘nPn

k¿Zm¿ h√`v`mbv ]tépw i¶¿em¬ _¶dpambn \√ _‘w ÿm]n®Xv. Ah¿

Znhkhpw k_¿aXn BiaØn¬ HØptN¿∂v kacsØ°pdn®v hne-bncp-

Øpambncp∂p. kacw 21 Znhkw \o≠p\n∂p. kacapJØv \n∂pt]mepw Km‘nPn

an√pSaIfpambn _‘s∏SpIbpw sXmgnemfnIfpsS \oXn°mbn ian°pIbpw

sNbvXp. a[yÿXocpam\Ønt\m aq∂masXmcmfns‚ CSs]Sent\m Ah¿ Xbm-

dmbncp∂n√.

BZyc≠mgvN sXmgnemfnIƒ ss[cyktaXw Bflkwba\w ]men®v kac-

Øn¬ ASnbpd®p \n∂p. ]t£, Ft∏msg¶nepw kacw AIamk‡amIpsa∂v

Km‘nPn°v Bi¶bp≠mbncp∂p. AXn\m¬ At±lw D]hmkw Bcw`n®p.

CXneqsS P\kΩXnbpw Bflhnizmkhpw hf¿Øm\p≈ Hc¥co£ap≠mbn.

XpS¿∂v an√pSaIƒ N¿®bv°v Xbmdmbn. A\kqb _ls‚ hoń¬h®v

k‘nkw`mjWw \S∂p. Ah-km\w B¿_ntS‰sd \nb-an-°p-Ibpw Km‘n-Pn-bpsS

aq∂p Znh-ksØ D]-hm-k-Øn--\p-tijw kacw ]n≥h-en-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sXmgn-

em-fn-Iƒ°v a[pcw hnX-cWw sNbvXv an√p-S-a-Iƒ CXm-tLm-jn-®p. Aßs\ 21 Znh-

k-Øn\p tijw kacw Ah-km-\n-®p.

tJZkXyKlw(1918)

_nńjv `cWØns‚ êamWv XpS¿®bmb £maw. CXp Km‘nPnbpsS

P∑\mńse Irjn°msc Fßs\bm°n? Km‘nPn CØcw ]iv\ßfn¬ Fßs\

CSs]´p? Ch ]cnlcn°m≥ At±lw \SØnb kXyKlkacßfpsS

]›mØeßƒ F∂nh \ap°p N¿®sNømw.

KpPdmØnse tJZ Pn√bn¬ hym]Iamb Irjn\miw kw`hn®p. CXv

ZmcnZyw h¿[n°p∂Xn\p ImcWambn. ]kvXpX Imebfhnse \nIpXn\n¿Wbw

Hgnhm°m≥ P\ßƒ BKln®p. \nehnep≈ \nba]Imcw D¬∏mZ\w \meWbv°v

Xpeytam AXn¬ Xmsgtbm Bbm¬ B h¿jsØ \nIpXnhnebncpØen¬ \n∂v

AØcw I¿jIsc Hgnhm°msa∂ hyhÿbp≠mbncp∂p. F∂m¬ £maw

hnebncpØm≥ FØnb At\zjW DtZymKÿ¿ sX‰mb ÿnXnhnhc°W°pIƒ

\¬InbXn\m¬ I¿jI¿°v B\pIqeyßƒ e`n®n√. s]mXpP\ßfpsS ]iv\w

]cnlcn°Wsa∂ Bhiyw `cWIqSw \ncmIcn®p. Km‘nPnbpw A\pbmbnIfpw

\nIpXn]ncnhv \n¿Øm\pw DtZymKÿsc ]n≥hen°m\pw Bhiys∏´p. CXp

\ncmIcn°s∏´Xns\ØpS¿∂v Km‘nPn kXyKlØn\v Blzm\w \¬In.

70


P\ßƒ h¿[n® hocytØmsSbpw BflhnizmktØmsSbpw kacØn¬

]¶ptN¿∂p. Kh¨sa‚ v I¿jIsc ASn®a¿Øp∂ \bw kzoIcn®p. DtZymKÿ¿

I∂pImenIsf I≠psI´pIbpw ]ng CuSm°p∂Xn\p≈ Xm°oXp \¬IpIbpw

sNbvXp. Kh¨sa‚ v A[m¿anIambn ssIhis∏SpØnb Irjn`qanbnse D≈n

hnfshSpØv \o°w sNøm≥ Km‘nPn P\ßtfmSv Blzm\w sNbvXp. \nbaw

\ntj[n®Xpaqew P\ßƒ°v PohnXØn¬ BZyambn ]ngbSbvt°≠n hcpIbpw

Pbn¬hmkw A\p`hnt°≠nhcp∂ kmlNcyw A`napJoIcnt°≠nhcpIbpw

sNbvXp. Km‘nPnbpsS kl]h¿ØI\mbncp∂ taml≥em¬ ]mfiybpsS

t\XrXzØn¬ hnf\neßfn¬\n∂v D≈n \o°w sNøm≥ Bcw`n®p. CtX XpS¿∂v

taml≥em¬ ]mfiysb AdÃv sNbvXv PbneneS®p. Cu kw`hw P\ßfpsS

Bthiw h¿[n∏n°pIbpw AhcpsS [oct\Xm°sf A\pKan®psIm≠v PmYIƒ

kwLSn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu kw`hØn\ptijw taml≥em¬ ]mfiy

D≈n°≈≥ (Dunglichoar)F∂v Adnbs∏´p.

F∂m¬ Ipd®p \mfpIƒ°p tijw P\ßƒ \ncmicmbn ImWs∏´p.

BbXn\m¬ DNnXamb am¿KØneqsS kacw HØpXo¿∏m°m≥ Km‘nPn

BKln®p. kaqlØnse kº∂¿ AhcpsS \nIpXnIpSn»nI AS®pXo¿Øm¬

]mhs∏´hcpsS ISw FgpXnØ≈msa∂p cWIqSw Dd∏p\¬In. tcJmaqew Dd∏p

e`n®Xns\ XpS¿∂v kXyKlkacw ]n≥hen®p. "tJZkXyKlw'

h≥hnPbambncps∂∂v Km‘nPn A`n]mbs∏Sp∂n√. kXyKlkacw

hnPbn°p∂Xv AXn¬ ]s¶SpØh¿°p IqSpX¬ IcpØpw Bflt_m[hpw

]m]vXamIptºmƒ amXamWv. bmsXmcphn[ ]iv\]cnlmchpw

kXyKlkacØneqsS t\Sm\mbns√∂v A[nImcnIƒ hnebncpØn. \nIpXn

Hgnhm°nsb¶nepw Npcp°w Nne¿°p amXamWv B\pIqeyw e`n®Xv.

F∂m¬ hnZymkº∂cmb s]mXp]h¿ØIsc kXyKlkacØnte°v

BI¿jn°m≥ tJZ kXyKlØneqsS km[n®p. I¿jIcpsS PohnXhpambn

XmZmflyw ]m]n°m≥ Ah¿°v Ahkcw e`n®p. tJZ kXyKlØneqsS h√ v mbv

]t´¬ tZiobt\Xmhmbn Db¿∂p.

Aßs\ Nºmc≥, AlvaZm_mZv, tJZ kXyKlßfneqsS Km‘nPn

I¿jIcpsSbpw sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpw ]mtZinI]iv\ßƒ°p ]cnlmcØn\mbn

CSs]´psIm≠v C¥y≥cm„obØnte°p cwK]thiw sNbvXp. A\o-

Xns°Xncmbn ]tbmKn°mhp∂ i‡naØmb kacmbp[ambn kXyKlw

km¿hXnIJymXn t\Sn.


]´nI ]q¿ØoIcn°pI

- -Nºmc≥ kXyKlw AlvaZm_mZv kXyKlw tJZ kXyKlw

h¿jw

ImcWw

t\´w

71


------C¥y≥ tZiobcm„obØn¬ Km‘nPnbpsS cwK]thiw

due‰v \nbaw (1919)

1919, G]n¬ 6\v Km‘nPn HcpZnhksØ l¿Ømen\v Blzm\w sNbvXp. due‰v

\nbaw \nehn¬ h∂Xns\Xnscbmbncp∂p Cu l¿Øm¬. Cu \nbaamWv

]n∂oSv Icn\nbaw F∂ t]cn¬ Adnbs∏´Xv. _wKmfnsebpw ]©m_nsebpw

cmjvSo-b hnπh]ÿm\ßsf°pdn®v At\zjn®p hnebncpØWsa∂v _nńjv

`cWIqSw Bhiys∏´p. 1918¬ PÃnkv due‰v ]knU‚mbn Hcp At\zjW IΩnj≥

\nban°s∏´p. due‰v IΩn‰nbpsS Is≠ØepIƒ°v A\pkrXambn AcmPIXz

hnπhIp‰IrXy\nbaw ]mkm°n. 1919 am¿®v 10 \v Cu \nbaw \nehn¬ h∂p.

CXmWv due‰v BŒv.

due‰v \nba]Imcw GsXmcp ]ucs\bpw AdÃv sNbvXv hnNm-cW

IqSmsX PbneneSbv°mw. Cu \nbaØneqsS DØchp IqSmsXXs∂ GXp kab-

Øpw FhnsSbpw Ibdn ]cntim[\ \SØm\pw XS¶en¬hbv°m\pw _nńjv

t]meokn\v A[nImcw e`n®p. ]mtZinI Kh¿W¿am¿°v Cu \nbaw hn]peamb

A[nImcßƒ \¬In.

Pmenb≥hmem_mKv Iq´s°me (1919)

due‰v \nbaØns\Xnscbp≈ Km‘nPnbpsS l¿Ømemlzm\sØ

A\p`mh]q¿WambmWv ]©m_nse P\ßƒ kzoIcn®Xv. tUm. kXy]m¬, In®vep

F∂nhcpsS t\XrXzØn¬ hºn® ]Xntj[dmen \S∂p. Km‘nPn

]Xntj[dmensb A`nkwt_m[\ sNøm≥ ]©m_nte°p ]pds∏s´¶nepw

At±lsØ AdÃv sNbvXv t_mws_bnseØn®p. G]n¬ 10 \v P\t\Xm°fmb

In®vephpw tUm.kXy]mepw AdÃv sNøs∏´p. CXn¬ ]Xntj[n®p P\°q´w

sU]yqń IΩojW¿ an¬kv C¿hns‚ _w•mhnte°p am¿®v kwLSn∏n®p.

CtXmS\p_‘n®p \S∂ kwL¿jØn¬ Nne¿ sIm√s∏´p, At\Iw t]¿°v

]cnt°‰p. AIamk‡cmb P\°q´w AarXkdnse _nńjv ÿm]\ßƒ°v

Xoh®p, Nnesc h[n®p.

1919 G]n¬ 11 \v P\d¬ Ub¿ \KcØns‚ \nb¥Ww Gs‰Sp°pIbpw

]´mf\nbaw \S∏n¬hcpØpIbpw sNbvXp. Inan\¬ in£m\nbaw 144 ]Imcw

]IS\ßfpw s]mXptbmKßfpw \ntcm[n®p. t]meokv AXnIaØns\Xnsc

G]n¬ 13 \v sshIn´v AarXkdnse Pmenb≥hmem_mKn¬ Hcp s]mXptbmKw

\SØn.

\ap°p sNømw

C¥ybnse BZysØ l¿Ømens‚ kz`mhhpw ]m[m\yhpw hniZoIcn°p∂

Hcp dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°pI.

72


Pmenb≥hmem_mKv H‰]th-i\-IhmS-

ap≈ hnimeamb ssaXm-\am-Wv. kvXo-

Ifpw IpńIfpw Dƒs∏sS 20000 tØmfw

\ncmbp[cmb P\ßƒ kam[m-\]c-ambn

ktΩf\Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØp. CXn-\nsS

P\d¬ Ub¿ ]´mf°m-tcmsSm∏w

ssaXm-\Øp ]thin°pIbpw P\°q-

´Øn--\p t\sc shSn-hbv°m-≥ B⁄m-]n-

°pIbpw sNbvXp. tXm°n-seXncIƒ Xocpw hsc shSn -b pX n¿Øp - sImt≠ -b nc p∂p .HutZymKnI IW°p]Imcw 379t]¿ sIm√s∏-SpIbpw 1500˛¬]cwt]¿-°v ]cnt°-¬°pIbpwsNbvXp. A\u-tZymKnI IW°p]Imcw, BbncØn-e[n-Iw t]¿sIm√s∏ń´p-≠v.

P\d¬ Ub¿ Pmenb≥-hmem-_mKv Iq´s°me \ymbo-Icn®p. C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨-Kkv i‡ambn]Xntj[n°pIbpw At\zjW IΩo-js\ \ntbmKn°m≥ Bhiy-s∏SpI-bpwsNbvXp. choµ\mY SmtKm¿ X\n°v e`n® _lpaXn Iq´s°mebn¬ ]Xntj[n®vDt]£n®p. sshtkmbnbpsS FIvknIypóhv Iu¨knen¬\n∂p k¿ kn.i¶c≥\mb¿ cmPnh®p. Ahkm\w 1919 HtŒm_dn¬ _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ v l≠¿]`phns\ At\zjW IΩoj\mbn \nb-an®p.""πmknbp≤w _nńjv `cW-Øn\vC¥ybn¬ ASnØd ]mIn, Pmenb≥hmem_mKv Iq´s°me AXns\ Cf°n.'' kw`h-sØ°pdn-®v Km‘nPn A`n]m-bs∏´-Xv Cß-s\-bmbncp∂p.

due‰v \nbaØns\-Xnscbp-≈ kacw tZiob-cm„obØn-te°p≈Km‘nPnbpsS IS∂p-hchmbncp∂p. Pmenb≥-hmem_m-Kv kw`htØmsS At\-Iw

anXhm-ZnIƒ tZiob]ÿm\Øns‚ `mKambn _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ns\Xnsc

Xncn™p.

Pmenb≥hmem_mKv Iq´-s°me

1940 ¬ e≠-\nse ImIvÃ≥ lmfn¬

h®v P\-d¬ Ubdns\ D±w-knMv shSn-

h®p sIm∂p. Cu tIkn¬ 1940 Pqsse

31 \v D±w-kn-ßns\ Xq°n-te-‰n.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

\ap°p ]cntim[n°mw

Pmenb≥ hmem_mKv kw`hhpambn _‘s∏´v Xmsg sImSpØ hy‡nIfpw

AhcpsS ]¶pw Is≠ØpI.

hy‡nIƒ ]¶v

P\d¬ Ub¿

an¬kv C¿hnMv

In®vep

choµ\mY SmtKm¿

k¿ kn. i¶c≥\mb¿

73


Jnem^Øv ]ÿm\w (1920) lnµp- apkvenw sFIyØn\v Km‘nPnbpsS CSs]S¬

Km‘nb≥ BZ¿iØns‚ ASnÿm\XØzw kmapZmbnI sFIyamWv.

lnµp -apkvenw sFIyØn\mbn F∂pw \nesIm≠ hy‡nbmWv Km‘nPn. auem\m

aplΩZenbpw ju°Øenbpw (AenktlmZc∑m¿) tN¿∂p cq]oIcn® Jnem^Øv

]ÿm\Øn¬ ]h¿Øn°m≥ Km‘nPn°v Ah¿ Ahkcw \¬In.

H∂mw temIbp≤Øn\ptijw C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨Kkns‚

]h¿Ø\Øn¬ ZpXKXnbnep≈ am‰w h∂p. P\Iobcm„obØns‚bpw tIm¨-

Kkns‚bpw Hcp ]pXnb bpKambncp∂p Cu L´w. 1920˛-21 ImeL´Øn¬ henb

P\Iob-apt∂‰w DSseSpØp. Jnem^Øv]ÿm\hpw \nlIcW-]ÿm\hpamWv

CXn¬ ][m\s∏´Xv. H∂mw temIbp≤kabØv Xp¿°n _n´s\Xncmbn P¿a\n-

bpw BkvSnbbpambn kJyØnte¿s∏´p. temIapkvenwIƒ Xßfp-sS Bflob-

t\Xmhmbn I≠ncp∂Xv Xp¿°nbnse kp¬Øms\-bmbn-cp∂p-(Jeo^). ]t£,

H∂mw temIbp≤m\¥cw _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ v Jeo^ F∂ ]Z-hn- \n¿Øem°n.

1919 sk]vXw_dn¬ C¥y≥ tZiob Jnem^Øv ]ÿm\w Bcw`n®p. Aen

ktlmZc∑mcmbncp∂p CXns‚ ÿm]I¿. Km‘nPn, tamńem¬ s\lvdp, aZ≥-

taml≥ amfhy F∂nh¿ U¬lnbn¬ h®p\S∂ Jnem^Øv tZiobktΩf\Øn≥

]s¶SpØp. XßfpsS Bhiyßƒ t\Sm≥ Jnem^Øv ]ÿm\°mtcmSv

\nlIcWkacØn¬ AWntNcm≥ Km‘nPn A`y¿Yn®p. Aßs\ tIµ

Jnem^Øv IΩn‰n _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ns\Xnsc \nlIcWw ]Jym]n®p. lnµp-

˛apkvenw sFIyØn\pth≠n Km‘nPnbpw AenktlmZc∑mcpw cmPyØpS\ofw

kµ¿i\w \SØn. F∂ncp∂mepw Jnem^Øv ]ÿm\w Gsd°mew

\o≠p\n∂n√. apkvX^m Iam¬]mjbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ \S∂

P\m[n]Xy]t£m`Øn¬ Xp¿°n Hcp dn]ªn°mbnØo¿∂p.

Jnem^Øv ]ÿm\ØneqsS Km‘nPn C¥y≥ apkvenwIsf tZiob

]ÿm\ØnseØn°pIbpw lnµp- apkvenw sFIyw i‡ns∏SpØpIbpw sNbvXp.

C¥ybnse hnZqcKmaßfn¬t∏mepw _nńjv `cWØns\Xnsc s]mXphnImcw

D≠m°m≥ Jnem^Øv ]ÿm\Øn\p Ign™p.

almflmKm‘n: A\ntj[yt\Xmhv

\nlIcW]ÿm\w

Cu ]ÿm-\Øns‚ ]›mØehpw coXnbpw ]m[m\yhpw \ap°p ]cntim[n°mw.

due‰v \nbaØns\Xnscbp≈ kacØns‚ hnPbØn¬ ]tNmZ\w Dƒs°m≠v

_nńjv `cWØns\Xnsc Hcp kwLSnXkacw \SØm≥ Km‘nPn Blzm\w

sNbvXp. CXn\mbn \nlIcWkacw F∂ Bibw apt∂m´p h®p. 1920 ¬ \mKv]qcn-

\ap°p ]cntim[n°mw

Jnem^Øv ]ÿm\ØneqsS Fßs\bmWv Km‘nPn lnµp˛apkvenw sFIyhpwtZiobXbpw Duńbpd∏n®Xv? N¿®-sN-øp-I.

74


¬ \S∂ tIm¨Kkv ktΩf\w Cu Bibw AwKoIcn®p. kzcmPv t\SnsbSp°pI

F∂Xmbncp∂p \nlIcW]ÿm\Øns‚ ][m\ e£yw.

Xmsg ]dbp∂ ][m\ ]cn]mSnIƒ Km‘nPn kacØns‚ `mKambn apt∂m´ph®p.

1. tImSXnIƒ, hnZym`ymkÿm]\ßƒ, Xncs™Sp∏v, HutZymKnI ]cn]mSnIƒ,

_nńjv D¬∏∂ßƒ apXembh _lnjvIcn°pI.

2 \nIpXnbSbv°mXncn°pI.

3. _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ v \¬Inb _lpaXnIƒ, Io¿ØnapZIƒ, ÿm\ßƒ

F∂nh Dt]£n°pI. (Z£nWm^n°bnse tkh\ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn _nńjv

Kh¨sa‚ v Km‘nPn°v \¬Inb ssIk¿-˛sF-˛lnµv ]pckvImcw At±lw

Xncn®p\¬In).

C¥y≥ P\ßƒ Kh¨sa‚ v HmôkpIfpw tImSXnIfpw hnZym`ymk

ÿm]\ßfpw _lnjvIcn®p. cmPyØns‚ ]e`mKØpw \n¿amWmflI ]h¿Ø-

\ßƒ Bcw`n®p. tZiob hnZym`ymkÿm]\amb Imin hnZym]oTw, Pmanb an√nb

Ckvemanb tImtfPv, KpPdmØv hnZym]oTw apXembh ÿm]n°s∏´p. \n¿amWm-

flI]h¿Ø\Øns‚ `mKambn N¿°sbbpw JmZnsbbpw ]mtZinI D¬∏∂-

ßsfbpw t]m¬kmln∏n®p.

almflmKm‘nbpsS \nlIcWkacØn\v P-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v B-th-i-I-

camb ]-Xn-I-c-W-am-Wp e- n-®Xv. \qdpIW°n\p A`n- m-jI¿ tImSXn _lnjvIcn®p.

hnZym¿YnIfpw A[ym]Icpw hnZym`ymkÿm]\ßƒ hnńdßn. ^mŒdn

sØmgnemfnIfpw Irjn°mcpw kacØns‚ ap≥\ncbn¬Øs∂ ]h¿Øn®p. Ah¿

hntZihkvXßƒ tiJcn®v IØn®p. Bbnc°W°n\p kvXoIƒ AhcpsS

B`cWßƒ kXyKl^≠nte°v Ducns°mSpØp. ae_mdn¬ I¿jI¿

P∑nhncp≤Iem]w \SØn. B‘]tZiv, DØ¿]tZiv, _nlm¿, Hdok XpSßnb

kwÿm\ßfnse Irjn°m¿ A\ymbamb \nIpXn ASbv°m≥ hnkΩXn®p. 1921

\hw_dnse shbn¬kv cmPIpamcs‚ C¥ymkµ¿i\Øns\Xnsc ]IS\ßfpw

cm„obtbmKßfpw l¿Ømepw kwLSn∏n®p.

CtX XpS¿∂v _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ v \nlIcWkacw ASn®a¿Øm\p≈

\S]Sn Bcw`n®p. tIm¨Kkpw Jnem^Øv ]ÿm-\hpw \nbahncp≤amsW∂p

]Jym]n®p. s]mXpktΩf\ßƒ, tLmjbmXIƒ XpSßnbh \ntcm[n®p. 1921

s‚ Ahkm\w Km‘nPnsbmgnsIbp≈ t\Xm°sf AdÃv sNbvXp. 1922 s‚

XpS°Ønepw kacw Du¿PkzeXtbmsS XpS¿∂p. ]t£, 1922 ¬ \S∂

\n¿`mKyIcamb NucnNucm kw`hw \nlIcWkacw \n¿Ønhbv°m≥

Km‘nPnsb t]cn∏n®p.

75


NucnNucm kw`hw

aqhmbnctØmfw I¿jI¿ ]s¶SpØ tIm¨Kkv PmYbv°v t\sc t]meokv

shSnh®Xv P\ßsf tcmjmIpecm°pIbpw 1922 s^_phcn 5\v Ah¿

NucnNucbnse t]meokvtÃj≥ Xohbv°pIbpw sNbvXp. 22 t]meokpIm¿ Cu

kw`hØn¬ sIm√s∏´p. Cu kw`hw Km‘nPnsb sR´n®p. At±lw ISpØ

\S]SnsbSpØp. AlnwkmflIkacØn\v P\ßƒ°p th≠X ]cnioe\w

In´nbns√∂v At±lØn\p tXm∂n. AXpsIm≠v kacw \n¿Ønhbv°m≥

Xocpam\n®p. _¿tZmfnbn¬ tN¿∂ tIm¨Kkv ]h¿ØIkanXnbn¬

\nlIcWkacw \n¿Ønhbv°p∂Xmbn ]Jym]n®p. At±lw tIm¨K-

kpImtcmSv \n¿amWmflI-]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ apgpIm≥ \n¿tZin°pIbpw sNbvXp.

_lpP\ßfn¬ CXv ISpØ AkwXr]vXnbpfhm°n.

\nlIcWkacw s]s´∂p ]n≥hen®Xv cm„sØ kvXœam°n. kn.

B¿.Zmkv, tamØnem¬ s\lvdp, emem ePv]Xv dmbv XpSßnb t\Xm°ƒ Cu

Xocp-am\tØmSp hntbmPn®p. kp`mjv Nµt_mkv Cu Xocpam\sØ Hcp "tZiob

Zpc¥ambn' hntijn∏n®p.

tZiob]ÿm\Øn¬ km[mcW°msc°qSn ]s¶Sp∏n®v Ah¿°v

Bflhnizmkw \¬In almflmKm‘n C¥y≥ kzmX¥ykacØns‚ NcnXØn¬

A\n-tj[y\mb t\Xmhmbnamdn.

$ tZiob]ÿm\Øns‚ apJy[mcbnte°v C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßsf sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\v \nlIcWkacØneqsS Km‘nPn aptºm-´p-h® am¿K-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

$ \nlIcWkacw s]s´∂p ]n≥hen®Xv C¥y≥ tZiob]ÿm\sØ Zp¿_eam°n. CXvKm‘nPnbpsS Alnwkbnep≈ ASnbpd® hnizmkambncp∂p. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ CXva‰p cm„ob°mcn¬\n∂v At±lsØ hyXykvX\m°p∂p.

apIfn¬ ]d™ c≠p hmZKXnIƒ \ncØn ¢mkn¬ kwhmZw \SØpI. hyXykvXA`n]mbßfpw ImgvN∏mSpIfpw FgpXpI.

\ap°p ]cntim[n°mw

76


knhn¬ \nbaewL\kacw

1929¬ emtlmdn¬ \S∂ tIm¨Kkv ktΩf\w knhn¬ \nbaewL\kacw

\SØp∂Xn\p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ BkqXWw sNøm≥ Km‘nPnsb NpaXes∏SpØn.

1930 P\phcn 26 ]q¿WkzmX¥yZn\ambn BtLmjn°m≥ Xocpam\n®p. kzmX¥y

Zn\mtLmjw Ign™bpS≥Xs∂ Km‘nPn knhn¬ \nbaewL\w Bcw`n°p∂

Imcyw ]Jym]n®p. Xm≥ D∏p\nbaw ewLn®v PmY \SØp∂Xns\°pdn®v A∂sØ

sshtkmbn C¿hn≥ ]`phn\v t\mókv \¬In. F∂m¬ CXns‚ hym]vXn a\-n-

em°p∂-Xn¬ sshtkmbn ]cmPbs∏´p.

\nbaewL\kacØns‚ ][m\ ]cn]mSnIƒ

1. D∏n\v \nIpXnNpaØns°m≠v \S∏nem°nb \nbaØns\Xnsc ]Xntj[n°pI.

2. hnZym`ymkÿm]\ßfpw tImSXnIfpw k¿°m¿ HmôkpIfpw _lnjvI

cn°pI.

3. hntZihkvXßƒ XobnSpI, hntZikm[-\-ßƒ _lnjvIcn°pI.

4. Kh¨sa‚nte°p≈ \nIpXn ASbv°mXncn°pI.

1930-˛am¿®v 12\v Km‘nPnbpw 78 A\pbmbnIfpw NcnX]kn≤amb Zfinam¿®v

Bcw`n-®p. G]n¬ 6\v ZfinIS∏pdsØØn sXm´SpØ Znhkw D∏p≠m°n \nbaw

ewLn®p. cmPyØns‚ ]e `mKØpw CXn\p kam\amb ]cn]mSnIƒ BkqXWw

sNbvXp \S∏nem°n.

e£°W°n\v t]¿ D∏p\nbaw ewLn®p. l¿Ømepw ]IS\ßfpw

hntZihkvXp°fpsS _lnjvIcWhpw XpS¿∂p. kvXoIfpw I¿jIcpw hyhkmb-

sØmgnemfnIfpw CØcw kacßfn¬ kPohambn. I¿jI¿ h\\nbaw ewLn®p.

hyhkmbsØmgnemfnIƒ ]WnapS°n, A`n-`m-jI¿ _nńjv tImSXn _ln-

jvIcn®p, hnZym¿YnIƒ Kh¨sa‚ v \SØp∂ hnZym`ymkÿm]\ßƒ hnńdßn.

C¥ybpsS hS°p-]Sn™md≥ AXn¿Ønbnte°v kacw hym]n®p. ChnsS Jm≥

A–p¬ K v m¿Jm≥ (AXn¿-Øn--Km‘n) JpZmbn InXv aXv Km¿Uv-(ssZhtkhI¿)

F∂ t]cn-¬ kwL-S\-bp-≠m°n Cu kac-Øn¬ ]s¶SpØp. C¥ybpsS hS-°pIng-

°≥ ]tZißfn¬ aWn∏q-cnIfpsS kPohkm∂n[yw D≠mbn-cp∂p.

1930 G]nen¬ amkØn¬ sI.tIf∏s‚ t\XrXzØn¬ kXy-KlnIƒ

tImgnt°m´p\n∂p ]ø∂qcnte°v Im¬\Sbmbn FØn DfnbSØv IS-hn-¬ h®v

D∏p\nbaw ewLn®p. aplΩZv A–pdlvam≥ kmln_ns‚bpw C. sambvXpaue-hn-

bpsS-bpw t\XrXzØn¬ At\Imbncßƒ ]ø∂qcn¬ FØnt®¿∂p. \qdpIW°n\v

kvXoIfpw Cu kacØn¬ AWn\nc∂p. Fw. hn. Ipńamfp AΩ, F≥. Fkv.

]-`p,- CuizcnbΩ F∂n-h¿ Chcn¬ ]apJcmWv.

kn.IrjvW≥\mb¿(s\øm‰n≥Ic), ssS‰kv (tIm´bw), cmLhs]mXp -

hmƒ(sjm¿Wq¿), i¶¿Pn(amb∂q¿) F∂nh¿ Km‘nPntbmsSm∏w Zfinam¿®n¬

]s¶SpØ aebm-fn-Ifm-Wv.-

77


F∂m¬ _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ v Cu

]ÿm\sØ Iqcambn ASn®-

a¿Øn. C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨-

Kkns\ \nbahncp≤ kwLS\-

bmbn ]Jym-]n®p.- Km‘nPn-sbbpw

90000tØmfw A\pbm-bnIsfbpw

PbneneS®p. Bbnc-°W-°n\v

G°¿ qan _nńjp-Im¿ ]nSn-s®Sp-

Øp. 1931 ¬ Km‘n C¿hn≥ k‘n

\nehn¬ h∂tXm-sS knhn¬-\nba-

ewL\kacw Ahkm-\n∏n®p - .

F∂m¬ 1934 am¿®n-emWv tIm¨K-

kv HutZym-KnIambn ka-cw ]n≥-h-

en®Xv.

almflmKm‘nbpsS Blzm\w Gs‰SpØv]ikvXamb \mKmIem]w kwLSn∏n® 13 Imcnbm-Wv dmWn sKbvZn≥ep. 13mw hbn¬ AdÃv sNø-

s∏´v Poh]cy¥w in£ G‰phmßn 15 h¿jtØm-fw Pbnen¬ InS∂p. C¥ybpsS kzmX¥ytijwPbnen¬\n∂p ]pdsØØn. 1937 ¬ Phl¿em¬

s\lvdp Pbnen¬ sKbvZn≥ep-hns\ kµ¿in®v'\mKcpsS dmWn' F∂ hnti-jWw \¬In.

\

ap°

v Ad

nbmw

dmWn sKbvZn≥ep

Km‘n ˛ -C¿hn≥ k‘n (1931)

tIm¨Kkns‚ klIcWan√msX bmsXmcp Xocpam\hpsaSp°m≥ Ign-

bns√∂v _nńjv ]m¿esa‚n\v t_m[ys∏´p. Aßs\ Km‘nPnbpambn Hcp HØp-

Xo¿∏n\v C¿hn≥ ]`p t\cn´v _nńjv Kh¨sa‚pambn _‘s∏´p. 1931 am¿®v 5\v

Km‘n˛C¿hn≥ k‘n H∏phbv°s∏´p. k‘nbnse hyhÿIƒ Xmsg ]dbp∂p.

1. AIaImcnIƒ Hgn®p≈ cm„obØShpImsc Pbn¬tamNnXcm°pw.

2. C¥y°m¿°v ISen¬\n∂v D∏p≠m°mw.

3. aZyimeIƒ°p apºnepw hntZikm[\ßƒ hn¬°p∂ ISIƒ°p apºnepw

C¥y°m¿°v ]Xntj[n°mw.

4. ]Xntj[w ]ISn∏n®v cmPnh® DtZymKÿtcmSv DZmckao]\w kzoIcn°pw.

Km‘nPn AwKoIcn® hyhÿIƒ

1 . knhn¬ \nbaewL\kacw Ahkm\n∏n°pw.

2. c≠mw h´taiktΩf\Øn¬ C¥y≥ t\Xm°ƒ ]s¶Sp°pw.

3. F√m hntZikm[\ßfpw C¥y°m¿ _lnjvIcn°n√.

4. t]meokv AXnIaßsf°pdn®v C¥y°m¿ At\zjWw Bhiys∏Sn√.


D∏p\nbaw ewLn®v knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-°m\pff Km‘nPnbpsS Xocp-am-\Øns‚ ]›m-Øew hnh-cn-°p-I.

78


tZiobmhiyßƒ H∂pw Kh¨sa‚ v ]cnKWn°mØXn\m¬ Phl¿em¬ s\lvdp,

kp`mjv Nµt_mkv XpSßnbh¿ Cu k‘nsb FXn¿Øp. `KXvknMv, cmPKpcp,

kpJvtZhv F∂nhcpsS h[in£ Poh]cy¥am°Wsa∂ Bhiyw AwKoIcn-

°mØXn¬ i‡amb ]Xntj[w Ch¿ Adnbn®p.

D∏p\nbaw ewLn®v Km‘nPn \SØnb _p≤n]q¿hamb kacw Hcp cmjvSob-

]h¿ØIs\∂ \nebn¬ \√ Xocpam\ambncp∂p. P\-ß-fpsS AhiyhkvXphmb

D∏n\p ta¬ \nIpXnNpaØnbXn-s\Xnscbp≈ kacw _nńjv Kh¨sa

‚ns\Xncm°m≥ km[n®p. knhn¬ \nbaewL\kacØn\v a‰p Nne t\´ßfpw

D≠m°m≥ km[n®p: C¥y≥ P\Xbn¬ cm„obmht_m[w DW¿Øn. C¥y°m¿°v

A[nImcw ssIam‰w sNøs∏tS-≠Xns‚ BhiyIX _nńjpIm¿°v t_m-[y-ambn.

temIØn\p apºn¬ _nńjp-Imcp-sS A¥n\v `wKap≠m-bn.

h´taiktΩf\ßƒ

BZy h´taiktΩf\w 1930 \hw_dn¬ e≠\n¬ \S∂p. ]t£, C¥y≥

tZiobt\Xm°ƒ Bcpw ]s¶-

SpØn√. XpS¿∂v 1931 ¬ e≠-\n-¬

Xs∂ c≠mw h´tai-ktΩ-f\w

\S∂p. Km‘n -C¿hn-≥ k‘n-bnse

hyhÿ-]Imcw Km‘n-Pn C¥y-sb

]Xn\n -[oIcn®v ]s¶-Sp -Øp- .

aZ\tam -l≥- amfhy, aplΩZv

CJv_m¬,- ktcmPn\n \mbnUp,-

Pn.Un._n¿f, -tUm. Awt_ZvI¿

apXemb ]apJ-cpw c≠mw h´tai-

ktΩ-f\-Øn¬ ]s¶SpØncp∂p.

tIm¨Kkv ]q¿WkzcmPv F∂

Bi-bØn¬ Dd®p\n∂p. A[-

ÿnX-- hn`mKßƒ°v ]tXyI

kΩXnZm\mhImiw thWsa∂v

Awt_ZvI¿ hmZn®p. Km‘nPn Cu A`n]mbw AwKoIcn®n√. ]tXyI

kΩXnZm\mhImiw _nń-jpImcpsS `n∂n∏n®p `cn°pI F∂ \bamsW∂v

Km‘nPn a\nem°n. Aßs\ c≠mw h´taiktΩf\hpw ]cmPbambn. Km‘nPn

C¥ybn¬ Xncns®ØpIbpw \nba-ewL\]ÿm\w ]p\cmcw`n°pIbpw sNbvXp.

aq∂mw h´taiktΩf\w 1932 \hw_dn¬ \S∂p. tIm¨Kkv Cu ktΩf\Øn¬

]s¶SpØn√. C¥ybnse mhn`cWLS\sb∏‰n Hcp cq]tcJ Cu ktΩf\Øn¬

Xbmdm°n. Hcp [hf]Xambn ]kn≤oIcn® Cu cq]tcJ ]n∂oSv 1935 se Kh-

¨-sa‚ v Hm^v C¥y BŒn\v B[mcambn. Cu \nbaw C¥y≥ \m´pcmPyßƒ°v

kzbw`cWmhImiw \¬In.

c≠mw h´-ta-i-k-tΩ-f\w

79


IΩyq-W¬ Ahm¿Uv (Communal Award)

c≠mw h´taiktΩf\w ]cmPbambXpsIm≠v 1932 BKkvXv 6 \v, _nńjv

][m\a¥n dwsk amIvsUmWmƒUv kmapZmbnI ]mXn\n[yw ]Jym]n®p. CXmWv

]n∂oSv IΩyq-W¬ Ahm¿Umbn Adnbs∏´Xv. AXns‚ ][m\ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Xmsg

tN¿°p∂p.

1. apkvenwIƒ°v \nbakÌfnep≈Xp IqSmsX ]tXyI kΩXnZm\mhImiw

A\p-hZn°pI.

2 apkvenwIƒ°v ]tXyI \ntbmPIafießƒ D≠mbncn°Ww. IqSmsX tIµ-

Ønepw ]mtZinI \nba\n¿amWkÌfnepw \n›nX iXam\w AwKXzw A\p-

hZn°pI.

3 ]n∂m°hn`mKßƒ°v 71 ko‰v A\phZn°pI.

]q\mIcm¿

IΩyq-W¬ Ahm¿Uns\ Km‘nPn AXni‡ambn FXn¿Øp. At±lw CXn-

s\Xnsc b¿hmZm Pbnen¬ acWwhsc \ncmlmcw InS°m≥ Xocpam\n®p. ]q\-

Icm¿ H∏ph®tXmsS IΩyq-W¬ Ahm¿Uv ]n≥hen®p. ]q\Icmdns‚ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

Xmsg kqNn∏n°p∂p.

1. s]mXpafießƒ XpScpw.

2. 71 \p ]Icw 148 ko‰pIƒ A[xÿnX¿°p \o°nhbv°pw.

3. lcnP\ßƒ°v tIµ\nba\n¿amWk`bn¬ 20% ko‰v kwhcWw.

4. A[xÿnX AwKßsf GIkΩXnZm\mhImiØneqsS Xncs™Sp°mw.

5. lcnP\ßƒ°v s]mXptkh\ßfnepw ]mtZinI cWkanXnIfnepw aXnbmb

]mXn\n[yw.

6. lcnP\ßfpsS km£cXm]h¿Ø\Øn\v ]tXyI kmºØnIklmbw.

bp≤hncp≤ kXyKlw (1940)

tZiobmhiyßƒ ap≥\n¿Øn kwL-Sn -X-ambn \nlIcW]ÿm\hpw

\nbaewL\ ]ÿm\hpw \SØmsa∂v Km‘nPn sXfnbn®p. F∂m¬ bp≤hncp≤

kXyK-lØn-eqsS sXfnbn°m≥ Ign™Xv hy‡nXeØnepw kXyKlw

]mtbmKn-IamsW-∂mWv. ]t£, CXn\v kXyKlnsb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬

kq£vaX ]pe¿tØ-≠Xp≠v.

kzmX¥ykacØn¬ \S∂ Hcp kw`hw \ap°p hniIe\w sNømw. c≠mw

temIbp≤Øns‚ XpS°Øn¬ ÿnXnKXnIƒ _n´\v A\pIqeambncp∂n√.

AXpsIm≠v C¥ybpsS ]n¥pW Ah¿°v t\SWambncp∂p. CXn\mbn _nńjv

Kh¨sa‚ v Nne hmKvZm\ßƒ apt∂m´p h®p. "HmKkvXv Hm^¿' F∂dnbs∏Sp∂

80


CXp]Imcw C¥y°v "]pXnImcmPy]Zhn' hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. F∂m¬ Cu

hmKvZm\w \nckn®Xphgn HmKkvXv Hm^¿ X≈s∏´p.

kp`mjv Nµt_mkns‚ t\XrXzØnep≈ tIm¨Kknse CSXp]£t\Xm°ƒ

_nńjv Kh¨sa‚ns\Xnsc _lpP\]ÿm\w Bcw`n°Wsa∂v Bhiys∏´p.

CXv _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ bp≤k∂mlßsf AhXmfØnem°psa∂v Km‘nPn

`bs∏´p. AXpsIm≠v At±lw hy‡nkXyKlw \SØm≥ Xocpam\n®p, AXmWv

]n∂oSv "bp≤hncp≤kXyKlw' F∂t]cn¬ Adnbs∏´Xv. 1940 HtŒm_dn¬

Bcw`n® hy‡nkXyKlw C¥y≥ tZiob]ÿm\Ønse Hcp ]pXnb

GSmbncp∂p. kXyKlØns‚ hnPbØn\mbn Km‘nPn I¿i\amb \nbaßfpw

]Xn⁄bpw ssIs°m≠p. hnt\m_`mshsb BZysØ hy‡nkXyKlnbmbn

Km‘nPn Xncs™SpØp.

1940 HtŒm_¿ 17˛\v hnt\m_`msh kXyKlw Bcw`n®p. XmaknbmsX

At±lw AdÃv sNøs∏´p. XpS¿∂v At\Iw t]¿ hy‡nkXyKlw

A\pjvTn°pIbpw AdÃv hcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1941 hsc bp≤hncp≤kXyKlw

XpS¿∂p. AtXkabw sshtkmbnbpsS FIvknIyqńhv Iu¨knen¬ IqSpX¬

C¥y°msc Dƒs°m≈n®p. kXyKlØns‚ hnPbØn\v hy‡nkXyKlnbmbn

hnt\m_`mshsb Xncs™SpØXv hensbmcfhphsc icnbmsW∂v Km‘nPn

sXfnbn®p. Km‘nPn BZyambn _nńjpImcpsS bp≤\bßsf t\cn v FXn¿ØXpw

hy‡nkXyKlØns‚ Hcp ta∑bmWv.

Izn‰v C¥ym ]ÿm\w (1942)

almflmKm‘nbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ \SØnb

Ahkm\sØ _lpP\]ÿm\amWv Izn‰v C¥y. Izn‰v

C¥ym ]ÿm\Øns‚ ]›mØehpw ]m[m\yhpw

\ap°p hniIe\w sNømw. c≠mw temIbp≤tijw

C¥ytbmSp≈ AXns‚ kao]\w ]p\cmtemNn°m≥

_n´≥ \n¿_‘nXambn. 1942 ¬ ][m\a¥n hn≥Ã¨

N¿®n¬ k¿ Ãmt^mUv In]vkns\ C¥ybnte°b®p.

_n´\nse te_¿ ]m¿ń AwKambncp∂ In]vkv

C¥y≥ tZiob ]ÿm\tØmSv A\p`mhw ]pe¿-

Ønbncp∂p. At±lØns‚ ][m\ ZuXyw Km‘nPn-

bpw C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨Kpambn Hcp HØpXo¿-

∏nseØpI F∂Xmbncp∂p. In]vkv Nne \n¿tZißƒ

aptºm´ph®p. AXn¬ ][m\s∏´h Xmsg ]dbp∂p.

\ap°p sNømw

hnt\m_`mshbpsS PohnXsØbpw ]h¿Ø\ßsfbpw Ipdn®v eLpIpdn∏vXbm-dm-°pI

Km‘nPn

k¿.kv‰mt^mUv

In]vkn-s\m∏w

81


$ bp≤w Ahkm\n®m¬ DS≥Xs∂ C¥y°v ]pXnImcmPy]Zhn \¬Ipw.

$ `cWLS\m\n¿amWØn\v ]pXnb kanXn cq]oIcn°pw.

$ Cu kanXn Xbmdm°p∂ `cWLS\ Nne D]m[nItfmsS _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ v

AwKoIcn°pw.

$ GsX¶nepw ]hniy C¥y≥ bqWnb\n¬\n∂p hn´p\n¬°m≥ BKln®m¬

A\phZn°pw.

C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨Kkv A[nImcw DS≥ ssIamdWsa∂v Bhiys∏´p.

F√m A[nImchpap≈ DØchmZs∏´ Kh¨sa‚ v F∂mbncp∂p AhcpsS Bhiyw.

]t£, _n´¨ Cu Bhiyw X≈n. In]vkns‚ \n¿tZisØ Km‘nPn "XIcm≥

t]mIp∂ _m¶ns‚ ap≥Iq¿hmKvZm\w' F∂p hntijn∏n®p. apkvenw eoKv In]vkn-

s‚ \n¿tZisØ X≈pIbpw ]mInÿm≥ thWsa∂v ho≠pw hmZn°pIbpw sNbvXp.

Aßs\ In]vkvZuXyw ]cmPbs∏´p. XpS¿∂v Km‘nPnbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ 1942

¬ Xs‚ aq∂masØ ][m\ kXyKlkacamb "Izn‰v C¥y' (C¥y hnSpI)

]t£m`w Bcw`n®p.

1942 sabv amkØn¬, _nńjpIm¿ C¥y hnSm≥ Xbmds√¶n¬ \nbaewL\kacw

]p\cm-cw-`n-°p-sa-∂p Km-‘n-Pn ap-∂-dn-bn∏p \¬In. 1942 BKkvXv 8 \v C¥y≥

\mjW¬ tIm¨Kkv, NcnX]camb "Izn‰v C¥y' (C¥y hnSpI) ]tabw ]mkm°n.

CXns‚ mKambn "]h¿Øn°pI As√¶n¬ acn°pI' F∂ apZmhmIyw Km‘nPn

P\ßƒ°v \¬In. F∂n´v At±lw ]d™p: ""CXm Hcp a¥w, sIm®p a¥w

Rm≥ \nßƒ°v \¬Ip∂p ]h¿Øn°pI As√¶n¬ acn°pI. CXv lrZbØn¬

\nßƒ BteJ\w sNøWw. \nßfpsS Hmtcm izmkhpw AXn\v BhnjvImcw

\¬IWw. \mw H∂pIn¬ C¥ysb kzX¥bm°pw, As√¶n¬ B iaØn¬

acn°pw. \mw \ΩpsS ASnaØw XpScp∂Xp ImWm≥ Pohn®ncn°n√.''

kacw ASn®a¿Øm≥ th≠ F√m \S]SnIfpw _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ v

ssIs°m≠p. BKkvXv 9 \v F√m tIm¨Kkv t\Xm°sfbpw AdÃvsNbvXv Pbn-

eneS®p. CXn¬ ]Xntj[n®v cmPyØns‚ \m\m`mKØpw P\ßƒ sXcphnendßn.

Pb]Imiv \mcmbW≥, dmw at\ml¿ temly, AcpWm Bkên XpSßnb

t\Xm°ƒ Hfnhnencp∂psIm≠v kacw \bn®p. Izn‰v C¥ym ]t£m`Øns‚

`mKambn tIcfØnepw ktΩf\ßfpw ]IS\ßfpw \S∂p. tNat©cn sdbn¬th

tÃj≥, Xet»cn k_vtImSXn, \SphÆq¿ dPnÃ¿ Hmôkv, tNmºmebnse D∏v

Unt∏m apXembh XI¿°s∏´p. ^tdm°v ]mehpw XI¿°m≥ iaw \S∂p.

\nlIcWkacØn¬\n∂pw \nbaewL\kacØn¬∂pw hyXy

kvXambn h≥tXmXnep≈ AIaßƒ Izn‰v C¥ymkacØns‚ `mKambp≠mbn.

]t£m`w XpSßptºmƒXs∂ F√m t\Xm°sfbpw PbneneS®tXmsS kacØn\v

am¿K\n¿tZiw \¬Im≥ Bfn√mXmbn. _nńjv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ASn®a¿Ø¬

\bw P\ßsf IqSpX¬ tcmjmIpecm°pIbpw Ah¿ lnwkbnte°p XncnbpIbpw

sNbvXp. apkvenweoKv ]t£m`]cn]mSnbn¬\n∂p hn´p\n∂p. Ahkm\w Kh¨sa‚ v

]t£m`w ASn®a¿Øp∂Xn¬ hnPbw I≠p. F¶nepw "]h¿Øn°pI As√¶n¬

82


acn°pI' F∂ apZmhmIyw Hmtcm C¥y°mcs‚bpw a\n¬ CSw]nSn®p.

_nńjpImtcmSp≈ AhcpsS òXn CtXmsS amdn. FX kln®msW¶nepw

kzX¥\mIm\p≈ Hmtcm C¥y°mcs‚bpw BKlw Cu kacØneqsS shfns∏´p.

C¥ybnse XßfpsS \mfpIƒ FÆs∏´p F∂ hkvXpX _nńjpIm¿

Xncn®dn™p.

thh¬]≤Xn (1945)

1945 Pq¨ 14\v A∂sØ _nńjv sshtkmbn thh¬ ]`p C¥y kµ¿in®p.

C¥y≥ `cWLS\bn¬ Nne t`ZKXnIƒ hcpØm≥ th≠ \n¿tZißƒ At±lw

aptºm´ph®p. CXmWv thh¬]≤Xn F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. At±lw F√m cm„ob-

∏m¿ńIfpsSbpw Hcp ktΩf\w knwebn¬ hnfn®pIqń. F∂m¬ Pn∂bpsS

hntbmPn∏ns\ØpS¿∂v ktΩf\w ]cmPbs∏´p. Aßs\ thh¬]≤Xn

XnckvIcn°s∏´p.

Im_n\‰v anj≥ (1946)

¢a‚ v B‰venbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ Cw•≠n¬ te_¿ ]m¿ń A[nImcØnseØn.

1946 Bbt∏mtg°pw C¥ybn¬\n∂p am\yamb ]n∑m‰amWv \√sX∂p _nńjv

Kh¨sa‚n\v t_m[yambn. A[nImcss°am‰Øns‚ hyhÿIƒ N¿®sNøm≥

_nńjv Kh¨sa‚ v k¿ Ãmt^mUv In]vkns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ Im_n\‰v anjs\

C¥ybnte°b®p.

apkvenw eoKns‚ ]mInÿm≥ F∂ Bibw Im_n\‰v anj≥ X≈n°f™p.

F¶nepw apkvenwIƒ°vv ]tXyI ]hniy A\phZn®tXmsS eoKns\ Hcp ]cn[nhsc

Xr]vXns∏SpØm≥ km[n®p. tIm¨Kkpw Im_n\‰v anjs\ AwKoIcn®p. F∂m¬

`cWLS\m\n¿amW kanXnbnte°p≈ Xncs™Sp∏p Ign™tXmsS eoKv Ah-

cp-sS \ne]mSn¬ am‰w hcpØn.

]mInÿm≥ thWsa∂ Bhiyhpambn apkvenw eoKv ]Xy£kacØns\mcpßn.

1946 BKkvXv 16 \v bp≤w sNbvXpw ]mInÿm≥ t\Spsa∂ Blzm\hpambn

]Xy£kacw XpSßn. CtXmsS cmPyØns‚ ]e`mKØpw h¿KobelfIƒ

s]mń∏pds∏´p. Bbncßƒ°p Poh≥ \„s∏´p. AømbncØne[nIwt]¿

sIm√s∏´ I¬°Ø ih∏dºmbnamdn. h¿KobelfIƒ ian∏n°m≥ Km‘nPn

_wKmfnepw _nlmdnepw ]ZbmX \SØn.

\ap°p sNømw

a‰p c≠p ]t£m`ßfpambn XmcXayw sNøptºmƒ Izn‰v C¥ymkacØns‚ ]k‡nF¥v? -Hcp sNdphnhcWw Xbmdm°pI.

83


B‰venbpsS ]kvXmh\, s^_phcn 20, 1947 : hn`Pn°pI, ]pdØpt]mIpI

_nńjv ][m\a¥n B‰ven IrXyamb e£yhpambn Hcp ]kvXmh\ lukv

Hm v tImaWn¬ \SØn. 1948 PqWn\p apsº C¥y°v A[nImcw ssIam‰w sNøm≥

_n´≥ BKln®p.

1947 am¿®n¬ au≠v_m‰¨ ]`p C¥y≥ sshtkmbnbmbn. F√m ]m¿ń°m¿°pw

kzoImcyamb Hcp ]cnlmcam¿Kw Is≠Øp∂Xn\mbn At±lw C¥y≥ t\Xm-

°fpambn N¿®Ifmcw`n®p. ]mInÿm≥]iv\Øn¬ Hcp HØpXo¿∏v Akm[y-

amsW∂v a\nem°nbXn\m¬ At±lw C¥ymhn`P\w hmKvZm\w sNbvXp.

F∂m¬ almflmKm‘n C¥ymhn`P\sØ AXni‡amsbXn¿Øp.

C¥y≥ kzmX¥y\nbahpw C¥ymhn`P\hpw

C¥y≥ kzmX¥y\nbaw 1947-˛Pqssebn¬ _nńjv ]m¿esa‚ v ]mkm°n. CXp

]Imcw 1947 BKkvXv 15 apX¬ C¥ybpw ]mInÿm\pw kzbw`cWm[nImcap≈

c≠p cmPyßfmbn amdn. Aßs\ 1947 BKkvXv 15 C¥y kzmX¥yØns‚

kt¥mjhpw hn`P\Øns‚ k¶Shpw Dƒs°m≠psIm≠v BZy kzmX¥yZn\w

BtLmjn®p.

C¥y kzmX¥yZn\w BtLmjn°ptºmƒ almflmKm‘n I¬°Øbn-

embncp∂p. AhnsS cq£amb h¿Kobelf \S°pIbmbncp∂p. CXp I≠

Km‘nPn ]d™p: ""a\pjy≥ lnµpsht∂m apkvensat∂m kzbw hnfn°m≥

ss[cyan√msX arKobambn Iim∏n\ncbmIp∂Xn\v km£yw hln-°m≥

IgnbmØXn\m¬ Fs∂ Cu IÆo¿Xmgvhcbn¬\n∂p tamNn∏n°Wsa∂v

k¿thizct\mSv Rm≥ A`y¿Yn°pIbmWv''.

1948 P\phcn 30 sh≈nbmgvN. U¬ln _n¿fm aµncw. sshIn´v ]Xnhpt]msekµ¿iI¿ FØnØpSßn. kabw \mepaWn. ]t´¬ h∂p N¿® \SØn.]m¿Y\mkabw A©p aWnbmbncp∂p. 5.10 Bb IrXyamb kab\njvT]men°p∂ At±lw Fgpt∂‰p. ]m¿Y\mthZnbnte°v A\p-bm-bn--Iƒ-°n-S-bn-eqsS \S∂p\oßn. AXn\nsS Km‘nPnbpsS ]mZßfn¬ \akvIcn°m≥ F∂hymtP\ \mYpdmw hn\mbIv tKmUvsk Fs∂mcmƒ Actbmfw Ip\n™p.\nanjt\cwsIm≠v aq∂p shSnbp≠Iƒ Km‘nPnbpsS icocØnte°v DXn¿Øp.sh≈ JZ¿ØpWnbneqsS c‡Øp≈nIƒ Du¿∂ndßptºmƒ B Np≠pIƒa¥n®p: dmw dmw... c‡Øn¬ IpXn¿∂ Km‘n-PnbpsS hm®n¬ klmbnbmba\p At∏mƒ t\m°n˛kabw 5 aWn Ign™v 17 an\n‰v. Xs‚ t\sc shSnbpXn¿ØktlmZcs\ t\m°n aµlkn®psIm≠v B alm\p`mhs‚ izmkw \ne®p.kabw BdpaWn. U¬ln tdUntbm\nebw Ncahm¿Ø ]t£]Ww sNbvXp:

"C∂v sshIn´v 5 aWn 20 an\n‰v, -almflmKm‘n, \ΩpsS cm„]nXmhv, U¬ln-bnse _n¿fmaµncØn¬ h[n°s∏ńcn°p∂p'.

84


almflmKm‘n : Hcp kmaqlnI ˛ cm„ob]h¿ØI≥

ssh°w, Kpcphmbq¿ kXyKlßsf°pdn®p \Ωƒ sNdnb ¢mkn¬ ]Tn®n´p≠v.

F¥p-sIm≠v Km‘nPn CØcw kacßfn¬ CSs]´p? C¥y≥kzmX¥y kac-

ØneqsS hntZim[n]XyØn¬\n∂p≈ C¥ybpsS kzmX¥yw amXa√ Km‘nPn

e£yan´Xv˛ a\pjys‚ kmaqlnIhpw cm„obhpw kmºØnIhpw [m¿anI-hpamb

Db¿®bpwIqSnbmbncp∂p. At±lØns‚ \n¿amWmflI ]h¿Ø-\ßfpsS DZmlc-

WßfmWv ssh°w ˛ Kpcphmbq¿ kXyKlßfpw lcn-P≥ tkhIkwLhpw

IkvXq¿-_mKm‘n satΩmdnb¬ SÃpw.

\n¿amWmflI ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

\nlIcWkacw ]n≥hen®bpS≥Xs∂ Km‘nPn \n¿amWmflI ]h¿Ø-

\ßƒ°p cq]w \¬In. CXv cmPyØns‚ kaKhnIk\sØbmWv e£yan´Xv.

_n´njv cWØn¬ XmfwsX‰nb C¥y≥ Im¿jnI-˛kmºØnItaJeIsf ]p\cp-

÷ohn∏n°m≥ Km‘nPnbpsS \n¿amWmflI]h¿Ø\ßƒ ]m[m\yw \¬In.

CXns\-°pdn®v hniZambn \ap°v almflmKm‘nbpsS kmaqlnIZ¿i\ßƒ F∂

A[ymbØn¬ a\nem°mw.

ssh°w kXyKlw

XncphnXmwIqdnse Hcp KmaamWv ssh°w. Ct∏mƒ tIcfØnse tIm´bw Pn√bn-

emWv. Cu KmaØn¬ \mephihpw tdmUn\m¬ Np‰s∏´ Hcp ]ikvX t£Xap≠v.

\q‰m≠pIfmbn Ah¿W¿°v Cu t£XØns‚ tdmUneqsS \S°m≥t]mepw

AhImian√mbncp∂p. 1924 ¬ Sn.sI. am[h≥, IrjvWkzman, sI.tIf∏≥

XpSßnbh¿ tN¿∂v Hcp AbnØhncp≤ kanXn cq]oIcn®p. AbnØØns\Xnsc

Ah¿ kXyKlkacw Bcw`n°m≥ Xocpam\n®p. tIm¨Kkns‚ AbnØhncp≤

IΩn‰n inht£XØnte°p≈ F√m tdmUpw Ah¿W¿°v Xpd∂psImSp°m\mbn

F√m PmXn°mscbpw Dƒs∏SpØn PmY \SØm≥ Xocpam\n®p. Ah¿ Xncphn-Xmw-

Iq¿ cmPmhn\v \nthZ\w Ab®p. AbnØsa∂ A\mNmcØns\Xnsc \S]Sn-

sbSp°-Wsa∂v Bhiys∏´p.

1924 am¿®v 30 \v aqt∂m \mtem k∂≤]h¿ØIsc hoXw Cu ]tZiØpIqsS

Ab°m≥ IΩn‰n Xocpam\n®p. BZykwLsØ t]meokv AdÃv sNbvXp. ASpØ

kwLØn\pw CtX A\p`hambncp∂p. CØcw alØmb ImcyØn\p th≠n

AdÃv hcn® k∂≤]h¿ØIsc A`n\µn®psIm≠v Km‘nPn ktµiab®p.

tIcfØnse \m\m`mKØpw kXyKlØns‚ Bibßƒ ]Ncn∏n°p∂Xn\mbn

ktΩf\ßƒ hnfn®pIq´n. lnµp, apkvenw, InkvXy≥ hnizmknIsf√mw Cu

BibtØmSv A\p`mhw ]ISn∏n®psIm≠v Ah-bn¬ ]s¶SpØp.

almflmKm‘n At±lØns‚ ss]h‰v skI´dnbmb almtZhv tZimbn, aI≥

cmwZmkv Km‘n, kn. cmPtKm]memNmcn a‰p kl-]-h¿Ø-I¿ F∂nh¿s°m∏w

ssh°w kµ¿in®p. ssh°w kXyKltØmSv bmYmÿnXnI lnµp°-ƒ°p≠m-

bncp∂ kao]\w am‰nsbSp°m≥ Ah¿ ian®p. 1925 am¿®n¬ almflmKm‘n alm-

85


dmWnsbbpw io\mcmbWKpcphns\bpw Znhms\bpw ]apJcmb t\Xm°sfbpw

kµ¿in®v kXyKlØns‚ hniZmwißsf°pdn®v kwkmcn®p.

Ahkm\w, 1925 \hw_¿ 23\v Nne hyhÿIfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ kacw ]n≥-

hen®p. hyhÿ]Imcw c≠p hgnIsfmgnsIbp≈ t£X-Øns‚ Np‰p-ap-ff a‰p

hgn-Iƒ s]mXpP\ßƒ°mbn Xpd∂p sImSpØp. tIcfKm‘n F∂dnbs∏Sp∂

sI. tIf∏≥ Cu Icmdn¬ kwXr]vXn tcJs∏SpØn.

1936¬ io NnØncXncp\mƒ _mecmah¿a ]pds∏Sphn® t£X]thi\hnfw_-

cØn\v ASnÿm\ambXv ssh°w kXyKlamWv. AbnØw F∂ kmaq-lnIXn∑-

bvs°Xnsc \S∂ kacØns‚ XpS°amWp ssh°w kXyKlw. kh¿Wlnµphmb

a∂Øv ]Zva\m`≥ \SØnb "kh¿WPmY' kXyKlØns‚ hensbmcp khntij-

Xbmbncp∂p. amXa√, IqSpX¬ kh¿Wlnµp°fpw Cu PmYsb ]n¥pW®p.

Kpcphmbq¿ kXyKlw

AbnØØns\Xntc \S∂ hfsc ][m\s∏´ kacamWv Kpcphmbq¿

kXyKlw. F√m hn`mKw lnµp°ƒ°pw t£Xw Xpd∂psImSp°m≥ th≠n tIcf

]tZiv tIm¨Kkv IΩn‰nbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ 1931 \hw_¿ H∂n\v Kpcphmbq¿

kXyKlw Bcw`n®p. sI. tIf∏s‚ t\XrXzØn¬ \S∂ kXyKlØn¬ F.sI.

tKm]me\mbncp∂p hf≠nb¿ Iym]v‰≥. Kpcphmbq¿ kXyKlw cmPysaºm-Spap≈-

hcpsS i≤ ]nSn®p]‰pIbpw cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ mKßfnep≈ cmjvSobt\Xm°ƒ

Kpcphmbqcn¬ FØnt®cpIbpw sNbvXp.

t£X SÃnbmbncp∂ kmaqXncn kXyKlnIfpsS Bhiyw X≈n°f™p.

kacØns‚ Iym]v‰\mbncp∂ Sn. kp_“Wy≥ Xncpapºns\ AdÃv sNbvXp.

_m“WcpsS amXw IpØImhImiambncp∂ iotImhnens‚ apºnse

aWnbSn®Xpambn _‘s∏´v ]n. IrjvW]n≈sb Iqcambn ssItb‰w sNbvXXv

as‰mcp ][m\ kw`hamWv. F.sI. tKm]mes\ ssItb‰w sNbvXXpw P\ßsf

tcmjmIpecm°n. Ah¿ _mcnt°UpIƒ XI¿Øv t£XØn¬ ]thin°m≥

iaw \SØn. Hcp amktØ°v ]qPmZnI¿aßƒ \n¿Øn t£Xw AS®n´p.

1932 sk]vXw_¿ 21 apX¬ sI. tIf∏≥ Kpcphmbq¿ t£XØn\papºn¬

A\n›nXIme\ncmlmcw Bcw`n®p. Km‘nPnbpsS A`n]mbw am\n®v HtŒm_¿

c≠n\v, 1932, At±lw \ncmlmckacw Ahkm\n∏n®p. Cu hnjbhpambn _‘s∏ v

s]m∂m\n Xmeq°nse lnµp°fpsS CSbn¬ Hcp A`n]mbk¿th \SØn.

Fgp]Xp iXam\w t]¿, ]tXyIn®v qcn]£w kvXoIfpw Kpcphmbq¿ t£XØn¬

lcnP\ßƒ°p ]thi\w thWsa∂ BhiysØ A\pIqen®p.

AbnØw C√mXm°pI F∂ BibØn\v A\pIqeamb kmlNcyw

kr„n°p∂Xn¬ Kpcphmbq¿ kXyKlw klmbIambn. P\ßƒ°v kXyKl-

kacsØ°pdn®v \s√mcp Aht_m[ap≠mhpIbpw kvXoIfpsS CSbn¬ PmXn-

kºZm-bsØ°pdn®p≈ kao]\Øn¬ am‰whcpIbpw sNbvXp.

86


lcnP≥ tkhIv kwLv (1932)

1932¬ Km‘nPn b¿hmZmPbnen¬ \ncmlmcw InS∂ kabØp≠m°nb

kwLS\bmWnXv. IΩyq-W¬ Ahm¿Uns\Xnscbmbncp∂p- cq]oIcn-°s∏´Xv.

U¬lnbmbncp∂p CXns‚ Bÿm\w. Km‘nPn kz¥amsbmcp cWLS\ FgpXn

Xbmdm°n 1860 se skmssk‰n dPnkvtSj≥ BŒv ]Imcw cPnÃ¿ sNbvXp.

lcnP\ßfpsS hnZym`ymkhnIk\Øn\pw kmaqlnI]ptcmKXn°pw

]h¿Øn°p∂tXmsSm∏w kXyØnepw Alnwkbnepw ASnbpd®v AbnØw

C√mXm°pI F∂Xpw lcnP≥ tkhIv kwLns‚ ][m\ e£yambncp∂p.

IkvXq¿_mKm‘n \mjW¬ satΩmdnb¬ SÃv

KmaoW C¥ybnse kvXoIfpsS ]iv\ßfpw ]bmkßfpw

]cnlcn°p∂Xn\v 1945 ¬ Km‘nPn ap≥ssIsbSpØp cq]oIcn® SÃmWnXv. kzmX-

¥ykacØns‚ ]›mØeØnemWv CXns‚ cq]oIcWw. PohnXØns‚ \m\m-

XpdIfn¬s∏´hcpw, ]tXyIn®v km[mcW°mcpw CXns‚ ]h¿Ø\Øn\v th≠

kw`mh\Iƒ \¬In. Cu SÃn\v cmPysØºmSpw 22 kwÿm\ imJIfp≠v.

C≥tUmdnse IkvXq¿_mKmw BWv CXns‚ Bÿm\w.

ktcmPn\n \mbnUp Xs‚ PohnXw Cu SÃn\mbn Dgn™ph®p. XpS°Øn¬

\√ ]h¿Ø\w ImgvNh® Cu SÃv KmaoWkvXoIfpsS CSbn¬ 50 h¿jtØmfw

\n¿amWmflI ]h¿Ø\ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-´p. BtcmKykwc£Ww, hnZym`ymkw,

km£cX, sXmgn¬]cnioe\w, ZpcnXmizmkw, sXmgnehkcßƒ krjvSn°¬

XpSßnbhbpw \SØn. Km‘nPn, h√``mbv ]t´¬, Xm°¿ _m∏p, ZmZm kmtl_v

amhve¶¿, t]weoe, XIcmkn, e£van F≥. tat\m≥, aWns_≥ ]t´¬, tUm.

kpioem \øm¿ XpSßnbh¿ CXns‚ t\Xrÿm\Øp ]h¿Øn®ncp∂p.

C¥y≥ cm„obØn¬ Km‘nPnbpsS kw`mh\

C¥y≥ cm„obNnXØn¬ 1919 apX¬ 1947 hsc Km‘nb≥ ImeL´w

F∂mWv s]mXpsh Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. almflmKm‘n°v i‡amb ta[mhnXzap≈

Hcp bpKambncp∂p CXv.

C¥y≥ cm„obØn¬ Fs¥√mw ][m\ am‰ßfmWv Km‘nPn sIm≠ph∂Xv?

C¥y≥ cm„osØ Bflobh¬°cn°¬

kam\XIfn√mØ Hcp cm„ob°mc\mWv Km‘nPn. cm„obe£yØn\v th≠n

At±lw kzoIcn® hgn [m¿anIXbneq∂nbXmbncp∂p. "k∂ym-knbmb'

cm„ob°mcs\∂v At±lsØ hntijn∏n°mw. Km‘nPnbpsS cm„ob]h¿Ø\-

\ap°v sNømw

ssh°w, Kpcphmbq¿ kXyKlßfn¬ almflmKm‘nbpsS Bibßƒ FXamXwkzm[o\w sNepØn-sb∂p Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

87


ßfmb \nlIcWkacw, knhn¬ \nbaewL\w, hy‡nkXyKlw, Izn‰v C¥ym-

]t£m`w XpSßnbhsIm≠v C¥y≥ P\XbpsS Bhiyßƒ _n´njpImsc

t_m[ys∏SpØm≥ At±lØn\p Ign™p. C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨Kkv Hcp

henb P\Iob]ÿm\ambXv Km‘nPnbpsS ]h¿Ø\^eambn´mWv.

Alnwkm[njvTnX kXyKlw

C¥y≥ kzmX¥yØn\mbn t]mcmSptºmƒ Km‘nPn Hcp ]hmNI\mbpw

kmaqlnI]cnjvI¿Ømhmbpw aX\hoIcWØns‚ h‡mhmbpw tZiobXbpsS

Bƒcq]ambpw Adnbs∏´p. kXyKlØneqsS Alnwk Hcp cm„obmbp[-

ambp]tbmKn® Km‘nPn am\hnIXbv°v s]mXp-hn¬ \¬Inb ktµiambn

Alnwksb am‰pIbpw sNbvXp. Bfli‡n D]tbmKn®v (arKob)-A[nImc-

i‡nsb At±lw tXm¬∏n®p. kXyKlkacØneqsS Alnwk F∂ Bbp[w

]tbmKn®v PmXnhyhÿbv°pw AbnØØn\pw NqjWØn\psaXnsc t]mcmSm≥

P\ßsf k÷cm°m≥ Km‘nPn°v Ign™psh∂Xv C¥y≥cmjvSobØnse

alØmb Hcp kw`mh\bmWv.

88


kw-K-lw

$ Nºmc≥, tJZ, AlvaZm_mZv kXyKlßƒ, ]mtZinI ]iv\]cnlmcßƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS

Km‘nPn C¥y≥ cm„obØn¬ ]thin®p.

$ due‰v BŒns\Xnsc Km‘nPn Blzm\w sNbvX cmPyhym]I l¿Øm¬ At±lØns‚ C¥y≥

cm„obcwKtØ°p≈ IS∂phchn\v XpS°w Ipdn®p.

$ tZiob]ÿm\Øn¬ Jnem^Øv]ÿm\Øns‚bpw \nlIcW]ÿm\Øns‚bpw

H∂n∏n°eneqsS lnµp-apkvenw sFIyØn\pw Ahsc cm„ob[mcbnseØn°m\pw km[n®p.

$ \nlIcWkactØmsS Km‘nPn C¥y≥ cm„obØn¬ FXncn√mØ P\\mbI\mbn.

$ \nbaewL\kacw At±lsØ Hcp cm„ob]h¿ØI≥ F∂ \nebnte°pb¿Øn.

$ ï \yq\]£ßƒ°p as‰mcp kΩXnZm\mhImiw F∂Xns\ Km‘nPn i‡ambn FXn¿Øp.

$ bp≤hncp≤kXyKlØneqsS _n´njpImcpsS bp≤\bßsf Km‘nPn i‡amsbXn¿Øp.

$ \nlIcWkachpw \nbaewL\kachpw t]msebmbncp∂n√ Izn‰v C¥ym kacw. -

t\Xm°fpsS A`mhw AIaØnte°p \bn®p.

$ Izn‰v C¥ym kacØn¬ Km‘nPn \¬Inb ']h¿Øn°pI As√¶n¬ acn°pI' F∂

apZmhmIyw P\ßƒ°nSbn¬ henb Ne\ap≠m°n.

$ kmapZmbnIIem]an√mXm°m≥ Km‘nPn If¶a‰ ]h¿Ø\w \SØn.

$ kzmX¥y]ÿm\ØneqsS Km‘nPn Dt±in®Xv _n´njpImcn¬\n∂p≈ kzmX¥yw amXa√,

C¥ybpsS kmaqlnI, cm„ob, kmºØnI, [m¿anI D∂a\amWv.

$ kXyØnepw Alnwkbnepa[njvTnXamb kXyKlw F∂ Bibw Km‘nPn C¥y≥

kzmX¥y]ÿm\Øn¬ apt∂m´ph®Xv- F√m A\oXnIsfbpw sNdp°pI F∂ Dt±iyw

h®mbncp∂p. kXyKlw F∂ ]pXnb Bbp[w temIØn\p Km‘nPn kw`mh\ sNbvXXmWv.

$ km[m-cW°mcpsS ]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m\mbn ]mtZ-in-I-X-e-Øn¬ Km‘nPn CS-s]- -

Xns‚ ]m[m\yw hnh-cn-°p-I.

$ tZiobcmjvSo-b-Øn-te°p ]th-in-°p∂Xn¬ Km‘n-Pnsb kzm[o-\n® LS-I-ßƒ Fs¥-

√m-am-Wv?

$ C¥y-bpsS kzmX¥yka-c- t]m-cm´ Ime-L-´-Øn¬\n∂v apkvenw sFIy-Øn-\p-th≠n

Km‘nPn sNbvX ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

$ C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Ønse A\n-tj[yt\Xm-hmbn alm-flmKm‘n Db-cm-\p-≠mb

kml-Ncyw hnh-cn-°p-I.

$ X¥-im-en-bmb cmjvSo-b-t\-Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn¬ Km‘n-Pnsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

$ hy‡n-K-X-hpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb kXy-K-l-Øns‚ IcpØv tZiob]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\v

Fßs\ klm-bn-°p∂p F∂p Xmc-X-ayw- sN-øp-I.

$ sshtZinI B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬\n∂v C¥ysb tamNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v kXy-K-l-Øn-eqsS

Ah-ew-_n® X¥-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

$ h¿KobIem-]-ßƒ XS-bp-∂-Xn\v alm-fl-Km‘n \S-Øn-bn-´p≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-

Øp-I.

$ C¥y≥ cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ alm-fl-mKm‘n \¬In-b kw`m-h-\-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

F\n-°p I-gnbpw

89


1. BZysØ kXy-Klw alm-flm-Km‘n Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xv Nºm-c-\nse Xo≥ITmbn kº-Zmbw

C√m-Xm-°m-\m-Wv. Cu kXy-K-l-sØ -hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw AXns‚ ]m[m\yw Is≠-

Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

2. Alva-Z-_m-Zn-se- hymh-km-bnIsØmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]iv\-ß-fn¬ Km‘nPn CS-s]-´p.

ChnsS Ahw-e-_n® X¥-ß-fpw ]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn kzoI-cn® DNn-X-amb am¿K-ßfpw

]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

3. _n´njv `c-W-Øns‚ `q\n-IpXnkº-Zm-b-amWv C¥y-bnse Zmcn-Zy-Øn-\pw sXmgn-en-√m-

bvabv°pw Imc-W-am-b-Xv˛ Ah-cpsS \nIpXnhyh-ÿ-bvs°-Xnsc Km‘n Xs‚ P∑-\m-

´n¬ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv AXns‚ ]m[m\yw Is≠-Øp-I.

4. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-te°v alm-flm-Km-‘nsb Db¿Ønb c≠p cmjvSobkw`-h-ßƒ ]cn-tim-

[n-°p-I.

5. \nl-I-cW]ÿm-\-Øn-eqsS Km‘nPn C¥y≥ cmjvSo-b-Ønse A\n-tj[yt\Xm-hmbn

Db¿∂p. Cu ]ÿm\w lnµp˛apkvenw sFIy-Øn-\p ]h¿Øn-®p. apI-fn¬ ]d™

]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNøpI ˛ kzmX¥yka-c-Ønse kam-\-amb kw`-h-ßƒ Nq≠n-

°m- p-I.

6. \n-l-I-cW]ÿm-\Øns‚ s]s -∂p≈ ]n≥h-en-°¬ _lp-P-\-ß-sfbpw tIm¨Kkv

t\Xm-°-sfbpw \ncm-i-cm°n. Cu kw`-hw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv CXv d±m-°m-\p≈

Imc-W-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

7. knhn¬\nb-a-ew-L\]ÿm\w alm-flm-Km-‘nbpsS cmjvSobX¥-⁄-X-bmWv ImWn-°p-

∂-Xv ˛Cu ]kvXm-h-\-tbmSp \nßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂pthm? DNn-X-amb DØcw \¬IpI.

8. C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Ønse A\p-]-a-amb Hcp ia-am-bn-cp∂p bp≤-hn-cp≤kXy-Klw

cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø¬˛ Cu ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

9. Izn‰v C¥ym-]-ÿm-\w \n-lI-cW]ÿm-\-Øn¬\n-∂pw knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\ ]ÿm-\-

Øn¬ \n∂pw ]q¿W-ambpw `n∂-am-Wv˛]›m-Øe kw`-h-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu

]kvXm-h\ icn-bm-sW∂p ÿm]n-°p-I.

10. C¥y≥ kzmX¥ykac]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, h¿KobkwL¿j-ß-fpsS Cc-Iƒ A\p-`-hn®

Zpcn-X-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°m≥ Km‘nPn \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.


90

XI˛mw ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw˛ Km‘n-b≥ ]T\w10alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS ][m\ XØz-Nn-¥-Iƒ

][m-\m-i-b-ßƒ

l ASn-ÿm\mi-b-ßƒ

l ï XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS A¿Yw

ï C¥y≥ XØz-Nn¥

l ï Km‘n-b≥ XØz-Nn-¥-bpsSASn-ÿm-\-ßƒ

-- kXyw

˛ Alnwk

˛ e£yhpw am¿Khpw

˛ a\p-jy-]-Ir-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ho£Ww

˛ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS aX-Z¿i\w

˛ aXm-hn-jvIm-c-Øn-\p≈am¿Kßƒ

l alm-flm-Km‘n Hcp]mtbm-KnI BZ¿i-hmZn

5

XØz-Nn-¥-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ s]mXp-hmb Bap-J-tØm-

sSm∏w Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ][m\ XØz-Nn-¥-bpw Cu

A[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿®sNøp-∂p. XØz-Nn-¥bpsS

A¿Yhpw hym]vXnbpw hni-I-e\w sNøpIbpw

H∏wXs∂ C¥y≥ XØz-Nn-¥-sb khn-ti-j-

am°p∂ Nne LS-I-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpIbpw sNøp-

∂p. XpS¿∂p hcp∂ `mK-ß-fn¬ Km‘n-b≥

XØzNn¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm\mi-b-ß-fmb kXyhpw-

Alnw-k-bpw -˛ e£yhpw am¿Khpw a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-

bpw- -a-Xhpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p. ka-Im-eo\ kmaq-

ln-I]iv\-ß-fn¬ Km‘n-am¿K-Øn-\p≈ ]k‡n

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂- Cu A[y-mb--Øns‚ Ah-km-\- mKØv

At±-lsØ Hcp ]mtbm-KnI BZ¿i-hmZnbmbn AwKo-

I-cn-°m-\p≈ Imc-W-ßfpw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

F¥mWv XØz-Nn-¥-?

"hn⁄m-\-tØm-Sp≈ kvt\lw' F∂ A¿Yw hcp∂

"^nen≥', "tkm^nb' F∂o Ko°v ]Z-ß-fn¬\n-

∂mWv ]m›mXy XØz-Nn-¥- (^n-tem-k-^n) bpsS

D¤hw. ChnsS "hn⁄m\w' A¿Y]q¿Wamb

PohnXw \bn-°m-\p≈ Adnhpw ss\]p-Wnbp-am-Wv.

hnim-e-amb A¿Y-Øn¬, Nne ASn-ÿm\ tNmZy-

ßƒ°p≈ DØcw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ At\z-j-W-

amWv XØz-Nn-¥-. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ A¿Yhpw

e£y-hpw, Pohn-X-e-£y-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cm≥ hy‡n-

Po-hnXhpw kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-hpw Fßs\ Nn´-s∏-

SpØmw F∂o tNmZy-ßƒ°v XØzNn-¥-I¿ \¬Ip∂

DØ-c-ßƒ hyXy-kvX-amWv. F¶nepw a\p-jy≥,

Bflm-hv, ssZhw, temIw F∂o k¶¬∏-ßƒ°v

hy‡X ssIh-cp-∂-Xn\v CXp klm-b-I-am-bn.

91

alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS ][m\ XØz-Nn-¥-Iƒ

Ch-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ "kXyw' (im-

kvX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w), "kuµcyw'

(Ie-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\w), \∑ ([m¿an-

I-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm\w) F∂nh-sb√m-

amWv Pohn-XsØ \bn-°p∂ ][m\

XØz-ßƒ. aX-ßƒ Cuiz-c km-£m-

¬°m-csØ Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb

e£y-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂p. hna¿i-\m-

flI XØz-Nn-¥-bn¬ CXpw ]cn-K-W-

\m-hn-j-b-am-Wv.

bp‡n-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Bi-b-

ßƒ°p hy‡X ssIh-cp-Øm\pw

kwi-bZq-co-I-c-W-Øn-\pw sshPm-Xy-

ßƒ, sshcp-[y-ßƒ F∂nh ]cn-tim-

[n-°p-∂Xn\pw AXp-hgn temI-sØ-°p-

dn-®p≈ ka-K-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏mSv

\¬Im\pw XØz-Nn-¥- ian-°p-∂p.

bp‡n-bp-sSbpw X¿°-Øn-s‚bpw icn-

bmb ]tbmKw XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS Ahn-

`m-Py-L-S-I-am-Wv. F¶nepw CXp tIhew

bp‡n amX-a√, bp‡n-bpw `mh-\bpw

ktΩ-fn-°p∂ kr„n-]-c-amb imkvX-

im-J-bmWv. XZv^-e-ambn ]pXnb Bi-

b-ßfpw XØz-ßfpw cq]o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw

hyXykvX Bi-b-ß-fpsS ka-\zbw

km[y-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. "kzbw

Adn-bpI' F∂ Ko°v Nn¥-bpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-XØzw XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS At\z-

j-W- ]k‡n hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

C¥y≥ XØz-Nn-¥m-ho-£Ww

C¥y≥ XØz-Nn-¥-sb AXns‚ Bflob ASn-Ø-d-bmWv khn-ti-j-am-°p-∂-Xv.

Bflo-bX F∂-Xp-sIm≠v aXm-flIw F∂¿Y-an-√. CXn¬ kØm-imkvXw

(ontology), ]m]-©n-I-Xm-hmZw (cosmology), \oXn-imkvXw (ethics), kuµ-cy-

imkvXw (aesthetics), cm„-ao-amwk (political science), `mjm imkvXw (theory ofmeaning & language) F∂n-h-IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. XØz-Nn¥ Bflo-b-amWv F∂-Xn-

\¿Yw Bfl\n-b-¥Ww Bflkm-£m-¬°m-c-Øn\v DX-Ip∂p F∂ ASn-ÿm-\ -hn-

izm-k-am-Wv. Bflo-bPo-hn-X-Øns‚ ]c-a-e-£y-amb tam£w, \n¿hmWw AYhm

ssIheyw F∂-Xn-te°p \bn-°p-∂p. [¿aw, A¿Yw, Imaw, tam£w F∂o NXp¿hn[

]pcp-jm¿Yß-fmWv Pohn-X-Øns‚ D¬Ir-jvS-amb aqey-ßƒ. bYm¿Y Po-hn-X-km-l-

N-cy-ß-fn¬ Cu ]pcp-jm¿Y-ß-fn¬ GXmWv ][m\w F∂Xv ktµl-Øn-\n-S-bm-

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

C¥y-bn¬ XØz -Nn -¥- Adn-b-s∏-Sp -∂Xv

"Z¿i\w' AYhm Dƒ°mgvN F∂ t]cn-em-Wv.

Bfl⁄m\w t\Sp-I-bmWv XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS

][m\ e£yw. Dƒ°m-g vN -tbm -sSm∏w

bp‡nbpw XØz-ßsf ka¿Yn-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm XØz-Nn-¥ -hn`m-K-ßfpw

][m-\-ambpw "bmYm¿YysØ' At\z-jn-°p-

∂-tXm-sSm∏w AXn-te°p \bn-°p∂ hn⁄m-

\-tkm-X-p-Isf kw_-‘n®pw At\z-jn°p-

∂p. IqSmsX F¥mWv [m¿an-I-Po-hnXw F∂v

hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. thZ-ß-fmWv

`mc-XobZ¿i-\-ß-fpsS Dd-hn-Sw. \mep thZ-

ßfpw (EtKzZw, kma-th-Zw, bPp¿th-Zw, -A-

Y¿h-th-Zw) \q‰n F´n¬]cw D]-\n-j-Øp-°-

fp -amWp≈-Xv . thZ -ßsf I¿a-Im -fiw,

⁄m\Im-fiw F∂n-ßs\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-

®n-cn-°p-∂p. thZ-ß-fpsS Ah-km-\-`m-K-amb

Bc-Wy-I-ßƒ AYhm D]-\n-j-Øp-°fmWv

thZm-¥-Nn-¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\w. C¥y-≥ -

XØzNn -¥bpsS c≠p apJy[m-c -I-fmWv

"BkvXn-Icpw' "\mkvXn-Icpw'. thZ-ßsf ]am-

W-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ Nn¥m-hn-`m-K-ßƒ

BkvXn-I-sc∂pw (DZm: jUv-Z¿i-\-ßƒ

kmwJy tbmK, \ymb sshti-jn-I, ]q¿h-

ao-amwk ˛ DØ-c-ao-amwk AYhm thZm-¥w)

thZ-ßsf ]am-W-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°mØ

hn`mKw \mkvXn-I-sc∂pw (D-Zm: Nm¿hmI

AYhm temIm-bX, _p≤-a-Xw, ssP\-a-Xw)

Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂p.

92


°p∂p. DZm: [\-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\pw kpJ-Øn\pw (Im-aw) Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-bmƒ°v

[m¿an-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb e£y-Øn-te°v am¿K-X-Sw t\cn-Sp-∂p. AXp-t]mse

Bflo-b-Xbv°v ]m[m\yw \¬In-bm¬ uXn-I-m-h-iy-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn-t°-≠nh-cpIbpw

AXv Pohn-X-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fn¬ \n∂p--ff Hfn-t®m-´-ambn hymJym-\n-°-s∏-

Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Cu \mep aqey-ß-fp-w kzmb-Ø-am-

°m-\p-ff Iebpw imkvX-hp-am-Wv. Cu \mev aqey-ßƒ°pw Xpey ]m[m\yw

\¬Ip∂ C¥y≥ XØz-Nn-¥-bp-sS coXnXs∂-bmWv Km‘n-b≥ XØz-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw

ASn-ÿm-\w.

Km‘n-b≥ XØz-Nn¥ icn-bmbn a\-n-em-°m\pw At±lw apt∂m´p h®

BZ¿i-ßƒ ]tbm-K-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm\pw `mc-Xob XØz-Nn¥IqSn \mw Adn-

tb≠-Xp-≠v. Km‘n-b≥ Nn¥-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-in-e-I-fmb kXyhpw Alnw-kbpw

C¥y≥ XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS kzm[o-\-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-´-XmWv. amX-hp-a√, k¿h[¿a-

k-a-`mh F∂ k¶¬∏hpw Cu ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. Km‘n-bpsS Alnw-km-

flI ka-c-cq-]-amb kXy-K-lhpw C¥y≥ XØz-Nn-¥-tbmSq IS-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. Km‘n

F]-Im-c-amWv Xs‚ aX-hn-izm-khpw kXy-k-‘-amb cmjvSob]h¿Ø-\hpw Hcp-

an-®p- sIm≠pt]mIp-∂Xv F∂v Cu ImgvN-∏mSv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \nkzm¿Y kmaq-

lnItkh\w tam£am¿Kambn kzoI-cn® Km‘n ]mtbm-KnIthZm¥n F∂ t]cnepw

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. aXhpw cmjvSo-bhpw th¿]n-cn-°m-\m-hmØ hn[w ]c-kv]c]qc-I-

ß-fm-sW∂ ImgvN-∏mSv Km‘nsb "cmjvSo-b-Ønse k∂ym-kn-sb∂pw k∂ym-kn-

am-cnse cmjvSo-b-°m-c≥' F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. aX-sØ-°-pdn®v Km‘n \¬Ip∂

ImgvN-∏m-Sp -Ifpw [m¿anIaqey-ßfpw

C¥y≥ XØz-im-kvX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\

Bi-b-ß-fn-ep-ff Km‘n-bpsS ASn-bp-d®

hnizm-ksØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Km‘n-b≥ XØz-Nn -¥-bpsS kzm[o -\ -

LSI-ßƒ

At±-l-Øns‚ IpSpw_]›m-Ø-ew,

P∑tZ-ihpw hnZym-`ym-k-hpw, ]m›mXy ˛

]uckvXy temI-hp-am-bp-ff _‘w, aX-

ß-fp-sSbpw XØz-Nn-¥-I-fp-sSbpw kzm[o\w

XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv kzm[o-\LS-I-ßƒ.

(A[ymbw c≠p ImWp-I). Km‘n Cßs\

A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp -∂p:"" Hcp Ip´n -bpsS

kz`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]c-º-cm-K-

X-ambn amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂

imco-cnIkhn-ti-j-X-Ifpw kz`m-h-Kp-W-

ßfpw H∏w kmaq-lnINp‰p-]m-Sp-Ifpw

hfsc ][m -\ -s∏ -´ -Xm -Wv . F∂m¬

]h¿Ø\w

Km‘nsb kzm[o-\n® hnhn[ LS-I-ß-

fpsS Hcp tcJm-NnXw Xbm-dm-°p-I.

Z£n-Wm-^n°]m›mXy

`mc-X

o-b¿

Nn¥-I¿

IpSpw_w

AΩe≠≥

hnZ

ym-e

bw

aXw

93


sX‰mb Nne ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ adn-I-S-°p-∂Xpw Rm≥ I≠n- p-≠v. AXv Bflm-

hn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ]cn-ip-≤n-sIm≠v ]m]vX-am-Ip-∂-XmWv.''

\ap°p sNømw

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS GsX√mw Bi-b-ßƒ \nßƒ°p ]cn-Nn-X-amWv˛

N¿®sNøpI.

Km‘n-b≥ XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm\mi-b-ßƒ

Km‘n-bpsS PohnXZ¿i-\-Øns‚ B[mcine-I-fmWv kXyhpw Alnw-k-bpw. kXy-

km-£m-¬°m-c-Øn-\mbn kzbw ka¿∏n-X-amb Pohn-X-am-bn-cp∂p Km‘n-bp-tS-Xv. AN-

©-e-amb Cu kXy-\n-jvT-bmWv "alm-flmhv' F∂- hnti-j-WØn\v At±-lsØ

A¿l-\m-°n-b-Xv. amXr-cm-Py-tØm-Sp-ff Xs‚ kvt\lw FX hep-Xm-sW-¶nepw th≠n-

h-∂m¬ kXy-Øn-\p-th≠n tZiobkzmX-¥ysØ am‰n\n¿Øm≥ Xm≥ k∂-≤-\m-

Ip-sa∂v Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p. AI-a-cm-ln-Xy-Øn¬\n∂v hyXn-N-en-®-Xns‚ t]cn¬ \n-

l-I-cW]ÿm\w \n¿Øm≥ Km‘n FSpØ Xocp-am\hpw Bfl ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v

\SØnb D]-hm-khpw ]m¿Y-\bpw kXy-\n-jvTbv°v DØ-a -am-Xr-I-bm-Wv. "bmYm¿Yyw',

"\ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv' F∂o A¿Yßƒ hcp∂ "kXv' F∂ kwk-vIr-X-]-Z-Øn¬\n∂mWv

kXyw F∂ hm°v cq]-s∏-´-Xv. Cuiz-c≥ kXy-am-Wv, kvt\l-amWv F∂v F√m aX-

ßfpw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Cu ]c-º-cm-KXcoXn-bn¬\n∂p amdn Km‘n ]d-bp-∂Xv kXy-

am-Wv, kvt\l-amWv Cuiz-c≥. Cu \ne-]mSv \nco-iz-chm-Zn-Iƒ°p t]mepw kzoIm-

cy-amWv. ImcWw, kXy-Øns‚ B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb B¿°pw \ntj-[n-°m\m-In√.

]m¿Y\m\n¿ -c-amb Km‘nbpsS kXym-t\z-jWw "Cuiz-c≥ kXy-amWv' F∂ ImgvN-

∏m-Sns\ "kXy-amWv Cuiz-c≥' F∂-Xn-te°v FØn®p.

""F√m-h¿°pw Cuiz-c-hn-izm-k-ap-s≠-¶nepw F√m-hcpw Cuiz-cs\ Adn-bp-∂n√.

ImcWw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Ah-\-h-\n-ep-ff hnizm-kØns‚ A[n-I-cn-®Xpw Db¿∂

Xe-Øn-ep-f-f-Xp-amb H∂mWv Cuiz-c≥. kakvXPoh-s‚bpw ka-K-X-bm-Wv Cu-iz-

c≥. \mw Cuiz-c-\√. ]t£, \mw Cuiz-c-t‚-XmWv ˛ almk-ap-Z-Ønse Hcp PeI-

W-sa-∂-t]mse''. "lcn-P≥' ]X-Øn¬ Km‘nPn Cßs\ Fgp-Xn: ""A\n¿h-N-\o-

bhpw AZr-iy-hp-amb Hcp i‡n F√m-‰nepw hym]-cn-°p-∂p. AXns\ F\n°v ImWm≥

Ign-bn√ F¶nepw A\p-`-hn-°m-\mIpw ˛ ac-W-Øn-\nSbn¬ Poh≥ \ne-\n¬°p∂p,

Ak-Xy-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ kXyw \ne\n¬°p-∂p, Ccp-ń-\n-S-bn¬ shfn®w \ne\n¬°p-

∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ Cuiz-cs\ Poh-\mbn, kXy-ambn, shfn-®-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-

∂p. Cuiz-c≥ kvt\l-am-Wv, ]c-a-amb \∑bm-Wv. F√m -N-cm-N-c-ßfpw Cuiz-c-ssN-

X\yw AXn‚ Df-fn¬ hln-°p-∂p. BXy-¥n-Iamb \∑bn-ep-ff hnizm-k-amWv F√m-

‰n-s\bpw Iqń-bn-W-°p∂ i‡n''. Km‘n-bpsS Cuiz-c-k-¶¬∏w km¿h-Xn-I-amb

\∑bm-Wv. CXp a‰p-f-f-h¿°v \nkzm¿Y-tk-h\w sNø-em-Wv. bYm¿YØn¬ Cuiz-

c≥, kXyw, Bflm-hv, a\-m£n ˛ Ch-bpsS kzcw H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv F∂p Km‘n

hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

94


kXyw

Km‘nPn ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ AssZz-X-Nn-¥-bn¬ ]c-a-amb bmYm¿YysØ \n¿h-

Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv kXv˛Nn-Xv-˛-B-\µw F∂m-Wv. F°m-ehpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv,

bmYm¿Yyw F∂o A¿Yß-fp≈ "kXv' F∂ ]Z-Øn¬\n-∂mWv kXyw F∂ hm°v

cq]-s∏-´-Xv. "NnXv' F∂Xv t_m[-a-\-ns‚ D¬Ir-jvS-`m-hhpw "B\µw' F∂Xv ]c-

a-amb kt¥m-j-sØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cuiz-c≥ AYhm kXyw kXv˛-Nn-Xv-˛-B-\-

µ-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fn¬ Cuizck¶-¬∏Øns‚ aq∂p hnti-j-W-ß-fmWv kXv-

˛-Nn-Xv-˛-B-\-µw. FhnsS kXy-apt≠m, AhnsS icn-bmb Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. icn-

bmb Adn-hp-f-fn-SØv bYm¿Y B\µhpw (k-t¥m-jw) e`n-°pw. ChnsS ZpxJØn\v

ÿm\-an-√. (DZm: shfn®w Ccp-´ns\ AI-‰p-∂p). kXyw A\-iz-c-am-I-bm¬ AXv

]m]vX-am-Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS ssIh-cp∂ B\-µhpw A]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cu ]]-©-

Ønse F√m Pohn-I-fnepw CuizcssNX\yap≠v F∂p Xncn-®-dn™ ]mtbm-

KnIthZm-¥n-bmWv Km‘n. Xm≥ Pohn-°p∂ kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Ak-a-Xz-

ß-fpsS mK-ambn kmam\y\oXnbpw Bcm-[\mkzmX-¥yhpw \ntj-[n-°-s∏- -h¿°p-

th≠n Hcp bYm¿Y Cuiz-cs\ Km‘n ]Xn-jvTn®p. CXn-eqsS aX-ß-fpsS AXn¿h-

c-ºp-I-fn-√mØ, a\pjym[zm-\sØ Bcm-[-\-bmbn ImWp-∂, \nkzm¿Y tkh\w

tam£-am¿K-ambn ImWp-∂, \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bpsS \√ ]hrØnsb aX-ambn ImWp∂

Hcp km¿h-eu-InI Cuiz-c-k-¶-¬∏Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn-Sm≥ Km‘n-Pn°v km[n-®p.

Bt]-£nIkXyhpw imizXkXyhpw

kXysØ Bt]-£nIkXy-sa∂pw imizXkXy-sa∂pw Km‘n th¿Xn-cn-

°p-∂p. imiz-X-amb kXyw A\-iz-chpw A\n¿h-N-\o-b-hp-amWv, AXv Cuiz-c≥

Xs∂-bm-Wv. imizXkXyw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ a\p-jy\v Xs‚ Adn-hns‚ ]cn-anXn

ImcWw AXv ]q¿W-ambn Dƒs°m-f-fm≥ Ign-bn-√. Bt]-£nIkXy-Øn-eqsS amXta

imizXkXy-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cm-\m-Iq. CXp-sIm≠v Km‘n A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv Cuiz-

c-s\∂ imizXkXysØ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p-ff a\p-jys‚ t_m[-sØ-bm-Wv. kXysØ

hX-ambn FSp-°p∂h¿ AXv Xs‚ Nn¥-bnepw hm°n-epw ]hr-Øn-bnepw ]men-°-

Ww. sNdp∏w apX¬ Km‘n kXy-Øns‚ Bcm-[-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. \ap°v ]q¿W-ambn

Kln-°m-\m-hpI Bt]-£nIkXyw amX-amWv Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw bmYm¿YysØ kao-

]n-°p-∂Xv kz¥w ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eq-sS-bmWv F∂Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-

k-ßƒ°v km[y-X-bp-≠v. CXv a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sns\ AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚

Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te°p shfn®whoip-∂p.

]c-º-cm-KX aX-Nn-¥-bn¬ kXyhpw Alnw-kbpw hy‡n-aq-ey-ß-fmWv F¶n¬,

Chsb kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwk-vIm-cn-I-hp-amb aqey-ß-fmbn Km‘n hymJym-\n-°p-∂p.

CXp-hgn kXy-Øn-s‚bpw Alnw-k-bp-sSbpw NI-hm-f-ßƒ hnkvXr-X-am-°m≥ Km‘n

ian-®p. Km‘n-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ ZmcnZyw lnwk-bm-Wv. AXn-\p-Im-cWw kaq-l-

Ønse NqjWaqey-ß-fm-Wv. Zmcn-Zy-Øn¬\n∂p tamN\w t\S-emWv kXyw. N¿°-

bn¬ kXy-Øn-s‚bpw Alnw-k-bp-sSbpw ka-\zbw \ap°p ImWm\mhpw. CXv A[zm-

\-sØbpw kzmX-¥y-sØbpw ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂p. C¥y≥kaq-lsØ kaq-e-ambn

]p\¿\n¿an-°m\pw AXp-hgn IqSp-X¬ kXym-fl-I-am-°m\p-amWv Km‘n ian-®-Xv.

95


Alnw-k-bn¬ IpXn¿∂ A[zm-\-

amWv kXy]-Im-i-Øns‚ am¿Kw,

kzcmPpw kztZ-inbpw CXn-ep-≠v.

kXym-t\z-jWw Hcn-°epw Ah-km-

\n-°p-∂n-√. kzbw \nb-¥-W-Øn-

eqsS CXv km£m-¬°-cn-°-s∏-Spw.

Bt]-£nIkXy-Øn¬ A`n-

]m-b-`n-∂-X-Iƒ°p km[y-X-bp-≠v.

ImcWw, Hmtcm kao-]-\hpw hy‡n-

]-c-ambn kXy-am-bn-cn-°pw. ssP\-a-

X-Ønse "At\-Im-¥-hmZw' bmYm¿-

Yy -Øns‚ hnhn[ cq] -ß-fmbn

Km‘n a\-n -em -°p -∂p. AXp -

sIm≠p Xs∂ Bt]-£nIkXyhpw

kXy-Øns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ß-fm-Wv.

kXyw ]e-Xm-Wv, Bt]-£n-I-hp-am-

Wv. a\pjyPohn-X-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb

e£yw Cuizckm£m-¬Im-c-am-Wv.

\Ωƒ CS-s]-Sp∂ hyXykvX taJe-

I-fmb ˛ aXw, cmjvSo-bw, kmaq-ln-

Iw, kmº-ØnIw XpS-ßnb F√m

Xe-ßfpw ]pcp-jm¿Y-ß-fn¬ ]cm-

a¿in-°p∂ tam£-Øn-\p-ff am¿K-ß-

fm-Wv. \mw a‰p-f-f-h¿°mbn sNøp∂

\nkzm¿Ytkh\ (Altruism) amWv

tam£-am¿K-ambn Km‘n kzoI-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. K-h-Zv vKo-X-bn¬ ]d-bp∂ ""am\-

h-tk-h, am[-h-tkh'' F∂ ktµiw CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

Alnwk

hn\-b-Øns‚ D¬Ir-jvS-cq-]-amWv Alnw-k. Alnw-k-bpsS AXn-kq£va

hniIe-\-Øn-eqsS kXy-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cm-\p-ff \nc-¥-c-amb, k‘n-bn-√mØ ka-

c-am-bn-cp∂p Km‘n-bpsS Pohn-Xw. \ap°p Np‰pw \S-°p∂ \io-I-cW]hrØn-Iƒ°n-

S-bn¬ ]IrXn \¬Inb Hcp k¿KmflI ]hrØn Alnw-k-bm-Wv. ]cn-]q¿W

Alnw-k-bn¬ PmXn-tbm h¿K-tam h¿Wtam C√. Alnwk F∂m¬ Nn¥-bn-epw

]hr-Øn-]-cn-Nbw

NnX-Øn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ hyXykvX ho£-W-ßƒ

ImWpI. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Htc hkvXp-hns\ ]e-Xmbn ImWp-

∂p.

CXv IpS-

amWv.CXv IpS-a√

Ifn-a-ÆmWv.

F√m Ifn-aÆpw IpS-ß-f-√. Cu cq]-Øn-ep-f-fXpw Pew tiJ-cn-°m-\m-hp-∂-Xp-am-b-

Xn-\m¬ CXns\IpSw F∂p hnfn-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

CXp IpShpw A√

Ifn-a-Æp-a-√. X∑m-

X-I-fmWv.

F√m X∑m-X-Ifpw

IpS-ß-f-√.

F¥mWv CXv ? Hcp IpS-amtWm?

hyXy-kvX- h-kvXp-°ƒ Xnc-s™Sp°p-Ibpw ho£-W-ßƒ

hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I. DZm. t]\, tai XpS-ßn-bh

\ap°v AdnbmwAt\-Im-¥hmZw: kXyw _lp-cq-]-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂ ssP\-a-X -k-¶¬-∏--am-Wn-Xv. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-\-hs‚ Xe-Øn-emWv kXysØ ImWp-I. AXvHmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw `n∂-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

96


hm°nepw ]hrØn-bnepw kwL¿j-an-√m-Xn-cn-°pI F∂Xm-Wv. Alnw-k-bpsS

A\¥km[yXIƒ a\-n-em-°nb Km‘n AXv Pohs‚ [¿aambn Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

kzcmPv F∂ e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn\v Alnwk ]c-aamb kwln-X-bmbn kzoI-cn-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv F∂p Km‘n A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

bmsXm-∂n-s\bpw sIm√m-Xn-cn-°pI, D]-Z-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI F∂mWv Alnw-

k-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv. Km‘n°v ap≥]pw Alnwk hy‡n-]c-amb aqeyw F∂

coXnbn¬ k∂ym-kn-am¿°n-S-bn¬ ]Nmcw t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. Alnw-ksb km¿h-Xn-

I-am-°n-bXpw kaq-l-am-‰-Øn-\p-ff am¿K-ambn am‰n-bXpw Km‘n-bm-Wv. Alnwk

am\-h-cm-in-bpsS \nb-a-am-Wv; AIaw A]-cn-jvIr-X-cp-sSbpw. Bfl-km-£m-¬°m-c-

Øn\mbn D∂-X-amb Hcp \nb-a-Øn\pw Bflo-b-i-‡n°pw \mw Iogvs∏-tS-≠-Xp-

≠v. A√msX Incm-X-amb \nb-a-Øn-\√ Iogvs∏-tS-≠-Xv. XnIm-e-⁄m-\n-I-fmb Ejn-

am-cpsS Dƒ°m-gvNbpw Btbm-[-\-I-e-bnep≈ Ah-cpsS Adnhpw Km‘nPn Xncn-®-

dn-™n-cp-∂p. kzbw kl-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw Bfl-\n-b-¥-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw Bfl-i‡n

t\Sn-b-h¿°v amXta FXn-cm-fnsb kvt\ln-°m-\m-Iq. CXv kmaq-lnI]p\¿\n¿am-

W-Øn\v Hcp hy‡nsb ]m]vX\m°pIbpw sNøpw. Alnw-ksb kmaq-lnIhpw

hy‡n-]-chpamb \∑bpw [¿a-hp-ambn Km‘n I≠n-cp-∂p. Km‘n-bpsS ho£-W-

Øn¬ thZ-\m-P-\-I-amb Xocp-am-\-ßƒ, Aln-X-amb ]hrØn-Iƒ, tIm]w, Zbm-cm-

ln-Xyw, a\p-jy-t\mSpw arK-ß-tfm-Sp-ap-ff Iqc-XIƒ, Zp¿_-es\ ASn-®-a¿Øp∂Xpw

apdn-th¬∏n-°p-∂Xpw F√mw lnwk-bpsS cq]-ß-fm-Wv.

Alnw-kbpw [oc-Xbpw

ss[cy-im-en-bpsS Alnw-kbpw Zp¿_-e-cpsS Alnw-kbpw XΩn-ep-ff

hyXymkw Km‘nPn FSpØp]d-bp-∂p-≠v. [ocs‚ Alnwk tijvT-am-bn-cn-°pw. CXv

Cuiz-c-\n-ep-ff ASn-bp-d® hnizm-k-am-Wv. as‰√m Bbp-[-ß-tf-°mfpw i‡n-bp-f-f-

XmWv [ocs‚ Alnw-k. ]mW-c-£m¿Yw HmSnsbmfn-°p-∂-h-cmWv Zp¿_-e-cpsS Alnw-

k-bn¬ hniz-kn°p-∂-Xv. òcp-hns‚ Alnwk AI-a-tØ-°mƒ tZmj-I-chpamWv.

Alnw-k-bn-te°p aS-ßn-h-cm≥ AI-an-°pff km[y-Xt]mepw òcp-hn-\n-√. Km‘n

Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ""AIahpw òcp-Xzhpw ˛ Ch-bn-sem∂v Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠n- h-

∂m¬ ocp-Xz-tØ-°mƒ Fs‚ ap≥K-W\ AI-a-Øn-\m-bn-cn-°pw.'' AI-an-bpsS ss[cy-

tØ-°mƒ tijvT-amWv Alnw-km-hm-Zn-bpsS ss[cy-sa∂v Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p. AI-an-

bpsS i‡n Bbp-[-am-sW-¶n¬ ssZh-amWv Alnw-km-hm-Zn-bpsS i‡n. Alnwk

a\p-jy-cm-in°v e`n® al-Ømb Hcp i‡n-bm-Wv. CXn\v k¿hkwlm-c-ti-jn-bp≈

Bbp-[-tØ-°mƒ i‡n-bp≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Alnwk ]Icw hbv°m-\m-ImØ

Hcp [oc-X-bmWv F∂p Km‘n Icp-Xp-∂p. a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øn\v Km‘n kΩm-\n®

tijvThpw AXp-ey-hp-amb i‡n-bmWv Alnw-k. Alnw-kbv°v c≠p Xe-ß-fp-≠v.

(1) \ntj-[m-flIw ˛ CXp \ncp-]-Z-h-amb Hcp Ah-ÿ-bmWv. (2) Inbm-flI-Xew ˛

CXv ]hn-X-amb kvt\l-amWv; Xn∑ï sNøp-∂-h-tcm-Sp-t]mepw \∑ sN-øpI F∂

hnin-jvS-amb I¿Ø-hyw. Xn∑sb FXn¿°p-tºmgpw Xn∑ï sNøp-∂-hs\ Km‘n

FXn¿Øn-cp-∂n-√. Alnwk im¥hpw Iam-\p-K-X-hp-amb hnπ-h-amWv. CXv B[n-]-

Xy-Øn¬\n∂v Zp¿_-e-s\bpw A[Ir-X-s\bpw tamNn-∏n-°-emWv. kXyw e£yhpw

AhnsS FØn-t®-cm-\p-ff GI am¿Kw Alnw-k-bp-am-Wv.

97


e£yhpw am¿Khpw

e£yhpw am¿Khpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘w \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂-Xnepw khn-tij-b-amb Hcp

\njvI¿j Km‘n ]men-®n-cp-∂p. \ap°p e£yw Xncn-®-dn-bm-sa-¶nepw DNn-X-amb

am¿Kw kw_-‘n®v ktµlw D≠m-hpI kzm`m-hnIw. XØz-Nn-¥-I¿ ]c-kv]c hncp-

≤-ß-fmb c≠p ImgvN-]m-Sp-I-fmWv \ap°p Xcp-∂-Xv. (1) e£yw am¿KsØ km[q-

I-cn-°pw. (2) am¿Kw F]-Im-c-amtWm, A]-Im-c-am-bn-cn°pw e£y-hpw. CXn¬ e£yw

\√-Xm-sW-¶n¬ GXv am¿Khpw kzoI-cn-°m-sa∂ \ne-]mSneqsS AI-aw, lnwk,

h©\ XpS-ßnb am¿K-ßsf \oXo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xmbn hcpw. am¿K-Øn\p ]m[m\yw

\¬Ip∂ c≠m-asØ coXn A\p-Iq-en-°p∂ Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p: ""am¿Kw \√-Xm-sW-

¶n¬ amXta \√ e£y-Øn¬ FØn-t®cm≥ km[n-°q.'' am¿K-Øns‚ ip≤n-bn¬

Alnw-k-bpsS hnhn[ cq]-ßƒ

]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-Xn-cn-°¬ imco-cn-I-amb F√m AI-a-ß-sfbpw \nc-kn-°p-Ibpw H∏w Xs‚

hnizm-kyX \ne-\n¿Øm≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Inbm-fl-I-amb HØp-Xo¿∏v Alnw-k-bn-ep-ff ASn-bp-d® hnizmkwaqew Imbn-I-_-esØ

\nc-kn®v Inbm-fl-I-ambn kwL¿j-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\p- ian-°p-∂p.

[m¿anI]Xn-tcm[w kam-[m-\-]-chpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb am¿K-Øn¬ Inbm-fl-I-ambn

Xn∑sb sNdp-°-em-Wn-Xv.

Alnw-k-bpsS \nP-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ bp≤-sØbpw AI-a-ß-sfbpw FXn¿°p-Ibpw AXns\ kzbw

\ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

kl\kacw _e-]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS Pbn-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hv Alnw-

ksb Hcp X¥-ambn ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

kam-[m-\-]-c-amb ]Xn-tj[w a‰p am¿K-ß-tf-°mƒ DØ-a-amWv Alnwk F∂p hniz-kn-°p-

Ibpw AXv ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

AI-a-cln-X-amb ]Xy-£-\-S-]Sn Alnw-k-bpsS i‡nbpw ]tbmKkm[y-Xbpw a\n-em°n ]cn-

h¿Ø-\-tØ-°mƒ hnP-b-Øn\v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p.

kXy-Klw kvt\l-Øn-eq-sSbpw \∑bn-eq-sSbpw kXysØ ]m]vX-am-°p-

∂p. CXv hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Ønepw, kmaq-ln-I ˛ cmjvSob ˛ kmº-

ØnI Imcy-ß-fnepw lnwksb Hgn-hm-°p-∂p.

Alnw-km-flIhnπhw kmaq-lnIam‰-Øn\v Alnw-km-flIhnπhw \bn-°pI (DZm: Pb-

]-Imiv \mcm-b-Ws‚ kºqW hnπ-hw, hnt\m-_`msh \bn-®

`qZm≥ ]ÿm-\w)

Km‘n-PnbpsS k¶¬∏-Øn-

ep≈ Alnwk F¥m-sW∂v

N¿®sNøpI.

]h¿Ø\w

98


Hcp hn´p-ho-gvNbv°pw Km‘n Xbm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√. am¿Khpw e£yhpw c≠√, Htc

Imcy-Øns‚ Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ßƒ amXamWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, hnØv ac-ambn cq]m-

¥-cs-∏-Sp-∂-X-pt]mse am¿Kw e£y-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. am¿Khpw e£yhpw XΩn¬

th¿s]-Sp-Øm-\m-hmØ hn[w Hcp _‘w \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Km‘n ]d-bp∂p: "am¿Kw'

˛"e-£yw' Ch H∂n\v ]I-c-ambn as‰m∂v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂- k¶-¬∏ß-fmWv (con-vertible terms). e£y-Øn-te-°p-ff \ΩpsS ]ptcm-KXn am¿K-Øns‚ hnip-≤n°v t\¿

A\p-]m-X-hp-am-Wv. kXyw \ΩpsS e£yhpw AXn-te-°p-ff Htc Hcp am¿Kw Alnw-

k-bp-am-Wv.'' kXym-t\z-j-W-Øn¬ a‰p-f-f-h-cp-am-bp-ff _‘-Øn¬ Alnwk kzoI-

cn-°m≥ th≠X `hyX \ap°v D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v Km‘n Icp-Xp∂p. C]-Imcw

]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂- Alnwk kXy-km-£m-¬°mcw kpK-a-am-°p∂p. AXm-bXv

Alnw-k \sΩ kXy-Øn-te°v ASp-∏n-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS kzmX-¥y-t∏m-cm-´-Øn¬

Nne t\Xm-°ƒ AI-a-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-eqsS kzmX¥yw t\Sm-sa∂v \n¿tZ-in-s®-

¶nepw Km‘n AXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Km‘n-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ tIhew kzmX-

¥y-a√, ]q¿Wkzcm-PmWv \ΩpsS e£yw. AXm-bXv cmjvSo-bhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw,

[m¿an-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb kzmX-¥yw. e£yw DZm-Ø-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ AI-a-

am¿K-Øn-eqsS AXp t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-sa∂v Icp-Xp-∂Xv hnUvVn-Ø-am-Wv. AIaw AI-

a-sØ amXta ]Zm\w sNøq. Alnw-k-bpsS am¿Kw kam-[m\w sIm≠p-h-cpw.

a\p-jy-]-IrXn : Km‘n-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬

kzX¥ C—m-i‡n

\oXnt_m[-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ a\p-jy≥ arK-ß-tf-°mƒ Db¿∂ aqey-t_m[w t\Sn-

bn- p-≠v. a\p-jys\ a‰p Pohn-I-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-\m-°p-∂-Xv hnth-N\_p≤n-s°m∏w

AXp-ey-amb kzX-¥ C—m-i-‡n-IqSnbm-Wv. `uXnIhmZn-Iƒ Icp-Xp-∂-Xv kzX¥

C—m-i‡n ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-ß-fm¬ \nb-¥n-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂mWv ImcWw, a\p-jy\pw

Cu uXnItemI-Øns‚ Hcp mK-w amXam-Wv. Cu hmZsØ \ncm-I-cn-°p∂ Km‘n

kzX¥ C—m-i‡nsb a\p-jy\v e`n® hc-Zm-\-ambn ImWp-∂p. ]Ir-Xn-bnse Poh-

Pm-e-ß-fn¬ a\p-jy≥ kzbw Xs‚ `mhn \n¿W-bn-°m≥ ]m]vX-\m-Wv. AXmbXv

\mw sNøp∂ Hmtcm ]hrØnbpw \ΩpsS `mhnsb IrXy-ambn \n¿W-bn-°p∂p

(\mwXs∂-bmWv \ΩpsS `mK-t[bw \n¿Wbn-°p-∂-Xv). AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \mw

sNøp∂ ]hrØnIƒ a‰p a\p-jy¿t°m Pohn-Iƒt°m ]Ir-Xnt°m tZmj-ap-≠m-

°-cpXv. kzmX¥yw F∂Xv Hcn-°epw AXn-cp-I-fn-√mØ kzmX-¥y-a√, kmaq-lnI

DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw \n¿hln-°-¬°qSn-bm-Wv. tkz—-tbmsS A√mØ Hcp ]hrØnbpw

[m¿an-I-a√, AXm-bXv bm¥n-I-ambn sNøp∂ ]hrØn-bn¬ [m¿an-IX F∂Xv

N¿®-t]mepw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. tkz—-tbmsS \n¿hln-°p∂ ISa amX-amWv [m¿an-

I-X. kzX¥ C—m-i-‡n-bn¬ [m¿an-IXbp≠v F∂p Km‘n Icp-Xp-∂p.

a\p-jy-\n¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-b \∑ï

]m›mXyNn¥-Icmb tXmakv tlm_vkpw dqtmbpw \¬Ip∂ c≠p hyXy-kvX-

amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-fmWv (1) a\p-jy≥ arKo-b-amb hmk-\-I-fm¬ \nb-¥n-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

99


(2) a\p-jy≥ P∑\m kaqlPohnbpw \∑bp-f-f-h-\p-amWv. Cu Nn¥-IfpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ Km‘n ]d-bp∂p: ""ssZhnI-amb Hcp ssNX\ywIqSn a\p-jy-\n-ep≠v.

kmaqlnIPohnXØn¬ BflssN-X-\y-Øns‚ D¬Ir-jvS-amb Ah-ÿ-bpw A[-a-

amb Ah-ÿ-bpw \ap°p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. \∑bpw Xn∑bpw kΩn-i-ambn F√m-h-

cnepw Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Xn∑bpsS ta¬ \∑ï t\Sp∂ hnP-b-amWv A`n-Im-

ayw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ \∑ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI hgn hnin-jvS-amb ssZhnIKpWw \mw

ssIh-cn-°p-∂p''.

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Cu \ne-]mSv tXmakv tlm_vkns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-I-ƒ°v hncp-≤-amb

H∂m-Wv. tlm_vkv ]d-bp-∂p a\p-jy≥ P∑\m kzm¿Y\pw Iqc-\p-am-Wv F∂v. CØ-

c-Øn-ep-ff Bfp-I-fpsS Hcp kaqlw XnI®pw Akw-L-Sn-Xhpw Iep-jn-X-hp-am-bn-

cn°pw. Chsc \bn-°m≥ i‡-\mb Hcp `c-Wm-[n-Imcn (se-hn-bm-X≥) Bh-iy-

ambn hcpw. Acm-P-IXzw \nd™ kaq-lk¶¬∏w \ncm-im-P-\-I-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏m-

SmWv Xcp-∂-Xv. XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp \ne-]m-Sv kzoI-cn® Km‘n ]d-bp∂p:

""a\p-jy-\n¬ Iqc-X-sb∂ arKobhnImcap≠v F¶nepw AXn-t\-°mƒ ÿmbnbmb

\∑ï(C u-izcssNX-\yw) IqSp-X¬ hnin-jvS-hpw ]Xo-£m-\n¿`-c-hp-am-Wv''.

dqtm-bpsS, a\p-jy≥ P∑\m \√-h\pw kmaq-lnI Po-hn-bp-am-sW∂ ImgvN-∏mSv

Km‘n°v kzoIm-cy-am-Wv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-k-ap-ff Km‘n Cu ImgvN-

∏m-Sn-ep-ff Nne \yq\XIƒ ]cn-l-cn-®p-sIm≠v ]d-bp∂p: ""a\p-jy-\n-ep-ff Bfl-

ssN-X-\y-Øns‚ Db¿∂ Ahÿ ssZh-Xp-ey-amWv. AXv kvt\lw, klm-\p-`q-Xn,

kl-I-cWw F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-ff kaqlkrjvSn km[y-am-°p-∂p.

a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cu bmYm¿YysØbmWv. ""\ap°v

ssIh-cn-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw Db¿∂ kmaq-lnIhyh-ÿsb "cma-cm-Py'-sa∂v Km‘n

hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. hy‡n-°v ssIh-cn-°mhp∂ Db¿∂ ]ptcm-KXnbmb "Bfl-km-

£m-¬°mchpw' kmaq-lnI]ptcm-KXnbmb "cma-cm-Pyhpw' ]c-kv]c]qc-I-ß-fmbn

h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

]c-kv]cmibXzw

a\p-jys‚ GsXmcp ]hrØnbpw hy‡n-K-Xhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-am-Wv. CXv

hy‡n-bpsS hf¿®- F∂t]mse kmaq-lnI D∂-Xnbpw km[y-am-°p-∂p. CXv tPm¨

dk-vIns‚ Nn¥-bmb "hy‡n-bpsS \∑ï F√m-h-cp-sSbpw \∑bmWv' F∂-Xn\v kam-

\-am-Wv. BXy-¥n-I-ambn a\p-jy¿ ]c-kv]cw Bi-bn-°pI hgn Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-

KX ]m]vX-am-Ip-∂p. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw ˛ ico-cw, a\-v, Bflmhv Ch-bpsS I¿aw

sIm≠v Xs‚ hyXy-kvXX \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cµn-b-ß-fpsS Ccn-∏n-S-

amb icocw BK-l-ß-fpsS Dd-hn-S-hp-am-Wv. a\p-jy-a-\v Adn-hn-s‚bpw ]hrØn-

bp-sSbpw taJ-esb \nb-¥n-°p∂p, CXp ico-c-tØ-°mƒ D∂-Xhpw hyXy-kvX-hp-

amWv F¶nepw ico-c-hp-ambn _‘n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. "Alw' F∂ t_m[w Hcp

hy‡nsb as‰m-cm-fn¬\n∂v th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p. Bflmhv F∂ k¶¬w Pohn-X-Øns‚

G‰hpw ]c-tam-∂X Ah-ÿsb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. CXv ico-c-Øn-s‚bpw a\-n-s‚bpw

]cn-an-Xn-I-fn-√mØXpw bYm¿Yhpw A\-iz-c-hp-am-Wv.

100


Nn¥n-°pI, ]h¿Øn-°pI

lb¿ sk-°‚dn hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS ¢∫v ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn ^pUv sUmtW-j≥¢∫v kwL-Sn-∏n® ]h¿Ø\w \nco-£n-°p-I.

kam-\-amb Bib-ßƒ Iq´n-t®¿°q....

l ]mh-s∏´ Hcp hnZym¿Yn-bpsS hoSns‚ A‰-°p-‰-∏Wn Xo¿Øp sImSp-°p-∂p.

l hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ tN¿∂v NnIn-’m-k-lmbw \¬Ip-∂p.

l

l

Hcp I¿a]-cn-]mSn Bkq-XWw sNbvXv ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI.

s]mXn-t®mdv kam-l-cn®v\¬IpI hgn k-vIqfn¬

Ip´n-I-fm-cpw-Xs∂ hni-∂n-cn -°p-∂n√ F∂v Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

FOOD DONATION CLUB

tkh-\-amWv Rß-fpsS e£yw

Pohs‚ ka-K-Xbpw GIam\-hn-I-Xbpw

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ a\p-jy≥ CuizcssNX-\y-Øns‚ Hcp Ah-

ÿm-¥cw amX-amWv. bmYm¿Yyw H∂p amX-am-sW∂ AssZzXNn¥-bpsS ]tbm-

‡m-hmb At±lw GIam\-hn-I-X-bn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ Km‘n

A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p: ""Rm≥ kakvX Cuiz-c-∑mcpw H∂m-sW∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

AXpt]mseØs∂-bmWv am\-h-Ip-ehpw''. kqcy-\n¬\n∂v At\Iw ]ImiInc-W-

ßƒ F∂-t]mse \ap°v hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb ico-c-ap-s≠-¶nepw Bflmhv H∂v amX-

amWpf-f-Xv. \Ω-fn-ep-ff Cu ssNX\yw \ΩpsS hy‡n-Xz-sØbpw kz`m-h-sØbpw

\nb-¥n-°p∂p F¶nepw kaq-l-Øn¬ Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Xt‚-Xmb aqeyhpw ]k-

‡nbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p.

a\p-jy-\n-ep-ff Bfl-ssN-X-\ysØ \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-hcpw Km‘n-Pnbpw XΩn-

ep-ff ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb hyXymkw, BflobaqeysØ FXn¿°p-∂-h¿ Hcn-°epw

kam-[m-\-]q¿W-amb Hcp kaq-l-kr-jvSn-sb-∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-∂n-√ F∂-XtX. \n›-b-

ambpw ka-kvX- N-cm-N-c-ßƒ°pw Hcp DXv`hÿm\-ap≠v. AXv Cuiz-c-\m-Wv. Cuiz-

c-\n¬ Øs∂ Ch hnebw]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXpXs∂-bmWv thZk¶-

¬∏-amb ""hkp-ss[hIpSpw-_Iw'' (h-kp[ = `qan, Gh = H∂v, IpSpw_Iw = IpSpw-

_w) hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. CXns‚ ]p\-cm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv Km‘nNn¥-bn¬ ImWp∂Xv.

101


a\pjyIpesØ Hcp IpSpw-_-ambn ImW-W-sa∂pw \ΩpsS Hmtcm ]hrØnbpw

kmaq-ln-Ihpw ]mcn-ÿn-X-nI-hp-amb A\-¥c^e-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-sa∂papff At±-

l-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏mSv icn-bm-Wv. Km‘nPn ]d-bp∂p: ""F√m Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw

ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb sFIyhpw Hcp-abpw Rm≥ BK-ln-°p-∂p, ImcWw, Rm≥ Hcp

AssZz-X-hm-Zn-bm-Wv. Hcp-h≥ Bflo-bX ]m]vX-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-®m¬ temIw

apgp-h≥ Ah-t\m-sSmØv B t\´w ssIh-cn-°pIbpw Ah≥ AXn¬ ]cm-Pn-X-\m-

bm¬ ka-kvX-tem-Ihpw _en-bm-Sm-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Hmtcm hy‡n-

bpsSbpw ISa X∂n-ep-ff Bfl-ssN-X-\ysØ Xncn-®-dn™v a\-m-£n-bpsS kzc-

Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn ]h-¿Øn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv.''

Km‘n-PnbpsS Z¿i\w

aXk¶¬∏w

GsXmcp kwk-vIm-c-Ønepw aX-Øns‚ tIµ-k-¶¬∏w ]c-tam-∂-X\pw k¿h-i-‡-

\p-amb Cuiz-cs\ tIµo-I-cn-®mWp≈-Xv. F¶nepw aX-hn-izmkw ssZhsØ tIµo-

I-cn®v amX-ap-≈-X-√. aX-sa-∂Xv hy‡nsb a‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bpw ssZh-hp-ambpw

kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. aX-Øn\p ][m-\-ambpw aq∂p LS-I-ß-

fp≠v. 1. Hcp Iq´w hnizm-k-ßfpw XØz-ß-fpw 2. ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw

BNm-c-ß-fpw 3. Hcp [¿a-kw-ln-X. hyh-ÿm-]n-Xamb aX-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ ssZh-Øn-

ep≈ hnizm-kw, Bflm-hns‚ A\-iz-c-X, kz¿K-˛-\-c-I- k-¶¬∏-ßƒ, Ah-Xm-c-

ßƒ, ]hm-N-I¿, hnip-≤¿, hnip-≤-K-Ÿ-ßƒ F∂n-h-bp-≠v. aXm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬

]m¿Y-\, D]-hm-kw, ]Xn-⁄-Iƒ, bmKw, b⁄w, Xo¿Ym-S\w F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-

∂p. aX-\n-b-a-ßƒ s]mXp-hn¬ F√m aX-ß-fnepw kam-\-am-Wv. CXn¬ [¿aNn-¥-I-

fmb kXy-k-‘-X, Alnw-k, kvt\lw, Zb, ImcpWyw, kmtlm-Z-cyw, Zm\w, £a

F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

C¥y-bn¬ "[¿a' F∂ ]Zw aXw F∂ A¿Y-Øn-emWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]Z-

Øn\p IqSp-X¬ hnkvXr-X-amb Hcp A¿Y-XewIqSn-bp-≠v. "[r' F∂ kwk-vIr-X- aq-

e-cq-]-Øn¬\n-∂mWv [¿a F∂ ]Zw cq]-s∏- Xv. "\ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv' F∂mWv CXn\v

am\-hnI sFIy-Øns‚ Hcp Km\w Is≠-

Øp-Ibpw ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-I.

\ap°p sNømw

102


A¿Yw. AXp-sIm≠v \ne-\n¬∏v km[y-am-°p∂ al-Ømb Hcp i‡n-bmbpw kaq-

l-Øns‚ sI´p-d-∏n\p klm-b-I-amb i‡n-bmbpw [¿asØ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.

a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn¬ am\-kn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb Hcp _‘ap≠m-°p-Ibpw a‰p Poh-

Pm-e-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w \nb-¥n-°p-I-bp-amWv Cu [¿a-Øns‚ ]h¿-Ø\w. CXn-

eqsS temI-Øns‚ kwXp-e-\m-h-ÿ km[y-am-°p-∂p. [¿aw GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]tXyI

aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-X-√. adn®v, CXns‚ hnim-e-amb am\-hnIXe-Øn¬ GXp aX-

Øn-s‚bpw GXv BNm-c-Ønepw GXp coXn-bnepw F√m Poh-s‚bpw Bflo-b-amb

GI-Xz-am-Wv.

[m¿an-I-aXw

""aXw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Rm≥ A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv GsX-¶nepw Hu]-Nm-cn-Itam amaq¬

]Im-ctam Dff aX-a-√. F∂m¬ F√m aX-ßsfbpw Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂Xpw \ap°v

Cuiz-c-\p-ambn apJm-apJw Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-amWv'' F∂p Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p.

Xs‚ [m¿anIaX-sa∂ Bibcq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ kz¥w aX-hn-izm-khpw At±-lsØ

Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. H∏w PohnXZ¿i\-Øns‚ tIµ-_nµp Cuiz-c-hn-izm-

k-amWv F∂ Xncn®dnhpw. aX-ß-fpsS hyXykvX coXnIsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬

Km‘n Xpd∂ kao-]-\-amWv ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. F√m- a-X-ß-fnepw s]mXp-hmbn ImW-

s∏-Sp∂ Nne km¿h-XnIaqey-ß-fmWv aX-Øns‚ A¥Ø F∂v Km‘n hniz-

kn-®p. \ncm-ew-_-cmb a\p-jy¿°v Bi-b-am-Ip∂ Hcp km¿h-XnI aX-Øns‚ Bh-

iy-I-Xbv°v Km‘n Du∂¬ \¬In. kmaq-lnI\oXn ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn kam-[m-

\w, kmtlm-Z-cyw, kt¥mjw F∂nh ]Zm\w sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp aX-amWv

Km‘n hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ "[m¿anIaXw'.

Cu aXk¶-¬∏Øns‚ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ khn-ti-jX ]c-a-amb e£yhpw a‰p

PohnXe£y-ßfpw (km-º-ØnI]ptcm-K-Xn, cmjvSobim‡o-I-c-Ww) t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-

ff am¿K-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´p -\n¬°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. a\p-jy-Po-hnXw km¿Y-

am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ kmº-Øn-I-hpw kmaq-ln-I ˛ cmjvSo-b ˛ [m¿an-I ˛ kuµ-cy- im-

kvX-]-c-amb Xe-ßfpw Bflo-b-X-ehpw k¥p-en-X-am-IWw F∂ ImgvN-∏mSpw At±-

l-Øn-\p-≠m-bncp-∂p. Bflobe£yhpw aX-\n-c-t]£e£yhpw XΩn¬ sshcp-[y-

ß-fn√ F∂ \ne-]mSpw kzoI-cn®p ImWp∂p. ImcWw, Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-K-Xbv°v

`uXnIhpw Bflo-b-hp-amb t£aw Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn¬ NXp¿hn[ ]pcp-jm¿Y-

ß-fpsS i‡-amb kzm[o\hpw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

\Ωƒ H∂m-sW∂ Nn¥ DW¿Øp∂ Hcp Km\w Xnc-s™-SpØv F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v

Be]n-°p-I.

\ap°p sNømw

aXhpw [m¿an-I-Xbpw

[m¿an-I-Xsb aX-Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-bmWv Km‘n IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-

√msX aX-Øn\v \ne-\n-¬∏n-√. Cu \njvI¿j-bmWv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS aX-k-¶-¬∏sØ

103


"[m¿an-I-a-X-sa∂v' (ethical religion) hnfn-°m-\n-S-bm-°n-b-Xv. [m¿an-I-Xsb aX-Øns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-ambn ImWm≥ H∂m-a-Xmbn, tam£-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne A‘-hn-izm-

k-ßfpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw Imc-W-am-bn. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, hyXykvX aX-ßƒ hyXy-

kvX- am¿K-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p F∂Xpw F∂m¬ F√m aX-ß-fn-sebpw [m¿anI

Nn¥-Iƒ GXm≠v kam-\-hp-am-Wv F∂Xp-sIm≠pw aX-ßfpsS s]mXp-hmb "[m¿an-

I-X'°v Du∂¬ \¬Im≥ Km‘n Xocp-am-\n-®p. F√m-‰nepw D]-cn-bmbn tIh-e- a-X-

sa-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ kmaq-lnI ˛ cmjvSob LS-I-ßƒIqSn CXn¬ ktΩ-fn-°-W-

sa∂ Nn¥-bpw Km‘n-Pn-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, bYm¿Y kmaq-lnINp‰p-]m-

Sp-I-fn¬ hnizm-k-ßƒ°pw BNm-c-ßƒ°pw D]-cn-bmbn [m¿an-I-Xbv°v ]m[m-\y-

ap-≠v Cu Xncn-®-dn-hn¬\n∂mWv aX-Øn¬ [m¿an-I-Xbv-°p- ]m[m\yw I¬∏n°m≥

Km‘n-Pnsb t]cn-∏n-®Xv.

F∂m¬ Hcp-Iq´w Bfp-Iƒ Icp-Xp-∂Xv aX-hn-izm-k-an-√msX Xs∂ Hcmƒ°v [m¿anI

PohnXw \bn-°m-\mIpw F∂mWv. CXv ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ah¿ aX-Øns‚ `mK-

ambn \ne-\n¬°p∂ Nne A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ Imc-W-ambn ]d-bp-∂p. CXn-\p-ff

adp-]-Sn-bmbn Km‘n ]d-bp∂p: ""bp‡n-bp-sSbpw [m¿an-I-X-bp-sSbpw klm-b-Øm¬

A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬\n∂pw A\m-Nm-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw aXsØ ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥

km[n°pw''. Imc-Ww, Km‘nsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Hcp XØzw aX-]-c-amtWm

A√tbm F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff am\-Zfiw [m¿an-I-X-bm-Wv. aX-Nn-¥-bn¬

[m¿anIX Bg-Øn¬ thtcm-Sn-bm¬ amXta kaq-l-Øn¬ Dd® \oXn-t_m[w ÿm]n-

s®-Sp-°m\m-Iq. a‰p-f-f-h-cp-am-bp-ff Xs‚ _‘w icn-bm-I-W-sa-¶n¬ X\n°v B¥-

cnI-amb ip≤nbpw i‡nbpw IqSntbXocq.

[m¿an-I-X-bn-√msX aX-Øn\v \ne-\n-¬∏n√ F∂ Nn¥-bmWv Km‘n ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv

""aX-Øn\v [m¿an-IX F∂Xv F]-Im-c-amtWm aÆn¬ hnX® hnØp apf-bv°m≥

Pew Bh-iy-am-bn Xocp∂Xv'', AXp-t]m-sebmWv. AXn-\m-emWv ]m¿Y-\bpw D]-

hm-khpw Xs‚ Bi-a-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `mK-ambnØo¿∂-Xv. aXhpw [m¿an-I-Xbpw

XΩn¬ th¿s]-Sp-Øm≥ ]‰mØ hn[w tN¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p, AXm-bXv [m¿an-I-X-bn-

√msX aXhpw aX-an-√msX [m¿an-I-Xbpw \ne-\n-¬°n√. Ch c≠pw ]c-kv]cw

H∂p as‰m-∂n\p ]I-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv F∂v Km‘n \nco-£n-°p-∂p.

k¿h-[¿a k-a- mh

Ip´n-°mew apX¬ aX-]-c-amb kwhm-Z-ßƒ tI´mWv Km‘n hf¿∂-Xv. CXv Km‘n-

bn¬ BflobImcy-ß-fn-ep-ff bp‡n-]-c-amb Hcp Pn⁄mk hf-m≥ CS-bm-°n. aXk-

ln-jvWp-Xbpw a‰p aX-ßsf BZ-cn-°m-\p-ff a\pw Km‘n-bn¬ DS-se-Sp-°m≥

CXp klm-b-Iambn. ]n∂oSv aXsØ°pdn®v IqSp-X¬ Adn-bm≥ temIsØ ][m\

aX-ß-fmb lnµp-a-Xw, InkvXp-a-Xw, Ckvemw-a-Xw, ssP\-a-Xw, _p≤-a-Xw, ]mgvkn

XpS-ßnbhbpsS ASn-ÿm\KŸ-ßfpw hmbn-°m-\n-S-bm-bn. F√m aX-ßfpw Cuiz-

c-\n-te-°p-ff hyXykvX am¿K-ßƒ amX-am-sW-∂pw Ch Xpey-amWv F∂pap-ff

Xncn-®-dnhv (k¿h-˛-[¿a ka-`mh) F√m aX-ß-sfbpw BZ-cn-°pI F∂ at\m-`mhw

104


hf¿Øm≥ klm-b-I--am-Wv. PohnXe£ysØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°v aXw

\¬Ip∂ DØ-c-ßƒ°pw ]k-‡n-bp-s≠∂v Km‘n Xncn-®-dn-™p. F√m aX-ß-fp-

sSbpw A¥Øbpw ASn-ÿm\ [m¿anIaqey-ßfpw H∂pXs∂-bm-Wv. Hcp aXhpw

a‰p aX-tØ-°mƒ hep-tXm sNdptXm BIp-∂n√. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ aX-]-cn--

h¿Ø\w F∂Xv Xo¿Øpw A\m-h-iy-hpam-Wv. Cu \ne-]mSv Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn-

epS\ofw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv X\n°v Pohn-X-h-X-hpw A\p-jvTm-

\-hpw hnizmkkwln-X-bp-amWv F∂p Km‘n Icp-Xn.

DXvIr-jvS-amb aX-Po-hnXw Hcmƒ°v F]-Imcw t\Sm-\m-Ip-sa-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-

amWv "k¿h-[¿a ka-`m-h' F∂ k¶¬∏w. \Ωƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw a‰p aX-ß-fpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-K-Ÿ-ßƒ BZ-c-thm-sS ]Tn-°Wsa∂v Km‘n Blzm\w sNøp-∂p. kwk-

vIm-c-k-º-∂-cmb F√m-hcpw CXv Hcp IS-a-bmbn Gs‰-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw At±lw \n¿tZ-

in-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ kmap-Zm-bnI X¿°-ßƒ°v G‰-hpw

\√ ]cn-lm-c-ambn CXv kzoI-cn-°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv. Xo¿®-bmbpw CØcw ]T-\-ßƒ

]c-kv]cw a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\pw kln-jvWp-X-m a-t\m-`mhw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw _lp-

am-\-tØmsS Pohn-°m\pw Bh-iy-amb kml-N-cy-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-b-I-

amIpw. \m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GI-Xz-sa-∂Xv \ΩpsS kwkv-Im-c-Øns‚ i‡n-bm-sW∂pw,

_e-lo-\-X-b√ F∂papff Xncn-®-dn-hmWv Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bh-iyw.

aXw ]mh¿Øn-I-am°m-\p-ff am¿K-ßƒ

BflobPohn-XØns‚ G‰hpw Db¿∂ Xe-amWv kl-\-Øn-eqsS ]m]vX-am-Ip∂

Bflkm£m-¬°mcw AYhm Cuizckm£m-¬°m-cw. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Km‘nPn

Xs‚ ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-X-Øn¬ aX\njvT-I-fmb ]m¿Y-\bpw D]-hm-khpw Bi-a-

h-X-ßfpw IrXy-ambn ]men-®p-t]m-∂p. ""Ft∏m-gmtWm Hcp-h\v hn]Øv As√-¶n¬

Zpc-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv, At∏mƒ D]-hm-kw, ]m¿Y\ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS AXv Fßs\

Zqco-I-cn-°Ww F∂v Fs‚ aXw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.''

]m¿Y\

Cuiz-c-\n-ep-ff ASn-bp-d® hnizmkw Km‘n-bpsS PohnXw ]m¿Y-\m\n¿`-c-am-°n.

105


Cu i‡n Xncn-®-dn™ At±lw ]d-bp∂p: ""]m¿Y\ aX-Øns‚ ]mW\pw Bflm-

hp-am-Wv.'' ]m¿Y\-bpsS e£yw ssZhsØ ]oXn-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-X√. adn®v

Bflip≤o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ff am¿K-am-bn-´mWv CXns\ Km‘n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xv. bYm¿Y ]m¿Y-\- Xn∑bn¬\n∂pff tamN-\hpw kwc-£-W-hp-am-Wv. ]m¿Y-\m

\n-¿`c-amb PohnXw \bn-°p∂bmƒ Cu temI-Øn\pw X\n°pw im¥nbpw kam-

[m-\hpw ]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. Blmcw F]-Im-c-amWv ico-c-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-

∂Xv, A]-ImcwXs∂ ]m¿Y\ Bflm-hn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. ]m¿Y-\-bpsS

kz`mhkhn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v Km‘n Cßs\ A`n-]m-b-s∏- p ""]m¿Y-\-bn¬ lrZ-

b-an-√mØ hm°p-I-tf-°mƒ hm°p-I-fn-√mØ lrZ-bsØ Rm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.''

]m¿Y-\bv°v hm°pIƒ Bhiy-an√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn-eqsS, au\]m¿∞Y\-bpsS

]k‡n FSp-Øp-Im- nbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬\n∂v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]‰mØ H∂mWv ]m¿Y\

F∂pw ssZh-Øn-ep-ff ASn-bpd-® hnizmkw ]m¿Y-\sb IqSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-

sa∂pw ]Xn-hmbn ]m¿Yn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IXbpw At±-l-Øn\v t_m≤y-s∏-´n-

cp-∂p F∂p ImWmw. lrZ-bhn-ip-≤n-tbm-sSbpff ]m¿Y-\bv°v AZv p-X-ßƒ ]h¿Øn-

°m-\m-Ip-sa∂v Xs‚ Pohn-Xm-\p- hßfn-eqsS Km‘n-Pn Xncn-®-dn-™ncp-∂p.

""cmPy-Øns‚ kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw A`n-am-\-Øn\pw th≠n Pohn-X-Øns‚

hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ [ochpw al-Ø-c-hp-amb PohXymK-ß-fpsS BZy-sØbpw Ah-

km-\-sØbpw ]mT-amWv ]m¿Y-\. F√m aX-hn-izm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw ]m¿Y\Iƒ

Dƒs°m-f-fp∂ -co-Xn-bmWv Xs‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ Km‘n ]men®pt]m∂-Xv. ChnsS

]m¿Y-\sb Pohn-X-Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ambn Icp-Xn-t∏m-cpIbpw \n›nX ka-

b-ß-fn¬ CXv \n¿h-ln°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]m¿Y-\-bpsS i‡n-bn¬ Dd® hnizm-k-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ Km‘n F√m aX-ß-fn-ep-ap-ff ]m¿Y\Iƒ°pw Xpey ]cn-K-W-\-bmWv

\¬In-b-Xv. Bflm-hns‚ DXvIr-jvS-amb ]cn-ip-≤n-°p-th-≠n-bp-ff Xoh-amb BK-

lsØ-bmWv ]m¿Y\ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.

D]-hmkw

]m¿Y-\-sbbpw D]-hm-k-sØbpw Hcp \mW-b-Øns‚ c≠p hi-ß-fm-bn- mWv Km‘n

a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xv. D]-hm-k-an-√msX ]m¿Y-\-tbm, ]m¿Y-\-bn-√msX D]-hm-ktam

km[y-a-√. icn-bmb D]-hmkw˛a\v, icocw, Bflmhv F∂n-hsb ip≤o-I-cn-°p-

∂p. CXv ico-c-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßsf Ah-K-Wn®v Bflm-hns\ kzX-¥-am-°p-∂p.

D]hmkw Hcp Bflo-b-amb ]hrØn BI-bm¬ Cuizcka¿∏Ww IqSn-bm-Wv.

CXv Hcm-fpsS Bfli-‡n-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-I-bm¬ Hcn-°epw bm¥n-I-ambn sNøm-

hp∂ ]hrØn-b-√. D]-hmkw A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-bmƒ kzm¿Y-X, hntZzjw, hnizm-k-an-

√m-bva, £a-bn-√mbva F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂p tamNn-X-\m-bn-cn-°Ww. CXv ]cn-]q¿W-

amb im¥-Xbpw hy‡-amb e£y-t_m-[hpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. A]m-c-amb

i‡n-bp-ff D]-hmkw aXn-bmb aps∂m-cp-°-an-√msX sNbvXm¬ A]-I-S-Øn\p

km[y-X-bp-ap-≠v. kXyhpw Alnw-khpw D]-hm-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\XØz-ß-fm-

Wv. kzm¿∞Xm¬∏cy-ßƒ°mbn D]-h-kn-°p-∂-Xns\ Km‘n i‡-ambn FXn¿Øn-

cp-∂p.

106


Biah-X-ßƒ

Biaw

Biaw F∂ kwk-vIr-X]-ZØn\¿Yw k∂ymkw kzoI-cn-®-h-cpsS

hmk-ÿew F∂m-Wv. Km‘n-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ CXv s]mXp-Po-hnXw\bn-°p∂ Hcp Iq´w Bfp-IfpsS Hcp Iq´mbva F∂m-Wv. ChnsSA[zm-\w, kt¥mjw, ZpxJw, ]m¿Y\ F√mw Iq´mb Hcp ]hrØn-bm-Wv. Biahmkn-I-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-X-Øn¬ aX-]chpwBflo-b-hp-amb aqey-ßƒ ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°pIbp≠mbn. kz`m-h-ip-≤n-°p -efn-X-amb GXm\pw \nb-a-ß-f-√msX Bi-a-Ønse At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ°p-ta¬ Hcp Xc-Øn-ep-apff aX-]c-amb BNm-c-ß-fn-ep-ff

\n¿_-‘-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

F¥mWv hXw?

hXw Hcp ZrV-\n-›-b-amWv. CXv ]tem-`-\-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°m≥

\sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂p. CXn-√msX Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]ptcm-KXn Akm-[y-am-Wv. km¿h-Xn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ aqey-ßƒ°p- th-≠n-bmWvhX-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-t°-≠Xv. DZm-l-cWw, ]m]tam-N-\-Øn-\p--ff hX-ßƒ. hX-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂Xv Hcm-fpsS \n-lm-b-X-b-√, hy‡n-

bpsS Icp-Øn-s\-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Hcp \√ kmaq-lnIPohn-X-Øn\v Pohn-X-aq-ey-ßƒ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. CXv

BflobNn¥sb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hXm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfmsS Pohn-°p-∂Xv Cuiz-

c-km-£m¬°m-c-Øn\p-ff am¿K-am-Wv. euInIXrjvWsb AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂-Xn¬

hX-ß-fpsS ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. Xs‚ Bi-a-Ønse At¥-hm-kn-I-tfmSpw

A`ypZ-b-Imw-£n-I-fmb a‰p kplr-Øp-°-tfmSpw N¿®sNbvX tijw Km‘n ]Xn-

s\m∂p hX-ß-fmWv \n¿tZin-®-Xv. Ah Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1. kXyw

(Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬Øs∂ hn-i-Z-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v).

2. Alnwk

(Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬Øs∂ hn-i-Z-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v).

3. _“-Ncy

_“-⁄m\w ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff Adnhv kzmb-Ø-am-°-emWnXv. ]t©-µn-b-

ßsf \nb-¥n®v a\-ns‚ GIm-KX t\Sp-∂p. Aan-X-amb euIoIkpJ-ßsf

Dt]-£n®v icocw˛a\v˛Bflmhv F∂nh-bpsS k¥p-e-\w km[y-am-°p-∂p. CXp

Pohn-X-tØm-Sp-ff Bk‡n C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ tkh\w apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-cm-in-

°pw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Pohn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

\ap

°v A

dnb

mw

107


4. tamjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI (AkvtXb)

CXv tIhew a‰p-f-f-h-cpsS kzØv A]-l-cn-°mXn-cn-°pI amX-a√. \ap-°m-h-iy-an-

√mØ bmsXm∂pw kzoI-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pIIqSn-bm-Wv F∂p Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p. Hmtcm-

cp-Øcpw Ah¿°m-h-iy-ap-f-f-Xp- amXw ssIhiw hbv°p-Ibpw A[n-I-ap-f-fXv a‰p-f-

f-hsc klm-bn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. CXn\v a\-p-ffbmƒ efnX

PohnXw Xnc-s™-Sp-°Ww. Cu ImgvN-∏mSv bmYm¿Yy-am-bm¬ temIØv ZmcnZyw

F∂ hn]Øv C√m-Xm-Ipw. CXn-\p-th≠n \ΩpsS BK-l-ßsf \nb-¥n®v tkz—-

bm¬ D]-hm-k-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂Xn\mbn Km‘n Blzm\w sNbvXp.

5. A]-cn-Kl

Cu hXw tamjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI F∂ hX-Øns‚ Hcp hn]p-eo-I-c-W-am-Wv. kzImcy

kºm-Z-\sØ \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂Xn-te°pw efn-X-Po-hnXw \bn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-

X-bn-te°pw hnc¬Nq≠p-∂p. BK-l-ßƒ eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ep-]cn Ahsb ip≤o-

I-cn-°pI F∂ e£y-amWv CXn¬ Km‘n ImWp-∂-Xv. \mw H∂pw kzoI-cn-°m-Xn-cn-

°p-∂-Xp-t]mseØs∂ AXym-h-iy-ßƒ t\Sm≥ Bh-iy-am-b-Xn-e-[nIw kzcq-]n-

°m\pw ]mSn-√. A[n-I-amb Blmcw, hkvXw, Krtlm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ F∂nh Icp-

Xn-hbv-°p-∂Xv Cu XØz-Øns‚ ewL-\-am-Wv. CXv bmYm¿Yy-am-hm≥ Pohn-XsØ

Inbm-fl-I-ambn efn-X-h¬°-cn-°Ww.

6. Blm-c-Øn-\mbp-ff A[zm\w

Cu hXw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv Btcm-Ky-ap-ff GsXm-cmfpw `£WØn-\p-ff hI

Is≠-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb imco-cnIm[zm\w sNbvXn-cn-°Ww F∂m-Wv. _u≤n-Ihpw

Iem-]-chpw a‰p Ign-hp-I-fpap≈ Bfp-Iƒ AXp kaql\∑bv°v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-

Ww. Blm-c-Øn\mbn F√m-hcpw ]h¿Øn-°pI F∂Xv ]Ir-Xn- \n-b-a-am-Wv.

ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ A[zm-\n-°mØhsc tamjvSm-°-fmbn thWw

IW-°m-°m≥. N¿°-bnse \q¬\q¬∏v Bi-a-Øn¬ ]p\ÿm]n-°pI hgn F√m

At¥-hm-kn-Ifpw Blm-c-Øn\mbn A[zm\w sNø-W-sa-∂p-ff ktµiw ]mh¿Øn-

I-am-°pIbpw sNbvXp. N¿°-bn-ep-ff \q¬\q¬s∏∂ Ie Bi-a-b-⁄-Øns‚ ]Xo-

I-am-Wv. Znh-k-Øn¬ Hcp aWn-°q-sd-¶nepw At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ CXp ]mh¿Øn-I-am-

°-W-sa∂ \n¿_‘w Km‘n-Pn°p≠mbn-cp-∂p.

7. AkzmZ (c-k-\-bpsS \nb-¥-Ww)ck-\-bpsS \nb-¥Ww _“-N-cymh-XsØ Ffp-∏-am-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. kzmZns\

Iog-S-°pI hgn \ap°v F√m Cµn-b-ß-sfbpw \nb-¥n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Blmcw

]c-n-anX-s∏-SpØn ico-c-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n-\m-h-iy-amb £Ww amXw Ign-°p-Ibpw

a‰p-≈-h-cpsS tkh-\-Øn-\mbn ico-csØ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. GsXm-

cmƒ°pw Xs‚ AXym-K-lsØ \nb-¥n-°m≥ ck-\-bpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn-eqsS km[y-

am-Ip-w. Hcp-]t£ \ap°v A\p-jvTn-°m-hp-∂-Xn¬ h®v G‰hpw ITn-\-amb hXhpw

CXm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Km‘n Icp-Xp-∂p.

108


8. \n¿ -bXzw (A- -b)CXp-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv _mly-

hpw B¥-cn-I-hp-amb F√m `b-ß-

fn¬\n∂p-ap≈ ap‡n F∂-Xm-Wv. ico-

c-tØm-Sp≈ Aan-X-amb kvt\l-Øn¬-

\n∂p ap‡-cm-hpI hgn \n¿`-bXzw

km[y-am-Ip-∂p. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ \ap°v

Bh-iy-ap-≈Xv "Cuiz-c-`-b-amWv' F∂

Km‘n ASn-h-c-bn´v ka¿Yn-°p-∂p.

kXyhpw kvt\lhpw km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Hcmsf XS™p \n¿Øp-∂Xv Abm-

fnep≈ `bw H∂p -am-X-am-Wv. \n¿`-bXzhpw [ym\hpw C∂v cmPyw t\cn-Sp∂ -N-In-

X-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ XnI®pw ]k-‡-amWv. ]tXy-In®v CXv khn-ti-j-amb hX-

am-bn-Øs∂ A\p-jvTn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kXym-t\zjn F√mXcw b-ß-sfbpw C√mbva

sNøp-Ibpw ]tXy-In®v Zmcn-Zyw, acWw F∂o Ah-ÿ-Isf Hcn-°epw `b-s∏-Sp-

Ibpacp-Xv. `bsØ a\-n¬\n∂v AI-‰n-bm¬ Cuiz-ckm-£m-¬°mcw Ffp-∏-am-

Ipw. CXv Xn∑sb shdp-°m≥ \sΩ ]m]vX-cm-°pw. Cuiz-c-`bw Hcp c£mI-h-Nw

t]mse a\-ns\ NoØ Nn¥-I-fn¬\n∂p ap‡-am-°p-Ibpw bm-Xo-X-ambnØo¿°p-

Ibpw sNøpw.

9. k¿h[¿a -k-a- mh(ap≥]v \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-cWw t\m°p-I).

10. kztZinkz¥w \m´nse D¬∏-∂-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw F√m hn`mKw P\-ßfpw ]c-am-h[n

]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-XmWv "kztZin' Hcp hX-sa∂ coXn-bn¬ Blzm\w

sNøp-∂-Xv. CXv \ΩpsS Ab¬°m-tcm-Sp≈ kvt\lw H∂p amX-am-Wv. "kztZin'

F∂ hXw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-Xhp-am-Wv. ImcWw CXv \ΩpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns‚Xs∂

\nb-a-amb "Ab¬_‘w' Dt]-£n®v AXym-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ A\y-tZ-i-Øpff

-hsc Bi-bn-°p-∂ coXn-tbm-Sp-ff FXn¿∏mWv.' \ΩpsS G‰hpw ASpØ Np‰p-]m-

Sp-I-fn¬\n∂p e`n-°p∂ tkh-\-ßfpw km[-\-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ "at\m-`m-

hsØ'bmWv kztZin F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hntZ-i-\n¿an-X- h-kvXp-°-fpsS _ln-jvI-

c-W-hpw Xt±-iob D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw kztZin F∂ at\m-`mhØns‚

t_m[y-s∏-S-em-Wv. CXv GsXm-cm-fp-sSbpw IS-abpw I¿Ø-hy-hp-am-Wv F∂ Km‘n

Icp-Xp∂p. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Cu at\m-`mhw \Ωp-sS Ab¬°m-c\v sa®-s∏´ tkh\w

\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb kml-Ncyw D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°¬IqSn-bm-Wv. AXphgn

Ab¬°m-cs‚ sXmgnepw \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI`Z-Xbpw Dd-∏m-°m≥

Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \ΩpsS hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Km‘n-b≥ XØz-amb

Blm-c-Øn\mbp≈ A[zm\w ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°p-∂Xv Fßs\?

kqN\: k-vIqƒ ]cn-kcw hrØn-bm-°¬, hoSv, ]qt¥m´w .....


• Blmcw Ign-°m\m≥ th≠n

Pohn-°pI.

• Pohn-°m\mbn Blmcw Ign-°pI.

Nn¥n-°pI ]¶p-h-bv°pI

109


Ign-bp-∂p. kztZin ]mh¿ØnIam°p∂XneqsS C¥y-bnse Hmtcm Kmahpw kzmi-

bXzhpw kzbw-]-cym-]vX-Xbpw ssIhcn-°pw.

11. Abn-tØm-®m-S\wCu hXw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv F√m a\p-jycpw Xpey-cmWv F∂ al-Ømb ktµ-

i-am-Wv. Hcmsf sXm´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h-\mbn ImWp-∂Xv Cuiz-c-t\mSpw a\p-jy-Ip-e-tØmSpw

sNøp∂ alm- A]cm[ambn Km‘n Icp-Xp-∂p. lnµp-a-X-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂

AbnØw F∂ BNmcw XnI®pw A[m¿an-Ihpw aX-hn-cp-≤-hp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p

Xs∂ CXv D∑q-e\w sNøpI F∂Xv kzX-¥-ambn \nd-th-‰m-hp∂ Hcp XØz-hpam-

Wv. AbnØPmXn-Ifm°s∏´ Bfp-Iƒ°v Xs‚ Bi-a-Ønse a‰v At¥-hm-kn-

Iƒs°m∏w Xpey-]-cn-K-W-\-bmWv Km‘n \¬In-b-Xv. Cu hXw e£y-am-°p-∂Xv

temI-Øp≈ apgp-h≥ Bfp-Iƒ°pw kvt\lhpw tkh-\hpw \¬IpIbm-Wv. Xs‚

\n¿am-Wm-flI]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ÿm\-amWv Abn-tØm-®m-S-

\-Øn\v Km‘n \¬In-b-Xv.

Rm≥ ]p\¿P-∑w BK-ln-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ C\nbpw Hcp P∑aps≠-¶n¬ AXv Hcp

Abn-ØPm-Xn-°m-c-\mbn ]nd-°m-\mWv Fs‚ BK-lw. Imc-Ww, F\n°v Ah-cpsS

ZpxJ-Øn¬, bmX-\-I-fn¬, Ah¿ A\p- -hn-t°-≠n-h∂ A[n-t£-]-ß-fn¬ ]¶p-tN¿∂v

Ah¿s°m∏w \n∂v Ahsc tamNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNømw. AXp-sIm-≠v, Rm≥ ]m¿Yn-°p-

∂Xv C\n ASpØ P∑Øn¬ Hcn-°epw Hcp _m“-Wt\m £Xn-bt\m sshiyt\m

BIm-Xn-cn-°m\pw iqZ-cn¬Øs∂ AXn-iq-Z-\mbnØocp-hm-\pamWv.

˛ alm-flm-Km-‘n


1 apI-fn¬ X∂n-´p≈ Bi-a-h-X-ß-fn¬ \nßƒ ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥

BK-ln-°p-∂Xv GXmWv? Fßs\?

2 Km‘n ]d-bp∂p:""bmsXm∂pw ]mgm-°-cpXv'˛ `£-Ww, sh≈w,

hkvX-ßƒ, Hcp IS-em-kp-t]m-epw.'' CXv GXv Bi-a-h-X-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?

Fs¥√mw hn`-h-ß-fmWv km[m-c-W-bmbn k-vIqfnepw ho´nepw \Ωƒ

]mgm°n°f-bp-∂Xv? Cu hn`-h-ßƒ Fßs\ a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-

∂-Xn\v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-sa∂v \n¿tZ-in-°p-I.

kqN\ : s]mXp-Sm-∏p-I-fnse sh≈w ]mgm-°p-∂Xv

- ˛ Xpd∂p InS-°p∂ Sm∏v AS-bv°p-I. t_m[-h¬°-c-W-¢mkv kwL-Sn-

∏n®pw Pew Aaq-ey-am-sW-∂p≈ π°m¿Uv ÿm]n®pw ]h¿Øn-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

˛

˛

110


almflmKm‘n ˛ Hcp ]mtbm-KnI BZ¿i-hmZn

Km‘n Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Alnw-ksb DXvIr-„-amb `mh-Øn¬ (Nn-¥, hm°v,

]hrØn) A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂p. F√m-hcpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-kvXta-J-e-bnepw

]mh¿Øn-I-am-t°≠ Bflm-hns‚ khn-ti-j-amb Hcp KpW-amWv Alnwk. CXv

]Tn-∏n-°-e√, ]mh¿Øn-I-am-t°-≠-XmWv F∂ \njvI¿j-bmWv At±-lsØ

]mtbm-KnI BZ¿ihmZn F∂ t]cn\v A¿l-\m-°n-b-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ aX-]-c-

amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ bp‡n-k-lhpw [m¿an-I-hpam-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚ bp‡n°pw a\-m-

£n°pw \nc-°mØ Hcp hnizm-khpw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Km‘n Xbm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√. kzbw

Hcp Zm¿i-\n-I-\m-b√ ]mtbm-KnI BZ¿i-hm-Zn-bmbn amX-amWv hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xv. Alnw-ksb P\-Io-b-h¬°-cn-°pI hgn Xt‚-Xmb HcnSw Km‘n Is≠-Øn.

Alnw-ksb hy‡n-aq-ey-Øn¬\n∂p kmaq-ln-Ihpw cm„o-b-hp-amb aqey-ambn

Db¿Øp-I-hgn CXns‚ A]m-c-amb i‡nbpw KpWhpw Xs‚ \nc-¥-c-amb kXym-

t\z-jW]co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS temI-Øn\v kΩm-\n-®p. C∂sØ temI-km-l-N-cy-

Øn¬ kXy-Øn\pw Alnw-kbv°pw bmsXmcp ]k-‡n-bp-an√ F∂p Icp-Xp∂

Bfp-I-fpap-≠v. F∂m¬ CXv Bfl -km-£m-¬°m-c-Øn-\p≈ am¿K-ambn kzoI-cn®

Km‘n Xs‚ ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-Ønse F√m ]hrØn-I-fnepw kºq¿Wam-°pIbpw

sNbvXp. kXyhpw Alnw-kbpw C\nbpw \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw \sΩ apt∂m´v \bn°pw

F∂v Km‘n Dd®p hniz-kn-®ncp-∂p. Km‘n-bpsS Pohn-Xhpw XØz-Nn-¥bpw ]k-

‡-am-hp-∂Xv \ΩpsS PohnXw A¿Y-]q¿W-am-°p-hm≥ FX-tØmfw CXv klm-b-

I--amWv F∂p Xncn-®-dnbptºm-gm-Wv.

111


$ Hcp hna¿i-\m-flI At\z-jWw F∂ \ne-bn¬ XØz-Nn¥ X¿°-im-kvXhpw bp‡nbpw D]-

tbm-Kn®v Bi-b-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-I-bpw,ktµ-l-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-Ipw aXn-bmb hyXn-cn-‡X

D≠m-°p-I-bpw A`n-]m-b-`n-∂-X-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°pIbpw H∏w-Xs∂ ka-K-amb Hcp temI-

ho-£Whpw ]Zm\w sNøp-∂p.

$ C¥y≥ XØz-Nn-¥-bn¬ aX- ˛ [m¿an-I-t_m-[-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬

CXv aXm-[n-jvTn-X-a-√, ImcWw CXn¬ kØm-im-kvXw, ]]-©-im-kvXw, \oXn-im-kvXw, kuµ-

cy-imkvXw, cm„-ao-amwk, `mjm-imkvXw F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

$ Km‘n-b≥ XØz-Nn-¥sb khn-ti-j-am-°p-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ IpSpw-_]-›m-Ø-ew, P∑ÿ-

ew, hnZym- ymkw, ]m›m-Xy- -]u-ckvXyNn¥-Icpw hy‡n-I-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w F∂n-h-bpsS kzm[o-

\-ß-fm-Wv.

$ Cuiz-c≥ kXy-am-sW∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn\p ]Icw kXy-amWv Cuiz-c≥ F∂ hymJym\hpw \¬In.

$ kXyw F∂ hm°v kXv F∂ kwk-vIr-X ]-Z-Øn¬ \n-∂mWv cq]wsIm≠-Xv. \ne-\n¬°p-

∂Xv, bmYm¿Yyw F∂o A¿Y-ßƒ CXn-\p-≠v. kXy-sam-gnsI as‰m∂pw \ne-\n¬°n-√.

$ Alnwk Inbm-fl-I- X-e-Øn¬ kl-Po-hn-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\lhpw tkh-\-hp-am-Wv.

$ kXyw e£yhpw Alnwk AXn-te-°p≈ am¿Khp-am-Wv.

$ kzX-¥-amb C—m-i‡n a\p-jys‚ amXw khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

$ a\p-jy≥ Cuiz-cs‚ ]Xn-cq-]-amWv. AXp-sIm≠v a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb sFIy-

Øn¬ Km‘n hniz-kn-®p.

$ F√m kwk-vIm-c-ß-fnepw aX-ßsf tIµo-I-cn-®mWv Cuiz-c km-£m-¬°m-c-Øn-\p≈ am¿§w

N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

$ Km‘n hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ km¿h-XnI aXw kXy-\n-jvTbm-Wv. \n-lm-b-cmb a\p-jy¿°v

tkh\w \¬I-ep-am-Wv. Cu aX-k-¶¬∏w kmaq-lnI\o-Xnsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw

kmtlm-Z-cyw, kam-[m-\w, kt¥mjw F∂n-h-bv°p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xp-am-Wv.

$ F√m aX-ßfpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn Xpey-am-Wv F∂v Km‘n Icp-Xp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v k¿h

[¿a ka-`mhsa∂ Bibw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°-W-sa∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p.

$ aXw ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn\p ]m¿Y-\, D]-hm-kw, Bi-a-h-X-ßƒ

F∂nh IrXy-\n-jvT-tbmsS Km‘n ]men-®n-cp-∂p.

$ a\p-jyk-aq-l-Øns‚ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-bnepw Km‘n-bpsS Bi-b-ßƒ°p ]k-‡n-bp-≠v. Hcp

]mtbm-KnI BZ¿i-hm-Zn-bmbn Km‘n kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

kw-K-lw

112


$ XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS A¿Yw Fs¥∂v Xncn-®-dn-bpI.

$ C¥ybn¬ F]-Im-c-amWv XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w F∂p hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

$ Km‘n-b≥ XØz-Nn¥ hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

$ Km‘n-b≥ XØzNn¥-bnse ASn-ÿm\mi-b-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°pI.

$ kXy-amWv Cuiz-c≥ F∂ Km‘n-b≥ ImgvN-∏mSv hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

$ ]c-a-amb kXyhpw Bt]-£n-I-k-Xyhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw Is≠-ØpI.

$ Alnw-ksb [oc-XbpsS, sshcp-[y-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

$ e£yhpw am¿Khpw F∂ Km‘n-b≥ Bi-bw hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

$ a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Km‘n-bpsS ImgvN-∏mSv hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

$ Km‘n-bpsS aX-k-¶¬∏w hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

$ aXw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ Km‘n \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ am¿Kßƒ Xncn-®-dn™v AXns‚ ]k‡n

hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

$ Km‘n-b≥ XØzNn¥-bnse Bi-b-ßƒ°v ssZ\w-Zn-\ -Po-hn-X-Øn-ep≈ ]mtbm-KnIX At±-

l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-]-co-£-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

F\n-°p -Ignbpw


1. C¥y≥ XØz-Nn-¥m -Im-gvN-∏m-Sp-I-fpsS AXp-ey-amb ]Xn-^-e-\-am-bmWv Km‘n-b≥ Bi-b-

ßƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

2. Km‘n-b≥ XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\mi-b-ß-ƒ hni-Z-am-°p∂ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.

3. Km‘n-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ kXy-amWv Cuiz-c≥. hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

4. ]c-a-amb kXyhpw Bt]-£n-Ik-Xyhpw XΩn-ep-≈ hyXymkw Is≠-ØpI.

5. Alnw-ksb hy‡n-]-c-amb aqeyw F∂-Xp-t]mse kmaq-ln-I-aqeyw IqSn-bmbn Km‘n Icp-Xp-

∂p. N¿®sNøp-I.

6. Alnw-k-bpsS hnhn[ cq]-ß-fpsS Hcp Nm¿´v Xbm-dm-°pI.

7. e£yhpw am¿Khpw F∂ Km‘n-b≥ ImgvN-∏mSv hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

8. e£yw am¿KsØ km[q-I-cn-°p-∂p, am¿Kw e£y-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p∂p. CXn¬ GXp \ne-]m-

SmWv \nßƒ°v kzoImcyw? F¥p-sIm≠v?

9. a\p-jy]-Ir-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Km‘n-bpsS ImgvN-∏mSv hni-Z-am-°pI.

10. aX-k-ln-jvWpXbn√m-bvabv°v GI-]-cn-lmcw k¿h[¿a ka-`mh F∂ ImgvN∏m-SmWv. Cu

]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

11. aXw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Km‘n apt∂m´phbv°p∂ am¿Kßƒ hni-Z-am-°pI.

12. \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\Pohn-X-Øn¬ GX-f-hp-hsc Km‘n-b≥ BZ¿i-ßƒ ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-

\mhpw F∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ ]co-£-W-ß-fp-sSbpw ]hrØn-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

113

kXyK-l-Øns‚ ]tbm-K-w10

kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ]tbm-K-w

][m-\mi-b-ßƒ

l kzm[o-\-ßƒ

l kXy-K-l-Øns‚ e£y-ßƒ

l ASn-ÿm\XØz-ßƒ

l e£y-Øn-s‚bpw am¿K-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-ip≤n

l kXy-K-l-Øns‚ASn-ÿm\LS-I-ßƒ

l kXyK-l-Øns‚ \nb-a-ßƒ

l kXy-K-ln-°p-th≠ tbmKy-X-Iƒ

l s]cp-am-‰-®- ßƒ

l kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ][m\cq]-ßƒ

l ]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kv

l kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ]k‡n

l Alnw-km-flI ]Xy-£-\-S-]Sn

6

Km‘nPn temI-Øn\p kΩm-\n® i‡hpw hnπ-

hm-fl-I-hp-amb ka-c-cq-]-amWv kXy-K-lw. CXv

Hcp Alnw-km-flIX¥-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv

C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ Km‘n D]-tbm-Kn-

®-Xv. kXy-K-lsØ A\o-Xn°pw Agn-a-Xn-°p-sa-

Xn-cmb Hcp hy‡n-bpsS P∑m-h-Im-i-hpw hnip-≤-

amb I¿Ø-hy-hp-ambn Km‘n IW-°m-°p∂-p.

kXyw Bflm-hns‚ kØ-bm-I-bm¬, IdIf™

Bfl-i-‡n-bmWv kXy-K-lw. Bflm-`n-am-\sØ

A]-l-kn-°p∂ F¥n\p t\scbpw kXy-Klw

\S-Øm≥ \mw _m[y-ÿ-cp-am-Wv.

Cu ka-c-cq-]-Øn\v AWp-t_mw-_n-t\-°mƒ

i‡n-bp≠v. GXp kml-N-cy-Øn-epw GXp tZi-

Øpw GXp ImeØpw CXns‚ coXn H∂p

Xs∂bm-Wv. ImcWw kXyw F°m-e-tØ-°p-ap-

ff-Xm-Wv. lnwkbv-s°-Xnsc Alnwk F∂Xv

kXy-K-lsØ ]cn-jvIr-Xhpw hnπ-hm-fl-I-hp-am-

°p-∂p. Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bnse Gjym-‰nIv cPn-kvtS-

j≥ BIvSn-s\-Xnsc XpS-ßnb Cu ka-c-cq-]-Øn\v

Nºm-c≥ kXy-K-l-tØmsS Hcp km¿h-XnIX

ssIh-∂p. kXyKlkacw Km‘n-bpsS \nc-¥-c-

amb kXym-t\z-j-W-ß-fpsS ]cn-W-X-^-e-amWv.

Km‘nsb kzm[o-\n® LS-I-ßƒ

kXy-Klka-c-sa∂ Bibcq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬

]pcm-W-ß-fnse ]pcp-j≥am¿°p ]pdsa \nc-h[n

]ap-J- hy-‡n-Ifpw Imc-W-ambn F∂Xv hfsc

114


][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. CXn¬ sl≥dn tUhnUv tXmtdm-bpsS "\nb-a-ew-L\w" F∂

D]-\ymkw Hcp "kam-[m-\-]q¿W-amb sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v' F∂ Bi-b-Øn\v ASn-Ø-

d-bn-´p. CXns‚ i‡nbpw aqeyhpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ tXmtdm-bpsS D]-\ymkw (OnCivil Disobedience) klm-b-I-am-bn F∂p Km‘n Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. \nb-

a-ew-L-\-Øn¬ kXy-Kln \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-tbm-Sp-ff BZ-chp \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠p

Xs∂ Hcp ]tXyI \nb-asØ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂p. bYm¿YØn¬ ss__n-

fnse "]pXnb\nb-a-' amWv kl-\-k-a-c-Øns‚ \∑bpw aqeyhpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Imc-

W-am-bXv F∂p Km‘n ]d-bp∂p. Cu Bibw Bg-Øn¬ a\-n¬ ]Xn-bp-∂-Xn\v

`K-h-XvKo-X-bpw ]q¿WX ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ tSmƒtÃm-bv Fgp-Xnb' ssZh-cmPyw

\ns‚-bp-f-fn¬Øs∂-bmWv'(Kingdom of God is within you) F∂ IrXnbpw klm-b-

I-am-bn. kXy-K-l-Øns‚ i‡n t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ IkvXq¿_-bpsS kzm[o-\hpw

][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p: ""Alnw-k-bpsS ]mTw Rm≥ ]Tn-®Xv Fs‚

PohnX ]¶mfn-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. Fs‚ C—bv°v Ahsf Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Rm≥

ian-®p, HcphiØv Fs‚ C—-tbm-Sp-ff ISpØ FXn¿∏pw H∏w Xs∂ Fs‚ aS-b-

Øcw aqew D≠mb IjvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°phm-\p-ff k∂-≤X adp-h-i-Øpw.

Ah-km\w Fs‚ aS-b-Øcw Hm¿Øv Rm≥ kzbw e÷n-°p-Ibpw Xncp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.'' bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bnse Fs‚ kXy-K-l-kacw IkvXq¿_

Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°nb XØz-ß-fpsS Hcp hn]p-eo-I-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p' F∂p

Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p.

kXyK-l-Øns‚ e£yw

FXn-cm-fnsb Xs‚ sX‰n¬\n∂p kvt\lw, £a, kl\w F∂nh-bn-eqsS ]n¥n-cn-

∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv kXy-K-l-Øns‚ e£yw. FXn-cm-fn-bpsS \mi-tam ]cm-P-b-

tam in£tbm CXns‚ e£y-a-√. FXn-cm-fnsb D]-Z-hn-°mt\m Aº-c-∏n-°mt\m

A¿Yam-°p-∂n-√. adn-®v, Hcp a\p-jy-\mbn AwKo-I-cn -°p-Ibpw Xs‚ \√

]hrØnsIm≠v FXn-cm-fnsb at\m]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

]cn-h¿Ø\-Øn-eqsS FXn-cmfn Xs‚ sX‰p-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™p ]›m-Ø-]n-°p-Ibpw

sl≥dn tUhnUv tXmtdm

1846-¬ Xnc-s™-Sp∏p\nIpXn ASbv°m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cn¬

tXmtdmsb AdÃv sNbvXv HcpcmXn Pbn-en-e-S-®p. Cu coXn-

bn-emWv ASn-a-ØØn\pw saIvkn-°≥ bp≤-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmbn

tXmtdm ]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. At±-lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw

saIvkn-°≥ bp≤w ASn-a-ØØns‚ AXn¿Øn hn]p-eo-I-cn-

°m≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "GsXmcp \nb-a-amtWm \nßsf°qSn

A\o-Xn-bpsS GP‚mbn ]h¿Øn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-°p-

∂Xv, B \nbaw ewLn-°pIXs∂ thWw' F∂v tXmtdm ]d-bp∂p.

\ap

°v A

dnb

mw

115

kXyK-l-Øns‚ ]tbm-K-w

\ap

°v A

dnb

mw

kam-[m-\-]-c-amb hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-eqsS ]iv\-]-cn-lmcw ImWm≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. 1940 -¬ Km‘n Cßs\ FgpXn: "AI-a-c-ln-X-amb bp≤w Ft∏mgpw ]cy-h-km-

\n-°p-∂Xv D`-b-k-Ω-X-]-Im-c-ap-ff HØp-Xo¿∏n-emWv, Hcn-°epw Hcp GI-]-£o-b-

amb hnP-b-a-√. FXn-cm-fn°v A¬∏w t]mepw A]-am\w D≠mIp-∂p-an√'. kXy-

Klw Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw hnP-b-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-ff Hcp t]mcm-´-am-Wv. kXy-K-l-Øns‚

e£yw AXns‚ coXn-sbbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. kXy-KlØn¬ iXp-hn-s\-Xn-cmb

F√m tZmlhrØn-Ifpw (Nn-¥-bn-epw hm°n-epw ]\hrØn-bn-epw) Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xm-Wv. Xn∑sb \∑-sIm-≠pw hntZz-jsØ kvt\lw sIm≠pw Ak-XysØ kXyw-

sIm-≠pw lnwksb Alnw-k-sIm≠pw adn-I-S-°m-\mWv kXy-Klw \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xv. FXn-cm-fnsb Xs‚ IpSpw-_mw-K-ambn ImWm-\pw sX‰p sNøp∂ kz¥w

IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcw-K-tØmSv ]tbm-Kn-°p∂ AtX \ne-]mSp Xs∂bmWv FXn-cm-

fn-bpsS sX‰n-t\mSpw ]pe¿tØ-≠sX∂pw Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p.

k-Xy-K-l-sa-∂Xv ]cn-ip-≤-amb Bfl-Xym-K-hpw DXvIr„-amb hn\-bhpw

Atß-b‰ £am-io-e-hpw Zo]vX-amb hnizm-k-hp-am-Wv. AXp-X-s∂-bm-

W-Xns‚ ]Xn-^-ehpw. (bMv C¥y)

kuay-amWv kXyK-lw, Bscbpw t\mhn-°m-\-√. tIm]-Øn-s‚tbm shdp-

∏n-s‚tbm ]I-S-\-am-h-cpXv AXv. i¶bv°pw A£-abv°pw A[n-t£-]-Øn\pw

AXn¬ ÿm\-an-√. kzbw kzoIr-X-am-W-Xv. ]q¿W-ambpw AI-a-Øn\v AXv

]Icw \n¬°p∂p. (l-cn-P≥)

kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-tijn: i‡nbpw D -b-k-Ω-Xhpw

kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ F√m ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-Ifpw hnt[-b-cm-Ip∂ Bfp-I-fpsS

kΩ-X-tØm-sS-bm-sW∂pw Cu kΩXw ]n≥h-en-°p∂ amX-bn¬ Nqj-Whyhÿ

Xs∂ C√m-Xm-Ip-sa∂pw Km‘n hniz-kn-®p. _n´njpIm¿°v \mw \nIpXn \¬Ip-

Ibpw Ah¿°v th≠n \nIpXn ]ncn-°m≥ kl-I-cn°pIbpw sNbvXXp-sIm-≠mWv

C¥y-bn¬ tImf\n`cWw ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv. IqSmsX Ah-cpsS ssk\yw, tImS-Xn,

`cWw F∂n-h-bnepw \ap°p ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ XpS-

cm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®-tXmsS tImf\nhmgvN-bpsS XI¿®bv°p XpS-°-am-bn. P\-ßƒ

\nIp-Xn-b-Sbv-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-Ibpw \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øn\v Xbm-dm-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-

tXmsS tImf\n`c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ØdXs∂ Cf-In. \n-l-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS P\-ß-

fn¬ \n£n-]vX-amb i‡n hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m\pw AXp-hgn _n´njv `cWkwhn-[m-

\sØ ap´p-Ip-Øn-°m\pw km[n-®p.

kXy-K-l-Øns‚ e£yw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Km‘n Nne ASn-ÿm\XØz-ßƒ \n¿tZ-

in-°p-∂p.

ASn-ÿ\XØz-ßƒ

kXyKlka-c-Øn¬ Hcmƒ F√m \∑-I-tfmSpw kl-I-cn-°p-I-bpw F√m Xn∑ï-

I-sfbpw FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kXy-K-l-Øn¬ a‰p-f-f-h-tcm-Sp-ff shdp-∏n\v

116


ÿm\-an-√. CXns‚ ]ptcm-KXn Inbm-fl-I-amb kvt\lw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-

Wv. Hcp-h\v Xs‚ kplr-Øns\ kvt\ln-°pI Ffp-∏-am-Wv. F∂m¬ FXn-cm-fnsb

kvt\ln-°m≥ "Pohs‚ GI-Xz-sa∂ Bg-Øn-ep-ff Xncn-®-dnhv IqSntb Xocq. kXy-

k-‘\mb Hcmƒ°v ]cn-ip-≤-amb Bfl-k-l-\-Øn-eqsS AXn-Iq-c-\mb FXn-cm-fn-

bn¬ t]mepw \∑-sb∂ ASn-ÿm\KpWw DW¿Øm\m-Ip-sa-∂-XmWv kXy-K-l-

Øns‚ a\-»m-kvX-]-c-amb \nK-a-\w.

C∂v Rm\-dn-bp∂p, kXy-K-l-Øns‚ kXy-ßƒ Ita-W-bp-ff Hcp ]cn-

Wm-a-Øns‚ ^e-amWv. kXy-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d-®-Xm-Wv, AXn-\m¬ kXy-

]-tbm-K-sa∂v AXns\ hnfn-°mw. kvt\l-i‡n F∂pw Bfl-i‡n

F∂pw Rm\-Xns\ hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ]tbm-K-Øn¬ AI-a--

Øn\v ÿm\-an√. FXn-cm-fnsb £a-tbmSpw klm-\p-`q-Xn-tbmSpw IqSn-bmWv

ho£n-°p-I. Imc-Ww, Hcmƒ°v kXy-sa∂Xv as‰m-cmƒ°p sX‰mbn tXm∂mw.

AXn-\m¬ FXn-cm-fnsb tZmln-°pI F∂-X-√, kzbw ]oU-\-ßƒ G‰p-hm-

ßpI F∂-XmWv kXy-Kl]tbmKw sIm≠v Rm\-¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv.

˛ Km‘n- ˛ bMv C¥y

e£y-Øn-s‚bpw am¿K-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-ip≤n

e£yhpw am¿Khpw hyXy-kvX-am-sW∂ \ne-]m-Sns\ \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kXy-

Klka-c-Øn¬ e£yhpw am¿Khpw Hcp-t]mse ]cn-ip-≤-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Km‘n

\njvI¿jn-°p-∂p. e£y-tØ-°mƒ am¿K-sØ-bmWv [m¿an-I-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

ambn ÿm]n-°m≥ Km‘n ian-°p-∂-Xv. e£yw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\p-ff kzmX¥yw

\ap-°p-s≠-¶nepw AXn-t∑-ep-ff \ΩpsS \nb-¥Ww ]cn-an-X-am-Wv. AXm-bXv \ΩpsS

e£y-ÿm-\Øv \Ωƒ FØn-t®-cptam F∂Xv ap≥Iq´n Adn-bpI Akm-[y-am-Wv.

F∂m¬ e£y-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cm-\p-ff am¿Kw ]q¿W-ambpw \ΩpsS \nb-¥-W-

Øn-em-Wv. AXpsIm-≠p-Xs∂ kXy-K-l-Øn¬ e£y-Øn-te-°p-ff ]ptcm-KXn kXy-

Kln kzoI-cn-°p∂ am¿K-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-≤n-bpsS t\¿ A\p-]m-X-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-

sa∂pw Km‘n Icp-Xp-∂p.

kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\LS-I-ßƒ

kXyw, Alnw-k, kzbwkl\w F∂n-h-bmWv kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-

ßƒ. kXy-K-l-Øn¬ Cu aq∂p LS-I-ßfpw H∂n-t\m-sSm∂p tN¿∂p kaKX

ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]hrØn AI-a-c-ln-X-amWv F∂-Xp-sIm≠p amXw

AXv kXyK-l-am-Ip-∂n-√. Cu aq∂p LS-I-ß-fn¬ GsX-¶n-ep-sam-∂ns‚ A`mhw

kXy-K-lsØ Xs∂ kmc-ambn _m[n-°pw. Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-

[n-°mw.

1. kXyw

kXy-km-£m-¬°m-c-amWv kXy-K-ln-bpsS ]c-a-amb e£yw, AXn-te-°p-ff GI

am¿§w Alnw-k-bp-am-Wv. kXy-K-l-k-acw XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\ apt∂m-Sn-bmbn a\-n-ep-

\ap

°v A

dnb

mw

117


ff F√m ap≥hn-[n-Ifpw kzm¿Y-Xbpw ip≤o-I-cn-t°-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

Imc-Ww, kzbw ip≤o-I-cWw kXysØ ]q¿W-ambn Dƒs°m-f-fp-hm≥ \sΩ klm-

bn-°p-∂p. Hcmƒ°v FX-I≠v Xt∂m-Sp-Xs∂ kXy-k-‘X ]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-

cn-°p-∂pthm, Abmƒ°v kXyw A]m-]y-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. \ΩpsS e£yw

kXysØ ]q¿W-ambpw Adn-bpI F∂-Xm-Wv, F∂m¬ Cu \izc-amb PohnXw

]cn-an-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-XmWv F¶nepw BIp∂ F√m ia-ßfpw \S-Ø-Ww. Km‘n

Xs‚ PohnX]co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS kXy-K-lsØ Hcp imkvXhpw Ie-bp-ambn

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ "kXyw' ssZh-tØ-°mƒ ka-Khpw ]k-‡-hp-amb A¿Y-

Øn-te°v Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. AXn-\m¬ ssZhsØ \ntj-[n-°p-∂-h¿°p t]mepw

kXysØ \ntj-[n-°m-\m-In-√. AYhm kXysØ \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xp kzbw \ntj-

[n-°p-∂-Xn\p Xpey-am-Wv.

2. Alnwk

Km‘n-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ Alnwk F∂Xv sIm√m-Xn-cn-°p-I, apdn-th¬∏n-°m-Xn-cn-

°pI F∂-Xn-\-∏pdw ]cn-ip-≤-amb kvt\lw F∂ D∂-X-amb aqey-t_m-[-am-Wv.

CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]]-©-Ønse apgp-h≥ Ncm-N-c-ß-tfmSpw (Po-hs‚ G‰hpw

\nm-c-amb Ah-ÿ-tbm-Sp-t]m-epw) ]pe¿Øp∂ DXvIr-jvS-amb kvt\lsØbmWv.

Alnwk \ntj-[mflI--a-√. adn®v Xn∑ï sNøp-∂-h-tcm-Sp-t]mepw \∑ï sNøm-\p-ff

Inbm-fl-I-amb tijn-bmWv. bYm¿Y ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw kt¥m-jhpw km[y-am-°p-

∂Xv kvt\l-sa∂ InbmflIi‡n amX-am-Wv. AXm-bXv F√mw kvt\l-Øn¬

A[n-jvTn-XamWv.

3. kzbwkl\w

CXv kXy-K-l-Øns‚ Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-ImØ Hcp `mK-am-Wv. Xn∑ï ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-

tcm-Sp-t]mepw \∑ï ]h¿Øn-°pI F∂-XmWv Hcp kXy-K-ln-bpsS [¿aw. FXn-cm-

fnsb thZ-\n-∏n-°p-Itbm hnj-an-∏n-°p-Itbm sNømsX kzbw thZ-\bpw ZpxJhpw

G‰phmßp-∂-Xn-eqsS AbmfpsS klm-\p- q-Xn°v ]mX-am-Ip-∂p. s]mXp\∑bv°mbp-

ff Cu XymKw KpW-I-c-amb am‰-ßƒ°p Imc-W-am-Ipw. kzbwkl-\-Øn\v k∂-

≤-\-√mØ Hcmƒ°v kXy-Klw hnP-bn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bpIbn√. "bMv C¥y'-bn¬

Km‘n C]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p:

""kXyw Du´nbpd-∏n-°-emWv kXy-Klw. anX-sa-t∂m cmPm-sht∂m km[m-c-W-

°m-c-s\t∂m Dff hyXym-k-an-√. imco-cnIi‡n-b√ CXv, ChnsS AI-a-Øn\v

ÿm\-hpan-√. km¿h-eu-In-I-ambn ]tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Htc-sbmcp i‡ntb Dffq-˛

Alnwk AYhm ]cn-ip-≤-amb t]aw. as‰mcp hm°n¬ ]d-™m¬, Bfl-i-‡n-bm-

Wn-Xv. kvt\lw a‰p-f-f-hsc Zln-∏n°p-∂n√. AXv kzbw Zln-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬

Hcp kXy-Kln Pohn-Xm-h-km\w hsc ]oU\w kzbw kln°m≥ Xbm-dm-hp-∂p.''

118


kXyK-l-Øns‚ \nb-a-ßƒ

\¬Inbpw kwc-£n-°p-I.

7. B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-Itbm im]-hm-°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm Acp-Xv.

8. A[n-t£-]n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

9. FXn-cmfn a‰p-f-f-h-cm¬ BI-an-°-s∏-Sp-I-tbm A[n-t£-]n-°-s∏-Sp-ItbmsNbvXm¬ AbmfpsS kpc-£bv°v ian-°p-I.

10. XS-hp-Im-c-\m-tI-≠n-h-∂m¬ Pbn¬\nb-a-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw Bflm-`n-am-\w hW-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Hgn-sI-bp-ff Imcy-ß-tfmSv acymZ ]men-°p-Ibpw thWw.

11. Hcp XS-hp-Im-c-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcn-°epw ]tXyI B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Bh-iy-

s∏-S-cp-Xv.

12. XS-hp-Imc\m-bn-cns° IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏´ kuI-cy-ßƒ°mbn D]-hmkw\S-Ø-cp-Xv.

\-ap-°p sNømw

Hcp ^mŒ-dn-bnse GXm\pw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ thX-\-h¿[-\-hn-\p-th≠n

kXy-K-l-k-acw \S-Øp-∂p. ^mŒdn Ihm-S-Øn¬ \nc-∂p-In-S∂v Xß-

fpsS ico-c-Øn¬ Nhn-´n -b-√msX \nßƒ°v ^mŒ-dn-bn¬ ]th-

in°m\mI-n√ F∂ apZm-hm-Iyhpw Db¿Øp-∂p. CtX kabw ka-c-t\-

Xmhv Xms\mcp Znhkw \ncm-lmcw InS-°p-∂-Xmbpw ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.

CXn¬ kXy-K-l-Øns‚ GsX-√mw XØz-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-

sX∂p Is≠Øn AXv hni-Z-am-°p∂ Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.


kXy-K-l-Øns‚ Imcy-£-a-amb \S-∏m-°-en\v Fs¥-¶nepw \nb-a-ß-fpt≠m? Ah-bn¬ NneXv

\nßƒ°v \n¿tZ-in-°mtam?

1. AI-a-ßfnepw in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Ifnepw Xncn-®-Sn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

2. FXn-cm-fn-bpsS sImSn-tXm-c-W-ß-tfmSpw t\Xm-°-tfmSpw A\m-Z-chv]I-Sn-∏n-°-cp-Xv.

3. a\-n¬ hntZzjw kq£n-°-cp-Xv.

4. FXn-cm-fn-bpsS hntZz-j-tØmSv kl\w ]men-°p-I.

5. Ad-Ãn-t\mSpw hkvXp-h-IIƒ I≠p-sI- p-∂-Xn-t\mSpw kzta-[bm kl-I-cn-°p-I.

6. \nßƒ Imcy-ÿ-\mb/ Npa-X-e-°m-c-\mb hkvXp-hns‚ P]vXn kzPo-h≥

119


13. knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øn\p t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-h-cpsS \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ kt¥m-j-tØmsS ]men-°p-I.

14. CjvSm-\p-k-c-W-ap-ff \nbaewL-\-a√, adn-®v, icn-b-√m-ØtXm A[m¿an-I-sa∂vt_m[y-s∏´tXm Bb Imcy-ß-tfm-Sp-ff _‘w ]q¿W-ambpw Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

15. D]m-[n-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-cm-I-cp-Xv.

16. kmap-Zm-bnIkwL¿j-Øn\v kzbw Imc-W-am-I-cp-Xv.

17. h¿Kobel-f-I-fn¬ ]£w]nSn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I. CXn¬ A]-ISw ]‰p∂h-cpsSt£a-Øn-\mbn ]h¿Øn-°p-I.

18. aX-hn-Im-c-ßsf hW-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]hrØn-I-fn¬\n∂p amdn-\n¬°p-I.

kXy-K-ln-bpsS tbmKy-X-Iƒ

Hmtcm kXy-K-lnbpw A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ A®-S-°-Øns‚ Hcp am¿K-tcJ 1921˛¬Km‘n Xbm-dm-°n. 1930 -˛¬ CsXmcp \nb-am-h-en-bm-bn. kXy-K-ln°v Bh-iy-amb

Nne tbmKy-XIfmWv Xmsg sImSp-ØXv.

1. ssZh-Øn-ep-ff ASnbp-d® hnizm-kw.

2. kXy-Ønepw Alnw-k-bn-ep-ap-ff hnizm-kw.

3. kwip-≤-amb hy‡n-Po-hnXw \bn-°-Ww.

4. JmZn ioe-am-°p-Ibpw \q¬\q¬∏v \S-tØ-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

5. F√m el-cn-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ap‡-cm-I-Ww.

6. Imem-\pkr-X-ambn \S-∏m-°p∂ A®-S°\nb-a-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-°Ww.

-]-h¿Ø\w

Hcp kXy-K-ln-bn¬ \nßƒ ImWp∂ KpW-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?

F√m-h¿°pw kXy-K-ln-Iƒ B-hm≥ km[n-°ptam? N¿®sNøpI.

\-ap-°p sNømwapI-fn¬ ]d-™ \nb-a-ßƒ ]men-°m≥ \nßƒ°p km[n-°ptam? CXn¬

\nßƒ°v ]men-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ \nb-a-ß-fpsS Hcp ]´nI Xbm-dm°n

¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI.

120


7. Pbn¬\nb-a-ßƒ Xs‚ Bflm-`n-am-\sØ l\n-°p-∂-X√ F¶n¬ A\p-k-cn-

t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

A®-S-°-\n-b-am-hen

kXy-K-lØn\v Xoh-amb Xbm-sd-Sp∏pw I¿i-\-amb A®-S-°hpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

A®-S-°-cm-ln-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb in£m-\-S-]-Sn-I-sfm∂pw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂n-√. A®-S-

°-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff Km‘n-bpsS ImgvN∏mSv ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-t°-≠-

Xp-≠v. At±lw ]d-bp-∂p: "XymKw, A®-S-°w, Bfl-\n-b-¥Ww F∂nh IqSmsX

tamN-\hpw ]Xym-ibpw km[y-a-√. A®-S-°-an-√mØ XymKw kzoIm-cy-hp-a-√.' AlvaZm-

_m-Znse kvIqƒ hnZym¿Yn-Isf A`n-apJo-I-cn-°sh Km‘n C]-Imcw ]d-™p:

""A®-S-°hpw Bfl-\n-b-¥-W-hp-amWv \sΩ arKobXbn¬\n∂v AI‰n\n¿Øp-∂Xv.''

ITn-\-amb A®-S-°-Øn\v Km‘n-bpsS PohnXw Xs∂ anI® DZm-l-c-W-ambn \ap°v

ImWmhp∂-Xm-Wv. At±lw Hcn-°epw ]`mX˛kmbm”˛]m¿Y\-I-fpw \q¬\q¬∏pw

au\hpw \jvS-s∏-Sm≥ CS-h-cp-Øm-dn-√. GXv Ah-ÿ-bn-epw, tcmKm-h-ÿ-bnepw A√m-

Ø-t∏m-gpw XS-hn-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mgpw Pbn¬tam-Nn-X-\m-b-t∏mgpw, IqSmsX cmXn Gsd

sshIn Dd-tß≠nh∂mepw˛]`m-X-Øn¬ \mep-a-Wn-°p-Xs∂ DW¿∂v ]m¿Y-\-

bnepw a‰p ssZ\w-Zn\ ]hrØn-I-fnepw apgp-In-bn-cp-∂p. ]m¿Y-\-bpw N¿°-bn-ep-ff

\n›nXhnlnXw \q¬\q¬∏pw sNømsX `£Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Nn¥n-

°m≥t]mepw At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. A®S°w ][m-\-ambpw kz¥w a\-

m-£nsb A\p-k-cn-°-em-Wv. F√m kwLS-\m-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ÿm]-\-ß-

fp-sSbpw \ne-\n-¬∏n\v A®-S°w AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

kXy-K-l-Øns‚ Nph-Sp-Iƒ

Pohn-X-Øns‚ kakvX taJ-e-I-fnepw kmaq-ln-Iw, kmº-Øn-Iw, tZio-bw, A¥¿tZ-

iobw˛kXy-K-l-Øn\v km[y-X-bp-≠v. FhnsSsbms° kwL¿jhpw \oXn\ntj-

[hpw ]cm-Xnbpw Dt≠m, AXp ]cn-l-cn-°m-\mbn kXy-Klw \S-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

CXn-\mbn Imcy-ß-fpsS \nP-ÿnXn kXy-K-ln°v t_m[y-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. kXy-k-

‘hpw i≤m-]q¿hhpw ]q¿W-hp-amb At\z-j-W-Øn-eqsS ]cmXn icn-bm-sW∂p

t_m[y-s∏-´m¬ A\o-Xn°nc-bmbh¿ AXn¬\n∂p ap‡n t\Sp-∂Xv AXym-h-iy-am-

sW∂v Adn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. ]cm-Xn-bpsS XohX t_m[y-s∏´p Ign-™m¬ kXy-Kln

CXn\v Imc-W-°m-cmb Bfp-I-fpsS i≤-bn¬s∏Sp-ØpIbpw th-Ww. CXn-\m-bn,

G‰hpw am\y-amb `mj amXta D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hq. amX-hp-a√. Ip‰-°m-cmb Bfp-

Iƒ°v AXp ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠Xv Xß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-sW∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

thWw. AXn\p-ti-jw, \ne-hn-ep-ff kml-N-cysØ kw_-‘n® aXn-bm-bXpw icn-

bm-b-Xp-amb ]Nm-cWw \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. A¬∏w t]mepw AXn-i-tbm‡n Ie-

cmsX thWw CXv sNøm≥. A\o-Xn-tbm-Sp-ff FXn¿∏v Ft∏mgpw kam-[m-\-Øns‚

am¿K-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww.

121


Cu kabw Zpcn-X-a-\p- -hn-t°≠nh∂ P\-ß-fpsS a\m£nsb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°m-\pw

kXy-K-ln°v Ign-b-Ww. kXy-K-l-am¿§w kzoI-cn-°m\pw AXn-\p- XymKm\p-`-hn-

°m≥ P\-ßƒ Xbm-dm-sW∂v Dd-∏m-°m\pw ian-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Ch-cn¬ `qcn-]£w

Bfp-Ifpw kXy-K-l-Øn\v Xbm-dm-Ip-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS iasØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-

tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. adn-®mWv P\-ln-X-sa-¶n¬ hy‡n-KX kXy-K-l-Øn\v Xbm-dm-ImsX

sX‰n\p Imc-W-amb Bfp-I-tfmSv ]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\v Xbm-dm-hm≥ At]-£n-°p-

Ibpw AXv \nckn-°p∂ ]£w i‡-amb t]mcm-´w A\n-hm-cy-sa-¶n¬ DNn-X-amb

kXy-K-l-coXn Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw thWw. \ne-hn-ep-ff kml-Ncyw Bh-iy-s∏-

Sp∂ coXn-bmWv A`n-Im-ayw. kXy-K-l-Øn\v apt∂m-Sn-bmbn ]iv\]cn-lm-c-Øn-\p-

ff as‰√m am¿K-ßfpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. aXn-bmb aps∂m-cp-°-tØmSpw

\oXn\ntj-[-Øn\v Imc-W-°m-cm-b-hsc Adn-bn®pw amXta kXy-Klw XpS-ßm-

hq. ]Xn⁄sbSp-°p-∂Xpw kzbw-ip-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ]\hrØn-Iƒ sNøp-

∂Xpw kXy-K-lsØ i‡-am-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. iXp-hn-s\-Xn-cmb [m¿an-I-

ambn Gsd D∂-X-amb ka-c-amWv kXy-K-l-sa∂ Xncn-®-dnhpw hfsc ]k-‡-am-

Wv. Bfl-ss[-cy-tØm-sS-bp-ff t]mcm´w hnPbw kp\n-›n-X-am-°p-w. kXy-K-l-Øn-

s‚ i‡n-bn-ep-ff hnizm-k-hpw ka-c-Øn-s‚ ImcWw kXy-k-‘-am-sW-∂-Xpw shdp-

∏n-√msX Ah-km\w hsc kl-\-Øn-\p-ff k∂-≤-Xbpw kXym-K-l-Øns‚ hnPbw

Dd-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu ia-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ Hcn-°epw ]n∑m-dmt\m sImSn XmgvØn-s°-´mt\m

]mSn-√. adn®v, FXn-cm-fn-bp-am-bp-ff hntbm-Pn∏v \nm-c-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ amX-amWv Ah-

ti-jn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ hn´p-ho-gvNIƒ°p Xøm-dm-hp-Ibpw thWw.

Hcp amXrIm kXy-Klkacw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ NnetXm apgp-h-\mtbm Dff Imcy-ß-

fn-eqsS IS-∂pt]mIp-∂p.

1. A\-oXn-bpsS kml-Ncyw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

2. CXn-ep-ff AXr]vXn _‘-s∏-´-hsc Adn-bn-°p-∂p.

3. A\o-Xn°v Imc-W-°m-cmb Bfp-Isf kao-]n-°p-∂p.

4. kml-N-cy-Øns‚ Kuchw Ahsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

5. ]iv\-]-cn-lm-cØn\mbn A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p.

6. ]iv\-Øns‚ XohX s]mXp-P-\sØ [cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

7. ]Xn-tj[w Adn-bn-°p-∂p.

8. ]Xy-£- k-a-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p XpS-°-an-Sp-∂p.

9. k∂-≤XtbmSpw kt¥m-j-tØmSpwIqSnb Bflkl-\w.

10. kXy-K-ln-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Iq´mbva D≠m-°p-∂p.

122


11. Ft∏mgpw HØpXo¿∏n-\m-bp-ff k∂-≤X \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p.

12. FXn-cm-fn-bpsS IgnhptISns\ NqjWw sNøm-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

13. \n¿am-Wm-flI]hrØn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.

14. FXn-cm-fn-I-fp-am-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw XpS-cp-∂p.

15. a[y-ÿiasØ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p.

16. kam-[m-\-°-cm-dn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p.

17. hkvXp-\n-jvTamb am‰-Øn-eqsS \oXn- ÿm-]n-s®-Sp-°p-∂p.

18. ]iv\]cn-lmcw Ccp-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw BZ-chp h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p.

19. ]c-kv]cw \µn]d™v Ffn-a-tbm-sS hnPbw BtLm-jn-°p-∂p.

Z£n-Wm^n°-bnepw C¥y-bnepw Km‘nPn \S-Ønb F√m kXy-K-l-ß-fnepw

apI-fn¬ ]d-™- Hmtcm Nph-Sp-Ifpw ]men-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.


\nß-fpsS ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ amen-\y-]iv\w ]©m-b-Øns‚/ap\n-kn-∏m-

en-‰n-bpsS i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´pw ]cn-lmcw ImWm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ \nß-

fpƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp Kq∏v kXyK-l-k-acw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bm-sW-∂p

Icp-Xp-I. CXn\p th≠ aps∂m-cp-°-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? Hcp I¿a-

]-cn-]mSn Xbm-dm-°pI.

kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ][m\ cq]-ßƒ

kXy-K-l-Øns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ß-fn-eqsS Xs‚ F√m BZ¿i-ßfpw XØz-ßfpw

Km‘n ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. kXy-K-l-Øns‚ aq∂p ][m\ cq]-ß-fmWv \n-

l-I-cWw, \nb-a-ew-L-\w, D]-hm-kw. Cu aq∂p cq]-ßfpw \n¿am-Wm-fl-Ihpw ip≤o-

I-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw Xoh-hp-am-Wv. Km‘n-bpsS \n¿am-Wm-flI]cn-]m-Sn-bpw as‰√m

]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kXy-K-l-Øns‚ \n¿am-Wm-flIcq]-ß-fm-Wv. l¿Øm¬, D]-hm-

kw, ]m¿Y\, a‰p kzbw \ntj-[m-flI ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ip≤o-I-c-Wm-flI cq]-ß-

fm-Wv. Xn∑-sbv°-Xn-cmb ]Xy-£-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°p t\XrXzw \¬In \nb-a-ew-L\w

\S-Øp-tºmƒ AXv kXy-K-l-Øns‚ Xohcq]-ambn amdp-∂p. CXn-eqsS kXy-Kln

bmX-\-bpsS GX-‰hpw kln-°m\pw Xn∑sb C√m-bva -sNøm\pw th≠nh∂m¬

acWw hcn-°m\pw Xbm-dm-Ip-∂p.

1. \n-l-I-cWw

kXy-K-lØnse \n-l-I-c-W-Øn\p ASn-ÿm\w Nqj-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-\m-Ip∂

BfpsS A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX Nqj-Why-h-ÿbv°v \ne-\n¬∏n√ F∂ XØzØnem-

123


Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Nqj-W-Øn-\-dpXn hcp-Øm≥ BZy-ambn sNtø-≠Xv kl-

I-cWw ]n≥h-en-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. \n-l-I-c-W-Øn\v Km‘n ]d-bp∂ H∂m-asØ

D]m[n CXv Alnw-km-fl-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww F∂-Xm-Wv. Alnwk F∂Xv \n-l-I-

c-W-Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Pyhpw AXn-]-[m-\-hp-amb LS-I-am-Wv. as‰√m Imcy-Ønepw

\Ωƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏- mepw Alnwk ssIhn-Sm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ A\o-Xn-s°-Xn-cmb t]mcm´w

XpS-cm-\m-Ipw. Alnwk ]men-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Zb-\o-b-ambn ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-w. AXp-

sIm≠v, kXy-Kln Xs‚ ]£-ØmWp icn F∂v Dd∏phcp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Xs‚

Dt±iyw FXn-cm-fnsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ kXy-K-ln-bpsS Ffn-a-bm¿∂ ]hrØn-

Iƒ°v km[n-°-Ww. Nne L´-ß-fn¬ \n-l-I-cWw Nne Aku-I-cy-ßfpw ]bm-

k-ßfpw iXp-hn\v D≠m-°n-tb-°mw. A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS tIm]-Øn\pw CS-bm-°mw.

CXv kXy-K-ln-bpsS bmX-\-Iƒ h¿[n-∏n-°m≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. aXn-bmb Icp-X-

tem-sS thWw kXy-Kln \n-l-I-cWw Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ A√mØ ]£w CXv A]-

I-S-ßƒ°v CS-bm-°pw.

2. \nb-a-e-Lw\w

A[m¿an-Ihpw \oXn-\n-tj-[-I-hp-amb F√m \nb-a-ß-sfbpw sNdp-°p-Ibpw ewLn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-Isb∂Xv GsXmcp kXy-K-ln-bp-sSbpw IS-a-bmbn Km‘n IW-

°m-°p-∂p. \nb-a-ew-L\w kmaq-lnI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw G‰hpw am\y-

am-bXpw Alnw-km-[n-jvTn-Xhpambn-cn-°-Wsa∂v Km‘n \njvI¿jn-°p-∂p. \nb-a-

ew-L-\-sa-∂Xv Hcp ]uc-\n¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-ambn a‰p-f-f-h¿

AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. Hcp kΩ¿±-Øn\pw hgßn Cu Ah-Imiw \jvS-s∏-Sm≥

CS-bm-I-cpXv. a\-m-£n°v \nc-°mØ \nbaw ASn-t®¬∏n-°p∂ ]nXm-hns‚

]hrØnsb FXn¿°m≥ aI\v \nb-a-ew-L-\-sa∂ kXy-K-l-Øns‚ am¿Kw Ah-

ew-_n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \nb-a-cm-ln-Xyhpw GIm-[n-]-Xyhpw Agn-a-Xnbpw \nd™ `c-

W-Iq-S-Øn-s\-Xnsc \nb-a-ew-L\w \S-Øp-∂-Xv hy‡n-bpsS ]cn-ip-≤-amb I¿Ø-

hy-hp-am-Wv. Cu ka-cm-bp-[-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw i≤-tbmsS thW-sa∂ ap∂-dn-bn∏pw

Km‘n-Pnbpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Zfin-bm-X-bn¬

124


Km‘n \¬Ip-∂p. ImcWw, aq¿®-bp-ff Hcp IØn t]mse A]-ISw \nd-™-XmWv CXv.

Nne ka-b-ß-fn¬ Iq´mb \nb-a-ew-L-\-ßƒ Bh-iy-ambnhcmw. CXv kzm¿Y

Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ°mbn Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNøm\pw CS-bp-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \nb-

a-ew-L\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ aXn-bmb PmKX ]pe¿tØ-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-

Wv. CXn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ ISpØ hnNm-c-Wbv°pw in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°pw hnt[-b-cm-

tI≠n-hcpw F∂-Xn-\m¬ Iq´mb \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øn¬ t]mepw P\-°q-´sØ ssk\n-

I-sc-t∏mse A®S°ap-f-f-h-cm-°-Ww. \nb-a-ew-L-\-sa-∂Xv Bbp-[-ta-¥nb Iem-]-

tØ-°mƒ A]-I-S-I-c-amW.v ImcWw, P\-°q-´sØ \nb-¥n-°m\pw kacw Ah-km-

\n-∏n-°m\pw ]bmkw t\cnSpw. \nb-a-ew-L\w \njvI-f-¶-amb kl-\-Øns‚ ]c-a-

amb Imcy-£-a-Xbn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI F∂Xv kvt\l-w

F∂ `mhtØmSp tNcp-tºmƒ AXv ]cn-ip-≤-amb ]t£m-`-ambn amdp-∂p. CXv

\nb-a-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\o-Xn-s°-Xn-cmb G‰hpw

thK-Ønepw \√-Xp-amb ]cn-lm-cam¿K-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNøpw.

Nn¥n°pI, ]¶p-h-bv°pI

Hcp sNdp-∏-°m-c≥ ssUhnMv ssek≥kn\v At]-£n-°m-\p≈

t^mdØn-\p-th≠n Sm≥kvt]m¿´v Hm^o-knse ¢¿°n-s\ -k-ao-]n-

°p∂p. Ah\v e`n® Hcp hml\w sIm≠v Poh-t\m-]m[n Is≠-

Øp-I-bmWv e£yw. Ct∏mƒ CXn-\p≈ t^mdw Chn-sS-bn-s√∂pw

]n∂oSv hcm\pw ¢¿°v ]d-bp∂p. CS-\n-e-°m-c≥ hgn At]£ ka¿∏n-°p-

∂-Xn-eqsS ]Xn-hmbn ¢¿°n\v In´p∂ ssI°q-en°v th≠n-bmWv Cßs\

]d-bp-∂-sX∂v sNdp-∏-°m-c\v a\-n-em-bn. ssek≥kn-√msX Xm≥

h≠ntbmSn-°p-sa∂pw Cu hnhcw t]meo-kns\ Adn-bn®v AdÃv hcn®v

tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-tºmƒ PUvPnsb Ad-nbn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ¢¿°ns‚

t]cv \¬I-W-sa∂pw sNdp-∏-°m-c≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXp tI´-am-X-bn¬

¢¿°v AIØp t]mbn Hcp t^mdw sNdp-∏-°m-c\v \¬In.

Cu kw`hw ¢mkn¬ N¿®sNøp-I. apI-fn¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ ]tXyI kml-

N-cy-Øn¬ sNdp-∏-°m-cs‚ ssek≥kn-√msX hml\w HmSn-°p-sa∂ \ne-

]mSv \ymbo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmtWm?

3. D]-hmkw

kXy-K-ln-bpsS Bh-\m-gn-bnse Ah-km-\-tØXpw G‰hpw i‡-hp-amb Bbp-[-

amWv D]-hm-kw. Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p: "" D]-hmkw ]cn-an-Xtam As√-¶n¬ acWw hsctbm

BImw. c≠m-bmepw D]-hmkw Hcp AXn-i-‡-amb Bbp-[-am-Wv. CXn\v X\-Xmb

Hcp imkvX-hp-ap-≠v. B¿°pw CXp kw_-‘n® ]q¿W-amb Adnhp t\Sm≥ Ign-

bmØ H∂mWv F¶nepw F√m-h¿°pw CXv km[n-°p-Ibn-√. CXn-\p-ff A¿lX

Hcmƒ t\Sp-∂Xv Alnw-k-bpsS \nb-a-ßƒ `‡n-tbmsS ]men-°pIhgn ssIh-

125


cp∂ Bfl-hn-ip-≤n-bn-eq-sS-bmWv. Cuiz-c-\n-ep-ff ASn-bp-d® hnizm-k-tØm-sSm∏w

Af-h‰ £abpw Dd® Xocp-am-\hpw GIm-K-amb a\pw ]q¿W-amb im¥-Xbpw

Bh-iy-amWv. IqSmsX tIm]hpw hntZz-jhpw C√mbvasNømsX B¿°pw CXv

G-s‰-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°n-√. D]-hm-k-Øn-\p-ff A¿lX t\Sm≥ Hcmƒ Xs‚ icocw,

a\v, Bflmhv F∂nh ip≤o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠.v''

acWw hsc-bp-ff \ncm-lmcw ssIImcyw sNøp-tºmƒ AXo-h-i-≤bpw

`‡nbpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXp XnI®pw Hcp hnin-jvS-amb ]hrØn-bmWv. F√m

km[y-X-Ifpw a\-n-em-°n-thWw CXv Gs‰-Sp-°m≥. D]-hmkw F¥v F∂-Xn-t\-

°mƒ CsX-¥mWv Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂Xv F∂-XmWv ][m-\w. th≠X ]cn-io-e-\w,

A®-S°w, ]cn-ip-≤-amb e£yw F∂nh-sbms° D]-hm-k-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-

cns°Øs∂ CXv e£y-]m]vXn ssIh-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. Km‘n \S-Ønb D]-hm-k-

ßƒ kz¥w a\-m-£n-bpsS B⁄-Isf A\p-k-cn-°-em-bn-cp-∂p. cmPvtIm-ńse

D]-hm-k-Øn¬ _e-]-tbm-K-Øns‚ Nne Awi-ßƒ ImWm-\m-Ipw. D]-hmkw Gs‰-

Sp-°p-∂Xv FX-tØmfw _p≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw A]-I-S-km-[y-X-Ifpw \nd-™-XmWv F∂-

Xn-te-°mWv CXp shfn®w Nq≠p-∂-Xv.

\-ap-°p ]-cn-tim-[n-°mwKm‘nb≥ \ncm-lmckacw km[m-cW ]ń-Wn-k-a-c-Øn¬\n∂v

Fßs\bmWp `n∂-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv? N¿®-sN-øp-I.

]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kv

]Xn-tcm-[sØ Km‘n s]mXp-hn¬ c≠mbn t\m°n-°m-Wp∂p. H∂v ]mkohv sdkn-

Ã≥kpw c≠v kXy-Kl-hpw. ]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kv kXy-K-l-Øn¬ \n∂p hyXy-

kvX-am-Wv. Cw•o-jp-Im¿°n-S-bn¬ Hcp \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-c-an-√mØ \nb-a-

ßƒ t]mepw ]men-°m≥ Xbm-dm-ImsXh∂m¬ ]ng CuSm-°p∂ kº-Zmbw \ne-

\n-∂n-cp-∂p. kvXoI-fpsS thm -h-Im-i-Øn-\mbn- cq]wsIm≠ alm-]-ÿm-\hpw Adn-

b-s∏-´Xv ]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kns‚ `mK-am-bn-´m-Wv. CXv Ai-‡-cpsS Bbp-[-am-bn-

´mWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ ImbnIi‡n-bpsS D]-tbmKw Xf-fn-°-f-bp-∂n-

√. ka-cm-\p-Iq-en-I-fmb kvXoI-fn¬ Nne¿ ]pcp-j≥am¿°pw sIń-S-ßƒ°v t\scbpw

AXn-I-a-ßƒ \S-Øn-bncp-∂p. ]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kv Bbp[w FSp-°p∂Xns\bpw

iXp-hns\ D]-Z-hn-°p-∂-Xn-s\bpw FXn¿°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ CXv \ap° th≠-s∏-´-

h¿°v t\sc D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v. (A≤ymbw 3, t]Pv 57 ImWp-I)

kXy-K-lhpw ]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kpw

AI-asØ sNdp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw X¿°]cn-lm-c-Øn-\pw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb

am‰-ßƒ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ c≠p coXn-I-fmWv kXy-K-lhpw

]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kpw. km[m-c-W-bmbn Cu c≠p coXn-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse amdnamdn

126


D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ch XΩn-ep-ff hyXymkw Xmsg tN¿°p-

∂p.

Cu Imc-W-ß-fm¬ kXy-Klw ]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kns\°mƒ Imcy-£-ahpw AI-

a-hm-gvNbv-s°-Xn-sc-bp-ff ISpØ \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpf-f-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.

kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ]k‡n

Km‘n cq]w\¬Inb kXy-Kl XØz-Nn-¥bv°v Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠nepw IqSp-

X¬ ]k‡nbpf-f-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. òI-c-hm-Zw, AI-aw, temIw t\cn-Sp∂ ]e

h¿Ø-am-\-Ime ]iv\-ßƒ°pw ]cn-lm-c-ambn Alnw-km-fl-I -co-Xn-tb-°mƒ ê-

]-Z-amb Hcp coXnbpw \ne-hn-en-√. P\ß-fpsS i‡n-°p-ap-∂n¬ Bbp-[-Øns‚

i‡n ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-sa∂p NcnXw \sΩ Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p. kXy-K-lØn¬ imco-cn-

I-£-a-X-bp-f-f-h¿ amX-a√, kvXoIfpw Ipń-Ifpw ]mb-am-b-h¿ t]mepw ]s¶-Sp-°p-

∂p. Km‘nb≥ kXy-K-l-ßfn¬ kvXoI-fpsS Db¿∂ ]¶m-fnØw it≤-b-am-bn-cp-

∂p. Nne hna¿i-I¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv, _nń-jp-Im¿°v P\m-[n-]-Xy-co-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-Nn-X-am-b-

Xp-sIm≠v amX-amWv C¥y-bn¬ kXy-Klw hnP-bn-®-sX-∂pw Hcp GIm[n-]-Xn-s°-

Xnsc Cu kacw A]mtbm-Kn-I--amsW∂pamWv. Cu hna¿i-\-tØm-Sp-ff Km‘n-

bpsS adp-]-Sn: ""G‰hpw ITn-\-amb temlw t]mepw aXn-bmb Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ Dcp-

IpIXs∂ sNøpw. AXp-X-s∂-bmWv GIm-[n-]-Xn-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw kw`-hn-°pI''.

]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kv

1. Ah-k-c-hm-Z]c-amb Hcp cmjvSob

Bbp-[amWv.

2. CXv Ai‡-cpsS Bbp[amWv.

3. iXp-hn\pta¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-

°p-∂p.

4. iXp-hn -t\m-Sp -ff kvt\l-Øn\v

ÿm\-an-√.

5. \n›eamWv.

6. \njvInb ]h¿Ø\amWv. _p≤n-ap-

´p-I-tfmSp-ff FXn¿∏pap-≠v.

7. AI-a-am¿K-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°p-∂n-√.

kXy-Klw

1. Imbn-I-i-‡n-°p-ta¬ Bfl-i-‡n-°p-

ff ta¬t°m-bvasb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bp-ff [m¿anI Bbp[amWn-Xv.

2. a‰p-f-f-hsc sIm√msX kzbw acn-

°m≥ Xbm-dm-Ip∂ ss[cy-imenbpsS

Bbp-[w.

3. kvt\lw, £a-, kl-\w F∂nh-bn-eqsS

iXphns\ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

4. iXp-Xbv°pw hntZz-j-Øn\pw CS-an√.

5. ]cn-h¿Ø-\m-fl-IamWv.

6. Inbm-fl-I-ambn ]h¿Øn-°pIbpw

]bm-k-ßƒ kt¥m-j-tØmsS Gs‰-

Sp--°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

7. Hcp kml-N-cy-Ønepw AI-aw A\p-

h-Zn-°p-∂n-√.

127


kXy-Klw AYhm Alnw-km-[n-jvTnX t]mcm- -Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XØz-Nn¥ FXn-

cm-fn-bpsS lrZ-bhpw a\pw kl-\-Øn-eqsS Iog-S-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. AI-a-cm-ln-

XysØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Ønb t]mcm-´-ß-fn¬ bmX\-I-fp-≠v. CXv sX‰v sNøp∂

Bfn¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°msX kXy-Kln kzbw kln-°p-∂p. AI-a-am¿K-ß-fn¬

\Ωƒ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bm¬ A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ IjvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v \mw DØ-c-hm-Zn-

I-fm-Ipw. Cu sX‰p Xncp-Øm-hp-∂-X-√. Alnwk ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS \ΩpsS

am¿´n≥ eqX¿ InMv (Pq\n-b¿)- ]u-cm-h-Imi]ÿm-\-Øn¬

sX‰p-Iƒ°p \Ωƒ amXamWv DØ-c-hmZn. Npcp-°-Øn¬, a\p-jy-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ]ptcm-

K-Xn°v Alnw-km-am¿Kw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ASpØ Ime-Ømbn IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ

Cu am¿K-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw a\-n-em°nØpS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. en_n-b, SpWo-jy,

CuPn]vXv XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fn¬ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒs°-Xncmb P\-Io-b-ap-t∂-‰-ß-fn¬

Alnw-k-bpsS coXn-I-fmWv ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. "Ad_v hk-¥w'- F∂ t]cn¬ Cu

t]mcm-´-ßƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Alnw-km-flI ]Xy£]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

CXv Alnw-km-am¿K-Øn-eqsS k¿°m¿\b-ßƒ Xncp-Øm≥ P\-ßƒ kwL-Sn-X-

ambn \S-Øp∂ Nne ia-ß-fm-Wv. s]mXp-tbm-K-ßƒ, ]I-S-\-ßƒ, am[y-a-]-Nm-

cWw XpS-ßn-bh CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. kΩ¿±X-¥-ß-fmb IpØn-bn-cn-∏v, XS-™p-

hbv-°¬, \nb-a-ew-L\w XpS-ßn-bhbpw CXn¬∏Sp-∂p. ASpØ Ime-Ømbn Cu

ka-cco-Xn°v temI-sa-ºmSpw ]Nmcw e`n-®p-h-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. CXv ]q¿W-

ambpw Km‘n-b≥ coXn-bn-e√ F¶nepw Nne kam-\-X-Iƒ CXp-ambn ]pe¿Øp-∂p-

≠v. Km‘n-bpsS kXy-K-l-k-a-csØ A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-am-°p-∂Xv Alnw-k-bn-ep-

ff ASn-bp-d® ]Xn-_-≤-X-bm-Wv. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv AXns‚ i‡n-ssh-in-jvSyhpw.

CXn¬ Alnwk tIh-e-samcp X¥-a√, Pohs‚ \nb-ahpw XØz-hp-am-Wv. CXp-X-

s∂-bm-Wn-Xns‚ imkvXhpw kuµ-cy-hpw. Kth-j-I-\mb ]^. Po≥ jm¿]v BWv

128


Alnw-km-flI ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ ]Nmcw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv.

Alnw-km-flI ]Xy£ ]h¿Ø\coXn-Iƒ

Po≥ jm¿]v Alnw-km-fl-I -]-Xy-£-]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf ][m-\-ambpw aq∂p hn`m-K-

ambn- Xn-cn-°p∂p.

1. ]Xo-Im-flI ]Xn-tj-[-ß-fmb ]I-S-\w, PmK-Xm-]-h¿Ø-\w, eLpte-J-I-

fpsS hnX-c-Ww.

2. FXn-cm-fn-I-fp-am-bp-ff kl-I-cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ mK-am-bp-ff ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ. DZm: kmº-ØnI D]-tcm-[w, sXmgn¬ka-c-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h.

3. ssZ\w-Zn\ ]h¿Ø-\sØ XS--s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm AXn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Itbm sNøp-

∂p. CXv a\-»m-kvX-]-c-hpw kmaq-ln-I-hpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw cmjvSo-b-hpamb cq]-

ß-fnemWv \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xv. CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Hm^okv ]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-Sp-°¬,

\ncm-lm-c-k-acw, AdÃv hcn-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv. Cu ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Xncn-

®-dn-bp-∂Xv AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ am¿KsØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv. GI-

tZiw 198 Alnw-km-[n-jvTnX ka-c-co-Xn-Isf Ipdn-®p-ff Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fmWv

]^. Po≥ jm¿]v \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Km‘n-b≥ Alnw-km-kn-≤m-¥sØ Po≥ jm¿]v

hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv tIh-e-samcp XØz-sa∂ \ne-

bne√, AXns‚ X¥-]-[m-\-amb ]tbmK

km[yXIqSn Xncn-®-dn -™psIm-≠mWv. Po≥

jm¿]v Fgp-Xnb "Alnw-kmflI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-

fpsS' F∂ IrXn \nc-h[n mj-I-fn-te°p ]cn-`m-

j-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw temI-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap-ff P\m-[n-

]Xy]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bv°v CXv ]tNm-Z-

\-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn´p≠v. ]^.-Po≥ jm¿]v

129


$ kXy-K-l-k-acw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Km‘nsb kzm[o-\n® alZv hy‡n-Xz-ßfpsS ]¶v

Is≠Øn hnh-cn-°p-I.

$ kXy-K-l-Øns‚ e£y-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°pI.

$ kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-km-[yX hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

$ kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Øz-ßƒ Is≠Øn hnh-cn-°pI.

$ kXy-K-l-Øns‚ \nb-a-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn°pI.

$ kXy-K-l-n°p -th≠ tbmKy-X-Iƒ Is≠-ØpI.

$ kXy-K-l-Øn¬ A®-S-°-Øn-\p≈ ]m[m\yw hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

$ kXy-K-lka-c-Øn¬ ]men-t°≠ Nph-Sp-Iƒ GsXms° F∂p Is≠-ØpI.

$ kXy-K-l-Øns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ßƒ Is≠Øn hnh-cn-°pI.

$ kXy-K-lhpw ]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ Is≠-ØpI.

$ kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ]k‡n hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

F\n-°p I-gnbpw

kw-K-lw

$ kvt\lw, £a, kl\w F∂nh-bn-eqsS FXn-cm-fnsb sX‰n¬ \n∂p tamNn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-

Wv kXy-K-l-Øns‚ e£yw.

$ FXn-cm-fn-bn-ep-ff \∑sb DW¿Øm≥ kXy-k-‘-\mb HcmfpsS kzbw kl-\-Øn-eqsS km[y-

am-Wv.

$ am¿K-Øns‚ hnip-≤nsb Bi-bn-®mWv kXy-K-l-Øns‚ hnP-bw.

$ kXyw, Alnw-k, kl\w F∂nh kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.

$ kXy-K-lhpw ]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kpw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.

$ \n-l-I-c-Ww, \nb-a-ew-L-\w, D]-hmkw F∂nh kXy-K-l-Øns‚ aq∂p ][m\ cq]-ß-fm-Wv.

$ 1930¬ Km‘n kXy-K-l-Øns‚ \nb-a-ßƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn.

$ kXy-Klw hnP-b-am-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb A®-S-°-\n-b-a-ßfpap≠m-°n.

$ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \b-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn Alnw-km-flI ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬In.

130



1. kXy-K-lnbpsS Bfl-k-l-\sØ Bi-bn-®mWv AXns‚ hnPbw F∂ ]kvXm-h-\-tbmSv

\nßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂pthm? hni-Z-am-°pI.

2. ]tZ-iØp ]h¿Øn-°p∂ ^mŒ-dn-bn¬\n-∂p≈ amen\yw \nanØw \nßƒ hmbp-a-en\o-

IcWØns‚ _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°pIbm-Wv. \nßfpw kplr-Øp-°fpw tN¿∂v ]Xn-

tj-[-k-acw \S-Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®ncn-°p-∂p. GsXms° Nph-Sp-I-fmWv ka-c-Øns‚ `mK-

ambn \nßƒ ]men-°pI F∂p hni-Z-am-°pI.

3. kXy-K-lhpw ]mkohv sdkn-Ã≥kpw ]Xn-tj-[-Øn-\p≈ DNn-X-am¿K-ßfmWv \nßƒ CXn-

t\mSv tbmPn-°p-∂pthm? hni-Z-am-°pI.

4. Km‘n kzmX¥yka-c-Øn¬ \S-Ønb kXy-K-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnhn[ kXy-K-

lßsf hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

5. A®-S-°-\n-b-a-ßƒ hnP-b-Øns‚ ][m\ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. kXy-K-l-Øn¬ A®-S-°-\n-b-a-ß-

fpsS ]m[m\yw hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

131

alm-fl-mKm-‘n-bpsS cmjvSobZ¿i-\-ßƒ10alm-fl-mKm-‘n-bpsS cmjvSobZ¿i-\-ßƒ

][m-\m-i-b-ßƒ

$ cmjvSw ˛ k¶¬∏hpw khn-ti-j-X-I-fpw

$ cmjvSobaqey-ßƒ

$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS cmjvSob k¶¬∏-ßƒ

$ cmjvSsØ°pdn-®p-ff Km‘n-Pn-bpsS

k¶¬∏-ßƒ

$ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw

]m[m-\yhpw.

$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS P\m-[n-]Xy

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

$ A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-cWw

$ C¥y≥ cmjvSo-b-Øn¬

alm-flm-Km‘n-bpsS ]m[m\yw

7

alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS cmjvSo-b-Im-gvN-∏m-SpI-fmWv

Cu A[ym-bØn¬ N¿®sNøp-∂-Xv. AtX-∏‰n

IqSp--X¬ a\-n-em-°m≥ B[p-\nI cmjvS-X-

¥imkvX-Øns‚- ASn-ÿm-\m-i-b-ß-fmb cm-

jvSw-, cmjvSo-b-aq-ey-ßƒ, cmjvS-Øns‚ LS-

Ißƒ XpS-ßn-bh \mw Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww.

cmjvSobw F∂Xv Hcmƒ CjvS-s∏-´mepw Cs√-

¶nepw Ahs‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. Xßƒ

cmjvSo-b-Øn\v FXn-cm-sW∂pw AXp-sIm≠p

]tbm-P\ans√∂pw Nne¿ ]d-bm-dp-≠v. bYm¿Y-

Øn¬ Cu ]-d-®n¬Øs∂ Hcp cmjvSob \ne-

]m-Sm-Wv. \Ωƒ thm´p-sN-øp-∂-Xv, Kh¨sa‚ns\

hna¿in-°p-∂Xv, ]cm-Xn-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xv, Kma-k-

`-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xv... F√mw bYm¿Y-Øn¬

cmjvSobwXs∂-bm-Wv.

F¥mWv cmjvSobw?

B[p-\nI cmjvSobNn¥-Iƒ°p XpS°w Ipdn-°p-

∂Xv Ko°v Nn¥-I-cmb tπt‰m-bn¬\n∂pw

cmjvSobw F∂-Xp -sIm≠v\nßƒ F¥mWv A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv ? \nß-fpsS amXm-]n -Xm -°fpw _‘p-°fpw CS-s]-Sp∂Nne cmjvSob]iv\-ßƒ N¿®sNøpI.


132


Acn-tÃm-´n-en¬\n∂pamsW∂p ]d-bmw. ]e ]pcm-X\ C¥y≥ IrXn-I-fnepw ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ cmjv-SobZ¿i-\-ßƒ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. a\p-kvar-Xn, alm-`m-c-X-Ønse im¥n-]¿hwIuSneys‚ A¿Y-imkvXw F∂nhCh-bn¬ Nne-XmWv. cmjvSobsØC¥ybn¬ s]mXp-hmbn "cmP-\oXn'F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. CXn-\¿Yw cmPm-hns‚, `c-W-I¿Øm-hns‚`c-W-\n¿h-lW XØz-ßƒ F∂m-Wv.

cmjvS-X-¥-imkvXw (Political Science)

cmjvS-X-¥-imkvXw F∂Xv cmjvS-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßsfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpwimkvXo-b-ambn ]Tn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. cmjvS-Øns‚ LS-\bpw ]h¿Ø-\hpw a‰pcmjvS-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-ßfpw Cu ]T-\-Øn-s‚ mKam-Wv. cmjvSo-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]In-b-I-fp-sSbpw ASp°pw Nn -tbm-Sp-ap≈ ]T-\-w, s]mXpPohn-X-Øn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]tbm-Kw, A[n-Im-cw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apgp-I¬, cmjvS-sØtbm kaq-l-sØtbm kw_-‘n-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-ßsfkzm[o-\n-°p∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p a\n-em-°¬ F∂n-h-sb√mw cmjvS-X-¥-]T-\-Øns‚ `mKam-Wv.

cmjvSo-b-w F∂m¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcp cmjvS-Øns‚ `c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]iv\-ß-fm-Wv. A[n-Im-chpw B[n-]-Xyhpw ]c-kv]c_‘n-X-am-Wv. B[n-]-Xy-sa-∂Xv\nb-a-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-am-Wv. cmjvSobw s]mXp-hn¬ cmjvS-Øns‚ `cW\n¿h-l-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ß-sf-bmWv ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xv.

F¥mWp cmjvSw?

""Ãm‰kv'' F∂ em‰n≥]Z-Øn¬\n∂mWv tÃ‰v (cm-jvSw) F∂ ]Zap≠m-b-Xv. cmjvSo-b-ambn kwL-Sn-X-amb Hcp kaq-l-amWvcmjvSw. amIvkv sh_dpsS \n¿h-N-\Øn¬ cmjvSw Hcp kap-Zm-b-am-Wv. Hcp`q]-tZ-i-Øn-\p-ta¬ \nb-a-km-[p-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn uXn-I-i-‡n-bpsS IpØI Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ H∂m-Wv.- -c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ÿm]-\-ß-fn -eq -sS-bmWv cmjvSw]h¿Øn-°p-I. c-W-IqSw F∂Xv cmPy-hym-]-I-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ H∂m-Wv.F√m cmjvS-Øn\pw s]mXp-hmbn \mep

LS-I-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.1. P\-ßƒ 2. `q]-tZ-iw 3. `c-W-IqSw 4. ]c-am-[n-ImcwF∂n-h-bm-W-Xv. a‰p kmaq-lnIkwL-ß-fn¬\n∂p cmjvSsØ thdn- p-\n¿Øp∂XvAXns‚ ÿm]nXe£yw,- coXn-Iƒ, `q]-tZiw, ]c-am-[n-Imcw F∂n-h-bpsS khn-ti-jXIfm-Wv. cmjvS-Øns‚ e£yw kpc-£bpw Iahpw ÿm]n-°-em-Wv.- A-Xns‚kwLm-S\XØzw F∂Xv \nbaw \S-∏n-em-°pIsb∂-Xm-Wv. \nb-X-amb Hcp `q]-tZ-iØv \nb-a-hm-gvN-bv°p≈ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw cmjvSØn\p-≠v.

cmjvSw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v F¥mWv

\nßƒ A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv ? \nß-fpsS

Bi-b-ßƒ Fgp-Xn- X-bm-dm°n ¢mkn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.


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s]mfn-‰nIvkv (cm-jvSo-bw)

]uc--cpsS hyh-lm-c-ß-sf-∏‰n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ s]mfn-‰n-t°mkv (Politikos) F∂ Ko°v-]-Z-Øn¬ \n∂mWv

s]mfn-‰nIvkn(Politics) s‚ \njv]-Øn. Ko°v \KccmjvS-ß-fnse `c-WsØ \bn-®n-cp∂ XØz-ßfpw]tbm-K-ßfpw kw_-‘n® hnh£bmWn-Xv. ]pcm-X\

Ko°p-Imsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw F√m s]mXp-]-h¿Ø-\-sØbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp ka-K-[m-c-W-bm-bn-cp∂p cmjvSw.

133

alm-fl-mKm-‘n-bpsS cmjvSobZ¿i-\-ßƒ

C¥y≥ ]mcº-cy-Øn¬ cmam-b-Ww, alm-`m-c-X-Ønse im¥n-]¿hw, a\p-kvar-Xn,-

A¿Y-imkvXw XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-fn¬ cmjvSk¶-¬∏w Bhn-jvI-cn-®n- p-≠v.- cm-jvSob

kwLm-S-\-Øns‚ NnXw _p≤˛-ssP-\-Z¿i-\-Ønepw hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p-. C¥y-bpsS

cmjvSobImgvN-∏mSv Bg-Øn¬ thtcm-Sn-bn-´p≈Xv [¿aw F∂ Zm¿i-\n-I ASn-Ø-

d-bn-em-Wv.- A-Xn\v \nb-aw, I¿Ø-hyw,- km-aq-lnIIaw,- \oXn F∂n-h-tb-°mƒ Bg-

Ønepw hym]-I-ambpw A¿Y-X-e-ß-fp-≠v.

Hcp \n›nX `q]-tZ-iØv \nb-a-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ P\-X-sb∂p

hpUvtdm- hn¬k≥ cmjvSsØ \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂p.

A\p-h-Zn®psImSp-Ø Hcp ]tXyI `q]-tZ-iØv as‰√m ÿm]-\-ß-fpsSbpw ta¬

]c-am-[n-Imcap≈ c-W-Iq-Shpw ]P-I-fp-ambn hn`-Pn-°s∏´n´p≈ Hcp ]mtZ-inI kaq-l-amWv cmjvS-sa∂v lmtcmƒUv emkvIn \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂p. IrXy-amb Hcp `q]-tZ-iØv_mly-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn¬\n∂p kzX-¥-amb, `qcn-]£w \nhm-kn-Ifpw hnt[-b-s∏´p

\n¬°p∂, Hcp kwL-SnX `c-W-Iq-S-ap≈, P\-kwJym hep-∏-s®dp-∏-an-√m-sX-bp≈hy‡n-I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bmWv cmjv-S-sa∂mWv Km¿\-dns‚ \n¿h-N-\w.

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cmjvShpw tZihpw

$ cmjvS-sa-∂Xv Hcp cmjvSobkw⁄-bm-Wv. tZi-sa-∂Xv Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI kw⁄-

bpw. tZi-sa∂ Bi-b-Øn¬ Hcp cmjvS-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Dƒs∏-Smw.

$ cmjvSw B`y-¥-c-ambn k¿hm-[n-Im-c-ap-≈Xpw _mly-ambn kzX¥-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw.

$ Ht∂m AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem tZi-ßtfm P\-ßtfm Hcp cmjvS-Øn¬ D≠m-hmw.

cmjvS D¤hkn≤m-¥-ßƒ

ssZhn-tIm¬∏Øn kn≤m¥w :cmjvSw ssZh-Øns‚ I¬∏\-bm¬ ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xm-Wv, `c-Wm-[n-

]-∑m¿ ssZh-Øm¬ \nb-an-X-cm-Wv. ssZh-tØm-S-√msX Ah¿°v a‰m-tcmSpw bmsXmcp IS-∏mSpan√F∂n-h-bm-Wv ssZhn-tIm¬∏Ønkn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d.

_e-kn-≤m¥w :_e-hm-\mb a\p-jy≥ Zp¿_-e-\mb a\p-jys\ Iog-S-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv cmjvSwDS-se-Sp-°p-∂-sX∂ hmZw.

kmaq-lnIIcm¿ kn≤m¥w :cmjvtSm¬∏-Øn°p apºp a\p-jys\ \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv ]IrXn\nb-a-ß-fm-Wv. ]Ir-Xn-Z-i-bnse PohnXw Zplamb-t∏mƒ hy‡n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS kpc-£-bv°mbnHcp kmaqlnIhyh-ÿnXn krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hy‡n, hy‡n-tbmSpw kap-Zm-b-tØmSpw cmjvS-

tØmSpw h¿K_m[y-X-bn-eqsS Hcp Icm¿ cq]s∏SpØp-∂p. Aßs\ kmaq-lnIIcm-dns‚ ^e-ambn cq]wsIm≈p-∂-XmWv cmjvSw.

]cn-Wmakn≤m¥w :kaq-l-Øns‚ Iam-\p-K-Xhpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-amb NcnX]cn-Wm-a-Øn¬ \n∂vDS-se-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv cmjvSw. aXw, bp≤w, cmjvSo-b-t_m[w F∂nh cmjvS-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-se ]apJLS-I-ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.

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nbmw

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F¥mWv cmjvS-Øns‚ ]mY-an-Ihpw][m-\-hp-amb BkvXn? P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ßsfAS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp am∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I. P\-kwJy IqSp-X-epff A©vkwÿm-\-ßƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

C¥y-bnse BsI P\-kwJy IW-°m-°p-I.


cmjvS-Øns‚ LS-I-ßƒ

P\-X

cmjvS-Øns‚ ]mY-an-Ihpw ][m-\-hp-

amb LS-I-am-Wv P\X. P\X F∂Xv

B cmjvS-Øn¬ A[n-h-kn-°p∂

F√m-hcpw tN¿∂-XmWv. Hcp cmjvS-

Øn\v \nb-X-amb Hcp P\-kwJybn√.

F∂m¬ kzbw-]-cym-]vX-X-bn-te-s°-

Øm≥ klm-b-Iam-bXpw `c-W-\n¿h-

l-W-Øn\p km[y-am-b-Xp-amb FÆ-

amWv A`n-Im-ayw. Hcp B[p\nI

cmjvS-Ønse P\X B q]-tZ-iØv ÿnc-Xm-a-k-ap≈ F√m Bfp-Ifpw tN¿∂-Xm-

Wv. CXn¬ Xt±-i-hm-kn-Ifpw hntZ-io-bcpw Dƒs∏-Spw. Hcp cmjvS-Ønse P\ßƒ,

`mj, kwkvIm-cw, h¿Kw F∂n-h-sbms° ]q¿W-ambn Hcpt]msebmI-W-sa-∂n-√.

\√ ]uc-¿ \√ cmjvSw krjvSn°pw F∂mWv Acn-tÃm-ń¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

P\-ß-fpsS KpW-ta-∑, kz`m-hw, kwkvIm-cw, cmjvS-Øns‚ mK-am-sW∂ Ah-t_m[w

XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms° ][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ KWtØ-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ KpW-

ta-∑-bv°mWp ]m[m-\yap≈Xv.

`q]-tZiw

cmjvSw \nb-a-]-c-ambpw cmjvSo-b-ambpw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp ]tXyI

`q]-tZ-iØp ]h¿Øn-°pw. Cu ]tZiw Hcp cmjvSw ssIhiwhbv°p-Ibpw \nb-

¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. cmjvSw AXns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw Chn-sS-bmWv ]mh¿Øn-I-

am-°p-∂-Xv. IrXy-amb Hcp ]tZ-iØv A[n-h-kn-°p-∂n√ F¶n¬ P\-ßƒ°v Hcp

cmjvSw sIń-∏-Sp-°m≥ km[y-a-√. P\-ßƒ ÿnc-ambn Hcp ]tZ-iØp Xma-kn-°p-

tºmƒ amX-amWv Xß-fpsS s]mXp-Xm-¬∏-cy-ßfpw AJ-fi-Xbpw kwc-£n-°m≥

Ign-bp-∂-Xv. \nbX-amb AXn¿Øn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb `q]-tZiw cmjvS-Øn\v A\n-hm-

cy-am-Wv. F¶nte X¿°-Øn\v Ah-k-c-an-√m-Ø-hn[w A[n-Imcw ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-

bq.

`q]-tZiw F∂Xv Hcp AXn¿Øn-°p-≈nse `qan, \Zn-Iƒ, XSm-I-ßƒ, ]¿h-X-ßƒ,

Xoc-Øp-\n∂v Bdp t\mń-°¬-ssa¬ Zqcw-h-sc-bp≈ kap-Zw, B ]tZ-i-Øns‚

P\-kwJy IqSp-X-ep≈ cmjvSw ˛ ssN\

P\-kwJy Ipd-hp≈ cmjvSw ˛ hØn-°m≥

135

alm-fl-mKm-‘n-bpsS cmjvSobZ¿i-\-ßƒapI-fn-ep≈ BImiw F∂n-h-sb√mw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. `q]-tZ-i-Øns‚ hnkvXrXn

kw_-‘n®v \nbasam∂p-an-√. cmjvS-Øns‚ ùXn-I-hn-`-h-ßfpw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂

ÿm\-hp-amWv ][m-\-s∏-´-Xv. CXv B cmjvS-Øn\p apX¬°q-´m-Wv.

tKmX-h¿K-°m-cmb \mtSm-Sn-Iƒ°p ]tXyIw `q]-tZ-i-an-√. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿°v

Hcp cmjvSw sIń-∏-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√.

`c-W-IqSw (K-h¨sa‚v)

cmjvSw Xß-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏v Dd-∏m-°p-∂Xpw \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xpw

`c-W-Iq-SØn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb c-W-Iq-SØn-eq-sS- P\-k-aq-lsØ Ia-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ B P\-k-aqlw Hcp cmjvS-am-hp-I-bn-√. A[n-Im-c-tI-µo-I-c-WsØ

ASn-ÿm-\-am°n cmjvS-Ønse `c-W-Iq-SsØ bqWn‰dn (DZm:

kuZn-A-td-_y) F∂pw sÛ-d¬ (DZm: Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-

Sp-Iƒ) F∂pw hn`Pn®n-cn-°p-∂p. bqWn‰dn˛ sÛ-d¬ kz`m-h-

ßƒ Htc-t]mse ImWn-°p-∂ `cWIqSß-fp-ap-≠v. DZm. C¥y.

aq∂p khn-tijLS-I-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P-\-amWv Hmtcm `c-W-Iq-

S-hpw. 1. \nb-a-\n¿am-W-hn`mKw (se-Pn-t…-®¿), 2. Imcy-\n¿h-l-

W-hn-`m-Kw (F-Ivkn-Iyq-ó-hv), 3. \oXn-\n¿hlWhn`m-Kw(-Pp-Uo-

jy-dn). \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k` \nbaw \n¿an-°p-∂p, Imcy\n¿h-l-W-hn-`mKw Ah \S-

∏n-em-°p-∂p. \oXn-\n¿hlWhn`m-Kw \nb-a-ß-fpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂p. Imcy-

\n¿h-lWhn`mKw c-W-LS-\m-\p-kr-X-am-bmWp ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn¬ tIµ˛

kwÿm-\ ˛ Xt±i Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.

]c-am-[n-Imcw

Hcp cmjvS-Øns‚ kp]-[m\ LS-I-am-Wv AXns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw. Cu LSIw a‰p

kwL-S-\-I-fn¬\n∂p cmjvSsØ thdn-´p-\n¿Øp-∂p. ]c-am-[n-ImcwsIm≠v Dt±-in-

°p-∂Xv k¿hm-[n-Im-c-ap≈ \nb-a-\n¿am-W-\n¿h-l-W-m-[nImcw F∂m-Wv. CXn-\-

Xo-X-ambn B¿°pw bmsXmcp A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-an-√.

]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn\v B¥-cn-Iw,

_mlyw F∂o Xe-ßfp≠v.

B¥-cn -I-]-c -am -[n -Imcw Hcp

cmjvS-Øn\v Xß-fpsS ]tZ-i-

Øn-\p -Io-gn-ep≈ ]P-I-fp-sSbpw

kaq-l-ß-fp-sSbpwtaep≈ ]c-am-

[n-Im-c-amWv. _mly-amb ]c-am-

[n-Imcw F∂m¬ hntZ-i-\n-b-¥-

W-ß-fn¬\n∂p kzX-¥-ambn

\ne-sIm-≈p∂ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv.

]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

$ ]cn-]q¿WX

$ ÿncX

$ km¿h-Xn-IX

$ Ahn-`mPyw

$ ka-KX

$ A\-\yX

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cmjvSobaqey-ßƒ

kzmX¥yw, \oXn, kaXzw F∂n-h-bmWv cmjvSo-b-aq-ey-ßƒ (Political Values).

kzmX¥yw

]cn-an -Xn -I-fn -√mØ ÿnXn-

bmWv kzmX¥yw. ChnsS Hmtcm

hy‡n°pw kzX-¥-ambn Nn¥n -

°m\pw _mly-i-‡n-I-fpsS \nb-¥-

W-ß-fn -√msX Xocp -am -\-ß-sf-Sp -

°m\pw km[n-°pw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw

\nb-¥-W-an-√mbva kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw-am-

Xta BIp-∂p-≈q. kzX-¥-ambn Bi-bm-hn-jvI-

cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xpw Ah-c-h-cpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ hf¿Øn-

sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xpw kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ KpW]-c-amb e-

ßfm-Wv.

Hcp cmjvS-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v\nßƒ Icp-Xp∂ aqey-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? Nm¿´v Xbm-dm°n ¢mkn¬Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.


\oXn

F√m-h¿°pw A¿l-ambXv \¬IpI F∂-Xm-Wv \o-XnsIm-

≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv DNn-Xhpw km∑m¿Kn-Ihpw

\njv]£-hpambn F√m Bfp-Iƒ°pw A¿l-am-bXv Dd-∏p-h-

cp-Øp-∂-XmWv \oXn. CXv cmjvSobaqey-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-

°p-∂p. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-am-bXpw \ho-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw F∂n-

ßs\ \oXn c≠p-X-c-ap-≠v. bmYm-ÿn-XnI\oXn F∂m¬

hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb kmaq-lnIÿnXn kwc-£n-°pI F∂m-

W¿Yw. kaq-l-Øn¬ Bh-iym-\pkcWhpw Imem-\p-krXhp-

amb am‰w- Dƒs°m≠ \oXn-bmWv \ho-I-cn-°-s∏-´- \o-Xn.

kaXzw

cmjvS-Ønse P\-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Xpey-ambn e`y-am-°p-∂-XmWv

ka-Xzw. Hcp cmjvSo-b-aq-ey-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ h¿K, h¿W, hn`m-K, aX, kº-Øp-

°ƒ°-Xo-X-ambn kvXo]p-cp-j-t -Zsat\y Nne ASn-ÿm\mh-Im-i-ßƒ F√m-h¿°pw

\¬Ip-∂p. kaXzw aq∂p Imcy-ßƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p. 1. B¿°pw ]tXy-I-]-cn-

K-W\ \¬Ip-∂n-√. F√m- X-e-Ønepw F√m-h¿°pw Htc- ]-cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂p. 2.

F√m-h¿°pw Xpey Ah-kcw Dd-∏m-°p-I. 3. Ipd-®p-t]-cpsS ]tXy-I-amb Bh-iy-

sØ-°mƒ F√m-h-cp-tSbpw AXym-hiyImcy-ßƒ°p ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p. ka-Xz-

Øn-te-°p≈ Hcp am¿K-amWv XpeyX F∂ XØzw.

137


cmjvS-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Km‘n-b≥ ImgvN-∏mSv

]´mfw, t]meo-kv, tImS-Xn, Pbn¬, \nIp-Xnkwhn-[m-\w, DtZym-K-ÿ-hrµw XpS-ßn-

b-h-sbms° tN¿∂-XmWv cmjvSw. cmjvSw F∂ k¶-¬∏sØ almflmKm‘n

\ntj-[n-°p-∂p. Cu kwhn-[m-\-ß-fmWv lnwk-bn-te°p \bn-°p-∂-Xv. cmjvSw Nne

\n¿_-‘-ßƒ P\-Xbv°ptaen-Sp-∂p. Aßs\ AXp hy‡n-IfpsS [m¿anI aqeysØ

C√m-sX-bm-°p-∂p. Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p: ""kwL-Sn-X-hpw tIµo-Ir-X-hpamb lnwk-sb-

bmWv cmjvSw ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hy‡nIƒ°v Bflm-hp-≠v. F∂m¬ cmjvSw

Bfl-c-ln-X-amb b¥am-Wv. ImcWw, cmjvS-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏v B-[m-c-ambncn-°p-

∂ lnwk-bn-¬\n∂v AXn\v Hgn-™p-\n¬°m\m-hn-√.''

F√m- cq]-Øn-ep-ap≈ cmjvS-sØbpw Km‘n \ncm-Icn°p-∂p. Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw,

Ak-a-Xz-Øn¬\n∂pw AI-a-Øn¬\n∂pw h¿K-kwL¿j-Øn¬\n∂pw kmap-Zm-bnI

Ie-l-Øn¬\n∂pw ap‡-amb Hcp cmjvS-c-ln-X-kaqlw (Stateless society) ÿm]n-

°m-\mWv Km‘n Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ kºq¿WX F∂ BXy-

¥nIZ¿i-\-amWv Km‘n hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xv. qan-bn¬Øs∂ ssZh-cmPyw krjvSn-

°m-\mWv At±lw BK-ln-®-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v cmjvS-Øns‚ ÿm]-\-ßƒ D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂ kzm[o-\-sØbpw _e-]-tbm-K-sØbpw Km‘n FXn¿°pIbpw Hcp

-cmjvS-c-ln-X-P-\m-[n-]-XysØ (Stateless Democracy) A\p-Iqen°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

P\m-[n-]Xyw

P\-ßƒ P\-ßƒ°p-th≠n P\-ß-fm¬

\S-Øp∂ c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv P\m-[n-

]Xyw F∂v F_lmw en¶≥ ]d-bp-

∂p. sUtam-Ikv (P-\m-[n-]-Xyw) F∂Xv

Untamkv (P-\-ßƒ), Imt‰mkv (A-[n-

Im-cw) F∂o c≠p Ko°v ]Z-ßƒ IqSn-

t®¿∂p-≠m-b-XmW.v P\-ß-fpsS A[n-Imcw F∂v A¿Yw. `c-W-IqSamXrI F∂-

Xn-ep-]cn P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp Pohn-X-ssi-en-bm-Wv. a\p-jy-cpsS kºq¿WhnImkw

km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kmaq-lnI-t£aw e£ywhbv°p∂ Hcp BZ¿im-flI kmaq-

lnIkw-hn-[m-\-am-W-Xv. A\m-hiy\nb-¥-W-ß-fn¬\n∂p ap‡-ambn, kzX-¥-ambn

]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ kml-Ncyw P\m-[n-]Xy`c-W-IqSw krjvSn-°p-∂p.

cmjvSobm-[n-Imcw \nb-¥n-°p∂ ]In-b-bn¬ P\-ß-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw P\m-[n-

]Xyw Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂p. P\m-[n-]XyØn¬ P\-ß-fmWv `c-W-Iq-SsØ \nb-¥n-°p-

∂-Xv. Bi-b-ß-fpsS A¿Y-]q¿W-amb kwhm-Z-Øn\v AXv Ah-kcw \¬Ipw. P\m-

P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂XpsIm≠v \nßƒF¥mWv A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv? Kq∏n¬N¿®-sNbvX Bi-b-ßƒ ¢mkn¬Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.


\-ap-°p sNømw Hcp cmjvS-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-amb aqey-ßƒ Gh? Ah \ap°v Fßs\ Ic-ÿ-

am°mw? skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

138


[n-]XycmjvS-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂Xp hgn IqSp-X¬ kam-[m-\-]q¿W-amb temI-Iaw

ÿm]n-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

P\m-[n-]XyØn\v c≠p cq]-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv; ]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£-hpw. P\-ß-fpsS

t\cn-´p≈ `c-W-amWv P\m-[n-]XyØns‚ ip≤-amb cq]w. tbmKy-X-bp≈ F√m

]uc-¿°pw Xocp-am\saSp-°¬ ]In-b-bn¬ t\cn´pw kPo-h-hp-amb ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-

Ipw. F∂m¬ ]tcm£P\m-[n-]XyØn¬ F√m tbmKy-cmb ]uc-¿°pw A[n-Im-c-ap-

≠mIpsa-¶nepw Xnc-s™-SpØ ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv AXv ]tbmK-£-a-am-Ip-

∂-Xv. CXns\ ]mXn-\n[yP\m-[n-]Xysa∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Km‘n-b≥ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

" s]mXp-\∑-bv°mbn F√m-hn- mKw P\ß-fp-sSbpw uXnIhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw Bflo-

b-hp-amb hn -h-ßƒ kam-lcn-°p∂ Iebpw imkvX-hp-amWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw.' P\m-[n-

]-Xy-Øns‚ kn≤m-¥-Ønepw ]tbm-KØnepw Km‘n-Pn ASn-bp-d®p hniz-kn-®ncp∂p.

Km‘n-bpsS ka-Xz-tØm-Spw hy‡n-kzm-X¥ytØmSp-ap≈ B`napJyw, a\pjy- km-

tlm-Z-cy-Øn-eqsS \oXn-bp-‡-amb kmaqlnI-I-a-Øn-te-s°-Øm-\p≈ Blzm\w

F∂nh Km‘n-bpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønep-ff hnizmkw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. hnNm-c-

Ønepw hm°nepw ]hr-Øn-bnepw Hcp bYm¿Y P\m-[n-]-Xy-hmZn-bm-Wp Km‘nPn.

A[n-Im-c-tI-µo-I-cWsØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ \ne-hn-ep≈ P\m-[n-]-Xy-kwhn-[m-

\sØ At±lw FXn¿Øp. Km‘n-b≥ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ `c-W-Iq-S-sa-∂Xv P\-ßƒ°p

]c-am-h[n kzmX¥yw \¬In G‰hpw Ipd-®p- -cn-°p∂ H∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

Km‘nsb kw_-‘n®v P\-km-am-\y-ß-fpsS `c-W-Iq-S-amWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw.

Zcn-Zcpw kº-∂-cpw, Db¿∂-h-cpw Xmgv∂-hcpw, i‡cpw Zp¿_-e-cpw, hnZym-k-º-∂-

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\p-th≠ Ggv ASn-ÿm\ am\-Z-fi-ßƒ tdm_¿´v Umƒ Is≠-Øn-bn´p-≠v.

1. Xnc-s™-SpØ ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-bn-cn-°Ww `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ \b-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ßsfSp-°p-∂-Xv.

2. \n›nX ka-b-ß-fn-ep≈ kzX-¥hpw \oXn-]q¿h-hp-amb Xnc-s™-Sp-∏v.

3. km¿h-XnI ]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-Imiw

4. Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ a’-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.

5. hnhn[ am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS Hcp-hs‚ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ kzmX-¥yw.

6. `c-W-IqSImcy-ßƒ kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ß-fpsS _Z¬ tkmX-p-I-fpsS e`y-X.

7. kwLw tNcm\pw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

139


cpw hnZym-hn-lo-\cpw XpSßn F√m-h-scbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ H∂m-W-Xv. F√m hn`mKw

P\-ß-fp-sSbpw F√m-hn[ Xm¬∏-cy-ßfpw P\m-[n-]Xyw ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Km‘nPnbpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ icn-bmb P\m-[n-]-Xyw, _e-lo-\cpw Zcn-

Zcpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ F√m- hn- mKw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw \∑-bv°mbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. AXmWv

k¿thm-Zb (b-Ym¿Y P\m-[n-]-Xyw). hy‡n-bpsS \∑bpw kaq-l-\-∑bpw XΩn¬

G‰p-ap-´-en-√. hy‡n-bpsS \∑ s]mXp-kaql\∑-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\

Km‘n-PnbpsS P\m-[n-]Xy k¶¬∏w KpW-]-c-ambpw KW-]-c-ambpw ]m[m-\y-ap-≈-

Xm-Wv.

Alnw-kbpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw

icn-bmb P\m-[n-]Xyhpw Alnw-kbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Km‘n Xncn-®-dn-

™p. ""P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw Alnw-kbpw H∂n-®p-t]m-In-√. C∂p \ne-hn-ep≈ \ma-amX

P\m-[n-]Xy cmjvS-ßƒ ]c-ky-amb k¿hmbØ cmjvS-ß-fmImsX, ss[cy-]q¿∆w

Alnw-km-fl-I-ambn, icn-bmb P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-te°p amd-Ww. Alnwk A\p-io-

en-°m≥ hy‡n-Iƒt° I-gn-bpIbp-≈q-sh∂pw hy‡n-I-fm¬ cq]w-sIm≠ cmjvS-

Øn\v AXn\p Ign-bn-s√-∂p-ap≈ ]d-®n¬ \oN-`m-jWamWv.''

Hcp bYm¿Y P\m-[n-]-Xy-hmZn Alnwkmam¿K-ßƒ ioen-°p-∂-h\pw

Xs‚bpw Xs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw kzmX-¥yhpw Aßs\ apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-cm-insbbpw

kwc-£n-°p∂h\pw Bbn-cn-°pw. kXy-hn-cp≤ lnwkm-am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS bYm¿Y P\m-

[n-]Xyw AYhm P\-ß-fpsS kzcmPv Hcn-°epw km[y-am-hp-I-bn-√. Aß-s\-bp≈

am¿K-ßƒ F√m FXn-c-`n-]m-b-ßsfbpw ASn-®-a¿Øpw. IqSp-X¬ kam-[m-\-]q¿W-

amb Hcp temI-Iaw krjvSn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw P\m-[n-

]Xyw hym]n-∏n°m≥ k¿hm-fl\ ]cn-i-an-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Alnw-kbpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw

XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-]q-cI_‘w Hcp \q‰m≠p apºpXs∂ Km‘nPn Zo¿Lho£Ww

sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw _n´njv ]m¿e-sa‚ns\°pdn-®p≈ Km‘n-PnbpsS hna¿i-\-hpw.

]m¿esa‚dn P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Isf Xnc-s™-

Sp-°p-I-bmWp sNøp-∂-Xv. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ \o≠ ]co-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-jvI-c-W-

ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Cw•-≠n¬ Dcp-Øn-cn™ Hcp kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. ]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-

[n-]-Xy-Øn\v Nne ]iwkm¿l-amb khn-ti-j-X-Ifp≠v. P\-ln-XsØ AXv _lp-

am-\n-°p-∂p. hnπ-h-Øn-\p≈ hyK-Xsb AXp im¥-am-°p-∂p. P\-ß-fp-ambn \nc-

¥c kº¿°w ]pe¿Øm\pw P\-]oXnbm¿Pn-°m\pw AXv c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf \n¿_-

‘n-X-cm-°p-∂p. ]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]Xyw kwhm-Z-Øn-\p≈ A\-h[n km[y-X-Iƒ

\¬Ip-∂p. henb cmjvS-ßƒ°v AXv bp‡-am-Wv. F¶nepw ]m¿e-sa‚p-I-fpsS

AΩ-bmbn -I-W-°m-°p∂ _n´njv ]m¿e-sa‚ns\ Km‘nPn \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-

®n-cp-∂p. ÿnc-X-bp≈ H∂m-bn-cp-∂n-√ AsX∂pw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ a¥n-k-`-Iƒ

amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-sa∂pw Km‘nPn A`n-]m-b-s∏-´p. ][m-\-a-¥n Xs‚ kz¥tam

140


]m¿ń AwK-ß-fp-sStbm A[nImcw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- Xm¬∏-cy-ß-fm¬

Ft∏mgpw DXvI-WvT-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.

s]mXp-P-\-Øn\v KpW-ap-≈Xv H∂pw sNømØ Imc-W-Øm¬ _nńjv ]m¿e-

sa‚ns\ Km‘nPn hna¿in-®p. ]m¿e-sa‚w-K-ß-sf√mw kzm¿Y-cm-sW-∂mWv ]cs°

AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kz¥w Xm¬∏cysØ ap≥\n¿Øn-bm-bn-cn°pw Ah-

cpsS Hmtcm Nn¥-bpw. Hcp Nn¥-bp-an-√msX Xß-fpsS ]m¿ń-°p-th≠n thm´p-sN-øp-

I-bmWh¿.

]m¿e-sa‚ v cmjvS-Ønse hne-tb-dnb Hcp Ifn-∏m-h-bmbn-Øo-cp-I-bm-Wv. ]m¿e-

sa‚ns‚ t£asØ°pdn-®-√, Xs‚ A[n-Im-c-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv ][m-\-a¥n IqSp-

X¬ DXvI-WvTm-Ip-e-\m-Ip-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ Du¿Pw apgp-h≥ tIµo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-

∂Xv Xs‚ ]m¿ń-bpsS hnPbw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-em-Wv.

]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Km‘nPn-bpsS hna¿i\w \ne-

\n¬°p-tºmgpw A®-S-°-ap≈, ]_p-≤-amb P\m-[n-]Xyw Xs∂-bmWv temI-Ønse

G‰hpw \√-sX∂v At±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. P\m[n]-Xy-Øns‚ ]m›m-Xy-am-XrI

AtX-]Sn ]I¿Øp-∂-Xn-s\-Xntc At±lw ap∂-dn-bn∏p \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-

∂mepw Km‘nPn P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v D∂-X-amb ]cn-K-W-\-bmWp \¬In-b-Xv. P\m-

[n-]Xyw Hcp henb ÿm]-\-am-sW-¶nepw Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøm-\p≈ km[yX IqSp-

X-em-sW∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. P\m-[n-]-XysØ c-W-\n¿h-l-W-Øn-\p≈ G‰hpw

kzoIm-cy-amb kwhn-[m-\-am-bn- Ct∏mgpw temI-sa-ºmSpw Icp-Xp-∂p. AXn\v IqSp-

X¬ sa®-s∏´ Hcp _Z¬ C√ F∂p ]d-bmw.

cmjvSo-b- hntIµoI-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Km‘n-PnbpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

]uc¿°pw P\-]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°pw s]mXp-hmb Xocp-am\w cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v

IqSp-X¬ A[n-Imcw e`y-am-°p-∂-XmWv cmjvSob hntI-µo-I-c-Ww. ]mtZ-inI ]Xn-

\n-[n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ ]uc-

sc A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Xß-

fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Isf icn-bmbn

ASp-Ø-dn-bm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-bp-

∂p. \b-cq -]o -I -c -W-Ønepw

]tbm-K-Ønepw ]uc-¿°pw Ah-

cpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°pw IqSp-X¬

CS-s]-S¬ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn

P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-Inbsb IqSp-X¬

]n¥p-W-bv°m-\m-Ip-∂p.

icn-bmb P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn-\p-th≠ ASn-ÿm\ Bh-tiym-]m-

[n-bmWv cmjvSob A[n-ImchntI-µo-I-c-W-sa∂pw Km‘nPn Icp-Xp-∂p. Km‘nPnsb

kw_-‘n®v Alnw-km-[n-jvTnX hntI-µo-IrX P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa-∂Xv sNdnb Kma-

dn]-ªn-°p-I-fn¬ h-kn-°p∂ kaq-l-ß-fm-Wv. A[n-ImctIµo-I-c-WsØ FXn¿°p∂

73,74 `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv C¥y-bn¬

cmjvSob A[n-ImchntI-µo-I-cWw bmYm¿Yyam-b-

Xv. `c-W-L-S\mt`Z-KXn hgn Kma∏©m-b-Øp-I-fpw

\Kc]men-I-I-fpw ]mtZ-inI kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-

ß-fmbn ]cn-W-an-®p. \a

p°v A

dnb

mw

141


Km‘nPn, AXv P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p oj-Wn-bm-sW∂pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-aq-ey-ßsf tZmj-

Icambn _m[n-°p-sa∂pw Icp-Xp-∂p.

cmjvSobaqey-ß-sf-∏-‰n- Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

kzmX-¥y- k-¶¬∏w

hy‡nkzmX-¥ysØ kmaqlnI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®mWv Km‘nPn

ImWp-∂-Xv. hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn¬ ZrVhpw ]c-kv]-cm-i-b-Xz-hpap≈ Alnw-

km-flI_‘w At±lw ÿm]n-°p-∂p. hy‡n-am-lm-flyhm-Zw F∂ XØzsØ

Km‘nPn \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p. kmaqlnI DØ-c-hm-ZnXz\n¿h-lWw t_m[y-s∏-SpØm≥

kvt\l-Øn-e-[n-jvTnXamb \oXn Iog-S-ßepw\nb-a-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb \oXn in£-bp-amWv .

Fw.sI.-Km‘n

]h¿Ø\w

F¥mWv A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-c-Ww? N¿®sNøp-I.

Km‘nPn-bpsS amXr-Im-km-aq-lnII-a-Øn-te-°p≈ kp]-[m\ Nph-Sp-h-bv-]mWv

cmjvSob A[n-ImchntI-µoIc-Ww. ]©m-b-Øo-cm-PmWv ]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-

Xy-Øn-\p≈ Km‘n-PnbpsS DØ-cw. IqSmsX P\-ßfpw Ah-cpsS -]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw

XΩn-ep≈ ASp-∏w- ImcWw Alnw-k-bv°v G‰hpw A\p-Iq-e-amb Ahÿ ]©m-b-

Øo-cmPv kwPm-X-am-°pw. ]©m-b-Øn¬ cmjvSob∏m¿´n-I-fpsS CS-s]S¬ Km‘nPn

Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Kma-∏-©m-b-Øn\p \n¿h-ln-°m≥ km[n-°mØ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ

Pn√-Iƒt°m kwÿm-\-ßƒt°m ssIam-d-Ww. hnhn[ Xe-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

Hcn-°epw tiWo-_-≤-am-I-cp-Xv. \oXn-\n¿h-l-Whpw X¿°-]-cn-lm-chpw Dƒs∏-sS-

bp≈ IS-a-Iƒ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°-Ww. ]Xn-tcm-[w -t]mepw ]©m-b-Øns‚

ZuXy-ambn Km‘nPn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. F¶nepw Inan-\¬ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ ssIImcyw

sNø¬ ]©m-b-Øns\ G¬∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\mSv Km‘nPn°v FXn¿∏m-bn-cp-∂p. Xnc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp ]©m-bØv P\-ß-fpsS ]Xo-£bv°v A\p-k-cn®v Db¿∂n-s√-

¶n¬ Bdp-am-k-Øn\p tijw thsd A©wK ]©m-b-Øns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-W-sa∂v

Km‘n-Pn ]-d-bp-∂p.

\ap°v sNømw

cmjvSob A[n-ImchntI-µo-I-cW-Øns‚ Hcp BhnjvIm-c-amWv ]©m-bØocmPv.

Hcp Kma-∏-©m-bØv / Pn√m ]©m-bØv/tIm¿]-td-j≥ AwKsØ t\cn¬ I≠vhntI-µo-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®pff ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ a\-n-em°n ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøpI.

142


hy‡n-bp-sS-ta¬ Km‘nPn -Nne [m¿anI\n_-‘-\-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. CXp kaq-

l-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\v ][m-\-am-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w hy‡n-bpsS hnIm-k-Øn-\mbn

kzmX-¥yhpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw kaqlw ]Zm\w sNøp-Ibpw thWw. Km‘n-Pn ]-d-

bp∂p: ""hy‡nkzmX-¥y-Øn\v Rm≥ hne-I¬∏n-°p∂p. F∂m¬ a\p-jy≥ ASn-

ÿm-\-]-c-ambn Hcp kaq-l-Po-hn-bm-sW∂ Imcyw ad-°-cp-Xv. Xs‚ hy‡n-XzsØ

kmaq-lnI]p-tcm-K-Xn°v th≠ Bh-tiym-]m-[n-I-fp-ambn CWßn A\p-tbm-Py-am-

°m≥ ian-®XpsIm≠mWv C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v Ah≥ Db¿Ø-s∏-´-Xv.

bmsXmcp hne-°p-Ifpan-√mØ hy‡n-hmZw ImSns‚ \nb-a-am-Wv. hy‡n-kzm-X-¥yhpw

kmaq-lnI-\nb¥-W-ßfpw Xpe\w sNøm≥ \Ωƒ ]Tn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. kmaqlnI

\n_-‘-\-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kaq-l-Øns‚ Db¿®bv°pw ]ptcm-K-Xn°pw hgn-

sbm-cp-°pw. AXp hy‡n-sbbpw kaq-l-sØbpw kºp-jvS-am°pw.''

ka-Xzhpw \oXnbpw kw_-‘n® Km‘n-PnbpsS ImgvN-∏mSp-Iƒ

a\p-jys‚ Bflo-bk-Ø-bn-ep≈ Km‘n-PnbpsS KmVhpw Xohhpamb

hnizm-k-Øns‚ ]cn-WX^e-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ ka-Xzm-[n-jvTnX k¶¬∏w.

Km‘nPn ]d-bp∂p: ""Fs‚bpw \ns‚bpw Poh-\m-Un-I-fn¬ Cuiz-c≥ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-

I-bm-Wv. AXn¬ \n∂mWv Pohn-I-fpsS ka-Xz-k-¶-¬∏w F\n°v e`n-®X.v AXv F√m

ÿnXn-k-aXzhmZn-I-fp-sSbpw BKlw \nd-th‰pw.''

a\p-jys‚ ka-Xz-Øn-\mbn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Km‘nPn Pohn-X-Øn\v Hcp [m¿anI

_lp-am\w \¬Ip-∂p. a\p-jys‚ A¥-n-t\mSpw Ah-Im-i-ß-tfmSpw Km‘nPn°v

DXvI-WvTbm-Wp-≈-Xv. `K-h-ZvKoX Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xp t]mse, F√m a\p-jycpw

Cuiz-cs‚ apºn¬ Xpey-cm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ F√m a\p-jycpw cmjvSo-b-ambpw \nba-

]-c-ambpw Xpey-cm-Wv.

a\p-jys‚ kaXzw AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-sb-∂m¬ a\p-jy-cpsS kØ-bpsS `mK-

amb- k-aXzw Dƒs°m-≈p∂p F∂m-Wv. `uXn-Ihpw _u≤nI-hp-amb Ak-a-Xz-ß-fp-

≠mhmw. F∂m¬ Hmtcm hy‡n-°p-ap≈ KpW-K-W-ßƒ hf¿Øm-≥ Xpey-amb Ah-

k-c-ßƒ \¬Im-\p≈ ]cn-iaap≠m-I-Ww. kmaq-lnIhpw h¿K-]-c-hp-amb kaXzw

kzmX-¥y-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. kmaq-lnIhpw h¿K-]-c-hp-amb ka-Xz-an-√m-sX-bp≈

cmjvSobkzmX¥yw A]q¿W-am-sW∂p Km‘nPn Xncn-®-dn-™n-cp-∂p. kaXzw F∂

k¶¬∏w cmjvSo-b ˛ kmº-ØnI-X-e-ß-fn¬ Hcp-t]mse ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn A\p-

-h-th-Zy-am-I-Ww.

s]mXp-kz-Øn-ep≈ \oXn°mbn Km‘nPn \ne-sIm-≠p. ""Pohn-XØns‚ ka-kvX-ta-

JeIfnepw \Ωp-sS -Np-‰p-w ImWp∂ \oXn-bmWv Alnw-k-bpsS ]mY-anI D]m[n.''

kzmX¥yw hne-a-Xn-°m-\m-hmØ H∂mWv. AXv ]mW-hm-bp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. AXn-\mbn a\p-jy≥ H∂pw \¬tI-≠-Xp-an-√.

˛ Fw.sI.-Km‘n

143


Hcp ]cn-jvI¿Øm-sh∂ \ne-bn¬ kmaqlnI A\o-Xn°pw ASn-®-a¿Ø-en-\p-sa-

Xntc, ]tXy-In®v kmam-Py-Xz-Øn\pw hwio-b-Xbv°pw h¿Ko-b-Xbv°pw Abn-Ø-

Øn-\p-sa-Xntc Km‘n-Pn t]m-cm-Sn. Hcp-hs‚ kakvX afi-e-ß-fnepw \oXn I¿tam-

∑p-J-ambn ]I-S-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p Xncn-®-dn™ Km‘nPn kmaq-lnI˛cmjvSo-b˛

kmº-ØnI\oXn-°mbn \ne-sIm-≠p. kmaq-lnI˛cmjvSob\oXn-bpsS Bi-bm-Sn-Ø-

d-bn-emWv Km‘nPn C¥y≥ kzmX¥ykacw \bn-®-Xv.

IS-a-Ifpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw: Km‘n-b≥ [mc-W-Iƒ

efnXPohn-Xhpw Db¿∂ Nn¥m-K-Xnbpw F∂ Z¿i-\-Øn-emWv IS-a-Ifpw

Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kw_‘n® Km‘n-b≥ k¶-¬∏-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. I¿Ø-hy-

\n¿h-l-W-]m-X-bn¬ kzta-[bm D≈ IjvS-∏m-Sp-Ifpw kl-\hpw Km‘nPn A\p-Iq-

en-®n-cp-∂p. kzta-[bm kzoI-cn-t°≠ H∂m-Wv emfn-Xyw. At∏mƒ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw IS-a-IfpsS \ndth-‰en\v AXp klm-b-I-am-Ipw. kz¥w

IS-a-Isf∏‰n-bmWv Hcmƒ Ft∏mgpw Nn¥n-t°-≠-sX∂v Km‘nPn \njvI¿jn-°p-∂p.

Km‘n-PnbpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ IS-a-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-ßsf Bi-bn-°p-∂n-√,

F∂m¬ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ IS-a-Isf Bi-bn-°p-∂p. Km‘nPnsb kw_-‘n®v ""Ah-

Im-i-ßfpsS ]`mhw IS-a-IfmW.v \Ω-sf-√m-hcpw kz¥w IS-a-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-®m¬,

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ tXSn _lp-Zqcw t]mtI≠nhcn-√. t\tcadn®v, IS-a-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-

°msX, Ah-Im-i-ßfpsS ]n∂mse ]c°w ]m™m¬, Ah Hcp aco-No-I-t]mse

A]-Xy-£-amIpw. IqSp-X¬ ]n¥p-ScpwtXmdpw Ah IpSp-X¬ Zqtc-°v ]d-∂-I-epw.''

IS-a-Ifpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw ]c-kv]-c-_-‘nX-am-Wv. hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-

ep≈ ]c-kv]-cm-i-bXzw aqe-amWXv. `K-hm≥ ioIr-jvW≥ CtX D]-tZiw Xs∂

]d-bp-∂p-≠v, ""I¿aw amX-amWv \nt‚Xv AXp-t]-£n-®m¬ ew hfsc Zqc-ØmIpw.''

I¿aw sNø-emWv IS-a. AXns‚ ^e-amWv Ah-Im-iw.

Hcmƒ kz¥w IS-a-I-sf-°p-dn®p t_m[apƒs°m-≠m¬, AbmfpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

cmjvSw kzbtah kwc-£n-®p-sIm-≈pw. Bfl-km-£m-¬°m-c-Øn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ß-

fmWv Ah-Im-i-ßƒ. a‰p-≈-hsc tkhn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS, Ah-cp-ambp≠m-Ip∂ Bflob

sFIy-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wn-Xv. Hcp a\p-jy\v Xs‚ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Dt]-£n-°m≥

Ign-bpw ]t£, Ip‰-t_m-[-tØm-sS-b-√msX IS-a-Iƒ X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√. Hmtcm

IS-abpw Nne Ah-Im-i-ßƒ k^-eo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. AXp-t]mse Hmtcm Ah-

Im-ihpw Nne XØpey IS-a-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≠p-an-cn-°pw.

cmjvSobw : Km‘n-b≥ [mc-W-Iƒ

B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ G¿s∏-SpI F∂Xv Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ

H∂m-Wv. apsº∂-sØ-°mfpw P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ cmjvS-Øns‚ CS-s]-S¬

h¿[n-°p-∂-XmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv Xß-fpsS c-W-I¿Ømhv Bsc-

∂p-t]mepw Adn-bmsX P\-ßƒ b-c-ln-X-cmbn efnXPohnXw \bn-®n-cp-∂p. cmjvSob

144


CS-s]-S -en\p Xm¬∏cyw Cs√-

¶n¬°qSn C∂v Hcmƒ cmjvSo-b-Øn¬

CS-s]-Sm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-hp-I-bm-Wv.

C∂v cmjvSobØm¬ kzm[o-\n-°-s∏-

Sm-Ø-tXm \bn-°-s∏-Sm-ØtXm Bbn

bmsXmcp am\p-jnIhyh-lm-c-hp-an-√,

Km‘nPnsb kw_-‘n®v cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ CS-s]-SpI F∂Xv aX-]-c-amb Hcp IS-a-

bmbn Icp-Xp-∂p. Hcp alm-k¿∏-sØ-t∏mse cmjvSobw \sΩ hcn™p-ap-dp-°n-bn-

cn°p-Ibm-sW∂p Km‘nPn ]d-bp-∂p. A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw ]tbm-Kn-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw cmjvSobsØ ip≤o-I-cn-°m-\mWv Km‘nPn cmjvSobafi-

e-Øn-te°v FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xv. cmPyw hntZita[m-hn-Xz-Øn≥ Iogn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ

cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ ]th-in-°pI F∂Xv Hcp aX-]-c-amb IS-a-bmbn Km‘n-Pn I-≠p.

cmjvSobØns‚ Bflo-b-h¬°-cWw

cmPy -sØbpw P\-X -sbbpw

tkhn-°p-∂-XmWv tam£-am¿K-

Øn\v B[m-c-sa∂v Km‘nPn Icp-

Xn. iXp-hn-t\mSpw anX-tØm-

Spsam∏w kam-[m-\-]q¿W-ambn

Pohn-°m≥ Km‘nPn BK-ln®p.

Km‘n-Pn°v aX-an-√msX cmjvSo-

b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. "aX-c-ln-X-amb

cmjvSobw Hcp ac-W-s°Wn-bm-

Wv. ImcWw, AXv Bflm-hns\

\in-∏n-°p-∂p.' cmjvSo-b-Øns‚

Bflo-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\mbn,

AYhm cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ e£y-

tØ-°mƒ am¿K-Øn\p ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn Km‘nPn \ne-sIm-≠p.

cmjvSo-bsØ Bflo-b-h¬°cn°pI F∂p]d™m¬ F¥mWv?

\ap°v Fßs\ cmjvSo-bsØip≤o-I-cn-°m-\m-Ipw? A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw [\m¿P-\-Øn-\p-ap≈

am¿K-a-√msX s]mXp-tk-h-\-Øn-\p≈ am¿K-ambn cmjvSo-bsØ

Fßs\ am‰n-Øo¿°mw?

\-ap-°p sNømwcmjvSo-bØns‚ Bflo-b-h-¬°-cWsØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

145

alm-fl-mKm-‘n-bpsS cmjvSobZ¿i-\-ßƒ"e£yw am¿KsØ km[q-I-cn-°p∂p' F∂ amIyh-√nb≥ XØzw cmjvSo-bm-

Z¿i-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ cmjvSobw AXns‚Xs∂ \nb-a-ß-fm¬

`cn-°-s∏-Spw. hy‡n-_-‘--ßfnse [m¿an-I-X-bpsS tNmZy-ßƒs°m∂pw cmjvSo-b-

Øn¬ ]k-‡n-bn-√. Km‘nPn CXns\ \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw hy‡n-_-‘-ßsf \bn-

°p∂ [m¿an-I-X-Øz-ßƒXs∂ cmjvSo-b-Ønepw ]Xn-^-en-°-W-sa∂v A`n-]m-b-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A[m¿an-I-\mb Hcp a\p-jy\v cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ eh-te-ihpw ÿm\-an-s√∂p

Km‘nPn ]d-bp-∂p. \nkzm¿Y-amb tkh-\-am-Wv, AXm-bXv \njvImaI¿a-amWv tam£-

Øn-te-°p≈ Km‘n-b≥]mX. Aßs\ Km‘nPn cmjvSo-bsØ Bflo-b-h¬°-cn-

®p. kn.- F v. B≥Uqkv ]d-bp∂p: ""Akm-[m-cW HØp-tN-c-emb "cmjvSo-b-Ønse

]cn-ip-≤≥' Bbn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p Km‘nPn.''

P\-tk-h-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp am¿Kw amX-amWv A[n-ImccmjvSo-b-sa∂p Km‘nPn

\nco-£n-°p-∂p. Km‘nPn ]d-bp∂p: ""A[n-ImccmjvSobw Hcp e£y-a√; Pohn-X-

Øns‚ kakvX taJ-e-I-fnepw A`n-hr≤nbp≠m-°m≥ P\-ßsf ]cym-]vX-cm-°m-

\p≈ Hcp am¿Kw amX-am-W-Xv.'' \nw-K-amb kmaq-lnItk-h-\-Øn¬ \n∂mWv

bYm¿Y cmjvSobw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂-sX∂p Km‘nPn a\-n-em-°n. \nw-K-amb kaql

tkh-\-Øn-eqsS ]pXnb cq]-Øn-ep≈ Hcp kam-¥c A[n-Imcw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p.

A[n-ImccmjvSo-bsØ sh√p-hn-fn-°m\pw kwtim-[n-∏n°m\pw CXp ]m]vX-am-°pw.

temIv tkhI kwLw (k-∂≤ P\-tk-h-I-cpsS kwL-S-\)

˛alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS A¥ym- n-em-jhpw HkyØpw

C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨K-kn-\p≈ ]pXnb c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Ic-Sp-cq]w 1948 P\p-

hcn 29 \v (Xs‚ c-‡km-£n-Xz-Øns‚ Xte-Zn-h-kw) Km‘nPn Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn. CXv

At±-l-Øn-s‚- A-h-km\ cN-\-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS A¥ym-`n-em-jhpw

HkyØp-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p. Km‘nPn Ia-s∏-Sp-Ønb am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS Xs∂ C¥y°v

cmjvSobkzmX¥yw Inńsb¶nepw C¥y≥ Kma-ßƒ°v kmaq-lnI, kmº-Øn-I,

[m¿anI kzmX¥yw ssIh-cn-t°≠Xp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ssk\nIm[n-Im-c-hpw ]uc-cpsS

A[n-Im-chpw XΩn-ep≈ G‰p-ap- ¬ kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c P\m-[n-]Xy C¥y-bn-ep-≠mIpw

F∂p Km‘nPn \nco-£n-®p. AXv cmjvSob∏m¿ń-I-fpw kmapZm-bnIkwL-S-\-Ifpw

XΩn-ep≈ A\m-tcmKya’-c-Øn-te°p \bn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv. CXn-\mepw a‰p

Imc-W-ß-fmepw At∏m-gsØ tIm¨Kkv IΩn‰n \ne-hn-ep≈ tIm¨Kkv kwL-

S-\sb ]ncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°-W-sa∂v Km‘nPn ]d-™p. C¥y≥ \mj-W¬

tIm¨Kkv Hcp temIvtkhI kwL-ambn amd-Ww. kµ¿`m-\p-krXw am‰whcp-

Øm\p≈ A[n-Im-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ \nb-am-h-enbpw Km‘nPn -ap-t∂m-´p-

h-®p.

Kmao-Wtcm KmaoWat\m- m-h-ap-≈htcm Bb, ]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb A©p ]pcp-j-∑mtcm

kvXoItfm AS-ßp∂ Hcp bqWn‰v Hmtcm ]©m-b-Øn¬\n∂pw cq]o-I-cn-°mw.

146


Aß-s\-bp≈ c≠p ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ tN¿∂v Ah-cn¬\n∂p Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ Hcm-

fns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp ]h¿Ø-I-kwLw cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. Aßs\ 100 ]©m-b-

ØpIfmIp-tºmƒ, Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ 50 ]mY-an-I-Xe t\Xm-°ƒ tN¿∂v Ah-

cn¬\n∂v Hcp ZznXo-b-Xe t\Xm-hns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-Ww. ]mY-an-I-Xe t\Xm-°ƒ

ZznXo-b-Xe t\Xm-hn\p Iogn¬ ]h¿Øn-°-Ww. Aßs\ C¥y- ap-gp-h-\mbn bqWn-

‰p-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc Cu ]Inb XpS-c-Ww. Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ ZznXo-

b-Xe t\Xm-°ƒ F√m-hcpw HsØm-cp-a-tbmsS Ah-cpsS ]tZ-i-Øn\pw C¥y°p

apgp-h\pambn tkh\w \S-Ø-Ww. Bh-iy-sa∂p h∂m¬ Ah¿°v Hcp apJy-t\-Xm-

hns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°mw. At±lw ]h¿ØIkwL-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw \n¿tZ-

i-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøpw.

\ne-hn-ep≈ tIm¨K-kns\ P\-tk-h-I-cpsS Hcp k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-bmbn

am‰m-\mWv BK-ln-®-Xv. Hcp Alnw-km-[n-jvTnX kaq-l-Øns‚ ÿm]-\-Øn-\mbn

CXp ]h¿Øn-°-Ww. temIv tk-hI kwL-Øns‚ tbmKy-X-Iƒ Km‘nPn hc®p-

Im- p∂p.

temIvtk-h-I- kwLw ˛ AwK-ßƒ°p≠m-th≠ tbmKy-X-Iƒ

1. Hmtcm k∂-≤-]-h¿Ø-I\pw kzbw s\bvXp-≠m-°n-btXm AJn-te¥ym s\bvØp-

kwLw (All India Spinners Association) AwKo-I-cn-®tXm Bb JmZn [cn-°p∂

ioe-ap-≈-hcm-bn-cn-°-Ww. el-cn-ap-‡-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww. Hcp lnµp-hm-sW-¶n¬

At±lhpw IpSpw-_hpw F√m Xc-Ønepw cq]-Ønepap≈ AbnØw ]cn-]q¿W-

ambn XyPn-°-Ww. kmap-Zm-bnI sFIy-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂-hcpw aX-ßsf Xpey-

ambn BZ-cn-°p-∂-hcpw BI-Ww. h¿K˛h¿W-˛-hn-izm-k-˛-enwK hnth-N-\-ßfn-

√msX F√m-h¿°pw Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzhpw ]Z-hnbpw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂hcpam-I-Ww.

2. Xs‚ A[n-Im-cmXn¿Øn-bn-ep≈ Hmtcm Kma-hm-kn-bp-ambpw hy‡n-_‘w

]pe¿Ø-Ww.

3. Kma-hm-kn-I-fn¬\n∂v k∂-≤-]-h¿Ø-Isc Is≠Øn t]cp tN¿Øp ]cn-io-

en-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ cPn-Ã¿ kq£n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

4. ssZ\w-Zn\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- tcJ kq£n-°-Ww.

5. Im¿jnI ˛ Ic-Iu-ie ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS kzbw]cym]vX Kma-ßƒ cq]o-I-

cn-°Ww.

6. ipNn-Xz-Ønepw Btcm-Ky-Ønepw Kma-hm-kn-Iƒ°p th≠ hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-

Ibpw tcmK-ßƒ XS-bp-∂-Xn\p th≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

7. Kma-hm-kn-Iƒ°v P\\w apX¬ acWw hsc ASn-ÿm\ hnZym-`ymkImgvN-∏m-

Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ lnµp-ÿm\n Xmevan kwL-ns‚ \n_-‘-\Iƒ ]men-®p-

sIm≠v hnZym-`ymkw \¬I-Ww.

147


8. kΩ-Xn-ZmbI ]ń-I-bn¬\n∂v ImWm-Xm-Ip∂hcpsS t]cp-hn-hcw At\z-jn-°p-

Ibpw Ah ]cn-tim-[n®v cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-Ibpw thWw.

9. \nb-a-]-c-ambn kΩ-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Imiw e`n-®n-ń-√m-Ø-h¿°v AXp- t\Sns°mSp-°p-

∂-Xn\v klmbn°-Ww.

10. apI-fn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xpw Imem-\pkr-X-ambn Iqń-t®¿°p-∂-Xp-amb Dt±iy--

ßƒ°p-th≠n kwLw \njvI¿jn-°p∂ \nb-a-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn IS-a-Iƒ

\n¿h-ln-°m≥ th≠ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn tbmKy-cm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

temIvtk-h-I- kwLw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kzbw-`-cW]ÿm-\-ßsf AwK-ß-sf∂

\ne-bn¬ Iqń-t®¿°-Ww.

1) A-Jn-te¥ym s\bvØp-kw-Lw (AISA)

2) AJn-te¥ym Kma-hy-h-kmb kwLw (AIVIA)

3) lnµp-ÿm\n Xmevan kwLv

4) lcn-P≥ tkhI kwLv

5) tKmtk-h-Iv kwLv

Kmao-W-cn¬\n∂pw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂pw kwL-Øns‚ ZuXy-\n¿h-l-W-Øn\p th≠

[\w kam-l-cn-°-Ww. ZcnZP\-ß-fpsS Nn√n-°m-ip-Ifpw tiJ-cn-°m≥ i≤-Im-Wn-

°Ww.

]_p-≤-amb Acm-P-IXzw

Acm-P-I-Xzw

Acm-P-I-Xz- (Anarchy) sa-∂-Xns‚ hmNym¿Yw `c-W-I¿Øm-hns‚ A`mhw

F∂m-Wv. cmjvSo-bm¿Y-Øn¬ CsXmcp Z¿i-\-am-Wv. P\-ß-fpsS Ign-hns\ hnizm-

k-Øn-se-Sp-°p∂ H∂m-Wn-Xv. Ko°v-`m-j-bn¬\n∂mWv CXns‚ \njv]Øn.

F√m- X-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ `c-W-Iq-S-ß-sfbpw A[n-ImcLS-\-sbbpw ta¬t°m-

bva-I-sfbpw A[o-i-Xz-ß-sfbpw \ntj-[n-°p∂hcmWv Acm-P-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ. apX-em-fn-

Ø-sØbpw cmjvS-sØbpw AtXm-sSm∏w aXm-[n-Im-c-sØbpw Ah¿ FXn¿°p-

∂p. ]t£, \nb-¥-Wm-[nIm-c-ap≈ ÿm]-\-ßƒ C√mØ k∂≤ Iq´m-bva-I-fpsS

Hcp sÛ-td-j-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp hntI-µo-IrXkaqlw

ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ At\z-jWw Acm-P-I--hm-Zn-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p. hy‡nhm-Z-Øns‚ Xoh-

X-e-amWv Acm-P-I--hm-Zw.

GsXmcp Acm-P-I-Xz-hm-Zn-sbbpw t]mse Km‘n-Pnbpw Hcp ]_p-≤-amb

Acm-P-IXzw hn`m-h\w sNbvXp. ""Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-\-hs‚ `cWI¿Øm-hmbn

148


amdWw. Ab¬°m-cs‚ kpÿn-Xn°v XSw krjvSn-°m-sX-bp≈ s]cp-am-‰-Øn-eq-

sSbpw ]h¿Ø\-Øn-eq-sSbpw thWw AXp km[y-am-t°-≠-Xv.''

kzbw \nb-¥n-X-amb kmaqlnIPohnXw \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp Alnw-km-

flI cmjvS-amWv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS amXrImcmjvSw. AhnsS `c-W-I¿Øm-hn√, ]P-

I-fn√, c-W-Iq-S-an-√, Bcpw cn-°p-∂n√, Bcpw cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-an-√. Alnw-km-X-Øz-

ß-fm¬ \bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂, kzbw \nb-¥n-Xcpw ]_p-≤-cp-am-b-h¿ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp

XnI™ cmjvS-am-WXv. kwip-≤-amb Acm-P-I-Xztam cmjvS-c-lnXkaq-ltam £n]-

km-[y-am-°pI AX Ffp-∏-a-√. AXn-\m¬ Hcp Alnw-km-flIcmjvS-Øns‚

Bhn¿`mhw F∂-Xn-te°p Km‘nPn-bpsS Nn¥-Iƒ \oßn. hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb Acm-

P-I-Xz-ap≈ Hcp Alnw-km-flI cmjvS-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

Km‘nPnsb kw_-‘n®v cmjvSo-bm-[n-Imcw F∂Xv kmaq-lnIam-‰-Øn-\p≈

Hcp am¿Kw amX-am-Wv, A√msX e£y-a-√. tZiob]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm¬ tZisØ PohnXw

\nb-¥n-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]m[namXw. Aß-s\-bp≈ B cmjvS-Øn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw

Ah-\-hs‚ `c-W-I¿Øm-hm-Ip∂ ]_p-≤-amb Acm-P-I-Xz-ap≈ Hcp Ah-ÿ-bm-bn-

cn-°pw.

Km‘nPn aq∂p L´-ß-fn-em-bmWv ]_p-≤-amb Acm-P-IXzw F∂ e£yw

hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xv. sshtZ-inIta[m-hn-Xz-Øn¬\n∂p cmPysØ hntam-Nn-∏n-°p-

∂, cmjvSobkzmX-¥y-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb s]s´-∂p≈ kzcm-PmWv ]mcw-`-L-´-

Øns‚ e£yw. KmaoW dn]ªn-°p-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn-eqsS Hcp Alnw-km-

flIcmjvSw cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw c≠mw-L´ e£yw. cma-cmPyw km[y-

am-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw aq∂mwL´ e£yw. ]_-e-amb Alnw-km-flIcmjvSsØ

Hcp kºq¿W Alnw-km-flIcmjvS-ambn (cma-cmPyw) cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

cma-cmPyw

kXy-Ønepw Alnw-k-bnepw A[n-jvTn-X-amWv Km‘nPn hn`m-h\w sNøp∂

amXrImcmjvS-amb cma-cm-Pyw. Km‘n-b≥ cma-cmPyw F√m-h¿°pw Xpey-amb Ah-

Imiw Dd∏p \¬Ip-∂p. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ amXrImkaq-l-sa-∂Xv Hcp

cmjvS-c-lnX P\m-[n-]-Xy-amWv. AhnsS Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-\-hs‚ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

bm-Ip-∂p. Ab¬]-°-°m-cs\ hnj-an-∏n-°msX hy‡n-Iƒ Ah-c-hscØs∂ `cn-

°p-∂p. cmjvS-c-lnXhyh-ÿ-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂, amXr-Im-cm-jvS-Øn¬ cmjvSo-

b-°m-cn-√. cmjvShpw `c-W-Iq-Shpw C√mbvasNbvXv ]hn-X-amb [m¿anIi‡n-bn¬

\-ap-°p sNømwKm‘n-bpsS k¶¬∏-Øn-ep-ff cmjvShpw s]mXp- cmjvSk¶¬∏hpw XΩn¬

Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

149

alm-fl-mKm-‘n-bpsS cmjvSobZ¿i-\-ßƒA[n-jvTn-X-amb, P\-ß-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp amXrIm cmjvS-c-

lnXkaqlw ÿm]n-°m-\mWv Km‘nPn BK-ln-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈

amXrImkaqlsØ AYhm cmjvScq]sØ Km‘nPn cma-cm-Py-sa∂p hnti-jn-∏n-

°p-∂p.

"cma-cm-Py-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Rm≥ A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv lnµp-cm-Py-a√; AsXmcp ssZhn-I-`-c-W-am-Wv, ssZh-cm-Py-am-Wv. cma\pw dloapw F\n°v GIhpw Xpey-hp-amb ssZh-k-¶-¬∏am-Wv. Rm≥ kXyamIp∂ ssZh-sØ-b-√msX as‰mcp ssZh-sØbpw AwKo-

I-cn-°p-∂n-√.'

Fw. sI. Km-‘n

""Db¿∂-htcm Xmgv∂-htcm \n¿[-\tcm e£m-[n-]-Xn-I-tfm sXmgn-em-fn-Itfm A¿[]-

´n-Wn-°m-cmb sXmgn-em-fn-Itfm C√mØ, ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Ifpw elcnhkvXp-°fpan√m-

Ø, kvXoI-sfbpw ]pcp-j-∑m-scbpw kaambn _lp-am-\n-°p-∂, AbnØw C√m-Ø,

F√m- hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw Xpeyambn BZ-cn-°p-∂, A`n-am-\-]q¿hw, kt¥m-j-tØmsS

kzta-[bm A[zm-\n®p Pohn-°p∂'' Hcp CSw ˛ `qan-bn¬Øs∂ kz¿K-cmPyw ˛

sIm≠p-h-cm-\mWv Km‘nPn ]cn-i-an-®-Xv.

iocm-as\ Hcp amXrIm c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn Km‘nPn Icp-Xp-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw

kt¥m-jhpw sFiz-cyhpap≈,- ]P-Iƒ°p Imcy-£-a-amb Hcp `c-W-amWv iocm-

a≥ kΩm-\n-®-Xv. iocm-a≥ Hcp ]´n-tbm-Spt]mepw \oXn-]p-e¿Øn-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv

]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Km‘nPn iocm-as\ Hcp amXrIm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn

]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw iocm-as‚ t]cv At±-l-Øns‚ amXrImkaq-l-Øn\v \¬Ip-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

cma-cm-Py-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

1. kXy-Ønepw Alnw-k-bnepw A[n-jvTn-X-amWv.

2. KmaoW kzbw-`-cWw e£yw-h-bv°p∂p.

3. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Ah-\-hs‚ `c-W-I¿Øm-°-fm-Wv.

4. A[n-ImctIµo-I-c-WsØ FXn¿°p-Ibpw hntI-µo-I-cWw \njvI¿jn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

5. k¿h-cpsSbpw t£aw e£ywhbv°p-∂p.

6. cma-cm-Py-Øn¬\n∂v DcpØn-cn-bp∂ kwkvImcw Kmao-Whpw Im¿jn-Ihpw

Bbn-cn-°pw.

150


7. Pbn-ep-Iƒ ]cn-h¿Ø\]mT-im-e-I-fmbn amdp-Ibpw A`n-Im-ay-amb kzmX¥yw

D≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

8. t]meokv P\-tk-h-I-cmbn amdp-Ibpw ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°-fmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw.

9. cmjvSo-b-hpw kmº-ØnIhpw [m¿an-I-hp-am-bp≈ \nb-¥-W-ß-fn¬\n∂p

]cn-]q¿W-ambn kzX-¥-cm-bn-cn-°pw.

10. cma-cm-Py-Øns‚ ]mY-anILSIw Kma-kz-cmPv AYhm amXrIm KmaoW

dn]-ªn°v Bbn-cn-°pw.

11. kmap-Zm-bnIkwL¿j-ßƒ°p bmsXm-cp- C-Shpw D≠m-bn-cn-°n-√.

12. \oXn-\ymb tImS-Xn-Iƒ P\-ß-fpsS kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ kwc-£-I-cm-bn-cn-°pw.

13. hy‡n-bpsS ASn-ÿm\mh-iy-ßƒ k^-eo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \ne-sIm-≈pw.

14. ka-c-ßfpw hg-°p-Ifpw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw.

15. SÃo-jn-∏v, _Uv te_¿, kzbw-]-cym-]vX-X, Bh-iy-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Ø¬,

efn-X-Po-hn-Xw, KmaoW ˛ IpSn¬ hyh-km-b-ßƒ, kztZin F∂n-h t]m’m-ln-

∏n-°p-∂p.

\-ap-°p sNømw\√ `c-W-Øns‚ LS-I-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈n®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I. \√ `c-W-Øn\v Km‘n-bp-sStbm alm-_-en-bp-sStbm Bi-b-ßƒ KpW-I-c-am-sW∂p \nßƒIcpXp-∂pt≠m?

kzcmPv

lnµv kz-cmPv (C¥y≥ tlmw dqƒ) F∂- Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn-emWv "kzcmPv'

F∂ Bibw Km‘nPn BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. cmjvSo-bhpw kmº-Øn-I-

hpw kmaq-lnIhpw, [m¿an-I-hp-amb F√mw Dƒt®-cp∂ Hcp [mc-W-bmWv Km‘n-

Pnsb kw_-‘n®v kzcm-Pv. kzbw- -c-Ww, Bfl-kw-b-a\w Fs∂ms° A¿Yw hcp∂

Hcp ]hn-X-amb ]Z-am-Wn-Xv. F√m-Xcw hne-°p-I-fn¬\n∂pw \nb-¥-W-ß-fn¬

\n∂pap≈ kzmX¥yw F∂¿Y-an-√; F√m-hn[ `c-W-IqS\nb-¥-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-

ap≈ kzmX¥yw F∂mWv A¿Yw. Xs‚ kz]v\-Øn-ep-≈Xv Zcn-Z-P-\-ß-fpsS kzcm-

Pm-sW∂v Km‘nPn ]d-bp-∂p. ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏- -h-cp-sSbpw ZcnZ P\-tIm-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw

Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-XmWv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kzcm-Pv. kaq-l-Ønse G‰hpw

Xmtg-Ø- n-ep-ff hy‡n-bpsS kzmX-¥yhpw kzcm-Pns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬s∏Spw F∂¿Yw.

Km‘nPn ]d-bp-∂p:

""kzcmPv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Rm≥ A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv, kvXobpw ]pcp-j\pw \m´p-Imcpw

IpSn-tb-‰-°m-c\pw Dƒs∏sS Imbn-Im-[zm\w sNbvXv \mSns\ tkhn-°p-∂-h-cpw

thm´¿am-cp-ambn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvX-h-cp-am-b, ]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb qcn-]£w P\-ß-fpsS

151


kΩ-X-]-Im-c-ap≈ C¥y-bpsS `cWw F∂mWv.'' Hcp sNdnb-hn-`mKw A[n-Imcw

Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNøp-tºmƒ AXns\ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ IcpØv F√m-hcpw B¿Pn-

°p-tºm-gmWv bYm¿Y kzcmPv Ic-K-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. A[n-Im-csØ \nb-¥n-°m\pw

Ia-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap≈ Xß-fpsS Ign-hn-s\-∏‰n P\-km-am-\y-ßsf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-

s°m≠p amXta kzcmPv km[y-am-hp-I-bp-≈qsh∂p ]d-bmw.

hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-∏‰n "kzcmPv' hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

kzbw-`-cWw AYhm kzbw-`-c-Wm-h-Imiw Fs∂ms° kzcm-Pns\ hnh¿Ø\w

sNømw. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ kzbw-`-c-W-Øn-te°p Nph-Sp-h-

®m¬, C¥y kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw kzbw- -c-W-Øn-te°p \S∂p\oßp-sa-∂mWv Km‘nPn

]d-bp-∂-Xv. Km‘nPn Hm¿an-∏n-°p∂p: ""Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-\-h-\mbn kzcmPv t\tS-

≠-Xp≠v.'' At±lw ]d-bp∂p, ""\Ωƒ kzX-¥-cm-bm¬ C¥ybpw kzX-¥-am-Ipw.

Cu hnNm-c-Øn¬ \nßƒ°v kzcm-Pns‚ \n¿h-N\w e`n-°pw. \mw Ft∏m-gmWv

\sΩ-Øs∂ `cn-°m≥ ]Tn-°p-∂Xv, AXmWv kzcmPv.''

temI-Øns‚ Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ°v D]-cn-bmbn P\-ß-fpsS icn-bmb Xm¬∏-cy-ß-sf-∏-

‰n-bp≈ Adnhpw AXp t\Sm-\p≈ IcpØpw kw_-‘n®v P\-ß-fn-ep≈ DW¿hmWv

]q¿W-kz-cmPv sIm≠v A¿Yam-°p-∂-Xv. sFIyw, B`y-¥-chpw _mly-hp-amb AXn-

I-a-ß-fn¬\n∂p kzmX-¥yw, P\-ß-fpsS kmº-Øn-Im-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-

c-amb A`n-hr≤n Fs∂ms° AXv A¿Yam-°p-∂p. Km‘nPnsb kw_-‘n®v hntZi

`c-W-Øn¬\n∂p≈ ]q¿W-tam-N-\hpw kºq¿W kmº-ØnIkzmX-¥y-hp-amWXv.

Hcp-h-iØv cmjvSo-bhpw adp-h-iØp kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb kzmX¥yw. CXp-t]mse

a‰p c≠p-X-e-ßƒIqSn-bp-≠v. [m¿an-Ihpw kmaq-lnI-hp-amWv Ah. CXp \mepw tNcp-

∂-Xn-s\-bmWv Km‘nPn "kzcm-Pns‚ NXz-c'-sa∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.

KmakzcmPv

152


Kma]p\cp≤m-c-W-Øn-\p Km-‘n-Pn ap-t∂m- p-h® am-Xr-I-bmWv Kmakzcm-Pv. C-Xp ]gb

Km-a-∏-©m-b-ØpIfpsS ]p-\-w-L-S-\b√, \n-e-hn-se tem-IIaØn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈

kzcmPns‚ kzX¥amb KmaL-S-I-ß-fp-sS cq-]o-I-cW-amWv. A-lnw-k-bp-sS cmjv-So-

b, km-ºØn-I-, km-aq-lnI ta-J-e-I-fnse ]m-tbm-Kn-I- km-£m-¬°-m-c-amWv Km-a-kz-

cm-Pv. ]-cn-]q¿-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap-≈ hn-tI-µo-Ir-Xamb sN-dp cm-jv-So-bL-S-I-ß-fm-Wv Cu

Km-aßƒ. Km-a-kz-cmPn¬ G-‰hpw D-b¿-∂ A-[n-Im-cw hy-‡nbn¬ \n-£n-]v-X-am-Wv.

Kmakzcm-Pv F∂Xv a\pjytIµo-Ir-Xhpw Nq-j-Wc-ln-X-hpw hn-tI-µo-Ir-X-hpamb

e-fn-X Kmao-Wk-º-Zv-hy-h-ÿbmWv. kz-ta-[-bm-bp≈ k-l-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS F√m

]u-c¿°pw sXmgn¬ e-`y-am-°p-∂-XmIpw Cu k-º-Zv-hyh-ÿ. ë-`£-Ww, h-kvXw,

a‰p Po-hn-Xm-h-iy-ßƒ F-∂n-hbn¬ kz-bw-]-cym-]v-X-X t\-Sp-∂Xn-\mbncn-°pw ]u-

c¿ C-hnsS ]-b-Xv-\n-°pI.

ëíKm-‘n-Pn-bp-sS Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-ep≈ Kmakzcm-Pv XßfpsS ASnÿm\mh-iy-ßƒ-°m-

bn A-b¬-°m-sc B-i-bn-°mØ, F∂m¬ AhiyL´ßfn¬ ]ckv]cmi-bw a-‰p-

≈-h-cn¬-\n-∂p kzo-I-cn-°p∂ H-cp P-\m-[n]-Xy ]-c-am-[nIm-c cm-jv-S-am-Wv. B-h-iyamb

`£yhkv-Xp-°fpw hkvX-\n¿am-W-Øn-\p-≈ ]-cp-Øn-bpw D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n°p-I F-∂-Xn\m-

Wv Km-a-ß-ƒ ]-Ya ]-cnK-W-\ \¬-tI-≠Xv. I-∂p-Im-en-I-sf kq-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ap-

Xn¿-∂-h¿°pw Ip- n-Iƒ-°pw -hn-t\m-Z-ßfn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pap-≈ I-fn-ÿe-Øn\pam-

bn th¿-Xn-cn-®n-´p≈ s]m-XpbnSw K-m-a-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. IqSpX¬ ÿew

e`yamsW¶n¬ ]pIbn-e, I-©m-hv, I-dp∏v XpS-ßnbh HgnsIbp≈ \mWyhnfIƒ

D¬∏mZn∏n°mw. KmaoW \mSIime, hn-Zym-ebw, s]mXplmƒ F∂n-h Km-a-ßfn¬

D-≠m-bn-cn°-Ww. ip-≤-P-e-Øn-\m-bn Km-a-ßƒ- kz-¥-am-bn Ip-Sn-sh-≈hnX-cW ]-≤-

Xn \-S-∏m-°-Ww. In-W-dp-I-fpw Sm-¶p-Ifpw hgn ip-≤-P-ehn-Xc-Ww D-d-∏m-°-Ww. A-

Snÿm-\hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-s‚ A-hkm-\L´w hsc \n¿-_-‘n-X-am-Wv. Ign-bp∂X F√m

]h¿Ø\ßfpw klIcWmSnÿm\Øn¬Øs∂ \S∏nem°Ww. Pm-Xnhy-h-ÿ-

tbm X-cw-Xn-cn-°-s∏- A-bn-Øm-N-c-Wtam C-hn-sS D-≠m-hp-I-bn√. Alnwkbpw kXy-

K-l-h-p-w ]c-kv]cklI-c-W-hp-am-bn-cn°pw ]iv-\-ßƒ-°p≈ ]-cnlm-cam¿-K-ßƒ.

C-Xp-sIm≠v C°mcyßsf√mw Km-ak-aqlw ]cnioen°-Ww. Km-akw-c£-Ww \n¿-

_‘n-Xtk-h-\-am-°p-I-bpw Du-g-an´v C-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-bhsc Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-m-\m-bn

cPnÃ¿ D≠m°p-Ibpw A-Xp ]m-en-°p-I-bpw sN-ø-Ww. ]-©mb-Øv`c-Ww \n¿-h-ln-

°p∂Xn-\m-bn \n¿-tZ -in -°-s∏´ ASnÿm\tbmKy-X-I-fp≈ A-©p-t]sc

KmakaqlØnse ]mb]q¿Ønbmb kv-Xo˛]p-cp-j-∑m¿ tN¿∂p h¿jmh¿-jw Xnc-

s™-Sp-°-Ww. \nba\n¿amWk`bpw \oXn\ymbhIp∏pw `cW\n¿-h-l-Whpw ]-

©mb-Øv ssIImcyw sNø-Ww. hy-‡n-kzm-X-¥y-Øn¬ A-[n-jvTn-Xam-b Ip-‰-a-‰ P-

\m-[n-]-Xy-am-bn-cn°pw C-hn-sS ]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠mhp-I. Cu hy-‡n-I-fpw A-h-cp-sS

Km-ahpw tem-I-Øn-s‚ i-‡n-sb-Ø-s∂ t\-cn-s´Xn¿°m≥ ti-jn-bp≈h-cm-bncn-°pw.

153


KmakzcmPns‚ ASnÿm\ XØzßƒ

1. a\p-jys‚ B-[n-]Xyw : F√m-h¿°pw sXm-gn¬˛ F√m B-fpIƒ°pw

Pohn°m\p≈ AhIm-i-ap-≈-Xn\m¬ BlmcØn\pw hkvXØn\pw ]m¿∏nS-

Øn\pap≈ am¿Kßƒ Is≠ØWw.

2. BlmcØn\mbp≈ A[zm\w: F√mhcpw AhchcpsS BlmcØn\mbn amXw

A[zm\n®m¬ AhnsS F√mh¿°pw BhiyØn-\p £Whpw hnia-hp-ap≠mhpw.

AhnsS P\s∏-cp∏w, tcmKßƒ, a-‰p ZpcnX-ßƒ F-∂nh-sb sNm√n-bp-≈ \n-e-

hn-fn-Ifp≠m-In√.

3. ka-Xzw: Alnwkm[njvTnX kzmX¥y-Øn-te-°p-≈ Xm-t°m-emWv kmºØn-

Ik-a-Xzw. Xpey\oXn-°m-bn \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂ C-u Bibw Zp¿-_-e-cp-ƒ-s∏-sS G-

h-cp-tSbpw \-∑-sb t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°pw.

4. SÃojn-∏v: kº-Øns\ ChnsS kmaq-ln-I B-kv-Xn-bm-bmWp IW°m-°p∂Xv.

A-Xp-sIm-≠v kº∂¿ X-ßƒ ssIh-iw h-®n-cn-°p-∂ kºØv hn´psImSp-°Ww,

hy-‡n-]-cam-b B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v th-≠Xv an-Xam-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-®psIm-≠v _m-°n-

bp-≈-h- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-Øn-\mbn D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ Np-a-X-e°m-

c-m-bn ]-h¿-Øn-°Ww.

5. hntIµoI-cWw: ]cn]q¿W hy‡nXz-hnImkhpw hy‡nkzmX¥yhpw km-[y-

amhpI hntIµoIcWØneqsS am-X-amWv.

6. kztZ-in: Iq-SpX¬ hn-Zqc-Øp\n-∂p-f-f tk-h-\ßƒ H-gn-hm-°n sXm-´-SpØ Np-‰p-

]m-Sp-I-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈h- ]-c-amh-[n D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ \-Ωp-sS-bp≈n¬Øs∂-

bp-≈ tN-tXm-hn-Im-camWv kz-tZ-in.

7. kzbw]cym]vXX: F√m Km-aßfpw kzbw \ne-\ne-\n¬-°p∂-h-bpw th-≠n-h-

∂m¬ kz¥w Imcy-ßƒ \n¿-h-ln-°m≥ G-X-‰w-h-sc-bpw t]m-Im\pw ap-gph≥

tem-I-sØbpw sN-dp-°m\pw I-gn-hp-≈-h-bmbn-cn-°pw.

8. klI-cWw: I-gn -bp -∂n-S -tØmfw F√m ]h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw klIcWm-

Snÿm\Øn¬ \S∏nem-°Ww.

9. kXyKlw: Alnw-kbpw A-Xn-s‚ ]-tbmKcq-]amb kXyK-l-hpw \nlI-

cWhpw KmakaqlØn\v A\phZn°s∏´ncn°p∂p.

10. a-X-ßfpsS Xpey-X : F√m aXßƒ-°pw ]q¿Whpw Xpeyhpamb ÿm\w.

11. ]©mbØocmPv: Ahihn`mKßsf NqjWw sNøp∂-Xv A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-\pw

C¥y≥kaqlØnse e£°W°n\mfpIƒ°v kt¥mjw ]Zm\w sNøm\p-

ap≈ Htcsbmcp am¿KamWv ]©mbØocmPv.

154


12. \-bo Xenw (ASnÿm\hnZym`ymkw): km£-cX F∂-Xp hnZym`ym-k-Øns‚

XpS°w t]mep-a√; A-dn-hv t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-bn kv-Xo˛]p-cpj∑m¿-°p≈ H-cp am¿-

Kam-WXv.

cmjvSob∏m¿ńIƒ

P\m[n]Xy-Øn-s‚ B-cw-`-Im-ew ap-X¬ Zr-iy-am-bn-´p-≈ ÿm-]-\-ß-fmWv cm-jv-So-

b∏m¿-ńIƒ. Xncs™-Sp-∏p-Ifn¬ ]¶mfnbm-Ip∂Xn\pw A[nIm-c-Øn-te-dp-∂-Xn-\p-

ambn Hcp s]mXpthZnbmbn HØp-tNcp∂ P\ßfpsS kw-L-S\-IfmWv cmjvSob

∏m¿ńIƒ. Xncs™Sp∏n¬ ]¶mfnbmhpI, A[nImcØn¬ hcpI, \bßfpw ]h¿-

Ø-\]-cn]mSnIfpw apt∂m-´p-h-bv°pI, \nba-ßƒ D≠m°p-I, `c-W-IqSw cq-]o-I-

cn°pI, ]-Xn-]-£-Øn-s‚ I¿-Øhyw \n¿-h-ln-°pI, s]mXp-Xm¬∏cyØn\p- \ne-

sIm≠v t£a]cn]mSnIƒ \S∏nem°pI XpS-ßnbhbmWv cmjvSob∏m¿ńIfpsS

][m\ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ. Hcp cmjvSob∏m¿ń-°v aq∂p LS-I-ß-fm-Wp≈Xv ˛

t\Xm°ƒ, AwKßƒ, A\pbmbn-Iƒ. i‡amb ]¶mfnØP\m[n]-Xy-Øn-\p≈

ASn-Ø-d]m-Ip∂Xv cm-jv-So-b∏m¿-ń-Ifm-b-Xn\m¬ C-h P\m-[n-]-XyØn¬ A-\n-hm-

cy-am-Wv.

cmjvSo-ba-fi-e-sØ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm A-Xns\ _m-[n-°p-∂-tXm AXn¬

Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂tXm B-b F√m ]-h¿-

Ø-\-ß-fpw cm-jv-So-b]-¶m-fn-Ø-am-

Wv. thm vsNøpI, ]IS\ßfn¬ ]-

s¶-Sp°p-I, P-\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°v

]cm-Xn A-b-bv°p-I Xp-S-ßn P-\m-

[n]-XyN- -°q-Sn-\n-W-ßp-∂ a-‰p am¿-

K-ßfpw cm-jv-So-b]-¶m-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚

hym-]v-Xn-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.

\n-ßƒ-°p ]-cn-Nn-Xam-b H-cp cm-jv-So-b∏m¿-n-bp-sS ]-cn-]m-SnIƒ, \-b-ßƒ, ]-h¿-Ø\-

ßƒ F-∂n-h-bp-sS ]ń-I X-bm-dm-°p-I.A-[n-Im-c-Øn-¬ F-Øn-°-gn™m¬ cm-jv-So-b∏m¿- n-Iƒ ]-I-S-\-]-Xn-I-sb Ku-c-h-a-m-bn Im-Wp-∂pt≠m F-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®vN¿-® sN-øpI.


cm-jv-So-b]-¶m-fn-Øw F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v \mw a-\-n-em-°p∂-Xv k¿-°m-cn-s‚ \-b-]-cn-

]m-SnI-sf kzm-[o-\n-°m-\p≈ kIm-cyhy-‡n-I-fp-sS ]-h¿-Ø\ß-fp-sS cq-]-tc-J-sb-∂-m-Wv ˛ l-≠nMv-S¨ B≥-Uv s\¬-k¨(1976)

ìî cm-jv-So-b]-¶m-fn-Øw F-∂-Xn-s\ \-ap-°v e-fn-X-am-bn Cß-s\ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°mw:

`c-W-IqS \-S-]-SnI-sf kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Zr-V-\n-›-b-w, A-s√¶n¬ B D-t±-iytØm-sS-bp-≈ C-S-s]-SepIƒ s]m-Xp\-b-ß-ƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ A-s√-¶n¬\-S-∏m-°p-∂Xn¬ A-s√-¶n¬ ]-tcm-£-am-bn \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-h-cp-sS Xn-c-

s™-Sp°en¬ \-S-Øp-∂ C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ˛ sh¿-_ (1995)

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

155

alm-fl-mKm-‘n-bpsS cmjvSobZ¿i-\-ßƒXn-c-s™-Sp-∏pk-º-Zm-b-Øn-se ]-¶m-fn-Øw thm-´v sNøp-I F-∂Xn¬ am-Xw H-Xp-

ßp-∂ H-∂√. kzX¥-amb A`n]mb]-IS\w, HØp-tNc¬, s]mXphyhlm-c-ß-fp-

am-bp-≈ _-‘-s∏S¬ F-∂n-h-bpw cm-jv-So-b]-¶m-fn-Ø-sa-∂-Xn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂p.

Xncs™Sp∏n¬ ÿm-\m¿Ynbmbn a-’-cn°m\pw ]-NmcWw \SØm-\pw Pbn-®v `c-

W-Iq-SØn-s‚ G-Xp X-e-ß-fn-epw Npa-X-e \n¿-h-ln-°m-\pw C-Xv hy-‡n-K-Xamb A-

h-k-cw \¬-Ip-∂p. A¥m-cm-„]-am-W-ß-f\pkcn®v kv-Xo°pw ]pcp-j\pw

cmjvSob]Inbbn¬ Xpey Ah-Im-i-ß-fmWp≈-Xv.

tZiobXbpw A-¥¿tZiobXbpw

tZio-bX Hcp B[p\nI]Xn- m-k-amWv. 18˛mw \q-‰m≠nem-Wv tZ-io-b-X-bpsS XpS°w.

B-[p\n-Ik-aq-l-ß-fp-sS tbm-Pn-∏n-s\ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am°n A-[n-Im-c-Øn-\m-bp-≈ Ah-

cp-sS A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-sØ km-[q-I-cn-°p-∂- cm-jv-So-bX-Øz-kw-ln-X-sb-∂p tZ-io-bX-

sb \-ap-°p \n¿-h-Nn-°mw. tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS tI-µ-sa∂-Xp \nehnep≈tXm BKln-

°p∂tXm Bb tZicm-jv-S-Ønt∑-ep-≈ `q-cn-]£ P\ßfp-sS B-Xy-¥nI-am-b

IqdmWv. tZicmjvSw F-∂-Xv Hcp cmjv-So-bhy-h-ÿ-bpsS B-Z¿-im-fl-I-hpw ss\-

k¿-Kn-Ihpw A-s√-¶n¬ kzm-`m-hn-I-hpamb cq-]w F∂-Xp amXa√- ˛ kmaq-lnI,

kmºØnI, kmwkvImcnI ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Hgn®pIqSm\mhmØ Hcp N´°qSpamWv.

tZ-io-b-X-sb-∂Xp cm-jv-So-b-hpw am-\-kn-I-hpamb G-Io-I-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ am¿KwIq-Sn-

bm-Wv. \nch-[n hn-tam-N-\k-a-c-ß-fnepw cm-jv-S-ß-fp-sS cq-]o-I-c-W-Ønepw tZ-io-b-

X- H-cp ap-Jyhn-j-b-am-bn.

tZ-io-b-X- Nn-e-t∏mƒ C-Sp-ßn-bXpw X-ß-fp-sS k-aq-l-tØmSvv H-cp-h-\p-≈ A-Xy-[n-Iam-

b kv-t\-lsØ h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p k-lm-bn-°p∂Xpw k-aq-l-Øn-\p ]p-d-Øp-≈-h-tcm-Sv

sh-dp-∏p ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xpam-b H-∂mWv. hy-‡n-Iƒ C-Spßn-b tZ-io-bX-sb \n-cm-I-cn-®v

a-‰p k-aq-l-ß-tfm-Sv sF-Iy-Zm¿-Vy-s∏-Sm\pw s]m-Xp B-hiyw ap≥-\n¿-Øn k-l-I-cn-

°m-\pw X-bmdmhp-tºmƒ, A-Xv A-¥¿-tZ-io-b-X-sb-∂ B-i-b-sØ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-w.

a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS hm-°p-Ifn¬, ""Fs‚ tZ-io-b-X-tbm-Sp-≈ kvt\lw A-s√-¶n¬

Fs‚ tZ-io-b-Xmk-¶¬∏w F∂-Xv Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ cm-Py-sØ F√m-hcpw acn-t°≠n

h-∂m-epw Fs‚ cm-Pyw kz-X¥amIp-∂-XmWvv. -F∂mepw a\p-jy-Ip-e-w \n-e-\n¬-

°pw. A-hn-sS hw-io-b-hntZz-j-Øn\v C-S-ap-≠m-hn√. A-Xm-bncn-°Ww \-Ωp-sS tZ-

iob-X. \-Ωp-sS tZ-io-b-X H-cn-°epw a-‰p cm-jv-Sß-ƒ°v A\¿Yw D≠m°p-∂-Xm-

hn√; B-scbpw Nqj-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xp-am-hn√, A-Xp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂ \-sΩ Nqj-Ww

sNøm≥ B-scbpw A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-am-hn√. kz-cm-Pn-eq-sS \mw ap-gp-h≥ tem-I-sØbpw

tk-hn-°pw. F-s∂ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw tZ-ikvt\lw a-\p-jy-kvt\lw Xs∂bmWv.

Rm-≥ a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy-Xz-ap-≈-h-\p-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv cmPy-kvt\-ln-bm-Ip-∂-Xv.''

a-lmflmKm-‘n-bpsS A-¥¿tZiobX a-l-Ømb ìAlnw-km\n-b-a-Øns‚ cmjvSobhpw

kmaqlnIhpamb ]mtbmKn-I-X- H-∂p-am-X-am-Wv. F√m PohPmeßtfmSpap-≈

\n-cp-]m-[n-I-hpw ]-cn-]q¿W-hpamb I-cpW F∂ XØzØn¬ Km‘nPn hnizkn°p-

156


∂p. Cu-izc\n¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ GsXmcmfpw kzm`mhnIambn a‰p- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-am-

bn Xßsf XmcXayw sN-øm-\p-≈ a-t\m-`m-hw h-®p-]p-e¿-Øpw. F-¥p-sIm-s≠∂m¬

F√mh-cpw Cu-izcs‚ krjv-Sn-I-fmWv. A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-∂p: ""\-m-sa√mw cq-]-s∏-´n-

cn°p∂-Xv H-tc _-jv D-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv; hn-im-eam-b a-\p-jyIp-Spw-_-Øn-se Aw-K-ß-

fm-Wv \mw Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw.'' AXn\m¬ am\hcminsb kvt\ln-°p∂Xv AlnwkbpsS

Hcp XeamIp∂p. A-¥¿tZiobX F∂Xp cmjvSob XeØn¬ a\p-jy-Ip-e-tØm-

Sp-≈ km¿-h-eu-In-Ikvt\lw Xncn®dn-bm\p-≈ Hcp am¿Kam-Wv.

]uckaqlw

]uc-k-aq-lw F-∂ ]-Z-Øn-\p h¿Ø-am-\-Ime D]-tbmKØn¬ hn-im-e A¿-Y-ß-fm-

Wp-≈-Xv. ë-`c-W-IqS-Øn¬\n∂pw hm-Wn-PytaJ-e-bn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn, Nn-

e-t∏mƒ Ip-Spw-_hpw a‰p kz-Im-cy CS-ßfpwIq-Sn Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ aq-∂m-a-

sØ ta-J-e-(third sector)b-mbn ]uc-k-aq-lsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.

hy-h-ÿm]n-X ë-`c-W-Iq-S-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw km-º-Øn-Iÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw

CSbn¬ h-cp-∂ Ip-Spw-_Iq´m-bvaIƒ, k∂≤kwL-S-\-Iƒ, sXm-gn-em-fnkw-L-S-\-

Iƒ, a-X˛km-ap-Zmbn-I kw-L-ßƒ, AXp-t]m-ep≈ a-‰p k-am-\ Iq-´m-bva-Iƒ F-∂n-h-

sbbmWv ]uckaqlw F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.

]uckaqlsØ ]p\-w-L-Sn∏n-°m-sX C-¥y kzm-X-¥yw t\-Snbm¬ AXv A-]-

ISI-c-am-sW-∂p Km-‘n-Pn- Xn-cn-®-dn-™n-cp-∂p. k-∂-≤]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°p Km-‘n-Pn

hen-b Du-∂¬ \¬-In-. A-Xp-sIm-≠v 1920˛1930 Im-e-L-´Øn¬ Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS t]-c-

Wbn¬ \n-ch-[n ]uckaql k-∂≤kwL-S-\Iƒ B-cw-`n-°p-I-bpw ]-S¿-∂p ]-¥-

en-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Hmƒ C¥y kv-]n-t∂-gv-kv A-tkm-kn-tbj≥, Hmƒ C¥y hn-t√-

Pv C≥-U-kv-So-kv A-tkm-kn-tbj≥, ln-µp-ÿm-\n Xm-evan kwLv, l-cn-P≥ tkh-Iv

k-w-Lv Xp-S-ßn-b-h Cu e£yw ap≥-\n¿-Øn A-t±-lw ÿm-]n-®-h-bm-Wv. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-

sS B-i-a-ß-fn-se A-t¥-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p Cu ]uck-aql-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bXv.

A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cpsS- \-K-c-]tZ-i-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]uc-k-aq-lw F-∂ ]-Sn-™md≥

Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬-\n-∂p n-∂-ambn Km-‘nPnbp-sS ]uc-k-aq-lw Km-a-tI-µo-Ir-X-am-Wv. Nn-

e-t∏m-sgm-s° C-Xv B-i-aß-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-≈-h-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿

Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-kw t]m-epw t\-Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS ]uc-k-aq-

lw cmjvSØn¬\n∂p Xn-I®pw `n-∂-amWv. cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚ A-[n-Im-cß-sf \n-b-¥n-

°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ am¿-K-am-bm-Wv C-Xp ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I. -cmjvS-tØ-°mƒ kmaqlnI CS-

s]-S-ep-Iƒ \-S-Øm\mIp∂ G‰hpw D-Nn-XthZn-bmbn ]uc-k-aq-lsØ ImWm≥ I-

gn-bpw. Cu Km-‘n-b≥ ]m-c-º-cy-am-Wv h≥tXm-Xn-ep-≈ AIa-ß-fn¬-\n∂p ap-‡-am-

b, P-\m-[n-]-Xykº-Zmbw C¥y-bn¬ \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn\v G-sd k-lm-bn-®n-´p-≈Xv.

A-Xp-sIm-≠v Km-‘n-Pn-sb C-¥y-bn-se ]uc-k-aq-l]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ P-\-bn-Xm-hv F∂v

i-cnbm-b A¿-Y-Øn¬Ø-s∂ ]-d-bm-\m-Ipw.

157


Nmƒ-kv sS-bv-e¿ knhn¬ skm-ssk-‰n-sb hn-hcn°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\: s]m-Xphm-b hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ ]u-csc H-cp-an∏n®p\n¿-Øn, A-h-cp-sS \ne-\n-¬∏n-eq-sSbpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

cm-PysØ s]mXp\-b-ß-fn¬ am‰-ßƒ hcpØm≥ I-gn-bp-∂,ëcm-jv-S-Øn¬-\n-∂p kz-X-¥am-b kz-bw-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap-≈ Iq-´m-bv-a-I-fp-sS H-cp irwJ-e.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

C¥y≥ cmjvSobØn¬ Km‘nPnbpsS ]m[m\yw

B[p\n-I C¥y≥ cmjvSo-bNn¥ A-cm-P-I-Xz-Øn-\p ]m-_ey-ap≈ H∂mWv. Cu

]mcºcyØns‚ ]Xn\n-[n-I-fn-sem-cm-fmWv a-lm-flm-Km-‘n. cmjvSo-bØn¬ ss\-

Xn-I-X-bp-sS ]m-[m-\y-Øn-\p Km‘nPn Iq-Sp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬In. at‰sXmcp Nn-

¥It\°mfpap-]cn, e£ytØ°mƒ am¿K-Øn\p ]m[m-\y-w cmjvSobØn¬

\¬IWsa-∂v A-t±-lw ]d-bp∂-p. P\m[n]XyØns‚bpw AlnwkbpsSbpw hf¿®

]ckv]c_‘n-X-am-bm-Wv At±lw Im-Wp∂Xv. A-an-Xam-b hy-‡nkzm-X-¥-Øn-

t\m-Sp-≈ F-Xn¿∏pw c-mjv-SØn¬ A-[n-Im-cw tI-µo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-Sp-≈ hn-tbm-

Pn-∏pw A-t±-l-sØ cmjvSobhntIµoI-c-W-Øns‚ h-‡m-hm-°n am‰n. Km‘nPnbpsS

P\m[n-]-XyØn¬ Hcp hn`mK-Øn\p as‰mcp hn`mKsØ NqjWw sN-øm≥ km-l-N-

cy-ap-≠m-hn√. F√m ]-iv-\-ßfpw \n-e-\n¬-s°-Ø-s∂, C-¥y- Hcp P-\m-[n-]XycmjvS-

ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xns‚ ImcWw A-Xn-s‚ Km-‘n-b≥ ss]-Xr-I-amWv.

]m›mXyamXrIbnep≈ cmjvSobkwhn-[m-\-ß-sf A-\p-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnt\m-Sv Km-‘n-

Pn-°v F-Xn-¿∏m-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y--°v D-X-Ip∂ ]-©m-b-ØpIƒ -t]m-se-bp-≈ k-º-Zm-b-

ß-fpsS ]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\-am-Wv A-t±lw B-K-ln-®Xv. cm-Py-Øv i-‡amb s]m-Xp-kaq-

l-Øn\p th-≠n-bp-≈ A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´Xpw Km-‘n-PnX-s∂-bm-Wv.

kw-K-lw

$ cmjvS-Øns‚ hyh-lm-c-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p-≈-XmWv cmjvSo-bw.

$ cmjvS-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw ]In-b-I-sf-bpw-]-‰n-bp≈ hyh-ÿm-]nX ]T-\-amWv

cmjvS-X-¥-im-kvXw.

$ kaq-l-Øns‚ cmjvSobkwL-Sm-\-amWv cmjvSw. c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-fn-eqsS AXp

]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

$ P\-X, q]-tZ-iw, c-W-Iq-Sw, ]c-am-[n-Imcw F∂o \mep-L-S-I-ß-fmWv cmjvS-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.

$ kzmX-¥yw, \oXn, kaXzw F∂n-h-bmWv apJy cmjvSo-b-aq-ey-ßƒ.

$ `qan-bnse kz¿K-cm-Py-Øn\v th≠n-bmWv Km‘nPn \ne-sIm-≠-Xv. AXn-\m¬ cmjvSobÿm]-\-ß-

fpSsS A[o-i-Xz-Øn\v Km‘nPn FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

158


$ Km‘n-Pnsb kw_-‘n-®v, s]mXp-\-∑-bv°mbn F√m-hn- mKw P\-ß-fpsSbpw uXn-Ihpw kmº-

Øn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb hn`-h-ßƒ kam-l-cn-°p∂ Iebpw imkvX-hp-amWv P\m-[n-]-

Xyw.

$ s]mXpXocp-am\saSp-°¬ ]In-b-bn¬ ]uc¿°pw Ah¿ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ ]Xn-\n-[n-

Iƒ°pw IqSp-X¬ A[n-Imcw, cmjvSob A[n-ImchntI-µo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS e£yw hbv°p-

∂p.

$ bYm¿Y P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm\ Bhtiym-]m-[n-bmWv cmjvSob A[n-

Im-c-Øns‚ hntI-µo-I-c-W-sa∂p Km‘nPn hniz-kn-®p.

$ ]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-Xy-tØm-Sp≈ Km‘n-b≥ ]Xn-I-c-W-amWv ]©m-b-Øo-cm-Pv.

$ kmaqlnI\nb-¥-W-ßfpw hy‡nkzmX-¥yhpw XΩn-ep≈ k¥p-e-\-Øn-\mbmWv Km‘nPn

\nesIm-≠-Xv.

$ kaq-l-Øns‚ \∑-bv°mbn kmaqlnI \nb-¥-W-ß-tfm-Sp≈ hnt[-b-s∏-S¬, hy‡n-sbbpw

hy‡n Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kaq-l-sØbpw IqSp-X¬ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°pw.

$ Km‘nPn Pohn-X-tØmSv Hcp [m¿anI `b-`‡n ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw a\p-jys‚ ka-Xz-Øn-\mbn

t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

$ kmaq-lnIhpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb \oXn-°mbn Km‘nPn \ne-sIm-≠p.

$ efn-X-Po-hn-X-Ønepw Db¿∂ Nn¥-bnepw A[n-jvTn-X-amWv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS IS-a-Ifpw Ah-Im-

i-ßfpw kw_-‘n® [mc-W-Iƒ.

$ Ah-Im-i-ß-tf-°mƒ IS-a-Iƒ°v Km‘nPn IqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw \¬In.

$ Km‘nPnsb kw_-‘n®v B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv cmjvS-ob-Øn¬ CS-s]-SpI F∂Xv Hcp aX-]-c-

amb IS-a-bm-Wv.

$ cmjvSo-b-Øns‚ Bflo-b-h¬°-cn-°-en\pw cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ e£y-tØ-°mƒ am¿K-Øn\p

ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Km‘nPn \ne-sIm-≠p.

$ Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Ah-\-hs‚ c-W-I¿Øm-hm-Ip∂ Hcp ]_p-≤-amb Acm-P-IXzw Km‘nPn

hn`m-h\w sNbvXp. Ahs‚ s]cp-am‰w Ab¬°m-cs‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°pw \∑bv°pw XSw

krjvSn-°mØ coXn-bn-ep≈Xmbn-cn-°-Ww.

$ kXy-Øn-s‚bpw Alnw-k-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-]q¿W-ambn kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv

Km‘nPn hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ amXrImcmjvS-amb cma-cm-Pyw.

$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ kzcmPv F∂Xv sshtZ-inI ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn¬\n∂p-≈

]q¿WkzmX-¥yhpw ]q¿W-km-º-ØnIkzmX-¥y-hp-am-Wv.

$ Kma-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-Øn-\p≈ Km‘n-b≥ amXr-I-bmWv Kma-kz-cm-Pv.

$ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ a’-cn-°m\pw A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hcm-\p-ap≈ e£y-tØmsS Hcp s]mXp

thZn-bn¬ HØp-tN-cp∂ P\-ß-fpsS kwL-S-\-bmWv cmjvSob∏m¿´n-Iƒ.

$ km¿heuInIkvt\lw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Alnwk F∂ alm-XØz-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI-hpw

cmjvSo-b-hp-amb ]tbm-K-amWv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS A¥¿tZ-io-bX F∂-Xv.

$ C¥y-bnse ]uc-k-aq-l-Øns‚ P\-bn-Xm-hmbn Km‘n-Pnsb Icp-Xmw.

159


$ cmjvS-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ cmjvS-Øn-\p-th≠ ASn-ÿm\ cmjvSobaqey-ßfpsS ]´nI Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ cmjvS-Øns‚ LS-I-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS cmjvS-k-¶¬∏w hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-hp-∂p.

$ cmjvSobw kw_-‘n®v Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ImgvN-∏mSv hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

$ P\m-[n-]Xyw kw_-‘n® Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ImgvN-∏mSv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw AXp kw_‘n® Km‘n-b≥ ImgvN-∏mSpw hni-I-e\w

sNøp-∂p.

$ hntI-µo-I-c-Whpw AXp kw_-‘n® Km‘n-b≥ ImgvN-∏mSpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

$ IS-a-Ifpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kw_-‘n® Km‘n-b≥ [mc-W-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ temIvtk-hI kwL-sØ-∏‰n hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

$ ]_p-≤-amb Acm-P-IXzw F∂ Km‘n-b≥ Bibw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

$ cma-cmPyw F∂ Bibw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

$ kzcm-Pv, Kma-kz-cmPv F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ C¥y≥ ]uc-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ]tW-Xm-hmbn Km‘nPnsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.


1. cmjvS-Øns‚ ][m\ LS-I-ßƒ Is≠Øn Hcp eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

2. cmjvSobaqey-ß-fpsS C∂sØ ]k‡n hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

3. temIv tkh-I-kw-L-Øns‚ D¤-hhpw e£y-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

4. cmjvSo-bsØ Bflo-b-h¬°-cn-°pI F∂-Xp-sIm≠v F¥mWv A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv ?

5. cmjvSw F∂ Bi-b-sØ-∏-‰nbpw AXp kw_-‘n® Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-s\-∏-‰nbpw

teJ\w Xbm-dm-°pI.

6. alm-flmKm‘n ]_p-≤-amb Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn-\mbn \ne-sIm-≠p ˛ ]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w

sNøpI.

7. ""C¥y-bnse ]uc-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ]tW-X-mhmbn Km‘n-Pnsb IcpXmw'' hni-I-e\°pdn∏v Xbm-

dm-°p-I.

8. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS amXr-Im-k-aqlw kw_-‘n®v hni-Z-am-°p∂ Hcp dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

9. Km‘n-b≥ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb cmjvSobhntI-µo-I-c-W-Øns‚ ta∑-I-sf-∏‰n

hni-Z-am-°p-I.

10. C¥y≥ cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS ]m[m-\y-sØ-∏‰n teJ\w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

F-\n-°p I-gn-bpw

160


alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsSkmº-ØnIZ¿i\-ßƒ

][m-\m-i-b-ßƒ

l kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-Øns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ

l Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnIimkvX-

Nn-¥-I-fpsS Dd-hn-S-ßƒ

l Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ][m-\-s∏´

kmº-ØnImi-b-ßƒ

# kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXhpw

\oXn-im-kvX-hpw

# efn-X-Po-hn-Xhpw

Db¿∂ Nn¥bpw

# _Uv te_¿ (Blm-c-Øn-

\mbp≈ A[zm-\w)

# kztZin

# JmZnbpw Kma-hy-h-km-bhpw

# kmº-Øn-I-k-aXzw

# b¥h¬°-c-Whpw

\K-c-h-¬°-c-Whpw

# hntI-µo-I-c-Ww

# SÃo-jn∏v

l hnt\m-_- m-sh, sP.-kn.-Ip-a-c-∏,

C.-F- v.-jp-am-°¿ F∂n-h-cpsS

Km‘n-b≥ kmº-Øn-I-Nn-¥-I-fn-

ep≈ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

8

kmº-ØnIimkvX-Ønse s]mXp-hmb Nne

Bi-b-ß-fmWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ BZyw ]cm-

a¿in-°p-∂-Xv. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kmº-ØnIimkvX

Nn¥-Iƒ icnbmwhn[w a\-n-em-°m≥ CXv

AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Km‘n-Pn-bp-sS ][m\ kmº-

Øn-I-imkvXNn¥-Ifpw hnt\m_`msh, sP.-kn.-

Ip-a-c-∏, C.-F-^v. jpam-°¿ F∂n-h-cpsS Bi-b-

ßfpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

1. kmº-ØnIimkvXw

kmº-ØnIimkvX-sØ-∏‰n s]mXp-hmb Nne- Im-

cy-ßƒ apºp \nßƒ a\-n-em-°nbn´p-≠t√m.

Ah Xmsg-Ø-∂n-cn-°p∂ ÿeØv Fgp-Xp-I.

XpS¿∂v Ah \nß-fpsS Kq∏n¬ N¿®-sN-øp-I.

l ]Ww

l hne

l _m¶v

l ..............

l ..............

l ..............

Cu k¶-¬∏-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\

Pohn-X-Øn¬ t\cnt´m A√m-sXtbm _‘-s∏-´-

h-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Iptd-°qSn Bg-Øn¬

\ap°v kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXsØ a\-n-em-°mw.

kº-sØ∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Fs¥ms° Imcy-ß-

fmWv \ΩpsS a\-n¬ IS-∂p-hcp-∂Xv?

161

alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS kmº-ØnIZ¿i-\-ßƒ

hf¿®bpw

hnI-k-\hpw

• ]pXnb ]me-ßƒ

•••

t£aw

• kvtImf¿jn∏p-Iƒ

•

••

kºØv

• `qan

•

••

Zu¿e`yw

• ]tXy-I-Xcw

acp∂pIƒ

•••

kº-Øv, t£aw, Zu¿e- yw, hf¿®bpw hnI-k-\hpw F∂n-ßs\ io¿j-I-ß-fnembn

kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXsØ \ap°p a\-n-em-°mw.

B[p -\nI kmº-Øn -I -imkvX-

Øns‚ ]nXm-hmb BUw kvanØvv

(1723˛1790)""tZi-k-º-Øns‚ kz`m-h-

Øn-te°pw Imc-W-ß-fn-te-°p-ap≈

At\z-jWw'' (An inquiry into theNature and Causes of the Wealth ofNations) F∂ -K-Ÿ-Øn¬ kº-

Øns‚ imkvX-amWv kmº-Øn-I-im-

kvX-sa∂p \n¿h-Nn®p. kmº-Øn-I-

im-kvX-Øns‚ Cu BZy \n¿h-N-

\Øn¬ kº-Øn\p IqSp -X¬

]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p. tUhnUv dn°m-

tUmbpw sP.Fkv. an√pw tXmakv

tdm_¿´v am¬Øq-kpw sP. -_n. -

tkbpw Dƒs∏´ ¢mkn-°¬ kmº-

ØnIimkvX Nn¥m-[m-c-bpsS t\Xm-hm-Wv BUw -kvan-Øv. F∂m¬ kmº-

ØnIimkvX-Øns‚ hf¿®-tbm-Sp-IqSn Cu kn≤m¥w tNmZywsNø-s∏´p XpS-ßn.

\nß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ kºØv amX-amtWm t£ahpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øp-∂Xv?

kmº-ØnIimkvXw kº-Øn-s‚ imk-vX-a-√, a\p-jys‚ t£asØ Ipdn-®p-≈-Xm-

sW∂v B¬Ûv am¿j¬ (1842˛1924) \n¿h-Nn-®p. 1890 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "kmº-

ØnIimkvX-Øns‚ XØz-ßƒ' (Pinciples of Economics) F∂ KŸ-Øn-emWv

am¿j¬ Xs‚ \n¿h-N\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.

BUw- kvanØv (1723 - 1790) cmjvSob

kº-Zvim-kvX-Øn-s‚bpw [¿a-X-Øz-im-

kvX-Øn-s‚bpw BNm-cy-\mb kvtImńjv

Nn-¥-I-\mWv BUw -kvan-Øv. kvtImńjv

\thm-∞m-\-Ønse \mb-I-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv

At±-lw. •mkvtKm k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse

(bp.sI) ]^-k-dm-bn-cp∂ BUw- kvan-

Øns‚ ][m-\ -Ir-Xn-Iƒ: Xnbdn Hm^v

tamd¬ sk‚n-sa‚ vkv (1759), B≥ C≥Iz-

bdn C≥Sp Zn t\®¿ B‚ v tImkkv Hm^v

Z sh¬Øv Hm^v t\j≥kv (1776)

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm ]ń-Ibpw io¿j-I-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-amb coXn-bn¬

]qcn-∏n-°p-I.

162


Ime-I-taW Cu kn≤m-¥hpw tNmZyw-sN-ø-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn.

\nß-fpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ ]WwsIm≠v \nß-fpsS F√m Bh-iy-ßfpw \nd-th-‰m≥

Ign-bptam? F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \nß-fpsS Nne BK-l-ßƒ \nßƒ am‰n-h-bv°p-∂Xv?

a\p-jys‚ A\-¥-amb BK-l-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-amb hn -h-ßƒ sIm≠v Fßs\bmWv

\nd-th-‰p-∂-sX∂v hni-Z-am-°p∂XmWv kmº-ØnIimkvX-sa∂v eb-W¬ tdm_n-

≥kv ]d-™p. hn`-h-ßƒ°v timjWw kw`-hn-°p-tºmƒ Fßs\ Bh-iy-ap-≈Xv

Xnc-s™-Sp°mw F∂p-≈-Xns‚ imkvX-a-mW-sX∂v At±lw \nco-£n-®p.

1931 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw ]m[m-\yhpw' (Natureand Significance of Economics) F∂ KŸ-Øn-emWv eb-W¬ tdm_n≥kv Cu

\n¿hN\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.

B¬^Uv am¿j-ens‚ kmº-Øn-I-imkvX \n¿h-N-\w

$ a\p-jys‚ km[m-cWPohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-amWv kmº-

Øn-I-im-kvXw.

$ hy‡n-K-X-ambpw kmaq-lnIambpw a\p-jy≥ \S-Øp∂ F√m

]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Ahs‚ t£a-Øn-\p-th-≠n `uXn-I-h-kvXp-

°ƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\pap-≈-Xm-Wv.

$ kº-Øn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\-am-sW-¶nepw AXn-se-√m-ap-]cn CXv

a\p-jys\°pdn-®p≈ ]T\wXs∂-bm-Wv.

Bh-iy-ßfpw hnhn-[-X-c-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ Zp¿e-`-

ß-fmb hn`-h-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sa∂ \nebv°v a\p-jys‚

s]cp-am-‰-sØ-°p-dn®p ]Tn-°p∂ imkvX-amWv kmº-ØnI -

imkvXw. ˛ F¬. tdm_n≥kv

$ a\p-jys‚ Bhiyßƒ FÆ-a-‰-h-bm-Wv. Ah \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈

hn`-h-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-hpw.

$ ]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h-ßƒ hnhn[ Bh-iy-ßƒ°p-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-

∂-h-bm-Wv.

$ hn`-h-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-am-b-Xn\m¬ Xs‚ Bh-iy-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-s∏-

´h Xnc-s™Sp-°m≥ a\p-jy≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-Ip-∂p.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

Cu \n¿h-N\hpw ]e-Im-c-W-ß-fm¬ tNmZyw-sN-ø-s∏- p. Zp¿e- -amb hn -h-ßƒ h¿[n-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sSbpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sSbpw a\p-jys‚ h¿[nX Bhiy-ßƒ

Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂p Nne kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-⁄¿ hmZn-®p.

163


hf¿®-bnepw hnI-k-\-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb kmº-ØnIimkvX-amWv s]mXpsh

kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. AXns‚ ][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ch-bm-Wv.

$ ]cn-[n-bn-√mØ Bhiy-ßfpw Ah \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h-

ßfpw D≈-Xn-\m-emWv Xnc-s™-Sp∏v A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v GXm-

K-l-Øn\p ap≥K-W\ sImSp-°-W-sa∂pw GXm-Klw am‰n-h-bv°-W-sa∂pw

\ap°#p Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p.

$ Bhiy-ßƒ h¿[n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v e`y-amb hn`-h-ßƒ

h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS amXta \ΩpsS h¿[n® Bhiy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰-s∏-Sm≥

Ign-bq.

$ kmº-Øn-I-]-iv\-ß-ƒ- Xncn-®-dn-bpI amX-a√, sXmgnen√mbva, D¬∏m-Z-\w, ]W-

s∏-cp∏w F∂o ]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-ßƒ Bcm-bp-Ibpw \n¿tZ-

i-ßƒ \¬Ip-I-bp-amWv kmº-Øn-I-imkvXw sNøp-∂-Xv.

$ hy‡n-I-fnepw kaqlß-fnepw hn`-h-ßƒ Fßs\ hnX-cWw sNø-s∏-S-W-

sa∂pw kmºØnIimkvXw \n¿tK-in-°p-∂p.

t]mƒ F. kmap-h¬k¨ ]d™p: ""hy‡n-Itfm kaq-l-ßtfm ]Ww

D]-tbm-Kn®pw A√m-sXbpw Zp¿e-`-ßfpw hnhn[ Bh-iy-ßƒ°p-]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂-h-bp-amb D¬∏m-Z-\-hn-`-h-ßƒ Fßs\ hn\n-tbm-Kn®v Imem-\p-

kr-X-ambn hnhn[ hkvXp-°ƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m-sa-∂pw Ah hy‡n-Iƒ°pw

kaq-l-ßƒ°pw h¿Ø-am-\-Im-eØpw `mhn-bn-ep-ap≈ D]-t`m-K-Øn-\mbn

Fßs\ hnX-cWw sNøm-sa∂pw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ imkvX-amWv kmº-

ØnIim-kvXw.'' Fßs\ tZio-b-h-cp-am\w h¿[n-∏n-°m-sa∂pw Ah Fß-

s\-bmWv kaq-l-Ønse sXmgn-ep-Iƒ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-ap≈ At\z-

j-W-amWv sP.-Fw.- sI-bv≥kns‚ (1883˛1946) At\z-j-W-Øn¬ kmº-

ØnIimkvXw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

hf¿®-bnepw hnI-k-\-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb \n¿h-N\w

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

kº-Øv, t£aw, Zu¿e-`yw, hf¿®bpw hnI-k-\hpw F∂n-h-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-

ambn kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXsØ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Hcp eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

Hcp kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bnse apJy-]-iv\-ßƒ

CXp-t]mse F√m kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-Ifpw apJy-amb Nne- ]-iv\-ßƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-

°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bmWv C\n -]-cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xv.

kmº-ØnIXocp-am-\-ßsfSp-°p-tºmƒ Nne \n¿Wm-bItNmZy-ßƒ \ap°v A`n-ap-

Jo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hn`hhn-\n-tbm-Kw, hn`hhnX-c-Ww, e`y-amb hn`-h-ß-fpsS

164

XI˛mw ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw˛ Km‘n-b≥ ]T\wkºq¿W-amb D]-tbm-Kw, hn`h h¿[-

\hv F∂nh CXn¬ ][m-\-am-Wv. CXv

tZio-tbm-¬∏m-Z-\-Ønepw hy‡n-KX

kwcw-`-ß-fnepw ][m-\-ambn D∂-bn-°-

s∏-Sp∂ ]iv\-ß-fm-Wv.

a. hn`hhn-`-P\w(Resource Allocation)

hn`-h-ßƒ Zp¿e-`-am-b-XmWv Cu ]iv\-

Øn\p Imc-Ww. ][m-\-ambpw aq∂p

tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw ImWp-tºm-gmWv Cu ]iv\-Øn\p ]cn-lmcw ImWm\m-Ip∂Xv.

1. F¥,v FX-amXw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°Ww?

GXv Bh-iy-Øn-\mWv ap≥K-W\ \¬tI-≠-sX∂v Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠Xv AXym-

h-iy-am-Wv. hn`-h-ßƒ kpe-`-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Cu ]iv\w D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-

∂n√.

$ Hcp kº-Zvhy-h-ÿbv°v \nc-h[n Nc-°p-Ifpw tkh-\-ßfpw D¬∏m-Zn-∏nt°-

≠-Xp-≠v. hn`-h-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-am-b-Xn-\m¬ F¥v D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v ap≥K-

W\ \n›-bn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. amX-hp-a√, Hcp hkvXp IqSp-X-embn D¬∏m-Zn-

∏n-°p-tºmƒ AXv as‰mcp hkvXp-hns‚ D¬∏m-Z-\sØ ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-

°pw. AXn-\m¬ GX-f-hn¬ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw Xocp-am-\n-t°≠nhcp-

∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, kam-[m-\-Im-eØv Hcp kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ Irjn°pw

a‰v D]-t`mKkm[-\-ß-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-\p-am-bn-cn°pw ap≥K-W\ \¬IpI.

F∂m¬ bp≤-Im-eØv hn`-h-ßƒ IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv bp≤-km-a-

Kn-Iƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cn-°pw.

$ GXp Nc-°mWv D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-t°-≠-sX∂p \n›-bn®p Ign-™m¬ Ah FX

Af-hn¬ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xn\mWv ]ns∂ ]m[m-\yw.

2. Fßs\ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°Ww?

kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-ambn _‘-s∏´mWv Cu ]iv\w DZn-°p-∂-Xv.

F¥v, GX-f-hn¬ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-W-sa∂p Xocp-am-\n-®p-I-gn-™m¬ GsX√mw hn`-h-

ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v GtXXv kmt¶-Xn-I-co-Xn-I-fn¬ Ah Bcv D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°Ww F∂p-

≈-XmWv ASp-Ø-Xmbn Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xv. Htc hkvXpXs∂ hnhn[ kmt¶-XnI

coXn-I-fn¬ ]etXmXn¬ hn -h-ßƒ kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmt¶-

Xn-I-hn-Zysb ][m-\-ambpw c≠p-co-Xn-bn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p∂p.

$ A[zm\ tIµo-IrX D¬∏m-Z\hnZy

IqSp-X¬ sXmgn¬i‡nbpw Ipd®v aqe-[-\hpw D]-tbm-Kn®v D¬∏m-Z\w \S-Øp∂

coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.

-]-h¿Ø\w\nßƒ Hcp sNdp-InSkwcw`w Bcw-`n-°p-

∂p-sh∂v k¶-¬∏n°p-I. F¶n¬ CXp-

ambn _‘-s∏´v Fs¥√mw Xocp-am-\-ß-

fmWv \nßƒ°v FSp-t°-≠n-h-cpI?

$ óGXp kwcw`w Bcw-`n-°Ww?

$ óFhnsS Bcw-`n-°Ww?

$

$

165


$ aqe-[\tIµo-IrX D¬∏m-Z\hnZy

IqSp-X¬ aqe-[-\hpw Ipd®v sXmgn¬i‡nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v D¬∏m-Z\w \S-Øp∂

coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS Bh-iy-I-X, hn`-h-ß-fpsS e`yX F∂nh

IW-°n-se-SpØv thWw GXp coXn-bn-ep≈ km¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy- th-W-sa∂p Xocp-

am-\n-°p-∂-Xv.

3. B¿°p-th≠n D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°Ww?

D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Nc-°p-Ifpw tkh-\-ßfpw P\ßƒ°v Fßs\ hnX-cWw

sNøWw F∂-XmWv CXp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

$ D¬∏mZ-t\m-∑pJhnX-c-Ww ˛ ]mY-an-I-ambn D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-eqsS kzcq]n-°p∂

hcp-am\w D¬∏mZ\LS-I-ß-fn-t∑-emWv hnX-cWw sNtø-≠Xv; `qan, A[zm\

i‡n, aqe-[-\w, kwcw-`-I¿ F∂n-h-bmWv D¬∏m-Z\LS-I-ßƒ.

$ kaqtlm-∑pJhnX-cWw ˛ c≠m-a-Xmbn AtX hcp-am\w hy‡n-Iƒ°pw IpSpw-

_-ßƒ°p-ambn hnX-cWw sNøp-∂p.

b. hn`-h-ß-fpsS kºq¿W- D-]-tbmKw

e`y-amb -hn-`-h-ß-fpsS Imcy-£-a-amb D]-tbmKw F∂Xv F√m kº-Zvhy-hÿIfpw

t\cn-Sp-∂ ]iv\-amWv. Ipd™ ]cn-i-a-Øn-eqsS hn -h-ß-fpsS Aan-X-hybw C√msX

]c-am-h[n D¬∏m-Z\w km[y-am-°pI F∂-XmWv hn`-h-ß-fpsS kºq¿W D]-tbmKw

F∂-Xp-sIm-≠v A¿Yam°p-∂-Xv.

c. hn`-h-h¿[-\hv

e`y-amb hn`-h-ß-fp-sS h¿[-\hv kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS hf¿®bv°v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

hn`-h-ß-fpsS Imcy-£-a-amb h¿[-\-hn-eqsS amXta P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw

D¬∏m-Z\LS-I-ßƒ

`qan : aÆv, Pew, hmbp, [mXp-°ƒ, kky-Pm-e-ßƒ XpSßn D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ F√m ]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ßfpw qan- F∂ kmº-ØnIk¶-¬∏-Øn¬Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. qan-bpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn\p e`n-°p∂ ]Xn- ew hmS-I-bmWv (rent).

A[zm\w : -Nc-°p-Ifpw tkh-\-ßfpw kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[zm-\sØbmWvsXmgn-¬ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. sXmgn-e-n\p- e`n-°p∂ ]Xnêw Iqen-bm-Wv.

aqe-[\w : b¥-ßƒ, ]Ww, sIń-S-ßƒ, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw aqe-[-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp-∂p. aqe-[-\-\nt£-]-Øn¬\n∂p≈ ]Xn-^-eamWv]m´w.

kwcw-`-I¿ : as‰√m D¬∏m-Z-t\m-]m-[n-I-sfbpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v em`-Øn-\mbnD¬∏m-Z\]In-b°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂hcmWv kwcw-Ì¿. kwcw-`-I-Xz-Øn-

\p≈ ]Xn-ê-amWv em`w.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

166


Db¿Øm≥ km[n-°q. aqe-[-\-kzcq-]-W-Øns‚ \nc-°v, apX¬apS-°v, \nt£]w

F∂nh CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-t°≠ hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv.

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kmº-ØnImi-b-ß-fpsS Dd-hn-S-ßƒ

]c-º-cm-K-X-amb \ΩpsS [mc-W-b-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kmº-ØnIimkvX-⁄-\√

Km‘nPn. Km‘n-PnbpsS kmº-ØnINn¥-Iƒ s]mSp-∂s\ cq]-s∏-´-hb√. ip≤

`uXnINn¥-bpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ cq]-s∏´ kmº-ØnIimkvXsØ Km‘nPn Bflo-

b-X-bpsS Xe-Øn-te°v Db-¿Øp-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv.

Xs‚ kmº-ØnIimkvX-Nn-¥-Iƒ cq]s∏SpØp-∂-Xn¬ \nc-h[n Dd-hn-S-ßƒ Km‘n-

Pnsb kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ ][m-\-s∏-´-h-bmb lnµp-[¿a-imkvXw, ¢mkn-

°¬ kmº-ØnIimkvX-Øn\v ]m›m-Xy-Nn-¥-I-cn¬\n∂p-≠m-b hn-a¿i-\-ßƒ,

_n´njv kmam-Py-Xz-`-c-Ww C¥y≥ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bnep≠m-°nb BLm-X-ßƒ

F∂n-h-bmWv ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xv.

1. lnµp-[¿a-imkvXw

Km‘n-PnbpsS F√m Nn¥-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ Dd-hnSw lnµp-[¿aimkvX-

am-Wv. CXn¬ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ c≠p Nn¥-I-fmWv [¿ahpw tam£-hpw. kmaq-

lnI-Iaw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Hcmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p∂ I¿Ø-hy-amWv [¿aw. CXp-]-Imcw

F√m hy‡n-Iƒ°pw Nne -I¿Ø-hy-ßfp≠v. kmaq-lnI-Iaw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v

F√m-hcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ kXy-k-‘-ambn \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. CX-hs‚

IS-a-bm-Wv. lnµp-[¿a-Øn¬ sXm-gn¬ F∂Xv Hcm-fpsS [m¿anI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv.

kmº-ØnIXm¬∏-cy-ßƒ [m¿anI\nb-a-ßtfmSp tN¿∂p-t]m-IWw.- hy‡n-KXt\ -

tØ-°mƒ Iq´mb t£a-Øn-\mWv ChnsS ap≥Xq-°w. C¥y≥ Bflo-b-X-bpsS

BXy¥nIe£yw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv tam£km£m-¬°m-c-am-Wv. `qan-bn-ep≈ Pohn-

X-N-I-Øn¬\n∂p≈ tamN-\-am-Wn-Xv. CXv Cl-tem-IsØ \ntj-[n-°p-∂-X-√. kzm¿Y-

X-bn¬\n∂pw Bk-‡n-I-fn¬\n∂pap≈ tamN-\-amWv tam£w. [¿a-Øns‚ ip≤o-

I-c-W-am-W-Xv. [¿ahpw tam£hpw XΩn-ep≈ kwtbm-P-\w Hcp-hs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬

]mh¿Øn-I-am°pI F∂-XmWv Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnIimkvX-Øns‚ ASnØd.

2. alm-Nn¥-I¿

tPm¨ dkvIn≥ (1819 1900)

kº-Øns‚ imkvX-amWv kmº-ØnIimkvX-sa∂ BUw- kvan-Øns‚ Bi-

bsØ tPm¨ dkvIn≥ \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-∂p. dkvIns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ

Nn-¥n°pI, ]¶p-h-bv°pI

Fw.sI. Km‘n-bpsS kmº-ØnIZ¿i-\-ßƒ cq]-s∏Sp-Øm≥ klm-

bn-® LS-I-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?

$ `K-hZvKo-X, $ alZvhy‡nXzßƒ

167


Km‘n-Pn -bpsS kmº-ØnI

Nn¥-Isf Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-

®n -´p -≠v. Km‘n ]d-bp-∂p:

""Fs‚ ]e ][m\ Bi-b-

ßfpw Is≠-Ø-ep -Ifpw

dkvIn≥ Fgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-

Øn -ep -≠v . AXn -\m -emWv

AsX∂ CX-b-[nIw kzm[o-

\n-®Xpw Fs‚ PohnXw Xs∂

am‰nadn-®-Xpw.''

dkvIns‚ "A¨ Sp Zn emÃv'

F∂ ]pkvX-IsØ°pdn-®mWv

Km‘nPn ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-

∂-Xv. "]c-am-h[n P\-ßƒ°v

]c-am-h[n \∑' F∂ kmº-

Øn-Im-i-bsØ dkvIn≥ X≈n-

°-f-bp-∂p. "]c-am-h[n kwXr-

]vXn, kmº-ØnIa\p-jy≥'

F∂o Bi-b-ßsf dkvIn≥

\nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-∂p. ""Ch a\p-jys‚ [m¿an-I-amb Pohn-X-tØmSp tN¿∂p

\n¬°p-∂-X-√. CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Km‘nPn ]d-bp∂ "]c-am-h[n P\-ßƒ°v ]c-am-

h[n \∑' F∂ XØz-Øn¬ Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√. as‰m-c¿Y-Øn¬ 51 iX-am-\-

Øns‚ KpW-Øn-\p-th≠n 49 iX-am-\sØ _en-I-gn-°m≥ Cu XØz-a-\p-k-cn®v

Ah¿ Xbm-dm-Ipw. lrZ-b-an-√mØ Hcp XØz-im-kvX-am-W-Xv.'' (a-lm-tZhv tZim-bn-

bpsS Ubdn ˛ 1 (1953) ]pdw ˛ 149). "]c-am-h[n P\-ßƒ°v ]c-am-h[n \∑' F∂

kqX-hmIyw Alnw-k-bpsS h‡m-hn\v kzoI-cn-°m-\m-hn√ F∂mWv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS

A`n-]m-bw. AXp-t]mse B[p-\nI hyh-kmbh¬°-c-W-sØbpw dkvIn≥ hna¿i-

\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p. hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n \S-Øp∂ coXn-Iƒ ITn\hpw

A\oXn \nd-™Xpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS A¥v Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xp-am-sW∂v At±lw

Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. ]hr-Ønsb aq¿Ø-am-°p-∂Xv Bflob\∑-I-fm-sW∂pw dkvIn≥

]d-bp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ]Whpw kz¿Whp-a√ bYm¿Y kºØv;

Pohn-X-amWv bYm¿Y kºØv. \oXn-bnepw kmaq-lnIkvt\l-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-

amb kmº-ØnIimkvX-Øn-\mWv dkvIn≥ \ne-sIm-≠-Xv.

entbm tSmƒtÃmbv

djy temI-Øn\p \¬Inb alm-\m-b Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw Nn¥-I-\p-amWv entbm

tSmƒtÃmbv (1828˛1910). Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bnse Pohn-X-Im-e-ØmWv entbm tSmƒtÃm-

bn-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ Km‘nPn IqSp-X-embn hmbn-°p-∂-Xv. tSmƒtÃm-bn-bpsS "Zn InMvUw

kmº-Øn-I-a-\p-jy≥

kmº-Øn-I-a-\p-jy≥ F∂-]Zw ]sØm≥-

]Xmw \q‰m-≠n-emWv cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CsXmcp

km¶n¬∏nI hy‡n-bm-Wv. bp‡n-]-c-ambn

]q¿W- A-dn-thm-Sp-IqSn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp

hy‡n-bm-Wn-Xv. Xs‚ kzIm-cy-D]-bp-‡Xsb

AXns‚ ]mc-ay-Øn¬ FØn-°p∂ Cbmƒ°v

kzImcyXm¬∏-cy-ß-fn-√. Cu km¶-¬∏nI

a\p-jy≥ kmº-ØnIamXr-I-Iƒ°v A\p-k-

cn®v D]-t`mKk¥p-e\w ssIh-cn-°m≥ ian-

°p∂ Bfm-Wv. kmº-ØnIa\p-jys‚ F√m

Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\w At±-

l-Øns‚ D]-bp-‡-X-bpsS km£m-¬°m-c-

am-Wv. GsXmcp kml-N-cy-Øns‚bpw tijn-

Iƒ ]c-am-h[n hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂

hy‡n-bmWv kmº-ØnIa\p-jy≥.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

168

XI˛mw ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw˛ Km‘n-b≥ ]T\wHm^v tKmUv Cukv hnXn≥ bp' (ssZh-cmPyw \nß-fpsS D≈n¬Øs∂-bmWv ˛ Thekingdom of God is within you) F∂ KŸw Km‘n-Pnsb khn-ti-j-ambn kzm[o-\n-

®p. "Blm-c-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ A[zm\w' (Bread Labour) F∂ Bi-bsØ Km‘n

]q¿Wcq-]-Øn¬ a\-n-em-°p-∂Xv tSmƒtÃm-bn-bpsS IrXn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. ][m-

\-ambpw c≠p kmº-ØnINn¥-I-fmWv tSmƒtÃm-bn-bn¬\n∂p Km‘n-°v e`n-®-Xv.

1. Cu temIØp a\p-jy≥ kºØp kzcp-°q-´-cp-Xv.

2. a\p-jys‚ bYm¿Y- sXm-gn¬ Irjn-bm-Wv.

ZmZm- mbv \hvtdmPn

C¥y≥ tZiob]ÿm-\-Øns‚ BZy-Imet\Xm-°-fn¬ ]ap-J-\m-Wp ZmZm-

`mbv \hvtdmPn (1825˛1917). 1901 ¬ Fgp-Xnb "t]mh¿ń B≥Uv A¨_n-ńjv dqƒ

C≥ C¥y' ("Zmcn-Zyhpw _nń-jp-Im¿°v A\p-tbm-Py-a-√mØ `c-Whpw C¥y-bn¬'

--˛Poverty and un Bristish Rule in India) F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ C¥y≥ kmº-ØnI tZio-

b-X-sb-°p-dn®v At±lw apt∂m-´p-h® "sUbn≥ Xnbdn' (tNm¿®mkn≤m-¥w˛ DrainTheory) C∂pw hym]-I-ambn N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂p (sUbn≥ F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿Yw

tNm¿® F∂m-Wv.) C¥y-bnse Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ ImcWw _nń-jp-Im-cpsS tImf-\n

\-b-ßfpw AXns‚ ê-ambn C¥y-bpsS kºØv Du‰n-sb-Sp-Ø-XpamsW∂p

\hvtdmPn Xs‚ ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ka¿Yn-°p-∂p. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ coXn-I-fn-emWv C¥y-

bpsS kºØv tNm¿∂-sX∂v At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.

1. Cw•-≠n¬\n∂p-≈ s]mXp-I-S-Øn\v CuSm-°nb Aan-X-]-en-i.

2. tÃ‰v skI-´-dn-bpsS sNe-hp-Iƒ

3. sdbn¬th, Pe-tk-N\w F∂nh-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hm¿jn-I-s®-

e-hpIƒ.

4. iº-fw, s]≥j≥ F∂o C\-ß-fn-embp≠mb Hmôkv sNe-hp-Iƒ.

5. B¿an, t\hn ssk\y-Øn-\p≈ s]≥j≥

6. bqtdm-]y¿°v Cw•≠v \¬Inb Xncn-®-S-hp-Iƒ

7. _nńjv DtZym-K-ÿ¿ \S-Ønb Ib-hn-I-b-ßƒ°p≈ Xncn-®-Shv.

_nńjv `cWw c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ C¥ysb krjvSn-®p-sh∂v \hv-tdmPn

Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. H∂v kº-∂-amb C¥y, c≠v Zcn-Z-amb C¥y. At±lw ]d-bp-∂p:

""kzbw`c-W-Øn-eqsS amXta Cu Du‰n-sb-Sp-°-en¬\n∂pw XZv^-e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂

XI¿®-bn¬\n∂pw Zmcn-Zy-Øn¬\n∂pw C¥y°v ]pdØpIS-°m-\m-hq.'' \hvtdm-Pn-

bpsS ]T-\-ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw tImf\n`c-W-Øns‚ bYm¿Y-apJw temI-Øn\p

shfn-s∏-SpØns°mSp-Øp. \hvtdm-Pn-bpsS Bi-b-ßƒ \ΩpsS tZio-b-X-bpsS i‡-

amb hf¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-bn.

169


ctajvNµ -ZØv

C¥y≥ knhn¬ k¿hokv

Hmô-k-dm-bn-cp∂p ctajv Nµ

ZØv (1848˛1909). k¿ho-kn¬-

\n∂p hnc-an-®-tijw s]mXp-

] -h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏´

At±lw 1899˛¬ C¥y≥ \mj-

W¬ tIm¨K-ns‚ ]kn-

U‚m-bn. BZy-Ime _n- njv c-

Ww C¥y-bpsS kºZvhyh-

ÿbv°v D≠m-°nb BLm-X-

sØ-°p-dn®v hni-Z-ambn At±-

lw Xs‚ KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.

"lnµv kzcmPv' (1909) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Km‘nPn C]-Im-c-sa-gp-Xn: ""anÃ¿ ZØns‚

C¥y-bpsS "kmº-Øn-I-N-cnXw' F∂ ]pkvXIw hmbn-®-t∏mƒ Rm≥ Ic™p-

t]mbn. CXn-s\-°p-dn®v ho≠pw Nn¥n-®-t∏mƒ Fs‚ lrZbw ho≠pw Akz-ÿ-am-

bn. C¥ysb Zcn-Z-am-°n-bXv b¥-ß-fmWv.''

_nńjv kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ \b-ßfpw Ah-cpsS \nIpXnkº-Zm-b-ßfpw Fß-s\-

bmWv C¥y≥ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb XI¿Ø-sX∂pw AXns‚ ê-am-bp-≠mb £ma-

ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ZØv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. C¥y-bn-ep-≠mb £ma-

ßƒ `£y-Zu¿e`yw aqe-a-s√∂pw _nńjp-Im-cpsS sX‰mb \b-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-I-fp-

amWv Ah-bn-te°v \bn-®-sX∂pw ZØv Xs‚ ]T-\-ß-fn-eqsS temI-Øn\p shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-Øp. ZØns‚ ]T-\-ßƒ Km‘n-Pnsb kzm[o-\n-®p. tImf-\n-`-c-W-

Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw AXv F]-Im-c-amWv C¥y≥ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ BLm-X-ta¬∏n-

®-sX∂pw a\-n-em-°m≥ ZØns‚ ]pkvXIß-fn-eqsS Km‘n-Pn°v km[n®p.

1. Zn C°-tWm-anIv lnÃdn Hm^v C¥y

A≠¿ G¿en _nńjv dqƒ (BZy-Ime

_nńjv c-W-Øn\p Iogn¬ C¥y-bpsS

kmº-ØnINcnXw)

2. Zn C°-tWmanIv lnÃdn Hm^v C¥y

A≠¿ hnIvtSm-dn-b≥ GPv (hnIvtSm-dn-

b≥ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS kmº-

ØnINcnXw)

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

ctajvNµ -ZØns‚ apJy-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

3. _nńjv kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ kzm[o\w

tImf-\n-h¬°-c-Whpw kmam-Py-Xzhpw F]-Im-c-amWv A[n-\nhn-jvScmjvS-ßsf

]q¿W-ambpw XI¿°p-∂Xv F∂-Xn-\p≈ anI® DZm-l-c-W-amWv C¥y-bnse _nńjv

tImf-\n-h¬°-c-Ww. cmjvSo-b-amb A[n-\n-thiw amX-a√ _n´≥ C¥y-bpsS ta¬

\S-Øn-b-Xv. _nńjv -cWw kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb A[n-


Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kmº-Øn-Im-i-b-ßsf kzm[o-\n® Nn¥-I¿ Bsc-

√m-amWv? Ah¿ F]-Im-c-amWv Km‘n-Pnsb kzm[o-\n-®Xv? Hcp

_p≈‰v Nm¿´v Xbm-dm°n ¢mkn¬ N¿®-sN-øp-I.

170

XI˛mw ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw˛ Km‘n-b≥ ]T\w\n-th-ihpw C¥y-bp-sS-ta¬ \SØn. C¥y-bnse kzbw]cym-]vX-amb KmaoW kº-

Zvhy-hÿ _nńjv `c-W-Øn¬ ]q¿Wambn XI¿°-s∏-´p.

Iº-\n -\-S-Ønb A]-l-cWw

C¥y-bnse cmPm-°-∑m¿, I¿j-I¿, skao-µm¿am¿, I®-h-S-°m¿ F∂n-h-cn¬\n∂pw

]e-hn-[-Øn¬ Iº\n kºØv A]-l-cn-s®-Sp-Øp. Ah¿ \S-∏m-°nb imizX `q\n

-IpXn hyhÿ (permanent settlement), sdbvØp-hmcnkº-Zm-bw, al¬hmcn \nIpXn

hyh-ÿ-Iƒ F∂nh I¿j-I-cpsS \s´-s√m-Sn-®p. skao-µm¿am¿°m-bn-cp∂p \nIpXn

]ncn-hn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw. \n›-bn-°-s∏-´-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ XpI-b-bn-cp∂p Ah¿

\nIp-Xn-bmbn CuSm-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. CXv I¿j-I-cpsS kmº-Øn-I-ÿn-Xnsb IqSp-X¬

hj-fm-°p-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°n.

Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h-¬°-cWw

hy‡n-KX D]-t`m-K-Øn\p ]Icw hn]-Wnsb e£y-am°n hnf-Iƒ IrjnsN-øp-∂-

Xn-s\-bmWv Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-cWw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. _nńjv tXm´-ap-S-

a-I-fmWv -Cu ]h-W-Xbv°p XpS-°w-Ip-dn-®-Xv. _nńjv hyh-km-b-ßƒ°v Bh-iy-

amb Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°-fpsS e`yX Dd-∏m-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ e£yw.

XZv^-e-ambn C¥y-bn¬ hyh-km-b-ßƒ°v Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°-fpsS e`y-X-bn¬

h≥tXm-Xn¬ Ipd-h-\p-`-h-s∏-´p. amX-hp-a√, `£y-hn-f-I-fn¬\n∂p hmWn-Py-hn-f-I-fn-

te-°p≈ am‰w \ΩpsS £y-kzbw]cym-]vX-X-sbbpw ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®p. Npcp-

°-Øn¬, Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-cWw _nńjv kmº-ØnIXm¬∏-cy-ßsf amX-

amWp kwc-£n-®-Xv.

Ic-Iu-ie ˛ hy-h-km-b-taJ-e-IfpsS XI¿®

]c-º-cm-K-X-amb \ΩpsS \n¿am-W-ta-J-e-I-fpsS XI¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p _nńjv

`c-W-Øns‚ as‰mcp A\-¥-c-^-ew. hyh-kmbhnπ-h-Øns‚ ê-ambn _n´-\n¬

b¥-h¬Ir-X-amb h≥hy-h-kmbime-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw D¬∏m-Z\w h≥tXm-

Xn-em-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipd™ D¬∏m-Z-\-s®-ehmbn-cp∂p CXns‚ ]tXy-IX. hneIp-

d™ Cu mIvSdnbp¬∏-∂-ß-tfmSv a¬k-cn-°m≥ C¥y≥ KmaoW D¬∏-∂-ßƒ°p

Ign-bmsXh∂p. C¥y≥ hkvX-ßƒ°v G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb henb \nIp-Xn-Iƒ Ah-

bpsS hne-h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-°n. X≥aqew Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏´ hkvX-

ß-tfmSp a¬k-cn-°m≥ Ahbv°v Ign-bm-sX-t]m-bn. CXv C¥y≥ hkvX-\n¿amWtaJ-

e-bpsS XI¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-bn. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw

Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ßfpw Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°-fp-a-√msX as‰m∂pw Xs∂ D¬∏m-

Zn-∏n-°mØ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v C¥y≥ kº-Zvhy-hÿ XI¿∂p. KmaoW hyh-km-b-

ta-J-e-bpsS XI¿® kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb H∂msI ]nSn-®p-e-®p. Hgn-hp-Im-e-ß-fn¬ P\-

ßƒ°v Bi-b-am-bn-cp∂ KmaoW hyhkm-b-ta-J-e-bpsS XI¿® Bbn-c-°-W-°n-

\m-fp-Isf Zmcn-Zy-Øn-te°pw XZv -e-am-bp-≠mb £ma-ß-fn-te°pw \bn®p. Irjnbpw

171


KmaoWhyh-kmbtaJ-e-bp-ambn ]c-º-cm-K-X-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ _‘w ]q¿Wambpw

XI¿∂p. Ch-sb-√mw-Xs∂ C¥y-bpsS X\Xv- hym-h-km-bnI -taJ-e-bpsS XI¿®bv°p

Imc-W-am-bn.

C¥y-bnse _nńjv aqe-[-\-\n-t£]w

19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bm-b-t∏m-tg°pw C¥ybnse _nńjv aqe-[\\nt£]w

IpØs\ h¿[n-®p. hkvX-\n¿am-W-ta-J-ebv°p ]pdta sdbn¬th, jn∏nMv, sshZypXn

D¬∏m-Z-\w, J\-\w, C≥jp-d≥kv, _m¶nMv XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn-te°v _nń-jp-Im¿

Ah-cpsS aqe-[\\nt£]w hym]n-∏n-®p. C¥y-bnse ]IrXnhn -h-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-

°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu \nt£-]-ß-fpsS e£yw. sXmgn¬ tIµo-Ir-X-amb aqe-[-

\-\n-t£-]-Øn-\mWv _nń-jp-Im¿ IqSp-X¬ Xm¬∏cyw Imń-b-Xv. I¬°cnJ\n-Iƒ,

tXbn-e-tØm- -ßƒ F∂nh C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ hym]-I-am-bn. C¥y-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-

Iƒ°v Ipd-™-th-X\w \¬In h≥tXm-Xn¬ em`w sImøm-sa-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ch¿

sXmgn¬tI-µo-IrX aqe-[-\-\n-t£-]-Øn\v Xm¬∏-cyw-Im- n-b-Xv. amX-hp-a√, C¥y-bn¬

\S-Ønb F√m- aq-e-[\\nt£-]-ßƒ°pw h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ ]eni Chn-SsØ P\-ß-

fn¬\n∂p-Xs∂ _nń-jp-Im¿ CuSm-°n. Npcp-°--Øn¬, aqe-[\\nt£-]-Øn-eqsS hnI-

k-\-Øn-\p]-Icw kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]cn-]q¿W XI¿®-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

_nńjv`cWw k¿h-hn-[-Ønepw C¥y≥ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb

XI¿Øp ˛ Cu ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pX N¿®-sN-øpI.

\-ap-°p ]cn-tim-[n°mw

X∂n-cn -°p∂ I¨k]v‰vam∏v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-I.

Km‘

n-b≥

kmº

-ØnI

Z¿i

-\-ß

-fps

S Dd-h

nSw

alZv

hy‡

n-Iƒ

lnµ

p-[¿a

-

_nó

jv

kmam-PyXzw

NqjW

w

172


Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ][m\ kmº-Øn-I-Nn-¥-Iƒ

apI-fn¬ \mw N¿®sNbvX D≈-S-°-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ][m\

kmº-ØnImib-ßƒ \ap°p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

1. kmº-ØnIim-kvXhpw \oXn-im-kvXhpw

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂h \mw km[m-c-W ImWm-dp≈ Nne ]X-hm¿Ø-I-fpsS

Xe-s°- p-I-fm-Wv.

$ ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ hnj-b-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?

$ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv hy‡n-Iƒ C]-Imcw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv?

$ Cßs\ ]Ww-k-ºm-Zn-°p-∂Xp icn-bmtWm? As√-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v?

Pohn-X-Øn¬ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw Nne [m¿anIaq-ey-ßƒ \mw ]n¥p-S-tc-≠-Xm-bn-

´p-≠v. amXr-Im-]-c-amb Hcp kmaq-ln-I-I-a-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Km‘nPn Xs‚ kmº-

ØnImi-b-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv, AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ [m¿an-I-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-

°mØ F√m kmº-ØnIim-kvX-Nn-¥-I-sfbpw Km‘nPn \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p. At±lw

]d-bp-∂p: ""D∂-X-amb km∑m¿KnI\ne-hm-csØ CSn®pXmgvØp-∂-X√ bYm¿Y kmº-

Øn-I-im-kvXw. AXp-t]mse icn-bmb kZm-Nm-c-kw-ln-Xbv°pw \s√mcp kmº-

Øn-I-im-kvX-Øn¬\n∂p thdn´p \n¬°m-\p-am-hn-√. sNIp-Øm≥ F∂ [\-tZ-h-

Xsb amXw Bcm-[n®pIgn-bp-∂Xpw ]mh-s∏-´-hs\ NqjWwsNbvXv kzØv kzcp-

Iq-´m≥ Blzm\w sNøp-∂-Xp-amb [\-imkvXw i]n-°-s∏´ Hcp imkvXwXs∂.

AXp acWw hnX-bv°p-∂p. kmaq-ln-I-\o-Xn-°p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-XmWv icn-

bmb kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXw. Xmtg-°n-S-bn-te-°p-≈-h-c-S°w kI-e¿°pw \∑t\cp∂

[\-imkvXw A¥-p-‰ Hcp Pohn-X-Øn\v A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv.''(lcn-P≥ 09˛10˛1937-

]pdw, ˛ 292)

$ó ]mh-s∏-´-hs\ Nqj-Ww-sN-øp-∂Xv A[m¿an-I-am-Wv.

$ó icn-bmb kmº-Øn-I-imkvXw kmaq-lnI\o-Xn-°p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

$ kI-e¿°pw \∑- h-cp-ØpI F∂-XmWv icn-bm-b- km-º-ØnIimkvX-Øns‚

e£yw.

Akw-L-SnXsXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ thX-\-h¿[-\hv Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

ambw tN¿Ø `£y-h-kvXp-

°ƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp.]qgvØn-h® -£y-[m-\y-ßƒ -

--DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Is≠-Sp-Øp.

173


]h¿-Ø\w

\nß-fpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw AXym-h-iy-

ßfpw Hcp ]pkvX-IØn¬ Ipdn-°p-I.

Bh-iy-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°n-bm¬ AXv \nß-

fpsS km[m-cWPohn -XsØ _m[n -

°ptam? Bhiyß-fpsS h¿[-\hv FX-

amXw Pohn-XsØ Akz-ÿ-am-°p-∂p-

sh∂v Kq∏n¬ N¿®sN-øp-I.

a\p-jys‚ km∑m¿KnIt£asØ apdn-th¬∏n-°p∂ kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXsØ

Km‘nPn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. Hcp cmPy-sØtbm hy‡n-sbtbm Cc-bm°n Pnhn-°p-

∂Xv Ip‰-I-c-am-Wv. hnb¿s∏m-gp-°p∂ A[zm-\-Øns‚ êw NqjWw sNøp-∂Xpw

[m¿an-I-Xbv°v \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv. em`w F∂ H‰-hm-°n¬ F√m kmº-ØnI]h¿Ø-

\-ß-sfbpw Npcp-°p∂ B[p-\nI kmº-ØnIimkvX-Øns‚ \oXn-bn-√m-bvasb

Km‘nPn \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-∂p. F√m kmº-ØnI]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw BXy-

¥n-I-e£yw F√m-h-cp-tSbpw \∑-bm-sW∂pw AXn-eqsS Bflob D∂-Xn-bn-se-Øm-

sa∂pw Km‘nPn hniz-kn-°p-∂p. At±-lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kmº-Øn-I-

]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xs‚ aX-]-chpw B[ym-fln-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-Øns‚ XpS¿®-X-s∂-

bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v kmº-Øn-I-a-\p-jy≥ F∂ Bi-bsØ Km‘nPn AwKo-I-cn-

°p-∂n-√. Cu Bibw a\p-jys\ ùXn-I-Xbv°v ASn-a-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa∂v Km‘nPn `b-

s∏-Sp-∂p. kmº-ØnI AkvXn-Xz-Øn-\-∏pdw a\p-jy\v Bflob AkvXn-Xz-am-Wp-≈-

sX∂v Km‘nPn hniz-kn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXsØ kZm-Nm-

c-Øn¬\n∂pw [m¿an-I-X-bn¬\n∂pw th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂p Km‘nPn A`n-

]m-b-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ ùXnI]ptcm-K-Xn°v At±lw FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p-an-√.

2. efn-X-Po-hn-Xhpw Db¿∂ Nn¥m-K-Xnbpw

Bh-iy-ßsfbpw AXymh-iy-ß-

sfbpw hy‡-ambn Km‘nPn th¿Xn-

cn-°p-∂p. ssPhn-I-am-bn-Øs∂ \Ω-

fn¬ apZWw sNø-s∏-´-h-bmWv A-

Xym-hiy-ßƒ. F∂m¬ Bh-iy-

ßƒ IrXna-ambn- krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-

∂-h-bm-Wv. Km‘nPn ]d-bp∂p:"" \mw-

]e-t∏mgpw \ΩpsS bYm¿Y Bh-

iy-ß-sf-∏‰n t_m[-ap≈h-c-√. ]e-

t∏mgpw \mw A\p-Nn-X-ambn \ΩpsS

Bhiy-ßsf Cc-ń -∏n -°p -∂p.

X∑qew At_m-[-ambn \mw \Ω-sf-Øs∂ sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-I-bmW.v'' At±lw

XpS¿∂p ]d-bp-∂p: ""Iptdsbms° imco-cn-I-kp-Jhpw kwXr-]vXnbpw \ap-°m-h-iy-

am-Wv. ]t£, Hcp ]cn-[n-I-gn-™m¬ AXp \ap°v Hcp ]Xn-_-‘-ambn amdp-∂p.

AXn-\m¬ AkwJyw Bh-iy-ßƒ Df-hm°n Ah- t\-Sm≥ ian-°pI F∂ kn≤m¥w

Hcp Ducm-°p-Sp-°mbn, ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. imco-cn-Ihpw _p≤n-]-c-hp-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ

th≠n-S-Øp-h®v \nb-¥n-®n-s√-¶n¬ Ah imco-cnI˛_u≤nI t`mKm-k-‡n-bmbn

Xcw-Xm-gv∂p...- Hcp a\p-jys‚ k¿h Du¿Phpw P\-tk-h-\-Øn-\m-bn-´mWv tIµo-I-

cn-t°-≠Xv.''

kz¥w Bh-iy-ßƒ h¿[n-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßp∂ \nan-jw-ap-X¬ efn-X-Po-hn-Xhpw Db¿∂

Nn¥bpw F∂ Bibw a\p-jys\ hn´p-]n-cn-bp-∂-Xmbn Km‘nPn hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

174


""Xr]vXnbn√m-Ø-h¿ F∂pw taml-ß-fpsS ASn-a-bm-bn-cn-°pw.......-a-\p-jy≥ Xs∂-

bmWv Ahs‚ iXphpw Ahs‚ G‰hpw \√ anX-hpw. ASn-aØw thtWm kzmX¥yw

thtWm F∂ Imcyhpw Ah\v kzbw Xocp-am-\n-°mw.'' \nb-¥n-X -D-]-t`m-K-Øn-

\mWv Km‘nPn ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. AXym-hiy-ßfmbn-cn-°Ww D]-t`m-KsØ

\n¿W-bn-t°-≠-Xv. A√msX Bh-iy-ßƒ Bbn-cn-°-cp-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Km‘n-b≥

kaq-lsØ "AXym-hiy-]qcW-k-aqlw' F∂p hnfn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS Bh-

iy-ßƒ°v Bfl-\n-b-¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ km[m-c-W-°m-cmb F√m-h¿°pw

Ah-cpsS ASn-ÿm-\m-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ Ign-bpw. efn-X-Po-hnXw˛Db¿∂-Nn-¥m-

KXn F∂ Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnImi-b-Øns‚ ][m-\-X-Øz-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂

]Imcw \ap°v kwK-ln-°mw.

1. Bh-iy-ß-sfbpw AXym-h-iy-ß-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bWw.

2. Bhiy-ßƒ Hcn-°epw ]q¿W-ambn Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bn-√. Bh-iy-ß-

fpsS ]ndsI ]mbp-tºmƒ \mw t`mKm-k-‡cmIp-∂p.

3. F√m-h¿°pw AXym-h-iy-Øn-\p≈ hI `qan-bnep≠v.

4. a\p-jys‚ AXym¿Øn-bmWv F√m -Zp-cn-X-ßƒ°pw Zmcn-Zy-Øn\pw Imc-Ww.

5. a\p-jy-i-cocw tkh-\-Øn-\p-≈-Xm-Wv; Bk-‡n-]q-c-W-Øn-\p-≈-X-√.

6. kp-J-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ clkyw XymK-amWv; Bk‡nbneqsS ac-W-hpw.

3. Blm-c-Øn-\mbp≈ A[zm\w

Hmtcm hy‡nbpw hnb¿s∏m-gp°n Blm-c-Øn-\p-≈- hI t\S-W-sa-∂mWv Cu

Bibw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Km‘nPn ]d-bp∂p: ""Blm-c-Øn-\mbn tPmen sNøm-\mWv

Cuiz-c≥ a\p-jy-s\ -kr-jvSn-®-Xv. tPmen-sN-ømsX `£Ww Ign-°p-∂-h¿ tamjvSm-

°-fm-Wv. ico-csØ \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ hI t\Sp-∂-Xn\v imco-cn-Im[zm\w Xs∂

thWw. a\-ns\ kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v _u≤nIhymbmaw thWw. sXmgn¬hn`-

P\w th≠n-SØv Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]t£, B hn`-P\w Imbn-Im-[zm\w sNøp-∂-hcpw

_u≤nIhym]mcw sNøp-∂-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ hn`-P-\-am-I-cpXv''

kz¥w Blm-c-Øn-\mbn amXw A[zm-\n-°p∂ coXn \ne-hn¬ hcp-tºmƒ a\p-

jys‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-am-Ipw. Blm-c-coXn efn-X-am-hp-Ibpw Pohn-°m\mbn

`£n-°p-∂- A-hÿ \ne-hn¬ hcp-Ibpw sNøpw. AØcw A[zm-\-Øn¬ \n∂v hep-

Xmb B\µw e`n-°p-sa∂pw Km‘nPn hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

_u≤n-I-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Blmcw kºm-Zn-°p∂ coXnsb Km‘nPn FXn¿°p-

∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬, ""ico-c-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ°p≈Xv ico-cw-

Xs∂ \¬I-Ww. _u≤nI]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bflm-hn\v th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. AXn\v

]Xn-^ew Bh-iy-s∏-S-cp-Xv. BZ¿i-cm-PyØn¬ tUmIvS¿amcpw h°o-e-∑mcpw a‰pw

kaq-l-Øn-\p-th≠n amXw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Ah¿°p -th-≠n-b√.'' _p≤n-]-c-amb

]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS aqeysØ Km‘nPn H´pw Ipd-®p-I-≠n-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ imco-cn-

175


Im-[zm-\-Øn\p ]I-c-ambn AXns\ ImWm≥ ImWm≥ Km‘nPn Xbm-dm-bn-√.

Btcm-Ky-ap≈, AtX-k-abw kXy-k-‘-ambn tPmensNøm≥ Xbm-d-√mØ Hcmƒ°v

shdpsX `£Ww \¬Ip-∂Xv Ip‰-I-c-am-sW-∂mWv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS A`n-]m-bw.

F∂m¬ tPmensNøm≥ Ign-hn-√mØ AwK-]-cnan-X-scbpw tcmKn-I-sfbpw kwc-£n-

t°-≠Xv cmjvS-Øns‚ IS-a-bm-sW∂v Km‘n hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Hcp-h≥ kzX-¥-amb

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kzb-ta-h- A-\p-jvTn-°p∂ imco-cnIm[zm\w amXta Blm-c-Øn-

\mbp≈ A[zm\w F∂ Km‘n-b≥ kmº-Øn-I-Nn-¥-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcpI-bp-

≈p. F∂m¬ \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw A\p-jvTn-°p∂ imco-cnIm[zm-\-Øns‚ ]Xn-^ew

Ak-¥p-jvSnbpw tcmKhpw Zmcn-Zyhpw ASn-a-Øhpambn-cn-°pw.

kmaq-lnItkh-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw Db¿∂ cq]-am-bn-´mWv Blm-c-Øn\mbp≈

A[zm\sØ Km‘nPn ImWp-∂-Xv. `mc-XobZ¿i-\-amb "[¿aw' BWv Cu kmº-

Øn-Im-i-b-Øns‚ Dd-hn-Sw. "[¿aw' F∂ XØza\p-k-cn®v tPmenXs∂-bmWv Hcp-

hs‚ ]Xn-^-e-hpw. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-c-h¿°p \n›bn-®n-´p≈ I¿a-ß-fn-eqsS

Bfl-km-£m-¬°m-c-Øn-te°v FØn-t®-cp-∂p. Cu Bfl-km-£m¬°mcw Xs∂-

bmWv Hcp-hs‚ ]Xn-^-ew. ]^.- sP.-Un.- tkØn "Blm-c-Øn-\mbp≈ A[zm\w'

F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ \mep LS-I-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Ah Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p. 1. G‰-

hpw Ipd™ Af-hn-ep≈ imco-cn-Im-[zm\w 2.Bfl-km-£m-¬°m-c-Øn-\p≈ D]-I-

cWw 3. tkh-\-Øn-\p≈ D]m[n 4.Pohn-X-k-‘m-c-W-Øn-\p≈ am¿Kw. Pohn-X-k‘m-

c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n Hcp-h≥ A\p-jvTn-°p∂ am¿Kw F√m-bvt∏mgpw [m¿an-Ihpw tkh-

\-Øn-\p≈Xpambn-cn-°-Ww.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

Blm-c-Øn-\mbp≈ A[zm\w F∂ Km‘n-b≥ kmº-Øn-Im-i-bsØ

hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

4. kztZin

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-isØ Hcp IpSpw-_io

D¬∏m-Z-I-bq-Wn‰v kµ¿in-°p-I. ChnsS

Fs¥√m-amWv D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv?

Cu D¬∏-∂-ßƒ BcmWv hmßp-∂Xv?

Bscm-s°-bmWv Chn-SsØ KpW-t`m-

‡m-°ƒ?

Ab¬]-°sØ im‡o-I-cn -°p∂

]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv "kztZin' F∂

Bi-b-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Km‘n-b≥

]h¿Ø-\-]-≤-Xn-bnse ][m\ Bi-

b-am-Wn-Xv. "kztZin' F∂ hm°ns‚

-]-h¿Ø\w\nßƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-

X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS

Hcp ]´nI Xbm-dm-°p-I. Ch-bn¬ ]mtZ-

in-I-ambn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂h GsX-√m-

amWv?

$ h≥InS Iº-\n-Iƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂h

GsX-√m-amWv?

$ hntZi\n¿anX hkvXp-°ƒ GsX-√m-

amWv?

$ ]mtZ-in-I- D¬∏-∂-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

®m¬ \ap-°p-≠m-Ip∂ t\´-ß-sf-°p-

dn®v Hcp D]-\ymkw Xbm-dm-°p-I.

176


A¿Yw kz¥w tZiw F∂m-Wv. ]t£, Km‘nPn CXns\ Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]q¿W-X-

Øz-im-kvX-]-c-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-®p. "kz[¿a' F∂ `K-h-XvKo-X-bnse Bi-b-tØmSv

G‰hpw ASp-Øp-\n¬°p-∂-XmWv "kztZin.' ChnsS \mw kztZinkn≤m-¥-Øns‚

kmº-Øn-I-Xew amX-amWv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xv.

Km‘nPn kztZ-insb C]-Imcw \n¿h-Nn®p: ""\ΩpsS kao-]-Øp≈ km[\-ßfpw

tkh-\-ßfpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Hcp tNtXm-hn-Imc-amWv kztZin F∂Xp

sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-Zq-c-tZ-isØ Bi-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\-am-

WXv'' Cu \n¿h-N\]Imcw \ΩpsS sXm´-b¬hm-kn-Iƒ \n¿an-°p∂ km[-\-ß-

fmWv \mw D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. \m´nse hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ \ap°pth≠ km[-\-

ßƒ \n¿an®p \¬I-Ww. Hcp a\p-jy\v temI-Øp≈ F√m- a-\p-jy-s\bpw tkhn-

°m-≥ I-gn-bn-√. tkh-\-Øns‚ Cu ]cn-an-Xnsb "kztZin' AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. \ap°v

A`n-Im-ay-am-bXv G‰hpw ASp-Ø- A-b¬°m-c\v tkh\w sNøpI F∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-

eqsS \mw temIsØØs∂-bmWv tkhn-°p-∂-Xv. CXmWv kztZ-in-bpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-]-am-Ww.

kztZ-in-bpsS ][m-\- L-S-I-ßƒ

1) _mly-k-lmbw IqSmsXXs∂ ASn-ÿm-\m-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ Hmtcm kaq-

l-Øn\pw tijn-bp-≠v.

2) AI-se-bp≈ Ab¬°m-c-t\-°mƒ ASp-Øp≈ Ab¬°m-cs‚ D¬∏∂-ßƒ°p

\mw ap≥K-W-\ -sIm-Sp-°-Ww.

3) kztZinkaq-l-Øn¬ Hmtcm- hy-‡n°pw Ahs‚ G‰hpw sa®-s∏´ Ign-hp-

Iƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw e`n-°p-∂p.

4) Alnw-km-fl-Ihpw Nqj-W-hn-ap-‡-hp-amb kaq-l-amWv "kztZin' e£yw- h-bv°p-

∂-Xv.

5) kztZ-in-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Hcp- hy‡n D]-t`m-‡mhv F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahs‚ Bh-

iy-ßƒ°v \nb-¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

6) ]mtZ-inIhn`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw Xt±-iob kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw ]c-am-h[n D]-

tbmKw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.

7) kztZinkaq-l-Øn¬ D]-t`m-‡mhv Xs‚ Ab¬°m-c-\mb D¬∏m-Z-I-t\mSv D¬∏-

∂-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v kl-I-cn-°pI.

tImf-\n-h¬°c-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-bp≈ kmº-Øn-Im-[n-\n-th-isØ sNdp-°m-\p≈

i‡-amb ]Xn-tcm-[-amWv "kztZin.' kztZinkn≤m¥w cmPy-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈

hym]mc-Øn\v FXn-c-√. C°m-cy-Øn¬ hf-sc -Ir-Xy-amb \ne-]mSv Km‘n-Pn-°p-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. At±lw ]d-bp-∂p: ""at‰-sXmcp \√ Imcyhpw t]mse kztZ-inbpw Hcp

lc-am-°n-bm¬ \in®XpXs∂. B A]-I-S-Øn-s\-Xnsc PmKX ]pe¿Ø-Ww. hntZ-

i- D¬∏m-Z-Isc hntZ-in-I-fm-b-Xp-sIm≠v amXw X≈p-∂Xpw HcpXc-Ønepw CW-

ßmØ D¬∏m-Z-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mbn cmjvS-Øns‚ ka-bhpw ]Whpw ]mgm-°p-

∂Xpw Ip‰-I-c-amb t`mj-Ø-am-Wv. AXp kztZinXØz-Øn\v FXn-cp-am-Wv. kztZ-in-

177


bpsS bYm¿Y km[-I\v hntZzjw ]mSn-√. kztZin F∂Xv \nkzm¿Y tkh-\-Øn-

s‚ XØz-im-kvX-am-Wv. AXns‚ thcp-I-fm-h-s´, Bgv∂n-d-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Alnwk

AYhm t]a-Øn-em-Wv.''

kztZinkn≤m¥w e£yw hbv°p-∂Xv kzbw-]-cym-]vX-amb Hcp kaq-l-am-

Wv. Hcp kzmi-b-k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ \n_-‘-\Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v amXta

D¬∏-∂-ßƒ a‰p cmPy-ß-fn¬\n∂p hmßm-hq.

1) P\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bv°pw hnIm-k-Øn\pw Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-h-Ø-h.

2) ]mtZ-in-I-ambn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bm-Øh.

3) kao]`mhn-bn¬ ]mtZ-in-I-ambn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h.

kzbw-]-cym-]vXhpw kzmi-b-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb Hcp kaq-l-kr-jvSn-°m-bp≈

hnizm-k-]-am-W-am-Wv "kztZ-in.'

5. JmZn

Km‘n-b≥ k¶-¬∏-amb "JmZn' tIh-e-samcp Xp≠v hkvX-a-√. Hcp Bi-b-Øns‚

`uXn-I-km-£m-¬°m-c-amWXv. JmZn F∂Xv tImf\n`c-W-Øn¬\n∂p≈ kzmX-

¥y-Øns‚ ]XoIw amX-a√, kzbw-]-cym-]vX-X, cmjvSobkzmX-¥yw, B[ymflnIX,

Ffna, [m¿an-I-hn-ip-≤n, tZio-ssb-Iyw, aX-ku-lm¿Zw, kmaq-lnI ka-Xzw, sXm´p-

Iq-Sm-bva-bpsS A¥yw, AXn-se-√m-ap-]cn Alnw-k-bp-sSbpw ]Xo-I-amWv JmZn.

Km‘nPn \n¿tZ-in® \n¿amWmflI]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnse (Constructive Programme) ][m\

C\-amWv JmZn. 1918 emWv Km‘nPn JmZn-]-ÿm\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y-bnse

Zcn-Z-P-\-tIm-Sn-Iƒ°v Bizmkw \¬Ip∂ D]-I-c-W-am-bn-´mWv JmZnsb Km‘nPn

I≠-Xv. C¥y-bpsS Zmcn-Zy-Øn-s‚bpw ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw ]Xo-I-am-bn-cp∂

JmZnsb Km‘nPn kzmi-b-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw Alnw-k-bp-sSbpw ]Xo-I-ambn ]cn-

h¿Ø\w sNbvXp. Km‘nPn ]d-bp∂p: ""k¿h-cmPyka-Xzhpw kmº-ØnIkzmX-

¥yhpw JmZn-bpsS ktµ-i-Øn-ep-≠v. ]cn-]q¿W-amb kztZinat\m- m-h-am-W-Xv. Kma-

hm-kn-I-fpsS _p≤nbpw i‡nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v th≠-sX√mw t\Sm-\p≈ Hcp ZrV-

\n-›-b-am-W-Xv. JmZn F\n°v C¥y-bpsS sFIy-Øns‚bpw kmº-ØnIkzmX-¥y-

Øn-s‚bpw ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ]Xo-I-am-Wv. Iq-SmsX D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw hnX-c-W-

Øn-s‚bpw hntI-µo-I-c-Whpw JmZn-sIm≠v km[n-°p-∂p.''

"JmZn' F∂Xv ]q¿W-ambpw kztZinam\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. Kma-ku-c-bq-Y-Ønse

kqcy-\m-bn´mWv Km‘nPn JmZnsb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-s\-∏‰n Km‘nPn hni-

Z-am-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv: ""JmZn C√msX a‰p hyh-km-b-ßƒ \ne\n¬°p-∂n-√.

AXp-t]mse a‰p Kma-hy-h-km-b-ßƒ ˛ [m\y-kw-kvI-c-Ww, tkm∏p\n¿am-Ww, IS-

emkp\n¿am-Ww, Xos∏-´n-hy-h-km-bw, FÆ-bm´v XpS-ßn-bh JmZnhyh-km-b-Øn\v

am\yX Iq´p-∂p. Kma-ß-fn¬\ns∂-Øp∂ D¬∏-∂-ßtf D]-tbm-Kn°q F∂v

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kztZinkn≤m¥w e£ywhbv°p-∂Xv kzbw]cym-]vX-amb

Hcp kaq-l-am-Wv ˛ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

178


\n¿_‘w hbv°-Ww. \ap°v Kma-ß-tfmSp Xm¬∏-cy-ap-≠m-bm¬ ]ns∂ ]Sn-™m-

dns\ A\p-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-≠m-In-√. b¥-ßƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n® km[-\-ßfpw Bh-iy-

ambntØm∂n-√. Zmcn-Zyhpw ]ń-Wnbpw Ae-k-X-bp-sams° A⁄m-X-ß-fmbn amdp-

∂ \ho-\-ho-£-W-ap≈ Hcp tZio-b-Xm¬∏cyw \ap-°p-≠mbn hcpIbpw sNøpw.''

"JmZn kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn¬' D¬∏m-Z\w hn]-Wn-°p-th-≠n-b√, D]-t`m-K-Øn-\p-th-≠n-

bm-Wv. _rlZv D¬∏m-Z-\-a√, P\-ß-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ D¬∏m-Z-\-amWv Km‘nPn

e£ywhbv°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv JmZnsb kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS tIµ-am°n

Km‘nPn ]Xn-jvTn-®-Xv. JmZn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p. 1)

kzmX-¥yw, sXmgn-ens‚ A¥-v, sXmgn-ens‚ km[yX F∂nh Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.

2) ]mtZ-inIhn`-h-ß-fpsSbpw a\p-jy-ti-jn-I-fp-sSbpw ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kw. 3)

kzbw Nen-°p-∂Xpw kzbw-]-cym-]vXhpw ÿmbn-bp-amb kº-Zvhy-hÿ krjvSn-°p-I.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

hkvX-\n¿amWw G‰hpw DNn-X-amb IpSn¬hy-h-km-b-ambn kzoI-cn-

t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-∏‰n Km‘nPn C]-Imcw Fgp-Xn:

1. sXmgn-en-√msX shdp-sX-bn-cn-°p∂ Bbn-c-°-W-°n\mfp-Iƒ°v AXv DS≥

sXmgn¬ ]-Zm\w sNøp-∂p.

2. Bbn-c-°W°n\m-fp-Iƒ°v B ]hrØn \n›-b-ap-≠v.

3. ]Tn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-Wv.

4. henb aqe-[-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-an-√.

5. N¿°-sb-∂Xv hneIpd®pw Ffp-∏-ambn D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. Hcp

XSn-®ofpw Hmń≥Ij-W-hp-ap-s≠-¶n¬ t]mepw \q¬\q¬°m-sa∂p \Ω-fn¬

]e¿°pw C\n-bp-a-dn-bn-√.

6. P\-ßƒ°v Cu tPmen-tbmSp sshap-Jy-an-√.

7. Zu¿e-`y-X-bpsS ImeØpw £ma-Im-eØpw AXv P\-ßƒ°v Bizmkw

\¬Ip-∂p.

8. hntZ-i-h-kvX-ßƒ hmßp-∂-Xp-hgn C¥y-bn¬\n∂p ]pd-tØ-°p≈ [\-

Øns‚ Hgp°p XS-bm≥ AXn-\p- I-gn-bp-∂p.

9. C]-Imcw em`n-°p∂ e£-ßƒ ]mh-s∏- - P\ßfpsS ]tbm-P-\-Øn-\mbn

kzb-tah hnX-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p.

10. Cu cwKØv D≠m-Ip∂ sNdn-sbmcp hnPbw t]mepw Bfp-Iƒ°v s]s´-

∂p≈ hen-b- t\-´-ambn amdp∂p.

11. P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ kl-I-cWw hf¿Øm≥ G‰hpw ê-]-Z-amb hgn-bm-

WnXv.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

k-ao-]-Øp≈ Hcp JmZn tjm∏v kµ¿in®v JmZn-ta-Je t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-ßƒ

Ah-cp-ambn N¿®sNøpI ˛ A\p-`-h-ßƒ ¢mkn¬ N¿® Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

179


6. b¥-h¬°-c-Whpw hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-Whpw

JmZnbneqsSbpw Kma-hy-h-km-b-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw P\-ß-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ D¬∏-

∂sØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-IbmWv b¥-ß-fpsS DNn-X-amb Bh-iy-sa∂v Km‘nPn A`n-

]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hyh-km-b-hn-π-hm-\-¥cw ]Sn-™m-d≥\mSp-I-fn¬ km[-\-ß-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-Ønepw

Ah-bpsS hnX-c-W-Ønepw henb am‰-ß-fmWp kw`-hn-®-Xv. a\p-jy-sXm-gn-ens‚

ÿm\w b¥-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-Øp. kmº-ØnI]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS tIµo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS

a\p-jys‚ F√m -]-iv\-ßƒ°pw ]cn-lm-cw- Im-Wm-sa∂v kmº-ØnIhnZ-Kv[¿ Nn¥n-

®p. Zmcn-Zyhpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw CXn-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-

®p. F∂m¬ CXv Hcp hymtamlw amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

]-Icw hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw b¥-h-¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw ^e-ambn H´-\-

h[n ]pXn-b -]-iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv. sXmgn-en-√m-bva, sXmgn-

en¬\n∂p≈ A\y-h¬°-c-Ww, ]cn-ÿnXnaen-\o-I-cWw, hn`-h-ß-fpsS Aan-X D-]-

tbm-Kw, \K-c-h¬°-cWw F∂n-h-sb√mw CXns‚ ^e-ß-fm-Wv. AXn-se-√-map-]cn

b¥-h¬°-c-Whpw hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-Whpw Nqj-W-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. CXn-

s\-∏‰n Km‘nPn ]d-bp-∂p:

""hyh-km-b-h¬°-cWw hºn® tXmXn-ep-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn ]Xy-£-

amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm Nqj-Whpw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p. a’-chpw hn]-Wn-Iƒ ]nSn-s®-

Sp-°m-\p≈ iahpw D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Kma-hm-kn-I-fmWv Ft∏mgpw Nqj-W-Øn\v Cc-

bm-hpI''. ZmcnZyw amdp-∂-Xn\v hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-WsØ Km‘nPn ]nXn-hn-[n-bmbn

ImWp-∂n-√. ""Imf-h≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-X√ \ΩpsS Ipg-∏-ßƒ°p Imc-Ww. \ΩpsS

kzm¿YXbpw Ab¬°m-tcm-Sp≈ Ah-K-W-\-bp-amWv ]iv\-ßƒ.'' Iptd-°qSn hy‡-

ambn a\p-jys‚ kzm¿YX-sb-∏‰n Km‘nPn "k¿thm-Zbw' F∂ Xs‚ IrXn-bn¬

hni-Z-am-°p-∂p-≠v: ""kmº-ØnI-imkvXw' a\p-jy-cpsS kz`m-h-sØbpw s]cp-am-‰-

sØbpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ [\m¿P-\-amWv A`n-hr-≤n-bpsS AS-bm-f-

sa∂pw cmjvS-ß-fpsS kt¥mjw Ah-cpsS [\sØ amXw Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-

sh∂pw [cn-°p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ hyh-km-b-ß-fm¬ IqSp-X¬ kt¥mjw! AXn-\m¬

Bfp-Iƒ Dt∑-j-]-Z-amb Im‰-Sn-°p∂ Ah-cpsS Kma-ß-fnse Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ Dt]-

£n®v \K-c-ß-fn¬ hcpIbpw Ahn-SsØ amc-I-amb hmbp izkn-®p-sIm≠v A‘-

Im-c-Ønepw i_vZ-tIm-em-l-e-ß-fnepw A¬∏m-bpp-°-fmbn Pohn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. CXv tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ Btcm-Ky-\m-i-Øn-te°pw IqSn-h-cp∂ AXym¿Øn-bn-

te°pw A[m¿an-I-X-bn-te°pw \bn-°p-∂p.''

b¥-h-¬°-c-W-amWv hyh-km-b-h-¬°-c-W-Øns‚ KXn-thKw h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. b¥-

h-¬°-c-W-sØ-b√ Km‘nPn FXn¿°p-∂Xv. adn®v, bmsXmcp hI-Xn-cnhpan√m-sX-

bp≈ b¥-h¿[-hn-s\-bm-Wv. At±lw ]d-bp-∂q: ""b¥-hn-P-b-Øn¬ aXn-a-d∂p t]mIp-

hm≥ Rm≥ Xbm-d-√. \mi-Im-cn-bmb b¥-ßƒ°v Rms\∂pw FXn-cm-Wv. F∂m¬

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w Ffp-∏-am-°m-\p-t±-in-®p≈ F√m efn-X-amb D]-I-c-

W-ßƒ°pw eLp-b-¥-ßƒ°pw Rm≥ kzmKXw t\cp∂p.''

180


b¥-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ ]iv\-ßƒ Km‘n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ a\p-jym-[zm-\sØ \o°w-sN-øp-Ibpw sXmgn-en-√mbva h¿[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

$ aÆv, Pew, hmbp F∂nh aen-\-am-°p-∂p.

$ ipNn-Xz-an-√mØ ]cn-k-c-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

$ a\p-jys\ ASn-a-I-fm°n am‰p-∂p.

$ a\p-jysc Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v h≥InS D¬∏m-Z-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂p.

$ henb Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

$ KmaoW Ic-Iu-iehnZy-Ifpw ]mtZ-inIhn⁄m-\hpw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.

a\p-jy\pw Ahs‚ t£a-hpam-bn-cp∂p Km‘n-PnbpsS ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ. AXpsIm≠v

D¬∏m-Z\ ]In-b-bn¬ b¥-h¬°-cWw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXn\v Nne ASn-ÿm\

XØz-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂v Km‘nPn \njvI¿jn-°p∂p.

$ b¥-ßƒ a\p-jym[zm-\sØ am‰n]Xn-jvTn-°-cp-Xv.

$ Kma-ßƒ Nqj-W-Øn-te°p \bn-°-s∏-S-cp-Xv.

$ KmaoW Ic-Iu-iehkvXp-°-fp-ambn a’-c-Øn¬ G¿s∏-S-cp-Xv.

$ KmaoW Ic-Iu-iehnZ-Kv[cpsS sshjay--ßƒ Ipdbv°p-∂-Xn\pw tijn-Iƒ

h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXp-]-tbm-Kn-°Ww.

$ A[n-Im-chpw hn`-h-ßfpw GXm\pw Bfp-I-fn¬ tIµo-I-cn®psIm≠p≈

IpØI-h¬°-cWw kw`-hn-°-cp-Xv.

$ hyh-km-b-ßƒ `c-W-Iq-S-Øm¬ kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]n¥p-Wbv-°-s∏-S-Ww.

$ F√m-h-cp-tSbpw t£a-Øn-\mbn cmjv-S-Øm¬ s]mXp-hn¬ hyh-km-b-ßƒ

\nb-¥n-°-s∏-SWw.

$ AXv a\p-jys‚ AXym-h-iy-ßsf bmsXm-cp -Im-c-W-h-imepw XSs∏-Sp-Ø-

cp-Xv.

b¥-ßƒ a\p-jy-t£-a-Øn\v DX-Ip-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ amX-amWv Km‘nPn Ahsb

]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂-Xv. Ah sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw Nqj-Whpw krjvSn-°-cp-Xv. hyh-km-b-

h¬°-cWw ZcnZKmao-Wsc NqjWwsNøp-∂Xpw Itºmfa’-c-ß-fn-te°p \bn-

°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Kma-ßƒ kzbw-]-cym-]vXamhWw Xß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-

Øn-\p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ Ah D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu e£y-tØm-sS-bp≈ b¥-

ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw \ap°v AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Km‘nPn ]d-bp-∂p. Km‘n-

Pn-bpsS k¶¬∏-Øn-ep≈ kzcmPv Kma-ß-fnse sNdnb hyh-kmb bqWn-‰p-I-fm-Wv.

181


Poh-k-‘m-c-W-Øn-\p- \nc-£-ccpw Zcn-Z-cp-amb I¿j-I¿ \S-Øp∂ kwcw-`-ß-fm-W-

h. KmaoW IpSn¬hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS hntI-µo-IrX \S-∏m-°¬ \K-c tIµo-IrX

hyh-km-b-Øn-s\-Xnsc At±lw apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p-∂p.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øp≈ ^mIvSdn kµ¿in®v Ahn-SsØ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hne-

bn-cp-Øp-I. Km‘n-b≥Nn¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-

Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

Km‘nb≥ kºZvvimkvX-Ønse hfsc Ne-\m-fl-I-amb Hcp Bi-b-amWv hntI-µo-

I-c-Ww. Km‘n-b≥ kmº-Øn-I-Nn-¥-bnse Hcp ][m\ XØz-am-Wn-Xv. F√m kmº-

ØnIIa-Ønepw kaq-l-Ønepw kºØv Hcp A[n-ImctIµ-am-Wv. kºØv ssIbm-

fp-∂-h¿ i‡-cmb A[n-Im-cn-I-fmbn amdp-∂p. Ah¿ kaq-lsØ `cn-°p-Ibpw \nb-

a-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw cmjvS`-cWw \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hyh-kmb]q¿h

kaq-l-Øn¬ `qhp-S-a-Ifmbn-cp-∂t√m A[n-ImctIµ-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xv. temI-hym]-I-

amb D¬∏m-Z\˛hnX-cW kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ kaq-e-am‰w sIm≠p-h∂ H∂mWv hyh-

kmbhnπ-hw. AXv A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ tIµo-I-c-W-Øn\v apJy-Im-c-W-am-bn. hyh-kmb

hnπhw sIm≠p-h∂ ][m-\- am-‰-ßƒ Xmsg∏-d-bp-∂p.

$ b¥-ßƒ a\p-jzm-[zm-\-Øn\p ]I-c-am-bn.

$ Kma-tI-µo-Ir-X, ]mtZ-inI D¬∏m-Z\ hyh-ÿbv°p ]I-c-ambn tIµo-

IrX ^mIvSdnkwhn-[m\w \ne-hn¬h∂p.

$ hnX-cWcoXn°pw am‰w-h∂p.

-]-h¿Ø\w

\ΩpsS hn]-Wn-bn-ep≈ c≠v D¬∏∂-ßƒ i≤n-°p-I. Xmsg -Im-Wp∂

tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw Is≠Øn P\-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-am-

bXv GsX∂v Is≠-ØpI. AØcw D¬∏-∂-Øns‚ ta∑-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-

sa∂p N¿®-sN-øpI.

_m‚Uv tkm∏v IpSpw-_io tkm∏v

$ BcmWv D¬∏m-Z-I¿?

$ BcmWv D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ?

$ B¿°mWv em`w -In-´p-∂Xv?

$ BcmWv D¬∏m-Z-I¿?

$ BcmWv D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ?

$ B¿°mWp em`w In- p-∂Xv?

7. hntI-µo-I-cWw

182

XI˛mw ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw˛ Km‘n-b≥ ]T\wCØcw D¬∏m-Z\˛hnX-cWcwKsØ am‰-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn kmº-ØnI A[n-

Imcw tIµo-I-cn-°-s∏´p. kºØv Iptd Bƒ°m-cpsS ssIbn¬amXw tIµo-I-cn-

°m≥ CXv CS-h-cpØn. ZmcnZyhpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw h¿[n-®p. kaq-l-Øn¬ Ak-

¥p-en-Xm-hÿ kwPm-X-am-bn. Zcn-Z-cpw kº-∂cpw XΩn-ep≈ hnShv h¿[n®p. C¥y≥

kaq-l-Øn¬ kmº-Øn-Im-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ tIµo-I-cWw Db¿Ønb ]iv\-ßsf ]‰n

Km‘n°v \√-t]mse t_m[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Hcp hntI-µo-IrX˛D¬∏m-

Z\˛hnX-cW kºZvhyh-ÿ-bv°mbn Km‘n \ne-sIm-≠p.

kmº-Øn-Im-[n-Imcw tIµo-I-cn-°p-tºm-gp≈ tZmj-ßƒ Km‘n kqNn-∏n°p-∂p.

$ kºØv Iptd-t∏-cpsS ssIbn-te°p amXw tIµo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ AI-ahpw Nqj-Whpw

$ Zcn-Z-˛kº∂ A¥cØn-ep≈ h¿[-\hv

$ Ak-a-Xzhpw A\o-Xnbpw

$ ]c-am-h[n D¬∏m-Z\w

$ hn`-h-ß-fpsS Aan-XNqj-W-Øm-ep-≈ hn`-h- e`y-X-°p-dhv

hntI-µo-IrX kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS ta∑-Iƒ

`uXnIhpw am\p-jn-I-hp-amb hn`-h-ß-fpsS kºq¿Whpw DNn-X-hp-amb D]-tbmKw

Hcp hntI-µo-IrX kº-Zvhy-h-ÿbv°v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Km‘n hniz-kn-

®p. D¬∏m-Z\kwhn-[m\w Kma-ß-fn-te°pw hoSp-I-fn-te°pw hntI-µo-I-cn-°-s∏-S-

Ww. Kma-ß-fnep≈ hn`-h-ßƒ ]mtZ-inI kmt¶-XnIhnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Kma-

Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b hkvXp°ƒ Kma-Øn¬Øs∂ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-S-Ww. CXv kºØv

Ipd-®pt]-cpsS ssIbn-te°v tIµo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv A\p-h-Zn-°n-√. CØcw hntI-

µo-IrXkaq-l-Øn¬, Hmtcm ]pcp-j\pw kvXo°pw Ah¿°m-h-iy-ap-≈h Xncn-®-dn-

bm≥ km[n-°pw. P\-ßƒ°v ]cn-an-X-amb Bh-iy-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. hntI-µo-IrX kwhn-

[m-\-Øn¬ GsXmcmƒ°pw ASn-ÿm-\m-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m\p≈ Ah-kcap≠m-

Ipw. Km‘n-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ hntI-µo-IrX kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS ta∑-Iƒ Xmsg

-]-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

$ Kma-tI-µo-IrXw

$ sNdp-InSkz`mhw

$ IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ß-fpsS krjvSn

$ P\-Iob D¬∏m-Z\w

$ ]mtZ-inI Ign-hp-IfpsSbpw hn⁄m-\-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-tbmKw

183


$ KmaoWhn`-h-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw

$ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS anI® hnX-cWw

$ a’-c-Øns‚ A`mhw

$ kmaqlnI\oXnbpw Xpey-Xbpw Dd-∏m°¬

$ kzmi-b-Xzhpw kzbw-]-cym-]vX-X-bpw ssIh-cn-°¬

kº-Øns‚ hnX-cWw

]Ir-Xn-bpsS ]≤Xn

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ \msams° tamjvSm-°-fm-Wv. Hcmƒ°v Bh-iy-Øn¬

Ihn™v FSp-°p-∂-sX¥pw as‰m-cmƒ°p IqSn Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. AXmWv ]Ir-

Xn-bpsS \nb-aw. bmsXmcp hnth-N-\hpw IqSmsX F√m-h¿°pw Bh-iy-a-≈h ]IrXn

D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xß-fpsS Bh-iy-Øn\p aXn-bmbh amXw FSp-

°pI-bm-sW-¶n¬ Zmcn-Zyhpw ]ń-Wn-a-c-W-ßfpw Cu temI-Øp-\n∂v \n¿am¿P\w

sNøm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Km‘nPn hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

8. kmº-ØnIkaXzw

kmº-ØnIkaXzw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Km‘nPn A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv F√m-hcpw kmº-

Øn-I-ambn Xpey-am-bncn-°pI F∂p-≈-X√; Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Ah-c-h-cpsS Bh-iy-

Øn\v A\p-k-cn®v hn`-h-ßƒ e`y-am-IpI F∂-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, ininc-Im-

eØv Km‘n°v XWp-∏-I-‰m≥ c≠v jmfp-Iƒ Bh-iy-amWv. ]t£, At±-l-Øns‚

A\-¥-c-h≥ X\pKm-‘n°v AXns‚ Bh-iy-an-√. B\bv°v Ddp-ºn-t\-°mƒ Bbncw

aSßv `£Ww Bh-iy-ap-≠v. ]t£, Ah¿ XΩn¬ Ak-a-Xz-an-√. ka-Xz-Øns‚

bYm¿Y A¿Yw "HmtcmcpØ¿°pw Ah-c-h-cpsS AXym-h-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v' F∂p-

≈-Xm-Wv. Km‘nPn ]d-bp-∂p: ""Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Ah-c-h¿°v AXym-h-iy-ap-≈Xv

F∂-XmWv kmº-Øn-I-k-a-Xz-Øns‚ icn-bmb A¿Yw. ka-XzsØ kmº-

ØnIImgvN∏m-Sn¬ I≠Xv am¿Ivkm-W-v. HcwKw amX-ap≈ Hcp IpSpw-_w, `mcybpw

`¿Ømhpw \mep -Ip-ń-Ifpw D≈ as‰mcp IpSpw-_-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb AXbpw hn`-

h-ßƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-S-cp-Xv. AXv kmº-Øn-I-k-a-Xz-Øns‚ ewL-\-am-Ipw''. Km‘n

hntI-µo-IrX kmº-ØnIkwhn-[m-\-Øn-emWv hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. AØcw Hcp kwhn-

[m-\-Øn-\p-am-Xta kmº-ØnIkaXzw sIm≠p-h-cm-\m-Iqsh∂v Km‘n hniz-kn-®p.

""cm-Pm-hn-s\bpw Hcp Zcn-Z-s\bpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn cmPm-hn\v IqSp-X¬ thWw

F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ A¿Y-an-√. [\n-I\pw Zcn-Z\pw XΩn-ep≈ C∂sØ A¥cw

Fs∂ thZ-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. kao-Ir-Xm-lm-cw, ]m¿°m≥ \s√m-cp- ho-Sv, Ipń-Iƒ°v hnZym-

`ym-kw, th≠ sshZy-k-lmbw˛CsXms° F√m-h¿°pw In´-Ww. CXn-\-∏pdw H∂pw

In´-cp-sX-∂√ Rm≥ ]d-™-Xn-\¿Yw. ]t£, ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°v AXymh-iy-h-kvXp-°-

fmWv BZyw th≠-Xv. BZyw th≠Xv BZyw D≠m-hs´.'' (l-cn-P≥ 31˛3˛46)

184


$ kmº-Øn-I-k-a-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Km‘n-b≥ Bi-b-ßsf Xmsg- ]-d-bp-∂-]-Imcw

kwK-ln-°mw.

$ Xpey-amb hnX-cWw \S-∏n¬ hcp-ØpI Akm[y-am-b-Xn-\m¬ \oXn-bp-‡-amb

hnX-cWw \S-∏n¬h-cp-Øm-\mWv Km‘nPn BK-ln-°p-∂-Xv.

$ F√m a\p-jy¿°pw Ah-\-h\v A\n-hm-cy-am-bh t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ignhv D≠m-

bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ F√m a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\m-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰-s∏-S-Ww.

$ hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb Bfp-Iƒ [\w Ip∂p-Iq-´p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Ah-cpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ

cmPy-tk-h-\-Øn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.

$ ]c-kv]-c-k-l-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS a’-chpw hntZz-jhpw Hgn-hm-°-Ww.

$ Ah-k-c-k-a-Xz-Øn-eqsS F√m hy‡n-Ifpw Bflo-tbm-XvI¿jw t\S-Ww.


kmº-Øn-I-k-aXzw F∂ Bibw \nß-fpsS hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn¬

]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ Fßs\ Ignbpw? N¿®-sN-øp-I.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

C∂p -\n-e-\n¬°p∂ kmº-ØnI Ak-aXzw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]mtbm-

KnI -\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Kq∏n¬ N¿®-sNbvXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

9. SÃo-jn∏v

"]cn-]m-e\`mc-hm-lnXzw' F∂mWv Cu hm°ns‚ A¿Yw. D≈-h\pw C√m-Ø-h\pw

XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw Ipd-bv°pI F∂Xv F°m-eØpw kmº-ØnIimkvX-Ønse

hnjaw ]nSn® Hcp ]iv\-am-Wv. kaq-l-Ønse kmº-ØnI Ak-aXzw C√m-Xm-°pI

F∂-XmWv SÃojn∏v F∂ Km‘n-b≥ XØz-Øns‚ apJy-e-£yw. kzØns‚ taep≈

DS-a-ÿ-X-bmWv F√m Ak-a-Xz-ß-fpsSbpw aqe-Im-c-Ww. F∂m¬ Km‘n-Pnsb kw_-

‘n®v "kzØv' F∂Xv kaq-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv. AXv a\p-jys‚ t£a-Øn-\p-th≠nbmWv

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Cutim-]-\n-jØv Cu Bibw cq]-s∏SpØp∂-Xn¬ Km‘n-sb

hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. ""kºØv ]cn-Xy-Pn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS B\µw Is≠-

Øm≥'' Cutim-]-\n-jØv D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. kam-\-amb Bi-b-amWv K-hZvKo-X-bn¬

]cm-a¿in-°p-∂- "A]-cn-Kl' F∂Xpw. SÃojn-∏n-s\-∏‰n Km‘nPn ]d-bp-∂p: ""F√mw

Cuiz-ct‚-Xm-Wv, Hs° AhnSp∂p X∂-XmW,v AXn-\m¬ CsXms° At±-l-Øns‚

krjvSn-Iƒ°p-≈-Xm-Wv. Hcp hy‡n°v amX-ap-≈-X-√. Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬

185


ssIh-i-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXv \nß-fpsS kz¥-a-√, "]cn-]m-e\ `mc-hm-lnXzw' amXta

D≈q.'' Iptd-°qSn hy‡-ambn Km‘nPn C°mcyw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v: ""\mw ]IrXym

Xpeycm-sW-¶nepw \ap°v Ah-k-c-k-aXzw Ah-Im-i-s∏- -Xm-sW-¶nepw F√m-h¿°pw

AXn-\p≈ Ign-hn-√. ]Xn-`-bp-≈-h¿ IqSp-X¬ t\Sp-∂p. Ah¿ Ah-cpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ

kZbw hn\n-tbm-Kn-®m¬ k¿°m-cns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒhsc \S-Ømw. AØ-c-°m-

cmWv ]cn-]m-e\`mc-hm-ln-Iƒ BtI-≠-Xv. _p≤n IqSp-Xep≈-h¿ IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-

\-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-t\mSv F\n°v bmsXmcp FXn¿∏p-an-√. F∂m¬ Abm-fpsS A[n-I-

h-cp-am\w cmjvS-\-∑-bv°p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. DS-a-ÿ¿ F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂

F√m Bfp-Ifpw ]cn-]m-e-\-`m-c-hm-ln-I-fmbn amdm≥ Rm≥ A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p. \ymb-

am-b- XpI kz¥w Bh-iy-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-t®m-fq. kz¥-ambn \qdp-cq] ssIh-i-

ap≈h≥ A≥]-Xp-cq] X\n-°mbn FSp-Øp-sIm-≈s´. _m°n A≥]-Xp-cq] sXmgn-

em-fn-Iƒ°pw. kz¥-ambn FSp-°m-hp-∂-Xv FX F∂p ¢n]vX-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√, ImcWw

AXv ISpØ A\o-Xn°v CS-bm°pw.''

kzIm-cyhpw s]mXp-hp-amb F√m-Xcw kzØpS-aÿX-Iƒ°pw F-Xn-cmWv Km‘n.

kzØpS-a-ÿ-Xbn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰w [\n-Icpw Zcn-Zcpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw C√m-

Xm-°p-∂n-√. temI-Øp≈ ]e kmº-ØnIimkvX-Im-c-cpw AXmWv sNøm≥ ian-

®n-´p-≈-Xv. ]t£, B ]cn-i-a-ßsf√mw \njv^-e-am-bn. Km‘nbpsS SÃo-jn∏v

k¶-¬∏-Øn¬ -[-\n-I¿ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Imcy-ÿ-cmbn s]cp-am-td-≠-Xm-Wv. Xß-fpsS

Bh-iy-Øn\mbn ]cn-an-X-hn`-h-ßtf Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hq. _m°n-bp≈ [\w

a‰p-≈-h-cpsS t£a-Øn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.

Km‘n-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ SÃo-jn-∏n¬ Xp-S¿®-bmbn [\w ]p\¿hn-X-cWw sNø-

s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. Alnw-k-bpsS kzm`m-hnI ]cn-WX-^-e-am-WXv. SÃo-jn-∏v F∂

Bi-b-Øn¬ ]cn-]q¿WkwXr-]vX-\mb Km‘n AXns‚ BhnjvImcw km[y-am-°n-

bXv Alnw-k-bpsS ]tbm-K-Øn-em-Wv. hy‡n-Iƒ kºØv ssIbm-fp-sa-¶nepw Ah¿

kaq-l-Øns‚ Imcy-hn-Nm-c-I-cm-Wv. a\p-jy-\n-ep≈ B¥y-XnI\∑-bn¬ Km‘nPn

hniz-kn-®p. a\p-jy-cmWv kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ]mc-º-cy-Øn--s‚bpw [m¿an-I-aq-ey-

ß-fp-sSbpw kwc-£-I-cmbn amtd-≠Xv. Alnw-k-bpsS aqey-ßsf kzmwio-I-cn-°m≥

AXv a‰p≈-h¿ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xp-hsc ImØn-cn-t°≠Xn√. Hcp hy‡n°v AXp

]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn a‰p-≈-hsc t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNømw. F√m-

hcpw icn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcmƒ ImØn-cn-t°-≠-Xn√ F∂mWv Km‘n-bpsS i‡-

amb A`n-]m-bw.

kº-Øns‚ D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn\v FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p Km‘n F∂ hmZw icn-b-√.

tijn-bp-≈-h¿°v kºØv D¬∏m-Zn-∏n°mw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-

]m-bw. ]t£, AXv Zcn-Z-cpsS t£a-Øn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. uXnIkºØpw

_u≤nIkºØpw hyXykvX kwK-Xn-I-fmbn Km‘n I≠n-cp-∂n√. `uXnIkº-

Øn\v _m[-I-am-bh _u≤n-I-k-º-Øn\pw _m[-I-am-Wv. F√mXcw kº-Øp-°fpw

kmaq-ln-I BkvXn-I-fmWv. AXv Bh-iy-°m-cp-ambn ]¶p-h-bvt°-≠-h-bp-am-Wv.

186


SÃojn∏v ]mtbm-Kn-I-]-amWkqXw

sI.Pn aivdq-hme, F≥.-kn.- ]-coJv, Z¥-hme F∂n-h¿ Xbm-dm-°n-bXpw Km‘nPn

am‰-ßƒ hcpØn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xp-amb ]mtbm-KnI ]am-W-kq-X-amWv NphsS tN¿Øn-

cn-°p-∂-Xv.

1) DS-a-h¿K-Øn\v cq]m-¥-c-Øn-\p≈ Hcp Ah-kcw \¬In \ne-hn-ep≈ apX-em-

fnØkaq-lsØ Hcp ka-Xzm-[n-jvTnX kaq-l-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ SÃo-

jn∏v ]cn-i-an-°p-∂p. bp‡n-bp-sSbpw t]c-W-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ a\p-

jys\ am‰m-sa-∂mWv SÃo-jn-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm\hnizmkw.

2) kmaq-lnImw-Ko-Im-c-an-√m-ØXpw kmaq-lnIt£-a-Øn-\p-X-Im-ØXpamb Hcp kzIm-

cy-kz-Øn\pw SÃo-jn-∏v AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-∂n-√.

3) kº-Øn-\p-ta-ep≈ DS-a-ÿ--m -h-Im-ihpw AXns‚ D]-tbm-Khpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn

\nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xns\ FXn¿°p-∂n-√.

4) A¥-p‰ Pohn-X-Øn\p aXn-bm-Ip∂ G‰hpw Ipd™ thX\w hyhÿsNbvXn-

´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Hcp- ]-cn-[n-bn¬ Ihn™ hcp-am\w hy‡n°v A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√.

kzImcy Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ hcp-am-\-]-cn[n Imem-\pkr-X-ambn \n›-bn-°p-∂-XmWv.

5) Km-‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnIhyh-ÿbn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®mWv

D¬∏m-Z\w \S-°p-I. hy‡n-Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒt°m em`-tam-l-ßƒt°m D¬∏m-Z-\-

]-In-b-bn¬ ÿm\-an-√.

Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnINn¥-I-fn-¬ hnt\m-_- m-sh, sP.-kn. Ipa-c-∏, C.-F- v.-jp-am-°¿

F∂n-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

hnt\m-_- msh : qZm≥, Kma-Zm≥ ]ÿm-\-ßƒ

Km‘nPnbpsS B[ym-flnI ]n≥Km-an-bm-b BNmcy hnt\m-_- msh (1895˛1982) Km‘n-

Pn-bpsS ]cn-]m-e\`mc-hm-lnXzw (S-Ão-jn-∏v) F∂ Bi-bsØ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn\pw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-i-an-®p.

hnt\m-_-`m-sh-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1951¬ B‘]-tZ-inse t]m®w-]≈n Kma-

Øn¬h-®mWv `qZm-\-]-ÿm\w, Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. kzta-[-bm-bp≈ `q]-cn-jvI-cW

]ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. cma-N-µ-sdÕn F∂-bm-fmWv BZy-ambn qan Zm\w sNbvX-

Xv. `q]-`p-°-∑msc kzta-[bm `qan Zm\w sNøm≥ t]cn-∏n-°pI F∂Xmbn-cp∂p

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

\nß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ SÃo-jn∏v Hcp XØz-ambn kzoI-cn-®m¬ kz¥w Np‰p-

]mSpIfn¬ Fs¥ms° Imcy-ß-fmWv sNøm≥ km[n-°p-∂Xv? N¿®sNøp-I.

187


Cu ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ZuXyw. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS SÃo-jn∏v F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ ]tbm-

K-h¬°-c-W-amWv Cu ]ÿm-\-Øn-eqsS hnt\m_`msh \n¿h-ln-®-Xv.

`qZm\]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ASp-Ø- L- -am-bn-cp∂p Kma-Zm-\-]-ÿm-\w. Hcp Kma-

Ønse `q]-`p-°-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS `qan-ap-gp-h\pw `qZm-\-]-ÿm-\-Øn-te°v kzta-[bm

Zm\-ambn \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv Kma-Zm\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. kzImcy qkzØv kzta-

t[bm Dt]-£n-°p∂ hnπhm-fl-I-amb Hcp Nph-Sphbv]m-bncp∂p AXv. `qan-ap-gp-h≥

Kma-k-aq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp- D-S-aÿX-bnembn-cn-°pw. DØ¿]-tZ-inse lman¿]q¿

Pn√-bn-ep≈ amwtKmØv Kma-amWv BZy-ambn Kma-Zm-\-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-b-

Xv. `qan Zm\-am-bn- \¬Im≥ Ign-bmØ [\m-Vy-cmb hy‡n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS hm¿jn-I-

h-cp -am -\-Øns‚ \n›n-X-i-X-am\w kaq-l-Øn\v Zm\-ambn \¬I-W-sa∂v

hnt\m_`msh A`y¿Yn-®p. qc-ln-X-cm-b-h-scbpw qZm-\-]-h¿Ø-I-scbpw ]cn-c-£n-

°p-∂-Xn\v Cu XpI hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂v hnt\m-_Pn \njvI¿jn-®p. CXns\

kº-Øns‚ Zm\w F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. CXp-t]m-se-Øs∂ _p≤n-]-c-amb tijn-

Iƒ kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-\-∑-bv°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns\ _p≤n-Zm\w F∂pw

hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp-h≥ Ahs‚ sXmgn¬i‡n kaq-l-Øns‚ \∑-bv°mbn kzta-[-

bm -\¬Ip-tºmƒ ia-Zm\w F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. s]mXp BkvXn-I-fpsS \n¿am-

W-Øn-\mWv ia-Zm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp-h≥ Ahs‚ PohnXw ]q¿W-ambn qZm-

\-]-ÿm-\-Øn-\mbn am‰p-tºmƒ AXns\ Poh≥Zm≥ F∂p ]dbp-∂p.

sP.-kn.-Ip-a-c∏ : ÿmbn-bmb kº-Zvhy-hÿ

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ASpØ A\p-bm-bnbpw C¥y≥ kmº-ØnI imkvX-⁄-\p-am-Wp-

sP.-kn. -Ip-a-c∏ (1892˛1960). Km‘n-b≥ kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-Nn-¥-Isf kzX-¥-am-bn

-hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xnepw Ipa-c-∏-bpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ KW-\o-b-

am-Wv. Alnw-kmfl-I-amb kmaq-lnI-I-a-Øn\mbp≈ At\z-j-W-amWv "ÿmbn-bmb

kº-Zvhy-hÿ' (Economy of Permanence) F∂ KŸ-Øn-eqsS At±lw \S-Øp-∂-

Xv. uXn-I-h-f¿®bv°pw Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ h¿[-\-hn\pw Aan-X-ambn ]m[m\yw

\¬Ip∂ B[p-\n-I-km-º-Øn-I-im-kvX-Øns‚ coXn-Isf Ipa-c∏ \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-

°p-∂p. ]Ir-Xn-bmWv ÿmbn-bmb kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-sb∂p Ipa-c∏ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-

∂p.

]Ir-Xn-bn¬ F√m- L-S-I-ßfpw kl-h¿ØnXz-Øn-eqsSbmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv.

]Ir-Xn-bnse Hmtcm- L-S-Ihpw kz¥-ambn \¬Im≥ ian-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w a‰p-

L-S-I-ß-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns\ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. C]-Imcw ]Ir-Xn-bnse

hnhn-[ -L-S-I-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ kl-h¿ØnXz-tØmSpIqSnbp≈ \ne-\n-¬∏n-s\-bmWv

ÿmbn-bmb kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-sb∂v Ipa-c-∏ -hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. ÿmbn-bmb kº-Zvhy-h-

ÿ-bn¬ ]Ir-Xnsb \in-∏n-°p∂ bmsXm-∂pw-Xs∂ \S-°p-∂n-√. ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ A©p-

X-c-Øn-ep≈ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn Ipa-c∏ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

188


1. ]cm-∂ kº-Zvhy-hÿ (Parasitic Economy)

Nne kky-ßƒ a‰p -k-ky-ß-fp-sStbm hr£-ß-fp-sStbm klm-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv

hf-cp-∂-Xv. C]-Imcw hf-cp∂ kky-ßƒ BXn-tYbhr£-sØtbm kky-sØtbm

AXns‚ hf¿®-tbm-sSm∏w \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXp-t]mse Hcp ]cm-∂

kº-Zvhy-hÿ kzbw tIµo-Ir-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. ChnsS D¬∏m-Z-\-an-√msX D]-t`mKw

amX-am-bn-cn°pw \S-°p-I.

2. Ih¿®kz`m-h-ap≈ kº-Zvhy-hÿ (Predatory Economy)

]Ir-Xn-bnse Nne- L-S-I-ßƒ ]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂v B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ t\Sp-Ibpw F∂m¬

CXn\p Xpey-ambn H∂pwXs∂ a‰p- L-S-I-ßƒ°p ssIam-dm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. CØcw kz`m-h-ap≈ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bmWv Ih¿®-kz-`m-h-ap≈ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ.

Hcp Ipc-ß≥ amhn¬\n∂v ^ew `£n-°p-Ibpw amhn\v H∂pw kw`m-h\ sNøm-Xn-

cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ChnsS kzm¿∞-]-c-am-bmWv Ipc-ßs‚ ]hr-Øn. ]cm-∂

kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-tb°mfpw AIaw ChnsS Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw CXpw \io-I-c-

W-kz-`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.

3. kwcw- -IXz kº-Zvhy-hÿ (Economy of Enterprise)

]Ir-Xn-bnse Nne- Po-hn-Iƒ ]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂v Bh-iy-am-bh FSp-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-

sSm∏w Xs∂ Xncn®v ]Ir-Xn°v khn-ti-j-amb Nne -tk-h-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tX\o® ]pjv]-ß-fn¬\n∂v tX≥ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-tXm-

sSm∏w Ah-bpsS ]cm-K-W-Øn\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p. ChnsS ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ Inbm-fl-

I-amb kl-h¿Øn-Xz-amWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv.

4. kl-hmk kº-Zvhy-hÿ (Gregation Economy)

Hcp tX\o® Hcn-°epw AXns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb t\´-Øn-\m-b√ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

adn®v, AXpƒs∏-Sp∂ tX\o-®-°q- -Øns‚ apgp-h≥ \∑bv-°m-bn- m-Wv. ChnsS hy‡n-

Xm¬∏-cy-Øn¬\n∂p kaq-l-Xm¬∏-cy-Øn-te°v ]h¿Ø\w amdp-Ibpw h¿Ø-am-\-

Ime Bhiyw \nd-th-‰-s∏-Sp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w `mhn-Im-e-tØ-°p≈ Bkq-X-W-hpw -\-

S-°p-∂p.

5. tkh\ kºZv hyhÿ (Economy of Service)

]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ G‰hpw Db¿∂ cq]-Øn-ep≈ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv.

Ip´n-Ifpw Ah-cpsS c£m-I¿Øm-°fpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w CØcw hyh-ÿ-bpsS

]Xy£ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Hcp X≈-∏£n Ip™p-ßƒ°v Xo‰ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn

h\-Øn-se√mw ]d∂p \S∂v Xo‰ tXSp-∂p. IqSmsX Xs‚ Ip™p-ßsf iXp-°-

fn¬\n∂p c£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- kz¥w Poh≥t]mepw A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-∂p. ChnsS

Cu X≈-∏£n ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv Xs‚ \ne-hn-ep-≈tXm `mhn-bn-ep-≈tXm Bb

GsX-¶nepw Bh-iyw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-b√; Xs‚ ASpØ Xe-ap-dbv°pw

189


hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ Xe-ap-dbv°pw th≠n-bmWv. bmsXmcp ]Xn-^-ehpw ChnsS ]£n°v

e`n-°p-∂n-√. Alnw-km-fl-I-ambn ÿmbn-bmb kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-tbmSv G‰hpw

ASpØp\n¬°p∂ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv.

tUm. C.- F- v.- jp-am-°¿ : DNnX kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy / a[y-h¿Øn- kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy

"kvamƒ Cukv _yq´n-^pƒ' (sNdpXv kpµ-cw -˛ Small is beautiful) F∂ Xs‚ -K-Ÿ-

Øn-eqsS C.--F^v. jp-am-°-dmWv DNnX kmt¶-XnIhnZy F∂ Bibw BZy-ambn

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Btcm-Kyw, kuµ-cyw, kpÿn-cX F∂nh \ne-\n¿Øp∂ hn[-

Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-sX∂v jpam-°¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p. \ΩpsS e£y-ßƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Htc-sbmcp am¿K-ambn kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-

Zysb ImWm≥ ]mSn-√. Hcp D¬∏m-Z-\-]-In-b-bn-eqsS FX-amXw sXm´-SpØ D]-

t`m-‡m-hn\v t\´-ap-≠mbn F∂-X√, AXv kaq-l-Øn\v samØ-Øn¬ FX-tØmfw

KpW-I-c-ambn F∂-XmWv ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. Zcn-Z¿°v Ahsc klm-bn-°m≥ ]m]vX-

cm-°p∂ klm-b-amWv \Ωƒ \¬tI-≠-Xv. ZmcnZyw Ah-cn¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-®n-cn-

°p∂ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-ZybpsS e`y-X-bn¬°q-Sn-bmWv Cu

e£yw t\Sn-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-ZybmWv a[y-h¿Øn-bmb/

DNnX kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. jpam-°-dpsS a[y-h¿Øn- kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy

F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmsg -]-d-bp-∂-h-bmWv.

1. F√m-h¿°pw e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw sNehp Ipd-™-Xp-amb kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy.

2. ]IrXnhn`-h-ßƒ `mhn-X-e-ap-d-bv°m-bn- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂Xv.

3. a\p-jys‚ Inbm-fl-I-Xbv°v CSw \¬Ip-∂Xv.

Zcn-Zsc ho≠pw Zmcn-Zy-Øn-te°p X≈nhnSm\√; kmt¶-XnIhnZysIm≠v kzbw-

]cym-]vXX km[y-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. AØcw kmt¶-XnIhnZyIsf-

bmWv \mw DNnXkmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

D]-kw-lmcw

Km‘n-bpsS kmº-Øn-I-k¶-¬∏ßƒ h¿Ø-am-\-Ime kmº-Øn-I˛ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI

sh√p-hn-fn-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ temI-Øn\p ]pXnb ]Imiw \¬Ip∂ H∂p

Xs∂-bm-Wv. D]-t`m-Km-k-‡n, a\p-jy-\m¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Zmcn-Zyw, hn`-h-tim-

jWw F∂n-h-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnIZ¿i\w ]pXnb Dƒ°m-

gvN-Iƒ a\p-jy\p \¬Ip-∂p.

190


kw-K-lw

$ `qan-bpsS \∑-bv°m-bp≈ ]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-X-bmWv Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnINn¥-bpsS

ASn-ÿm-\w.

$ Pohn-XsØ AXns‚ ka-K-X-bn-emWv Km‘nPn Z¿in-®Xv.

$ kmº-ØnIimkvXsØ Hcp [m¿anIimkvX-am-bmWv Km‘nPn ]cn-K-Wn-®-Xv.

$ kXyhpw Alnw-kbpw ]mT-am-°nb P\-ßƒ ]n¥p-W-bv°p∂ Hcp Alnw-km-fl-I, Nqj-W-c-

ln-X-amb kmº-ØnIIaw sI´n∏Sp°p-∂-Xn\v Km‘nPn Zo¿L-ho-£Ww sNbvXp.

$ Km‘n-b≥ kº-Zvim-kvX-[m-c-Iƒ a\n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn kmº-ØnIimkvX-Ønse

apJym-i-b-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

$ Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnImi-b-ßƒ cq]-s∏-SpØn kzm[o-\-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ][m\ kmº-ØnImi-b-ßƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.

$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ImgvN∏mSn¬ kmº-ØnIimkvXhpw [m¿an-I-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

$ efnXPohn-Xhpw Db¿∂ Nn¥bpw F∂ Km‘n-b≥ XØzw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

$ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS _Uv te-_¿ F∂ Bibw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.

$ "kztZin' kmº-ØnIkzmi-b-XzØn-\p≈ DNn-X- _-Z¬am¿K-ambpw Hcp PohnXcoXn-sb∂

\ne-bnepw ioen-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

$ "kztZin' ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m-\p≈ am¿K-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ JmZn-bpsS ]m[m\yw

hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p.

$ Km‘n-b≥ ImgvN∏m-Sn¬ b¥-h-¬°-c-W-sØbpw hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-sØbpw

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ hntI-µo-IrX kº-Zvhy-h-ÿbv°p Km‘nPn \¬Ip∂ ]m[m\yw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

$ Km‘nPn apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ kmº-ØnIkaXzw F∂ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ kmº-ØnI Ak-aXzw ]cn-lcn°m\p≈ i‡-amb am¿K-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ SÃo-jn∏v F∂

Bi-bsØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

$ Km‘n-b≥ kº-Zvim-kvX-Øn¬ hnt\m-_`msh, sP.-kn.-Ip-a-c-∏, C.-F- v. jpam-°¿ F∂n-

h-cpsS kw`m-h\ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

F\n-°p I-gnbpw

191



1. Imbn-Im-[zm-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bpsS ]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-∂ Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnI

XØzw Is≠Øn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

2. ""alm-flm-Km‘n b¥-Øn\v FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√, b¥-tØm-Sp≈ Aan-X-amb A`n-\n-th-i-Øn\v

FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p'' ˛ Cu ]kvXm-h-\-tbmSp \nßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? ka¿Yn-°pI.

3. efn-X-Po-hn-Xhpw Db¿∂ Nn¥bpw F∂ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Bi-b-Øns‚ ta∑-Iƒ

hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

4. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kmº-ØnIXØz-ß-fn¬ H∂v hntZ-i-h-kvXp-°ƒ°p ]I-c-ambn Xt±-io-b-

amb D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-KsØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. B XØzw Is≠Øn ta∑-

Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

5. apX-em-fnØ kmaq-lnIIasØ ka-Xzm-[n-jvTn-X-amb H∂m°n cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Km‘nPn Hcp am¿Kw \n¿tZin-°p-∂p. AXp Is≠Øn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

6. tIµo-IrX D¬∏m-Z\w sXmgn-en-√m-bvabv°pw Zmcn-Zy-Øn\pw Nqj-W-Øn\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°pw.

CXn\v Km‘nPn Hcp _Z¬am¿Kw \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p. AXp Is≠Øn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

7. kaq-l-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂ kmº-ØnI]iv\-ßƒ°p Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnI

Nn¥-Iƒ ]cn-lmcw \¬Ip-∂p˛ Cu ]kv-Xm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

8.- _r-lZv D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn\p ]I-c-ambn P\-Iob D¬∏m-Z\w Km‘nPn \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p. X¥-

ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-I.

9.- S-Ão-jn-∏n\v B[m-c-amb ASnÿm\XØzw hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

10. -Z-cn-Z˛ kº∂ A\p-]mXw Ipdbv°m≥ Km-‘nPn apt∂m´ph® ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ Is≠Øn

Fgp-Xp-I.

192


almflmKm‘nbpsS kmaqlnIZ¿i\-ßƒ

][m-\m-i-b-ßƒ

l k-aqlw

l k-aql-Øn-s‚kz`m-h k-hn-ti-jXIƒ

l hy-‡nbpw k-aq-lhpw

l k-ap-Zmbw

l k¿-thmZ-b

l k¿-thm-Z-b-km-aq-ln-I-Iaw

l k¿-thm-Z-bkmºØn-I-Iaw

l k¿-thm-Z-b-cm-jv-Sob-Iaw

l k¿thmZ-bIa-Øn¬FØm-\p≈ X-¥-ßƒ

l tkm-jy-en-k-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv

l a-lm-flmKm-‘n \¬-Ip-∂am-¥n-I-kq-‡w

l k¿-thm-Z-b Km-‘n-°p-tijw

9

kaqlsØ°p-dn®p≈ almflmKm‘nbpsS ImgvN-

∏-mSmWv Cu A[ymbØn¬ ]Xn]mZn-°p∂Xv. F-

√m-h-cpw k-ar-≤n-tbmSpw kam-[m-\-tØm-Spw IqSn

Po-hn-°p-∂ H-cp BZ¿-im-fl-I k-aq-l-sØ∏-‰n Km-

‘n-Pn-°v hy-‡am-b Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-≠v. F√m Po-hPm-

e-ß-fp-w t£-a-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn I-gn-bp∂-Xv A-t±-lw

`m-h-\bn¬ I≠p. a-\p-jy-s‚ k-ºq¿-Wam-b hn-Im-

kw D-d-∏m-°p-∂ H-cp ]pXn-b km-aq-ln-I, km-º-

Øn-I, cm-jv-So-b, hn-Zym-`ym-kI-aw ÿm-]n-°-W-

sa-∂p K-m-‘n-Pn B-K-ln®p. Fw.sI. Km‘nbpsS

kmaqlnIZ¿i\ßƒ a\nem-°p∂Xn\m-bn \-

ap°v k-aq-limkvXØn-se Nne ASnÿm-\m-i-

bßƒ Klnt°≠Xp-≠v.

k-aq-lw

k-aq-lw F-∂ ]Zw G-hcpw s]m-Xp-hm-bn D-]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂ H-∂mWv. k-aq-lw F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v \n-ßƒ

a-\-n-em-°n-bn-cn-°p∂-Xv F-¥mWv? k-aq-l-hp-am-bn

_-‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂ a-‰p ]-Z-ßƒ-sIm-≠v, Xm-sg \¬-

In-bn-cn-°p-∂ tc-Jm-NnXw ]q¿-Øn-bm-°pI.

kaqlwAXn¿Øn

P\-ßƒ

193


H-tc A-Xn¿-Øn-°p-≈n¬ s]m-Xphmb B-Nm-c-ß-sf-bpw \n-b-a-ß-sf-bpw ]n-¥p-S¿-∂v

Po-hn-°p-∂ H-cp-Iq-´w B-fp-I-sf-bm-Wv k-aq-l-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿-Y-am-°p-∂Xv.

skmssk‰-kv F∂- em‰n≥]ZØn¬ \n∂mWpskmssk‰n F∂ hm°p≠mbXv.

skmssk‰kv F∂-m¬ Iq-´mbv-a A-s√¶n¬ kulrZw F∂mW¿Yw. a\pjy¿

a‰p≈hcpambn kulrZØn¬ Pohn-°p∂h-cm-sW∂v CXp kqNn∏n-°p∂p.

AXpsIm≠mWp a\pjys\ kaqlPohnbmbn Acnkv-t‰m´n¬ hntijn∏n®-Xv.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

GsX-¶nepw H-cp _-‘-Øn-s‚ t]-cn-ep-≈ H-cp-Iq-´w hy-‡n-I-fp-sS

Iq-´mbva A-s√-¶n¬ a-‰p-≈-h-cn¬-\n-∂v Ah-sc hy-Xy-kv-X-cm-°p-∂

Htc kz-`m-h-co-Xn-Iƒ ]n-¥p-S-cp∂-h¿ F-∂-Xm-Wv H-cp k-aq-lw

F∂XpsIm-≠v A¿-Y-am-°p-∂Xv. kz-`m-h-ß-fn¬- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂- Cu

hy-Xy-kv-XX a‰p-≈h-¿ Cu Iq-´m-bv-a--bn-te-°p ]-th-in-°p-∂-Xn\p

X-S--am-bn h¿-Øn-°pw. ˛tam-dn-kv Kn≥-_¿Kv

km-aq-lyi-m-kv-X-Øn-s‚ G-Xp im-J-bnem-Wv k-aq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T\-ßƒ

Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?

ap-Ifn¬ ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂- ]-h¿-Ø-

\-Øn-eq-sS k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ kz`m-h

khn-ti-jX-Iƒ \-ap-°p a-\-n-

em°m≥ i-an-°mw.

kaq-lØns‚ kz`m-hkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

P\ßƒ ]ckv]cw CS]gIn Po-hn-

°p-∂ H-∂m-Wv k-aq-lw. X-ß-fp-tS-

Xm-b Hcp Po-hn-X-co-Xn A-h¿ hn-I-

k n - ∏ n - s ® - S p - Ø n - ´ p - ≠ m - I p w .

Htct]msetbm hy-Xy-kv-Xtcm B-

b B-fpIsf k-aq-lw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-

∂p. ]-c-kv-]-c-ap-≈ k-l-I-cWw, Nn-

e ]--tXy-I X-c-Øn-ep≈ sXmgn¬hn-

`P\w, ]ckv]cmib-Xz-w F-∂n-h-

bpw \-ap-°v C-hnsS Im-Wm-\m-Ipw.

F√m k-aq-l-ßfpw Ne\mfl-I-amWv.

A®S°an√mØ Aw-K-ß-fp-sS kz-`m-hßsf \nb¥n°p∂Xn-\p≈ am¿Kßfpw

kaqlØnep≠v.

tkm-tjymf-Pn

a-\p-jy-k-aq-l-sØ-°p-dn®pw a-\p-jy-cp-sS kz-`m-h-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]Tn-°p-∂ im-kv-X-im -J -bm -Wv tkm -tjym -f -Pn (kaq -l-imkvXw) kaq-l-Øn-s‚ B-hn¿-`mhw, h-f¿-®, LS-\, [¿a-ßƒ F-∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\ßfpw Cu im-kv-X-im-J-bv-°p-≈n¬h-cp∂p. H-cp k-aq-l-Øn-\p-≈n-se a-\p-jy-s‚Po-hn-X-hpw ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfpw km-aq-l-yim-kv-X-Øn-s‚ im-Jbm-b Cu hnj-bw ssI-Imcyw sN-øp∂p. ^-©v X-Øz-Nn-¥-I-\mbAK-kv-Xv tImwsX tkm-tjym-f-Pn-sb \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv "" ss\-k¿-Kn-Ihpw\n-b-X-hpam-b -\o-Xn-I-fpsS km-aq-lnIZ¿-i-\-ßsf∏-‰n- ]Tn-°p∂ im-kv-X-w.''

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

194


hy‡nbpw kaql-hpw

a\pjy≥ kaqlPo-hn-bmWv. k-aq-l-ß-

fnepw k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fnepw km-aqln-I Iq-

´m-bv-a-I-fn-ep-am-bmWv a\p-jy≥ Pohn-°p-

∂Xv. k-aq-l-an√m-sX a-\p-jy-\m-bn Po-

hn°p-I A-km-[y-amWv. a\p-jys‚ h-

f¿®bv°pw Xp-S¿®bv°pw A\nhm-

cyamb Hcp hyhÿ-bmWnXv. Hcp

hy‡nbpsS kwk-vImcw kaqlØn¬

\n∂-mWp cq]s∏-Sp∂-Xv. hy‡nIƒ s]-

cp-am-‰w io-en-°p-∂-Xpw ]Zhn-Iƒ t\-

Sp∂Xpw, Iq- m-bv-a-I-fn¬ Aw-K-am-Ip-∂-Xp-

sams° kaq-l-Øn-s‚ `m-K-ambn \n-∂p-sIm-≠mWv. \-mw AwKo-Imcßƒ t\Sm≥

ian -°p∂Xpw ]bmkßfp≠mIptºmƒ ]n¥pW tX-Sp∂Xpw, kam -\

a\p≈hcpambn NßmØØnem-Ip∂Xpw H-s° CØcw Iq-´m-bv-a-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv.

kap-Zmbw

kmaqlnIPohn-XØns‚ F√m LSIßfpw A-S-ßp∂ ]m-tZinIamb Hcp sNdnb

KWam-Wp kapZmbw. kaql-tØ°mƒ sNdpXmsW¶nepw AwKßƒ°nSbn¬

"\Ωƒ'- F∂ hnImcw i‡ambncn-°pw.

k-aq-lhpw k-ap-Zm-bhpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-k-ßƒ

k¿thmZb

\-ap-°p sNømw

\n-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv k-aq-l-Øn-tem k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-tem? k-aq-lhpw k-ap-

Zm-bhpw XΩn¬ F-s¥-¶nepw hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-t≠m? Iq´m-b N¿®-Iƒ \-S-

Øp-Ibpw I-s≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Nm¿´n¬ F-gp-Xn ¢mkn¬ ]-Z¿-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sN-øp-I.

k-aqlw

$ km-aq-lnI_-‘-ß-fp-sS H-cp irw-J-e-bm-Wv

k-aqlw.

$ ¢n-]v-Xamb q-]-tZ-iw k-aq-l-Øn-\m-hniyan√.

$ k-aq-l-Øn-\v cq-]-an√.

$ k-ap-Zmbn-INn¥ A-s√¶n¬ \-Ωƒ F-∂ hn-

Im-cw k-aq-l-Øn¬ D-≠m-hm\pw C-√m-Xn-cn-

°m\pw km-[y-X-bp-≠v.

k-ap-Zmbw

$ H-cp \n-›n-X `q-]-tZ-i-Øp Xm-a-kn-°p-∂, R-

ßƒ F-∂ hn-Im-cw ]p-e¿-Øp∂ H-cp Iq-´w hy-

‡n--I-fp-sS kwL-amWv k-ap-Zmbw.

$ ¢n-]v -Xam-b `q-]-tZ-i-Øm-Wv k-ap-Zm-bw

Im-W-s∏-SpI.

$ k-ap-Zm-bw F∂-Xv aq¿-Ø-am-b H-∂mWv.

$ km-ap-Zmbn-INn-¥ A-Xym¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv.

-]-h¿Ø\w

H-cp Zzo]n¬ \n-ßƒ-°v G-Im-¥-hm-k-w \-bn-t°≠n hcp∂psh∂p Nn-¥n-°p-I. A-hn-sS \n-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-Xm-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iyam-b F√mw e-`y-am-WpXm-\pw. a‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bn C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒkm-[y-am-ImØ C-Ø-c-sam-cp Po-hn-X-Øn-\p \n-ßƒ X-bm-dm-tWm? X-bm-sd¶n¬FX- Im-ew? A-s√¶n¬ F-¥p-sIm≠v?\n-ß-fp-sS A-`n-]mb-ßƒ ¢m-kn¬ ]-¶p

h-bv°pI

195


$ k-aq-l-sa∂-Xv hn-im-eam-b k-¶¬-∏-am-Wv.

H-∂n-e-[n-Iw k-ap-Zmb-ßƒ H-cp k-aq-l-Øn-ep-

≠m-hmw.

$ k-aq-lw H-tc-ka-bw k-am-\-X-I-sfbpw hy-Xy-

kv-X-X-I-sfbpw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.

$ k-ap-Zmbw k-aq-l-tØ°mƒ sN-dp-XmWv.

$ k-am-\-X-I-fm-Wv hy -Xy -kv -X-X-I-tf°mƒ

Iq-SpX¬

alm-flmKm‘n-°v Hcp amXrIm kaqlIasØ°pdn®v hy‡amb ImgvN∏mSp≠mbn-

cp∂-p. CXp k¿thmZ-b F∂ t]cn-

emWp Adnbs∏-Sp∂Xv. klPohnI-

tfmSp-≈ Km‘nPnbpsS kv-t\-lØn¬-

\n∂mWp k¿thmZ-b F∂ Bibw

cq]s∏-Sp∂Xv. lnwkbn-epw NqjW-

Ønepw A-[njvTnXamb kaqlsØ

At±lw XnckvIcn-®p. AXpsIm≠p-X-

s∂ Po-hn-X-Im-ew ap-gph≥ A∂p \n-e-

\n∂n -cp∂ kaqlnI cm„ob,

kmºØnI, aX hyhÿnXn-I-sf ]-cn-

jv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bp≈ h-gn-I-fpw am¿-

K-ß-fp-am-Wp At±-lw B-tem-Nn-®Xv. `m-c-X-Øns‚ Bflob ˛[m¿anI aqey-ß-fn¬

A-[njvTnXamb Hcp \hkaqlw cq]s∏SpØpI F∂Xmbn-cp∂p k¿thmZbbneqsS

Km‘nPn e-£y-an-´Xv.

k¿thmZbbpsS A¿-Yw

k¿-t-hm-Z-b F-∂ kw-k-vIr-X]Zw k¿h(F√m-h-cp-sSbpw), DZ-b(D∂a\w) F-∂o c-

≠v hm-°p-Iƒ IqSn-t®¿-∂-XmWv. AXmbXp k¿thmZ-b F-∂m¬ F√mhcpsS-bpw

D-b¿-® A-s√¶n¬ t£aw. F√m-h-cp-sSbpw F-∂-Xp-sIm≠p a-\pjycminsb amXa√

Cu ]]©Ønep≈ F√m PohPm-e-ß-sfbp-am-Wv A¿-Y-am-°p∂Xv. ]IrXnbpw

a\pjy\pw XΩnep≈ ]mckv]cyØneqsS IqSn amXta a\pjy-s‚ k-ºq¿-Wamb

hn-Imkw km[yamIq F∂p Km‘nPn hnizkn®p. IqSpX¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ°v IqSpX¬

\∑ F∂ ]tbmP\hm-Zkn-≤m-¥sØ At±lw X-≈n-°-f-™p. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS

IgvN∏mSn¬ F√m PohPmeßƒ°pw AhbpsS hn-Im-k-Øn\p Xpey Ah-kcßƒ

D≠mIWw. AXpsIm≠v At±lw F√hcpsSbpw IqSpX¬ \∑-ï F-∂-Xm-Wp e-

£yw h-®-Xv. F-√m-‰n-s\-bpw k-a-\z-bn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-Ibpw k-t¥m-jw D-d-

∏-m-°p-I-bp-w sNøp-I F-∂-Xm-Wp k¿-thm-Z-b-bp-sS e-£y-w.

k¿thmZbbpsS D-¤hw

k¿thm-Z-b F-∂ hm°n-s‚ th-cp-Iƒ \-ap°v thZßfnepw D]\njØp°fnepw

Is≠-Øm-≥ I-gn-bpw. tPm¨ dkv-°ns‚ 'A¨ Sp Zn em-Ãn's‚ KpPdmØn ]cn`mj-

]h¿Ø\w

a-lm-_-en-bp-sS I-Y \n-ßƒ-°-dn-bm-a-t√m.

A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ -c-W-Ime-Øv \-Ωp-sS \m-

´n-se A-h-ÿ F-¥m-bn-cp-∂p? H-cm-Z¿-im-

fl-I k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ k-hn-ti-jX-Iƒ Cu

I-Y-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn I-s≠-Øp-

I. Iq-´m-bn N¿-® \-S-Øn Nm¿-´v X-bm-dm-

°pI.

196


bv-°p-≈ t]-cv \¬-Ip-∂-Xn\m-bmWv Km‘nPn k¿thmZ-

b F-∂ hm-°v BZy-am-bn I-s≠-Øp-∂Xv. t]mf-Iv F∂

kvt\ln-X-\mWv Cu ]p-kvX-Iw A-t±-l-Øn\p \¬-In-

bXv. tPml∂mkv_¿Kn¬\n∂-p U¿_\nte°p≈ 24

aWn°q¿ Xoh≠nbmX-bn¬ H-‰-bn-cn-∏n-\p Km-‘n-Pn Cu

]pkvX-Iw hm-bn-®p Xo¿-Øp. Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-se B-

ib-ßƒ Km‘n-Pnsb Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o\n®p. ]pkvX-I-

Ønse Bibßƒ°\pkcn-®v Xs‚ Po-hn-XsØ am‰m≥

Bt±lw Xo-cp-am-\n-®p. ]pkvXIØn¬Xs∂ Gsd

BI¿jn® Bi-b-ßsf Km‘nPn C]Imcw

kwKln®p.

1. hy‡nbpsS \∑kaq-lØns‚ \∑bn¬ ASßnbncn-

°p∂p.

2. F√mh¿°pw AhchcpsS sXmgn¬ sNbvXv D]Poh\w Ign°m≥ XpeymhImiap-

≈ ÿnXn°v A`n`m-jIs‚ tPmen°pw £pcIs‚ tPmen°pw Htc aqey-

amWp≈Xv.

3. tZ-lm[zm\w sIm≠p≈ PohnXw, A-XmbXp I¿jIs‚bpw ssIthe-°mcs‚bpw

PohnXco-Xn-bmWv G‰hpw \√Xv.

C-Xn¬ B-Zy-tØ-Xv X\n-°v A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv Xm≥ A-hy-‡-am-bn

K-ln-®n-cp∂-p. aq-∂m-atØ-Xv X\n-°v H-cn-°epw A\p- -hs∏- ncp∂n√. c-≠m-a-sØbpw

aq-∂m-a-sØ-bpw tN-cp-∂-Xm-Wv H-∂m-a-tØ-sX-∂p "A¨-Sp Zn- emkv-‰v" ]-I¬-sh-fn-®w

t]m-se Km-‘n-°v hy -‡-am -°n -s°m-Sp -Øp. Cu aq∂p XØzßfpsSbpw

kwtbmP\amWp k¿thmZ-b F∂ Bibw. ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬-\n-∂p e-`n-® c-≠m-

asØ B-i-bw a-lm-flmKm-‘n-sb h-f-sc-tb-sd kzm-[o-\n-®p. F-¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬

A-[zm-\n-°p-∂ a-\p-jy-s\ H-cp hm-Wn-PyL-S-I-am-bn Im-Wm≥ Km-‘n H-cn-°-epw X-

bm-dm-bn-cp-∂n√, ]t£, hy-‡n-sb-∂ \n-ebn¬ a\p-jys‚ im-co-cn-Ihpw B-flo-b-

hpam-b B-h-iy-ß-ƒ I-£nt\-Xm-°≥-am-¿, k¿°m¿ D-tZym-K-ÿ-¿, am-t\-P¿-am¿,

im-kv-X-⁄-¿ I-em-Im-c¿ F-∂n-h¿-s°√mw H-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

aq-∂m-a-sØ XØzw im-cocn-I A-[zm-\-tØm-Sp-≈ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ a-t\m-`m-hw am-‰p-∂-

Xn-\p-≈ \q-X-\am-b H-cm-i-b-amWv. Cu X-Øzw '_-Uv- te-_¿' F-∂ Bi-bw hn-I-

kn-∏n-°p-∂Xn¬ Km-‘n-sb kzm-[o-\n-®p.

dk-vIns‚ Bibßƒ ]mtbmKnI-am-°p-∂-Xn\m-Wv Km-‘n Z£nWm^n°bn¬

^n\nI-vkv kaqlw ÿm-]n-®Xv. 1908¬ Km‘nPn "A¨ Sp Zn emÃv' KpPdmØn`mj-

bn-te°p k¿thm-Z-b F∂ t]cn¬ ]cn`mjs∏-Sp-Øn. Xp-ey-Xbpw \o-Xnbpw F√m-

h¿-°p-ap-≈-Xm-sW-∂ ss__nƒI-Y-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv d-k-vIn≥ "A¨ Sp

Zn- em-kv-‰v' c-Nn-®Xv.

197


k¿-thm-Z-b-bp-sS Zm¿-i\n-I A-Sn-ÿm\w

F√m PohPmeßfpsSbpw GIXzw F∂ XØzamWp k¿thmZbbpsS A-Snÿm-

\w. C¥y≥ X-Øz-im-kv-X-Øn-em-Wv k¿-thm-Z-b-bp-sS aq-e-]-am-W-ß-fp-sS th-cp-Iƒ

Ip-Sn-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. thZßfpw D]\njØp°fpw, a-X-KŸ-ß-fp-sa√mw \nesIm-≈p∂-

Xv F-√m-‰n-s‚-bpw t£aØn\p th-≠n-bmWv. Ahsb√mw Cuizc-s‚ ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-

sØ-bpw F√m Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpsSbpw G-I-Xz-sØbpw Du-∂n-∏-d-bp∂p. AssZzXw,

A\mk‡ntbmKw, b⁄w, ]cnXymKw, kl\w, h-kpss[hIpSpw_Iw, temIm

kakvXm kpJnt\m `h-¥p F∂o Bibßsf√mw k¿thm-Z-bX-Øz-Øn-s‚ aq-e-

°√p-I-fm-Wv.

$ A-ssZzXw: thZm¥Øns‚ aq∂v D]Z¿i\ßfn¬ H∂mWv A-ssZzXkn≤m¥w.

ssZzXhpw hn-in„mssZzXhp-am-Wv thZm¥Øns‚ a‰p c≠v D]Z¿i\ßƒ. AssZzXw

F∂m¬ c≠v A√mØXv F∂mW¿Yw. a\pjy\pw Cuizc\pw H∂mIp∂ `mhw.

AssZzXw F∂ hm°v kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. Bflmhpw _“hpw H∂mWv F∂XmWv.

AXmbXv Pohmflmb a\pjy\pw ]camflmhmb `Khm\pw H∂msW∂ k-¶¬∏w.

AssZz-XZ¿i\w ]q¿WX ]m]n°p∂Xv D]\nj-Øp°fnemWv.

$ A-\mk-‡ntbmKw: `-Kh-ZvKo-X ap-t∂m-´p-h-bv-°p-∂ G-‰hpw ]-[m-\-s∏-´ B-i-b-ß-fn-

sem-∂mWv A-\m-k-‡n-tbmKw. Km-‘n-Pn-sb Cu Bi-bw G-sd kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp∂p. A-

\mk-‡n F-∂ ]-Z -Øn-s‚ A¿Yw aaXbn√m-bv -a F-∂-m -Wv v. almflPnbpsS

A`n]mbØn¬ KhZvKoXbpsS kphy‡amb XtØzm]tZiw C]ImcamWv. '' \n\°v

\n¿tZin°s∏ń´p≈ I¿aw \o sNøpI. AXns‚ êw XyPn°pI. I¿asØ

XyPn°p∂h≥ \in°p∂p. I¿aêw XyPn°p∂h\mIs´, Dbcp∂p. ' ' K -m -‘nPn

"A\mk‡ntbmKw" F∂ t]cn¬ KhZvKoXbv°p hymJym\w cNn®n´p≠v.

$ b⁄w: th-ZIm-e B-i-b-ßfn-sem-∂mWv b⁄w. _-en F-∂-Xm-Wv C-X¿-Y-am-°p-∂-Xv. a-\p-jy

Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ e£yw a‰p-≈-h¿-°pth-≠n tk-h-\-ßƒ sNøp-Isb∂-XmWv. C-Xns‚ ]-Xo-I-am-

bm-Wv b-⁄-sØbpw hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

$ ]-cn-Xym-Kw: a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS \∑bv°m-bn kz-¥-am-bh- ka¿∏n-°pI F-∂-Xm-Wv ]-cn-XymKw A¿-Y-

am-°p-∂Xv.

$ h-kp-ss[-hIp-Spw-_Iw: a-lØmb D-]-\n-j-Xv B-i-b-ß-fn-sem-∂v. tem-I-sØ ap-gp-h≥ H-cp Ip-

Spw-_-am-bn Im-Wp-∂ B-ibw. Ip-Spw_mwK-ßƒ°v A-h-cp-tSXm-b ]]©ho-£W-ßƒ

D-≠m-hmw. A-h hy-‡n-Iƒ-°-\p-k-cn®v H-∂n¬-\n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fp-am-hmw. Cu hy-X-y-kv-XXI-sf

am-\n-®p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ H-cp-a-tbmsS Po-hn°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv h-kp-ss[-h Ip-Spw_-Iw F-∂ Bi-

bw.

$ tem-Im- k-a-kv-Xm kp-Jn-t\m -`-h¥p: tem-I-Øn-se k¿-h-N-cm-N-c-ß-ƒ-°pw t£-aw D-≠m-I-s´

F-∂-m-Wv Cu im-¥n-a-¥w A¿-Y-am-°p-∂-Xv.

Po-h-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-cam-b G-I-XzØn¬ Km-‘n hn-iz-kn-®p. F√m a\pjycn-epw

Bflmhv F∂ ssZhnIssNX\yw IpSnsIm-≈p∂-p-sh∂pw AXpsIm≠pXs∂

F√mh¿°pw Cu temIØp Pohn°m≥ XpeymhImi-am-Wp-≈-sX∂pw Km‘nPn

\ap

°v A

dnb

mw

198


hnizkn®p. A-t±-l-Øns‚ A`n]mbØn¬ a\pjyPo-hn-X-Øns‚ e£ywXs∂ Bfl-

km-£m-¬°mcw A-s√¶n¬ B-fl-\p-am -bp -≈ Xm-Zmflyw ]m-]n -°-emWv.

klPohnIsf B-flm¿Yambn tkhn-°p∂XneqsS IqSn amXta CXp km[yamhpI-

bp≈q. B-Xy-¥n-I-am-bn C-tX-h-cp-sSbpw t£-a-Øn-te-°v \-bn-°pw.

k¿thmZbbp-sS am¿-K-Z¿-i-IX-Øzßƒ

kXyhpw AlnwkbpamWp k¿thmZbbpsS ASn-ÿ-m\XØzßƒ. Km‘nPnbpsS

Imgv∏mSn¬ kXyw e£yhpw Alnwk A-Xn-te°p≈ am¿Khp-amWv. Alnwksb

At±-lw ]-caamb kvt\lambn hymJym\n-°p∂p. AXmbXv klPohnItfmSp≈

D]m[nIfn√mØ kvt\lw. Cu kv-t\lw a‰p≈hcpsS \∑bv°m-bn kzbw XyPn-

°p∂Xn\pw tkh\w sN-øp∂Xn\pap≈ at\m-`mhw \Ωfn¬ hf¿-Øp∂p.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

Km‘nPb¥nZn\-Øn¬ k-vIqƒ A-kw-ªnbn¬ k¿-thm-Z-b-sb∏-‰n ]-kw-Kn-°m-

\p-≈ A-hk-cw \n-ßƒ-°p e-`n-°p-∂psh∂p hnNmcn°p-I. C-Xn-\mbn k¿-thm-

Z-b-bp-sS D-¤hw, A¿Yw, am¿K-\n¿tZ-iIXØz-ßƒ F∂n-h Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂

]-kw-Kw X-bm-dm-°pI.

k¿thmZbbpsS kmaqlnII-aw

a-lmflmKm‘nbpsS k¶¬∏Ønse k¿thm-Z-b h¿-K-c-ln-Xhpw Pm-Xn-c-ln-X-hpw

F√mXcw kmaqlnIXn∑Ifn¬\n∂pw ap‡hp-am-Wv. AhnsS lnwkbv°pw

NqjWØn\pw ÿm\ap≠mbncn°pIbn√. Cu kaqlw kaXzw, \oXn, kmtlmZ-

cyw, kzmX¥yw, klIcWw, ]ckv]c_lpam\w F∂-n-h-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bn-

´p-≈-XmWv. ""F√mh-cpw A[zm\n®p Pohn-°p∂ Cu kaqlØn¬ ]ZhnbptStbm

AhkcØns‚tbm t]cn¬ H-cp hy-‡n°pw cm-jv-So-bhy-h-ÿn-Xn°pw AkaXzw

t\-cn-tS-≠n h-cpI-bn√. C-hn-sS am-‰w ]c-kv]chnizm-k-Øns‚ ^-e-am-bn-´m-Wv D≠m-

-IpI.........''

`mcX]cy-S-\-Øn-eqsS C¥ybn¬ \n-e-\n∂n-cp∂ ZmcnZyw, sXmgnen√mbva, sXm´pIqSm-

bva, a-Zymk‡n F∂o hn]ØpIsf°pdn-®v A-t±lw a\nem-°n. k¿thm-Z-b

k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ]k-‡n-sb-°p-dn®v Km-‘n-°v Cu ]-cyS-\w Iq-Sp-X¬ t_m-[y-ßƒ ]-

I¿-∂p-\¬In.

a. hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw Km-‘n-b≥ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬

k¿thmZbkaqlØn¬ ]-c-a-]m-[m\yw Km-‘n hy‡n-°m-Wp \¬InbXv. A-tX-

k-a-bw-X-s∂ a\pjy\v GI\mbn Pohn°m≥ I-gn-bn-s√∂v At±lw hnizkn-®p.

kaq-l-Øn-s‚ ]n¥p-W H-cp hy-‡n-bp-sS k-ºq¿Whn-Im-k-Øn-\p kp-]-[m-\-amWv.

F¶nepw hy‡nkzmX¥yØn\pw A¥n\pw At±-lw henb ]m[m-\yw \¬In.

kzmX¥yw \ntj[n®psIm≠v Hcp k-aq-l-Øn\pw cq-]w \¬Im≥ I-gnbn-s√∂p

Km‘nPn hnizkn®p. AXncpIS∂ hy‡nkzmX-¥yw Im´p-\o-Xn-bm-sW∂p Km‘nPn

199


]-d-bp∂p. AXpsIm≠v hy‡nkzmX¥yØn\pw kmaqlnI \nb¥Wßƒ°pw C-

Sbn¬ k¥pe\w D≠mI-W-sa∂-m-bn-cp∂-p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv. kzta[bm

kmaqlnI\nb¥W-ß-sf A\pkcn-°p-∂-Xp a-‰p-f-f-h-¿°p t£-a-ap≠m-°p-sa∂pw

A-tXm-sSm-∏w hy-‡nIsfbpw k-aqlsØbpw Hcpt]mse kºp„-am-°p-sa∂pw Km-

‘n-Pn ]-d-bp-∂p. kmaqlnI_‘ßfp-sS A-Sn-ÿm\w hnimeamb hy-‡n-Xz-am-

sW¶n¬ C-Xn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn hy-‡n-bpw k-aq-lhpw XΩn¬ A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-cam-b Xp-

S¿-®-bp-≠m-Ip-sa∂-Xp hy-‡-am-s-W-∂pw At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.

\-ap-°p ]-cn-tim-[n-°mwNph-sS X-∂n-cn-°p-∂ B-i-b-ß-ƒ hm-bn-®v, X-∂n-cn-°p∂ aq-∂p -tIm-f-

ßfn¬ tN-cp-∂ ÿ-e-ßfn¬ Dƒ-s∏-SpØp-I.

$ \n-b-a-ßfpw N-´-ßfpw A-\p-k-cn°p-I. $ hn-Zym-`-ym-k-Øn-\p-≈ A-h-kc-ßƒ

kr„n°¬.

$ k-l-Po-hnI-sf kv-t\-ln°p-I. $ A-Snÿm-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ \n-d-th‰p-I.

$ kpc-£bpw `Z-Xbpw $ ]-cn-ÿn-Xna-en-\o-Ic-Ww X-Sbp-I.

$ Xp-eym-h-kcßƒ $ A-gn-a-Xn-s°-Xn-tc \n-e-bp-d-∏n°pI.

$ hy-‡nkzm-X¥yw

hy-‡n-I-fp-sS

Np-a-X-e-Ifpw

D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw

k-aq-l-Øns‚

Np-a-X-e-Ifpw


hy-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw

k-aq-l-Øn-s‚bpw

Np-a-X-e-Ifpw


hy‡nbpsS am-‰w

Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS A-`n-]m-bØn¬ hy‡n kaqlØns‚ A-Snÿm\LSI-amWv.

AXpsIm≠v hy‡nbpsS am-‰-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv kmaqlnIam-‰-Øn-\pw Xp-S-°-am-Ip∂Xv.

hy‡nbp-sS B-¥-cn-Iam-b am-‰-Øn¬-°q-Sn am-X-ta k-aq-lØn¬ ÿmbnbmb am-‰w

km-[y-am-Iq. A®S°tØmSpIqSnb Hcp BflobPo-hnXw B¥-cn-Iam-b am-‰-Øn-\p

An-hm-cy-am-sW-∂ Xn-cn-®-dn-hv Km-‘n-Pn-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. CXn-\m-bn A-Snÿm\h-X-

ßƒ A-s√¶n¬ Bia-hXßƒ A-t±lw \n¿tZin-°p-∂p. B-i-a-h-X-ß-sf \n-

Xy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ A-\p-h¿-Øn-°p-Ihgn hy-‡n-°v B¥cnIi‡n h¿[n-∏n°m≥ Ign-

bp-sa∂p Km‘n-Pn hn-iz-kn-®p. Km-‘n-Pn-bpsS Bi-a-ß-fn-se A-t¥-hm-kn-Iƒ

ASnÿm\h-Xßƒ Po-hn-X-Øn-¬ ]n¥p-Scp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

200


b. Kmak-aq-lhpw k¿-thm-Z-bbpw

X-s‚ BZ¿-im-fl-Ik-aq-lØn¬ Km‘n-Pn- Kmakaqlßƒ°p hfscb[nIw ]m[m-

\yw \¬-In-bn´p≠v. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Im-gv-N-∏mSn¬ C-¥y≥ km-aqlnIPohn-XØns‚

ASnÿm-\LSIw Kma-ß-fmWv. C-¥ysb KmaßfpsS \m-Sm-bm-Wv A-t±-lw I-W-

°m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C-¥y Po-hn-°p∂-Xp Km-a-ß-fn-em-sW-∂p Km-‘n-Pn ]-dbp∂-Xn-\p-

ff Imc-Whpw CXp-X-s∂-bmWv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v Km-‘n-Pn Cßs\ ]-d-bp-∂p: ""Kmaßƒ

\in-®m¬ C-¥y-bpw \in-°pw, C-¥y-sb∂-Xv C-¥y-b√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cpw, tem-I-Øn-se

A-h-fp-sS -Zu-Xyw \-„-am-bn-Øo-cpw'.' C¥y-°v b-Ym¿Y kzmX-¥yw e-`n-°-W-sa¶n¬

P-\-ßƒ Po-hn-t°≠Xv \K-c-ß-fn-se sIm-´m-c-ß-fne√, Km-a-ß-fnse Ip-Sn-ep-I-fn-

em-sW-∂p Km-‘n-Pn hn-iz-kn-®p. Km-a-ß-fpsS em-fn-Xy-Øn-eqsS amXta kXyhpw

Alnwkbpw km£m¬°cn°s∏SpIbp-≈p-sh∂-pw Km-‘n-Pn hn-iz-kn-®p.

c. A-bn-Øw/sXm- p-Iq-Smbva

kv]¿i\Øn\p-≈ km-aq-ln-Iamb hn-e°ns\bmWv A-bn-Øw AYhm sXm´pIqSmbv-

a F∂p]-d-bp∂Xv. C¥ybnse PmXn-hyhÿbp-sS ]-tXyIXbmWn-Xv. D-

b¿∂hsc∂p ]d-bp∂ PmXn-bn¬-s∏´ BfpI-sf kv-]¿-in-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn Xmgv∂

hcm-°-s∏´ PmXnbn¬s∏-´hsc \n›n-X A-I-eØn¬ am-‰n-\n¿-Øp-Ibpw A-Xph-gn

A-h-cp-sS km-aqln-I Xpey-X \n-tj-[n-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ B-Nm-c-am-Wn-Xv. Xm-gv-∂

hcm-°-s∏´ Pm-Xnbn¬ s]-´-h-cpsS kv-]¿i-\w D-b¿-∂hsc∂p ]d-bp∂ Pm-Xn-I-

fn¬-s∏-´hsc If¶s∏-SpØpw F∂ hn-iz-m-k-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wn-Xv.

sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bvasb lnµp-a-X-Ønse If¶ambmWv- Km‘n-Pn ]-cn-K-Wn-®-Xv. ""F-s‚

A-`n-]m-bØn¬ C-∂p \mw B-N-cn-°p-∂ A-bn-Øw ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s‚ A-hn-`m-Py-L-

S-I-a√.'' A-Xv H-gn-hm-°s-∏-tS≠-XpX-s∂-bm-Wv F∂v At±-lw Iq-´n-t®¿-°p-∂p.

""XnI-™ A⁄Xbpw IqcXbpamWv- CXns‚ ]n∂nep-≈-Xv. ln-µp-a-XØn¬ ap-g-

®p-\n¬-°p-∂ H-∂m-bmWn-Xn-s\ Rm≥ Im-Wp-∂Xv. C-Xp a-X-sØ kw-c-£n-°p-

∂n√. a-dn-®v, izm-kwap- n-®p sIm√p-I-bmWv.'' A-t±-l-Øns‚ ImgvN∏mSn¬ F√mhcpw

]n-d-°p∂-Xv H-cp ]n-Xm-hn¬-\n-∂mWv. AXpsIm≠v ssZ-h-Øns‚ a°ƒ F∂¿∞w

h-cp∂ lcn-P≥ F-∂ t]-cp Km‘nPn Xmgv∂hcm-°-s∏´ PmXn-°m¿°mbn \¬-In.

k¿thmZbkaqlw A-bn-Øm-N-cWØn¬\n∂p ap‡am-Wv-. Km-‘n-bp-sS A-`n-]m-

bØn¬ ""Bcpw Ah¿Wcmbn P\n-°p∂-n-√, F√mhcpw H-tc A-·n-bpsS \mf-ß-

fmWv. P∑wsIm≠v Nnesc Ah¿Wcmbn IW°m°p-∂Xp sX-‰m -W. v ''

AbntØm®mS\Øn\mbn Km‘n-Pn \n-ch[n am¿-K-ß-ƒ ap-t∂m- p-h-bv-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

At±-l-Øn-s‚ k-XyKl Biaßfn¬ \m\mPmXnaXÿ¿ bmsXmcp hnthN\hpw

IqSm-sX H-cpan®mWp Xmakn®n-cp∂Xv. \n¿-am-WmflI ]cn]m-Sn-I-fnse ]-[m-\-s∏´

C-\-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn A-t±lw AbntØm®m-S-\-sØ Dƒ-s∏-SpØn. 1933 sa-bv F´n\v

Bflip≤oIcWØn\mbn Km‘nPn 21 ZnhksØ D]hmka\pjvTn®p. lcnP\

]ÿm\sØ klmbn-°p∂Xn\mbn At±lw Hcph¿-jw \o≠ ]-Nm-c-W-

201


]-cn-]m-SnIƒ \SØn. a\pjyXzclnXamb Cu BNmcØn-s\Xn-tc s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-

]m-bw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn At±lw `mcX]-cy-S-\hpw \-S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.

d. kmaqlnIh¿KoIcWhpw h¿Wmia[¿a-hpw

km-aq-ln-Ih¿-Ko-IcWw

hy-Xncn‡-X F∂Xp ]]©

\nbaamWv-. a\pjykaq-l-

Øn\pw CXp _m[IamWv-. k-

aq-lw hy-Xy-kvXamWv, hy-‡n-

I-fpw hn-hn-[-X-cØn¬ hy-Xy-

kv-X-X ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-

°pw. F√m k-aq-l-ßfpw Aw-

K-ß-sf sXm-gnepIƒ-°v A-\p-

k-cn-®v th¿-Xn-cn-°m-dp-ap≠v. Hmtcm k-aq-l-hpw sXm-gn-epI-sf hn-e-bn-cp-Øp∂-Xv hy-

Xykv-X X-c-Øn-em-Wv. Nn-e sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ-°v a-‰p-≈-h-tb°mƒ km-aq-ln-Iam-b ]m-

[m-\yw It≠-°pw. D-b¿-∂ sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ sN-øp-∂ hy-‡n-Iƒ- Iq-Sp-X¬ _-lp-am-\n-

X-cm-Ipw. C-]-Imcw kaqlØnse ]ZhnbpsS A-Snÿm\Øn¬ a\pjys\ h¿KoIcn-

°p∂Xn-\mWp kmaqlnIh¿KoIcWw (Social stratification) F∂p ]dbp-∂Xv.

h¿Wmi-a[¿a

Km‘nPn h¿Wmia[¿asØ ]n¥m-ßp-∂p. kaqlØn¬ Hcp hy-‡n F-Xp I¿aw

sNø-W-sa∂v A\pim-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬ ln-µp-a-X-Øn¬ D-]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂ km-aqln-Ihn-`-P-\-Øn-\p≈ -]-≤-Xn-bm-WnXv. Km‘nPn h¿Wmia[¿a-sb

kmaqlnIh¿KoIcW-Øn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn -°m-hp∂ am¿Kam-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn®p.

h¿Wmia[¿aw a\pjys‚ `qanbn-se ZuXyw \n¿hNn-°p∂-p-sh∂p Km-‘n-Pn ]-d-

bp∂p. a-\pjyPo-hn-X-Øns‚ e£yw [\k-ºmZ\tam D]Poh\am¿Kw I-s≠Øp-I

tbm amXam-I-cp-Xv. H-cp km-[m-c-W a-\pjy≥ X-s‚ Du¿-P-Øn-s‚ sNdn-b IW-ßƒ

h-sc D-]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Ahs‚ k„mhns\ Adn-bm≥ i-an-°-Ww. sXm-gn-¬ C-Xn-

\p XS-w kr-„n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ CXv km[y-amIm≥ Ah≥ Xs‚ ]q¿hnIcpsS

sXmgn¬ ]n¥p-S -c -m -hp -∂-Xm-sW∂pw Km-‘n-Pn Iqń -t®¿-°p∂p. Km‘nPn

h¿Wmia[¿a-sØ B-tcm-Ky-I-camb sXmgn¬hn`P\Øn\p≈ am¿K-am-bn´mWp

I-≠n-cp-∂Xv. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS A-`n-]m-bØn¬ ]m-c-º-cy-Øn-s‚-bpw ]q¿-hn-I-cp-sSbpw

A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ sXm-gn¬-hn-`-P-\w F∂-Xv A-Snÿm-\ [¿-a-ßƒ-°v hn-cp-≤am-b

H-∂mWv. sXm-gn-se∂-Xv Po-h-\-Øn-\p-≈ D-]m-[n- am-X-amWv. h¿-W [¿-a-sØ i-

cnbm-b A¿-YØn¬ Xn-cn-®-dn™m¬ ùXn-It\-´-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ Bk-‡n Ip-d-bp-I-

bpw Cu-iz-c-s\ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv I-s≠-Øm≥ I-gnbpI F-∂-Xn-s\-°-p-dn-®v A-t\z-

j-n°m≥ B Du¿-P-sØ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp -Øp-Ibpw sN-øm-sa-∂v A-t±-lw

]-d-bp∂p.

Km‘nPn h¿WkºZmbsØ AwKoIcn-°p∂ps≠¶nepw kaqlØnse D®

\ap

°v A

dnb

mw

k-aq-l-sØ ÿm-bn-bm-bn Hmtcm hn-`m-K-ambn, ta-te-Ø-ń-ep-≈-sX∂pw Xm-tg-Ø-ń-ep-≈-sX-∂p-ap-≈ _-‘-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬ hn- -Pn°p-∂-Xn-s\bmWv km-aqlnIh¿-Ko-Ic-Ww F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂Xv˛ Kn-≥-kv-

_¿´v

202


\oNXzßsf X≈n°-f-bp∂p. F√m h¿-W-ßsfbpw A-t±lw Xp-ey-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-

®p. -a\pjyicocØn-se \mev A-h-b-h-ß-tfmSmWv Km‘nPn \mep h¿Wßsf

XmcXayw sN-øp∂Xv. H-∂p a-s‰m-∂n-t\-°mƒ D-b¿-∂tXm Xm-gv-∂tXm A√. Hmtcm

i-co-c-`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw B-tcmKyw H-cp ]q¿-W-i-co-c-Øn-\v B-h-iy-amWv. AXpt]m-se

H-cp k-aq-l-Ønse \mep h¿WßfpsSbpw k-¥p-en-Xam-b ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS am-X-

ta A-Xn-\v D-Xv-Ir-jv-Sam-b H-cp k-aq-l-am-bn-Øocm≥ I-gnbq. h¿-W-hy-hÿsb

ASnÿm\am°n-bp≈ lnµp kmaqlnILS\sb Km‘nPn icnbmb tkmjyen-k-

am-bmWpIW°m-°n-b-Xv.

Km‘nPn h¿-WsØbpw Pm-Xn-sbbpw IrXyambn th¿Xncn®p. A-t±-lw F-gp-Xp∂p:

""h¿Wmia-[¿aw P-\-\-Øns‚ ASnÿm\Ønep-≈ B-tcm-Ky-I-camb kmaq-ln-I

hn-`-P-\-amWv. \n-e-hn-ep≈ Pm-Xn-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈ B-i-b-ßƒ b-mYm¿-Yy-Øn-ep-≈-Xn-

s\ h-Io-I-cn-®-Xm-Wv.''F-∂n-cp-∂mepw h¿-Ww, Pm-Xn F-∂n-hsb 1925˛ hsc k-am-

\¿-Y-]-Z-ß-fm-bn A-t±lw D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. ]n-∂o-Sv A-t±-lw Ch-sb th¿-Xn-cn-®p.

A-tX∏-‰n Km-‘n ]-d-bp∂-X,v h¿-W-Øn-\v Pm-Xn-tbm-Sv H-∂pw X-s∂ sN-øm-\n√

F∂m-Wv. Pm-Xn-sb-∂ `oI-c≥ ]—∂th-j-Øn-eq-sS h¿-W-Øn-s‚ cq-]w ssI-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. h¿-W-Øn-s‚ Cu hn-Ir-Xm-\p-IcWw C-¥y-sbbpw ln-µp-a-X-sØbpw

H-cp t]mse X-cw-Xm-gv-Øn. Hcp hy‡nbpsS h¿Ww \n¿Wbn-°p∂-Xp P-\-\-Øns‚

amXw A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-I-cpXv, adn-®v B hy‡nbp-sS tbm-Ky-X-bp-sS-bpw, Kp-W-ß-

fp-sS-bpw, s]cpam‰Øns‚bpwIq-Sn A-Sn-ÿm-\ØnemIWsa-∂p Km-‘n-Pn ]-d-bp-∂p.

e. PmXnhy-h-ÿ

C¥ybnse kmaqlnIh¿KoIcWØn\-Snÿm\w PmXnhyhÿbmWv-. Pm-Xn-

sb∂Xp P-∑kn-≤-am-Wv. Km‘nPn PmXnhyhÿsb i‡ambn FXn¿Øp. C∂p,

\n-e\n¬-°p∂ PmXnhyhÿbn¬ Xm≥ hnizkn-°p-∂n-s√∂p b-Mv C-¥ybn¬ A-

t±-lw F-gp-Xn. C-Xv A-\m-h-iy-am-b H-∂m-Wv, ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°v X-S-w-w \n¬-°p-∂-Xpw.

a\pjy¿ XΩnep≈ AkaXzØn¬ Rm≥ hnizkn-°p∂-n√. \-Ω-sf√mhcpw Xpey-

cm-Wv. Cu kam\X i-co-c-Øn-t‚-X√, B-flm-hn-t‚-Xm-sW-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-

Øns‚ Im-gv-N-∏mSv.

f. kvXoIsf°pdn®p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sv

k-aq-l-Ønse kv-Xo-I-fp-sS ÿm-\w

h\n-X-Iƒ°pIpd™thX\w

kvXo[\]iv\w ˛hnhmlwam‰n h®p.

16 Imcn hnhmlØn\phnk-Ω-Xn®p

s]¨`q-W-lXy Db-cp∂p

B -cWw hmßm≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ \n¿_-‘n°s∏´p

Poh-\-°m-cn-s°-Xntc AXn-Iaw

h\nX

m DtZym-K-ÿ¿°

v

ÿm\°

b‰w \ntj

-[n-®

p.

203


Km‘nPnbpsS A`n]mbØn¬ kaqlØn¬ kvXoIƒ°pw ]pcpj∑m¿°pw

Xpeyÿm\amWp≈Xv. c≠pt]cpw Htc hnImcßtfmSpIqSn Hcpt]mse

Pohn°p∂hcmWv-. kvXo°pw ]pcpj\pw ]c-kv]c]n¥pW-bn√msX Po-hn°m≥

km[ya√. BNmcßfpsSbpw N´ßfpsSbpw ASnÿm-\Øn¬ kvXosb ASn®a¿-

Øp∂Xns‚ DØchmZnXzw ]pcpj\mWv-. Alnwkm[njvTn-X Pohn-X ]-≤-Xnbn¬

]pcpj∑msct∏mseØs∂ kz¥w `mhn Xocpam -\n°m\p≈ AhImiw

kvXoIƒ°pap-≠v.

a-lm-flmKm-‘n ]-d-bp-∂p: ""kvXosb A_-e-sb∂p hn-fn-°p∂Xv A]am\Icam-Wv.

AXv ]pcp-j≥ kvXotbmSp ImWn-°p∂ A\ymbamWv-. i‡n F∂XpsIm≠v Dt±in-

°p∂Xp arKobamb i‡nbmsW¶n¬ kvXo°v ]pcpjt\°ƒ arKobX IpdhmWv.

i‡n F∂XpsIm≠v Dt±in-°p∂Xv [m¿anIi‡nbmsW¶n¬ kvXo ]pcpj-

t\°mƒ ap-I-fn-emWv-. kvXo ]p-cpj-s‚ k-l-bm-Xn-I-bmWv. Xpeyamb a\:»-‡nbm¬

A-\p-K-ln-°-s∏- hƒ. ]pcpj≥ sN-øp-∂ G-Xp sNdn-b ]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfpw sNøm\p≈

AhIm-ihpw A-tXm-sSm-∏w Xp-eyamb kzmX¥y-hpw ]p-cp-j-\pta¬ khn-ti-jm-[n-

Im-chpw kv-Xo°p-s≠∂pw Km-‘n-Pn Iq-´n-t®¿-°p∂p.

kv-Xo-I-fpsS hn-Zym- ym-kw

i-cnbmb hnZym`ym-kw kv-Xo-Iƒ-°p \¬-Ip-∂-XneqsS amXta kvXoim‡oIcWw

km[yamhp-I-bp-≈p-sh-∂ Xn-cn-®-dnhv Km‘n-Pn-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A£cm`ymkw C√m-

ØXns‚ t]cn¬ ]pcpj∑m¿ kvXoIfpsS AhImißƒ \ntj[n-°p∂Xns\

\ymboI-cn°m\mhn√. kvXo-Iƒ-°v A-h-cpsS AhImißƒ sa®s∏Sp-Øp∂-Xn\p

hnZym`ymkw AXymhiyamsW∂ Km‘nPn ]-d-bp∂-p.

hn-hm-lw

s]¨-Ip´nIƒ°v AhcpsS ]¶m-fn-Isf Xncs™Sp°m\p≈ kzm-X¥yhpw

AhImihpw D-s≠-∂Xn¬ Km‘n-Pn D-d-®p-\n∂p. BtcmKyIc-hpw ]hnXhpw

Zo]vXhpamb Hcp kvXo]pcpj_‘w C-∂sØ Zpchÿ Hgn-h-°p∂Xn\v- A\nhmcy-

am-sW∂pw `mhnXeapdbpsS [m¿anI]ptcmKXnbpsS c£m[nImcnbm-bn kvXo

am-t-d-≠-Xp-s≠-∂pw Km-‘n-Pn hn-iz-kn®p.

kvXo[\w

Km‘nPn kvXo-[-\k-ºZmbsØ i‡ambn FXn¿Øp. hnhmlw F∂p ]d-bp-

∂Xv ]WØn\mbn amXm]nXm°ƒ \-S-Øp∂ Htc¿∏mSmbn amdcp-Xv. hnhm-l-Øn-

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

ap-Ifn¬ tN¿-Øncn-°p-∂ sIm-fm-jv hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bv-Xv C-∂-sØ k-aq-lØn¬

kv-Xo-Iƒ t\-cn-Sp-∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-sf-∏-‰n H-cp hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-°p-dn∏v X-bm-dm-°p-

I. Cu ]-iv\-ßƒ t\-cn-Sm≥ \n-ß-fp-tSXm-b \n¿-tZi-ßƒ -Ip-dn∏n¬ Dƒ-s°m-

≈n-°pI.

204


\m-bn ]p-cpj≥ kvXo[\w hyhÿsN-øp∂psh¶n¬ A-h≥ Xs‚ hnZym`ym-

ksØbpw, cmPysØbpw A]Io¿Øns∏SpØpIbpw kvXoXzsØ A]am\n°pIbp-

amWp- sN-øp-∂Xv. B-sc-¶nepw C-Xn\p apXncpIbmsW¶n¬ Abmsf kaqlØn¬

\n∂p ]pd-Øm°-W-sa∂pw CXn-s\Xntc i-‡amb s]mXpP\m`n]mbw Dbc-W-

sa∂pw Km‘nPn ]-d-bp∂p.

kvXoIfpsS IpSpw_-[¿-aw

kvXoIfpsS Nne khntijKpWßsf Km‘nPn _lpam\n®n-cp∂p. ]IrXn Nne

]-tXyI I¿Øhyßƒ Gs‰Sp°p∂Xn\mbn Ahsc k÷cm°n-bn-´p-s≠--∂XmWv

A-t±-lw A-Xn-\p Im-c-W-am-bn Nq-≠n-°m-´p∂-Xv. amXrXzw F-∂-Xp ]p-cpj-\p ssI-

h-cn°m≥ I-gn-bmØ A-h-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-Kp-W-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn A-t±-lw Nq-≠n-°m-

´p-∂p. kv-XoIƒ kl\-io-e-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]p-cp-j∑m¿ ]-cn-i-a-im-en-I-

fm-Wv. IpSpw_\m-bn-I kv-XoX-s∂-bmWv. IpSpw_Øn\p th-≠ `£Ww kºmZn-

°p∂-Xp ]p-cp-j-\m-sW-¶nepw C-Xn-s‚ kw-c-£-W-hpw hn-X-cWhpw kv-Xo-bp-sS Np-

a-X-e-bm-Wv. kw-c£-I-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ F√m A¿-Y-ßfpw kv-Xo Dƒ-s°m-≈p∂p. hw-

i-]cºcbnse ]pXp Xeapdsb hf¿Øns°m≠phcp-I F∂ khntijmhImiw

Ahƒ°p-≈-XmWv. kv-Xo-I-fpsS kwc£-W-ans√¶n¬ a-\p-jy-hwiw C√mXm-Ip-sa∂pw

Km-‘n-Pn Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p.

g. kmaq-lnIXn∑Iƒ

k¿thmZbkaq-lw Xm-sg-∏-d-bp∂ Ggv

kmaqlnIXn∑Ifn¬\n∂pw ap-‡-

amWv.

1. kz`mhKpWan√mØ hnZym`ymkw

2. XØzZo£bn√Ø cm„obw

3. am\-hn-I-Xbn√mØ imkvXw

4. ka¿∏Wan√mØ Bcm[\

5. a\m£nbn√mØ kt¥mjw

6. [m¿anIXbn√mØ hmWnPyw

7. A[zm\an√mØ kº-Øv

C-∂-sØ k-aq-lØn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p∂hnhn-[ km-aqln-I Xn∑I-ƒ I-s≠-Øn]-´n-I X-bm-dm-°p-I. k-l-]mTn-I-fp-tSbpw\n-ß-fp-tSbpw ]´nIIƒ Xm-c-Xayw sN-

øpI.

Ggp Kq-∏p-I-fm-bn Xn-cn-™v

Hmtcm km-aq-lnIXn∑-Iƒ

Hmtcm Kq-∏p-w D-Zm-l-c-W-k-

lnXw N¿-®sN-bv-Xv kw-K-lw

A-h-X-cn-∏n-°pI.

Nn¥n°pI ]¶p-h-bv°pI

-]-h¿Ø\w

205


Km-‘n-Pn-bpsS H-cp kp-lr-Øm-Wv G-gp kmaq-ln-I-Xn-∑-Iƒ \nco-£n®p hni-Zo-I-cn-

®Xv. Ch-sb ]n-∂oSv Km-‘n Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. k-aq-lØn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p-

∂ km-aq-ln-Ihpw km-º-Øn-Ihpw cm-jv-So-bhpw h¿-Ko-b-hpamb ]-iv-\ßƒ a-\-n-

em°p∂-Xn-\v Cu Ggp km-aqln-IXn∑I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-dn-hv A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂p

Km-‘n-Pn Xn-cn-®-dn-™p. Cu Xn∑I-sf D∑qe-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw km-aq-ln-Iam-‰-Øn-

\p-am-bn A-t±-lw \n-ch-[n ]-≤-Xn-I-ƒ ap-t∂m-´ph-bv-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

h. aZy]m\sØ°pdn®p≈ ImgvN-∏-Sv

a-Zyw a-\p-jy-icocsØ amX-a√ \-ap°p D-≈n-ep≈ Bflmhns\bpw \in-∏n-°p-∂p-

sh∂p Km-‘n-Pn hn-iz-kn-®p. Cu-iz-c\pw a-\-p-jy-Ip-e-Øn-\p-sa-Xncmb ]m-]-am-bm-Wp

a -Zy -]m -\ -sØ Km -‘n I-cp -Xn -bXv . hy -‡n -bp -sS [m¿an -I]p -tcm -K -Xnsb

elcnhkvXp°fpsS D]tbmKw _m-[n-°pw. P\ßƒ elcnhkvXp°ƒ°v

ASnas∏SpIbmsW-¶n¬, km-aq-lnI˛kmºØn-I]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw cm„obkzmX-¥y-

hpw Akm[y-am-Ipw. AXn\m¬ Km‘nPn aZy\ntcm-[-\sØ \n¿-am-Wm-fl-I ]-cn-]m-

Sn-I-fnse Hcp ][m\bn\am-°n.

a-Zy]m\w \nb¥n°p∂-Xn-\mbn a-lm-flm-Km-‘n ap-t∂m-´p-h-® ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fm-Wv

C-\n ]-d-bp-∂Xv.

1. a-Zyhpw a-b-°p-a-cp∂pw \ntcm-[n-°pI.

2. aZyh¿P\Øn\mbn a-Zy-]¿-°n-Sbn¬ t_m[-h¬-°c-Ww \-S-ØpI.

3. ssek≥kv Xo-cp∂ apdbv°v aZyimeIƒ eLp- £-W˛ hniaimeIfm°n am‰pI.

4. tUmŒ¿amcpsS tkh\w ]tbmP\s∏SpØpI.

5. kvXoIfpw hnZym¿YnI-fpw kv-t\-l-\n¿-`-cam-b C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS a-Zy-]m-\nIsf

Zp-»o-e-ß-ƒ D-t]-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn t]-cn-∏n-°pI.

6. sNØpImcpsS tkh\w a[pc°≈v FSp-°p∂Xnt\m AXp]tbmKn-®v i¿°c

D≠m-°p∂Xnt\m ]tbmP\s∏SpØpI.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

apI-fn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ kmaq-lnIXn∑-Iƒ kw_-‘n® ]X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ

tiJ-cn®v Hcp sImfmjv Xbm-dm°n ¢mkvdqan¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-I.

206


\-ap-°p sN-ømw

\n-ß-fp-sS ]-tZ-i-sØ P-\-ßƒ-°n-S-bnse a-Zym--k-‡n-sb∏-‰n H-cp dn-t∏m¿-´v X-

bm-dm-°n k-a¿-∏n-°p-I. dn-t∏m¿-´v Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ kq-N\-Iƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-

cn-°Ww.

1. a-Zy-]m-\w aq-e-ap-≈ km-aq-ln-I, km-º-Øn-I, B-tcmKy, Ip-Spw-_]-iv-\-ßƒ

I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iyam-b, ap≥-Iq-´n X-bm-dm°n-b tNm-Zyß-ƒ A-Sn-ÿm-\-

am-°n-bp≈ A-`nap-Jkw-`m-jWw.

2. ][m-\ I-s≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ

3. ]-cn-lm-c-am¿Kßƒ

k¿-thm-Z-b-bp-sS cm-jv-So-b-I-aw

Ggmw A-[ym-bam-b "a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS cm-jv-So-bmi-b-ß-fnse' ]T-\-t\´-ßƒ

Hm¿-an°pI.

k¿-thm-Z-b-bp-sS cm-jv-So-bI-a-w ]_p≤amb A-cm-P-I-Xz-tam cW-IqSan√mØ Hcp

kaq-l-hpamWv e£yw h-bv°p-∂Xv. F-¶nepw ]q¿-W-ambpw cWIqSan√mØ kaqlw

a\pjy\v Akm[yamWv. AXpsIm≠v `cWIq-S-Øns‚ A[nIm-cw ]-c-amh[n

Ipdbv°p-I F∂XmWv km-[y-am-bn´p≈Xv. k¿thmZbbpsS cm„o-bLS\

A[nImchntIµoIcWsØ ASnÿm\am°nbp≈Xm-Wv. P-\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-sS

Km-a-∏-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ h-gn-bm-Ipw C-hnsS A-[n-Im-c\n¿-h-l-Ww \-S-Ø-s∏-SpI.

k¿thmZ-b-bn-¬ FØm-\p≈ X-¥-ßƒ

k¿thm-Z-b km-aq-ln-I-Iaw km-£m-¬°cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Km‘nPn c-≠v D-]m-b-ß-

fmWp \n¿-tZ-in-®n-´p≈Xv. \n¿-am-WmflI-]-h¿Ø\-ßfpw kXyKlhp-am-W-h.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

H-cp am-Xr-ImKm-a-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ \n-ß-fp-sS Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Kq∏n¬ N¿-® sN-

øp-I. Cu B-ib-ßƒ ]-I-S-am-°p-∂ H-cp t]m-kv-‰¿ Iq-´m-bn \n¿an-®v ¢m-kv

dqan¬ ]-Z¿-in-∏n-°pI.

\n¿-am-Wm-fl-I]-cn-]mSn (I- kv-S-Œo-hv t]m-Kmw)

]q¿Wkzcm-Pv ssI-h-cn-°m-\p-≈ k-Xy-k-‘hpw Alnw-km-fl-I-hpamb am¿-K-sa-∂m-

Wp a-lm-flm-Km‘n \n¿-am-Wm-fl-I]-cn-]m-SnIsf \n¿hNn®ncn-°p-∂-Xv. hnhn[ X-e-

ß-fn-ep-≈ cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚ k-ºq¿W]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-Wv Cu ]-cn-]m-Sn e-£yw-h-bv-°p-

∂-Xv. kzbw ]cym-]vXhpw kzm-i-b-Xzhpw kzbw -c-Wm-[n-Im-c-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ C¥y≥

Km-a-o-Why-h-ÿ-bpsS ]p-\-cp-÷oh-\w Km-‘n-Pn B-K-ln-®n-cp∂p. Cu D-t±-iyw ap-

∂n¬-°-≠mWp kzmX¥y-k-a-c-Øn-s\m∏w Km‘n-Pn \n¿-am-Wm-fl-I]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. A-h-sb∏-‰n \-ap-°n-\n N¿-®-sN-ømw.

207


1. kap-Zmbn-I sF-Iyw

F√m aXßfpw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂Xp kvt\-l-sØ-∏-‰nbpw hn-iz-km-tlm-Z-cysØ°pdn-

®p-am-Wv. H-tc e-£y-Øn-te-°v, A-X-mb-Xv Cu-iz-c-\n-te-°v F-Øm-\p-≈ hn-hn-

[-ßfm-b h-gn-I-fm-Wv Hmtcm a-X-hpw. a-\pjy¿ CXp hnkvacn®v- aX-sØ `n-∂n-

∏n-\p≈ Bbp[am-°p∂p. aXØn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kw-L¿j-ßƒ k-

aq-l-Øn¬ Ft∏mgpw c‡s®mcn®nen\pw thZ\Iƒ°pw Im-c-W-am-Ip∂p.

kmapZmbnI sFIyw IqSm-sX k-am-[m-\w Im-Øp-kq-£n-°m-\m-hn-s√∂p

Km‘nPn Xncn-®-dn-™p. A-Xn-\m-¬ km-ap-Zm-bnI sFIy-Øn-\m-bn Km-‘n-Pn F-

t∏mgpw ]-h¿-Øn-®p.

2. AbntØm®mS-\w

sXm- p-Iq-SmØ-Xv F-∂ \n-ebn¬ a-\p-jy-sc th¿-Xn-cn-°p∂Xp a\pjyXzclnXam-

b ]-hr-Øn-bm-Wv. a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ewL\-am-Wn-Xv. A-Xp-sIm-≠mWv

Km‘n AbntØm®m-S-\--Øn-\v h-en-b ]m-[m\yw \¬-In-b-Xv.

3. aZy\ntcm[\w

\n-b-aw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v el-cn]m-\o-b-ßfpw a-b-°p-a-cp∂pw \ntcm[n-°p∂XmWv

aZy\ntcm[-\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿-Y-am-°p-∂Xv. el-cnh-kv-Xp°ƒ a\pjy

icocsØbpw a\ns\bpw Hcpt]mse \in∏n°p-sa∂p Km-‘n Xn-cn-®-dn-™n-

cp∂p. aZym--k-‡n-sb ]m-]-am-bm-Wv Km-‘n I-W-°m°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. km-aqln-I

]-iv-\-am-bm-Wv A-t±-lw C-Xn-s\ ssI-Im-cyw sN-bv-X-Xv. H-cp a-Zy-]-m-\n-

hy‡n]cam-bpw, kmaqlyambpw, IpSpw_]cambpw A\p`hn-°p∂ Zp-cn-X-ß-

sf∏‰n Km-‘n-Pn t_m-[-hm-\m-bn-cp∂p. AXpsIm-≠mWp \n¿-am-WmflI

]h¿Ø\Øn¬ Km-‘nPn aZy\ntcm-[-\-sØ Dƒ-s∏-SpØn-b-Xv.

4. JmZn

cm-Py-Øns‚ kmºØnIhpw cm„obhpam-b kzm-X¥yØns‚ ASbmfambmWv

Km‘nPn JmZn-sb I-W-°m-°n-bXv. A-t±-lw ]-d-™p: "" Jm-Zn a-s‰m-c¿-YØn¬

cmPysØ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw km-ºØn-Ikzm-X-¥y-Øn-s‚bpw kaXzØns‚bpw

Xp-S-°am-Wv.... Jm-Zn A¿-Y-am-°p-∂-Xv sam-Ø-Øn-ep≈ kz-tZ-in- a-t\m-`m-h-am-

Wv, Km-ao-W-cp-sS _p-≤nbpw A-[zm-\-hpw D-]-tbm-Kn®v C-¥y-bn-se Po-hn-X-ßƒ-

°m-h-iyam-b F√mw I-s≠-Øp-sa-∂ Zr-V-\n-›-bw.'' Jm-Zn F-∂ am-\-kn-Imhÿ

Km-‘n-sb kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw hn-X-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw hn-

tI-µo-Ic-Ww F-∂-Xm-Wv. A-t±-lw ]-d-bp∂p: "" Jm-Zn F-s∂ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw C-¥y-bn-se a-\p-jy-cp-sS sF-Iy-Øn-s‚, km-ºØn-Ikzm-X-¥y-Øn-

s‚, k-a-Xz-Øn-s‚ ]XoI-am-W.v ''

\-ap-°v sN-ømw

a-Z-y-Øn-s‚bpw ]p-I-bn-e-bpsSbpw e-`y-X-b-v°pw D-]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-sa-Xntc

H-cp I¿-a]-cn-]m-Sn B-hn-jv-I-cn-®p \-S-∏m-°pI.

208


Jm-Zn-h-kv-X-ßƒ \n¿-an-°p-∂-

sX-ßs\? Jm-Znbpw ssI-Ø-

dn-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw

F-¥vv. Xm-c-X-ayw \S-Øn Nm¿-

´v X-bm-dm°pI


5. a‰p KmaoWhyhkmbßƒ

A-h-iyam-b sN-dpInShyhkmbßƒ C√m-Ø KmaoW k-º-Zv -hyhÿ

A]q¿Wambncn-°p-sa-∂ h-kvXpX Km‘nPn a\nem°n. a-\p-jym-[zm\w

D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ [m\yan√pIƒ, tkm-∏v\n¿-am-Ww, t]-∏¿\n¿-amWw, Xo-s∏-´n

\n¿-am-Ww, XpI¬ Du-d-bv-°nS¬, F-Æ-bm-´v XpSßn-b-h-bm-Wh. C-¥y-bn¬ a-

\pjyhn`hti-jn [m-cm-f-amWv. \-ap-°m-h-iyw sXmgn¬i‡n em`n-°p-∂ D-]-I-

c-W-ß-f√, sXmgn¬i‡nsb ]camh[n ]tbmP\s∏Sp-Øm-hp-∂ D¬-∏m-Z-\

hy-h-ÿ-bmWv. KmaoW IpSn¬ hyhkmbßƒ Cu e-£y-Øn-\v D-X-Ip-∂Xpw

et£m]e£w P-\-ßƒ-°v A-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn-\p k-lm-b-Iam-b A-¥-p≈

thX-\w t\-Sp-∂-Xn\p klmbn°p-Ibpw sN-øpw.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

\n-ß-fp-sS ]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ H-cp Km-ao-W/IpSn¬ hy-h-km-b bq-Wn‰v k-µ¿--in-°p-

I. \n-ß-fp-sS ]-tZ-i-sØ P-\-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn\v Cu bq-Wn-‰v F-]-Im-c-am-

Wv k-lm-b-I-am-Ip-∂-sX-∂v I-s≠-Øp-I. dn-t∏m¿-´v X-bm-dm-°n ¢mkn¬ A-h-

X-cn-∏n-°pI.

6. Kma ip-NoIcWw

almflmKm‘n Kmaip-No-I-c-W-Øn\p hfscb[nIw ]m[m\yw \¬In. iu-

Nm-e-b-ß-fp-sSbpw Agp°pNmepIfpsSbpw A`mhw Km-a-ß-sf hr-Øn-lo-\-

am°n. C-Xp ]-I¿-®-hym-[n-Iƒ°pw Im-c-W-ambn. KmaoWcpsS C-Sbn¬

ipNnXzt_m[w h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS CXp X-S-bm≥ Km-‘n-Pn ]cnian®p.


1 \n-ß-fp-sS ho´n¬ am-en-\y-\n¿-am¿-P-\ kw-hn-[m\-ßfpt≠m? \n-ßƒ

F-ß-s\-bm-Wv am-en-\y-ßƒ \-in-∏n-°p-∂Xv?

2 \n-ß-fp-sS ]-tZ-i-sØ am-en-\y-\n¿-am¿P-\w sa-®-s∏-´ co-Xnbn¬

\n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn k¿-KmflI \n¿-tZi-ßƒ k-a¿-∏n°pI.

209


7. ASnÿm\hnZym`ymkw

ASnÿm\hnZym`ymkw IpńI-sf Kmahpambpw Np-‰p-]m-SpIfpambpw _‘n∏n-

°p∂p. ssIsØm-gn-¬ tIµam°nbp≈ Cu hnZym- ym-k]≤-Xn ssIIfpsSbpw,

lrZbØns‚bpw Xet®mdns‚bpw ]cnioe\Øn\p ]m[m\yw \¬-Ip-∂p.

imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb hnIm-k-Øn-s\m-∏w IpńIfp-sS D-≈n-ep-≈ D-Ø-

aam-b Aw-ißsf _ln¿Kan∏n°p∂Xn\pw Cu ]cnioe-\w klmbn-°pw.

8. htbmP\hnZym`ymkw

htbmP\hnZym`ymksØ Hcp kmaqlnI DØchmZnXzambm-Wv a-lm-flmKm‘n

]-cn-K-Wn-®Xv. htbmP\hnZym`ymkw `cWIq-Sw G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠ H-∂m-bn Km-

‘n Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂n√. kaqlØn-se Hmtcm hnZym-k-º-∂-\pw Cu D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-

Xz-w ssI-tb¬-°-W-sa∂pw Km‘n-Pn ]-d-bp∂p.

9. kvXoIƒ

kaq-l-Ønse kvXoIfpsS ÿm\w sa®s∏Sp-Øp∂Xn-\m-bmWp Km‘nPn

kvXoim‡o-I-cWw \n¿-am-Wm-fl-I]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. tk-h-\-

sa∂ Zu-Xy-Øn¬ kvXo ]p-cpj-s‚ b-Ym¿Y klm-bn-bm-sW∂v Ah≥ C\nbpw

Xn-cn-®-dn™nń-s√-∂v A-t±lw ]-d-bp∂p. kzmX¥ykacImeØv C¥y≥

kvXoIƒ h-fsc kPohambn s]mXp]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ]s¶SpØp. kXyKlw

Ahsc ASp°fbn¬\n∂p ]pdwtem-I-tØs°-Øn-®p.

10. BtcmKy˛ipNnXzhnZym`ymkw

Km-‘n- ]-d-bp-∂p: ""icnbmb Hcp kmaqlnIIaØn¬ ]uc¿ BtcmKy ipNnXz

\nbaßsf°pdn®v t_m-[-ap≈-h-cm-bn-cn°pw. BtcmKy- ipNnXz \nba-

ßsf°pdn®p≈ A-⁄-Xbpw A-h-K-W\bp-am-Wp a-\p-jy-sc ]n-¥p-S-cp∂ H-´p-

an-° tcmK-ßƒ-°pw Im-c-W-sa∂p kw-i-b-an√m-sX Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-f-f-Xm-

Wv . '' CXpsIm -≠mWp Km‘nPn KmaoWcpsS BtcmKy˛ ipNnXz

hnZym`ymkØn\p ]m[m\yw \¬In-bXv.

11. ]mtZinI`m-j

C-¥y-bn-se `m-j-Iƒ-°v A]Nbw kw`hn®Xmbn Km‘nPn a\nem°n.

]mtZinI`mj-Iƒ a-lØmb Adn-hn-s\ ]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-b-Xn\m¬ A-

h-sb t]m-’m-ln-∏n°Wsa∂p Km‘nPn \n¿tZin-°p∂p.

12. cm„`mj

Km‘nPnbpsS A`n]mbØn¬ Hcp kzX¥cm„-Øn\v cm„`mj

D≠mbncn°Ww. C-¥y-bnse km-l-N-cyØn¬ `qcn]£w P\ßfpw kwkmcn-

°p∂ lnµp-ÿm-\n AYhm ln-µnbmWv Km‘n-Pn cm-jv -S-`m-j-bmbn

Xncs™SpØ-Xv.

210


13. kmºØnIkaXzw

a-lmflmKm‘n kmºØnIk-a-Xz-Øn-\m-bn ]-h¿-Øn°pI F∂XpsIm-≠v-

Dt±in®Xv a-q-e-[-\hpw sXmgnemfnbpw XΩnep-≈ \n-Xm-¥amb kwL¿jw

Hgnhm°p-I F∂mWv. A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-∂p:"" H-cp ssI-sIm≠v cm„Øns‚ kº-

Øv ssIhiw h®ncn-°p-∂ G-Xm\pw kº-∂sc Xm-tg-°p sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw a-

dpssIsIm≠v A¿-[]-´n-Wn-°mcm-b Z-i-e-£-°-W-°n\p ZcnZsc ap-I-fn-te-

°p-b¿Øp-Ibpam-Wv km-ºØn-Ik-aXzw A¿-Y-am-°p-∂-Xv''. SÃojn∏v BWv

km-ºØnIkaXzw \S∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ am¿-K-ambn Km‘nPn \n¿tZin-°p-∂Xv.

14. I¿-jI¿

C-¥y H-cp Im¿-jnIcmPyamWv. P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS qcn- mKhpw I¿jIcmWv-. Ah¿

cmPy-Øn\pth≠ `£y[m\yßƒ D¬∏mZn∏n-°p∂p. AXpsIm≠v A-h-sc

sa-®-s∏- co-Xnbn¬ ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. D-Nn-Xamb ]tNm-Z-\-ßfn¬ IqSnbpw

t_m-[-h¬°cW]cn]m-Sn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw I¿-j-Icp-sS Ahÿ sa®s∏Sp-

tØ≠XmWv.

\-ap-°p sN-ømw

\n-ß-fp-sS ]-tZ-i-sØ an-I-® I¿-jI-s\ I-s≠-Øn H-cp kwhmZ]-cn-]m-Sn kw-

L-Sn-∏n-°p-I. kw-hm-Z-Øn¬ C-\n-∏-d-bp-∂ tNm-Zy-kq-NnI-Iƒ Dƒ-s∏-SpØm≥

i-an-°pI.

$ Ir-jn-tbm-Sp-≈ k-ao]\w $ Im¿jn-Ico-XnIƒ $D¬-∏-∂-ßƒ

$ hn-]W\w $ ]-tZ-i-Øn-\p \¬-Ip∂ kw-`m-h-\

15. sXmgnemfnIƒ

sXmgnemfnNqjWw ]m]am-sW∂p a-lmflmKm‘n Icp-Xn-. A-lnw-k-sb A-

Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n sXm-gn-em-fn-Isf kwLSn∏n-°p∂XneqsS amXta NqjWw

Hgnhm°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈p-sh-∂p Km-‘n-Pn ]-d-bp∂p.

16. BZnhmknIƒ

BZnhm-kn-Iƒ-°m-bp≈ tk-h\ßƒ \n¿-am-Wm-fl-I]-cn-]mSnIfnse Hcp

][m\ C\ambn Km‘nPn Dƒs∏SpØn. A-t±-lw ]-d-bp∂p: "" BZnhmknIƒ

Cu `qanbn -se BZna\n -hm -kn -I -fmWv. F∂m¬ AhcpsS Ahÿ

lcnP\ßtf°mƒ I„amWv. hfsc°meambn D-b¿∂- h¿K°mcpsS

AhKW\bv°n-c-bm-W-h¿''. BZnhmknIsf AhKWn®psIm≠v C¥y°v

Alnwkm-[njvTnXambn ]q¿WkzcmPv ssIhcn°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂p Km‘n-Pn

hn-iz-kn-®p. AXpsIm-≠m-Wvv B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fpsS ]iv\-ßƒ i≤tbmsS ]Tn-

®v A-h-cpsS kmwkv-ImcnIkhntijX-Iƒ kw-c-£n-°m-\m-h-iyamb

\S]SnIƒ F-Xbpw thKw ssIs°m≈-W-sa-∂p Km-‘nPn ]d-™Xv.

211


17. Ip-jvTtcmKn-Iƒ

apºv \n-ch-[n B-fpI-sf _m-[n-® Hcp hn]-ØmWp Ip-jv-tcmKw. NnIn’n®p

t`Zam°m-hp∂ tcmK-am-bn-cp-∂n-´pw kaq-lw tcm-K-_m-[nX-sc A-h-K-Wn-®p.

Km‘nPn Cu hn-th-N-\-sØ ]q¿-W-ambn F-Xn¿-Øp. a‰p tcmK-ß-sf∂-t]m-

se- IpjvT--tcmKhpw NnIn’n®p t`Z-am°m-hp∂Xm-sW∂p P\ß-sf t_m-[y-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]-cn-i-an-°W-sa∂v A-t±-lw hn-izkn®p.

18. hnZym¿YnIƒ

kmaqlnIam‰-Øn\mbp-≈ "_m-tcm-ao-‰dm'-bmWv Km‘nPn hnZym¿YnIsf I-cp-

Xn-bXv. hn-Zym¿-Yni-‡nsb kzmX¥ykacØn¬ A-t±-lw D-]-tbmKn®p.

F∂m¬ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ I£ncm„obØn¬ CSs]-Sp∂Xns\ At±-lw t]m-

’m-ln-∏n-®n√.

Cu ]-Xn-s\´p ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°p ]p-d-ta- Km-‘n- aq-∂p hn-j-b-ßƒ°q-Sn \n¿-am-

Wm-fl ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ Iq-ń-t®¿Øp. I-∂p-Im-enkw-c-£Ww, ]-Ir-XnNn-In-’,

A-`-bm¿-Yn-Ifpw A-h-cp-sS ]-iv-\-ßfpw F-∂n-h-bmW-h. ]n-∂oSv A-t±-l-Øn-

s‚ ]n≥-Km-anbm-b hn-t\m-_ `m-sh `q-Zm≥, im-¥ntk-\ F-∂n-ßs\ c-≠v C-\-

ßƒ-°q-Sn Iq-ń-t®¿-Øp.

19. ]IrXnNnIn’

]IrXnNn-In-’ F∂XpsIm≠v- Km‘n-Pn A¿-Y-am-°p∂Xv amXrIm]camb

Hcp PohnXssienbm-Wv. C-Xn -\p -]pd-ta, ""NnIn -’m k-º-Zm -bßƒ

sNehpIpd™-Xp-w Ign-bp∂X efn-X-hp-am-IWw. Cu Nn-In-’mco-XnIƒ Km-

a-ß-fn¬-Ø-s∂-bmWv \-S-tØ-≠Xv. Km-a-hm-knIsf A-Xn-\m-bn ]m-]v-X-cm-°p-

Ibpw B-h-iy-amb am¿-K-ß-fpw D-]-I-c-W-ßfpw e-`y-am-°p-Ibpw th-Ww. Km-a-

ßfn¬ C√m-Ø-h F-Øn-°-Ww'' F∂v At±lw ]d--bp∂p. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS A-

`n-]m-bØn¬ ]-Ir-XnNn-In-’-sb∂-Xv B-tcm-Ky\n-b-a-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ Po-

hn-X-Øn-s‚ I-a-s∏-Sp-Ø-emWv. A-t±-lw ]-d-bp∂p: ""]-Ir-Xn-Nn-In-’-bp-sS ImX¬

ip-Nn-Xz-w, BtcmKykw-c£-Ww F-∂n-h-bpsS X-Øz-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-s\m-

∏w Ahsb i-cnbmb t]mjIm-lm-c\n-b-a-ßƒ-s°m-∏w Iq-ń-t®¿°p-I F-∂-

Xm-Wv''.

20. I∂pImenkwc£-Ww

a-lm-flm-Km-‘n I-∂p-Im-enkw-c-£-W-sØ \n¿-am-Wm-fl-I ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-se ][m-

\ P\-ßfnsem-∂m-bm-Wv Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. F-¥p-sIm-s≠∂m¬, temIØp≈

a\ptjyXch¿Kßsfsb√mw I∂pImenIƒ ]Xn\n[oIcn-°p∂psh∂v A-

t±-lw hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp KmaoWI¿jI-\v- Ah-s‚ ]-ip-hn-s\ Xn-cn®v i-

cnbm-b co-Xnbn¬ ho-Sp-Ifn¬ ]-cn-]m-en°p-I F∂Xv _p-≤n-ap-´m-sW-∂p Km-

‘n-Pn ]d-bp∂p. AXpsIm≠v klIcWmSnÿm\Ønep≈ Imen h-f¿Ø¬

t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°-W-sa-∂mWv Km‘nPn \n¿-tZ-in-°p∂Xv.

212


21. A- -bm¿YnIfpw AhcpsS ]iv\ßfpw

a-lmflmKm-‘n°v A`-bm¿YnIfpsS ]iv\ßsf°pdn-®v hen-b D-Xv-IWvT D-

≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-sc kzm-X¥y-\n-∏n-°p∂Xn\mbn Km‘nPn A`-bm¿Yn

IymºpIfpw Bip]XnIfpw kµ¿in-®p. k-am-[m-\w \n-e-\n¿-Øm\pw PohnX

kmlNcyßƒ sa®s∏Sp-Øm\pw k-l-I-cW-tØm-sS Po-hn-°-W-sa-∂v A-t±-

lw A-h-tcm-Sv ]d-™p.

22. `qZm≥

kaXzm-[njvTnXamb Hcp k-aq-lw ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bmWv 1951˛¬ hn-t\m_

`msh `qZm≥ ]-ÿm-\-Øn-\p Xp-S-°-an-´Xv. At±lØns‚ ImgvN∏mSn¬ Cu

kºØp apgph≥ ssZhØn-\p kz¥amWv. A-Xp -sIm≠v kzm¿ -

∞Xm¬∏cytØmsS AXp Iq´nhbv°m≥ \ap°v A[nImc-an√. Cu

]ÿm\Øneq-sS ]W°mc\pw ]m-h-s∏´h\pw XΩnep≈ A¥cw Ip-d-

bv°m\mWv A-t±lw ian®Xv-.

23. im¥ntk\

A-lnw -k-bpw kam[m\hpw ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ H-cp kaqlw

cq]oIcn°p∂Xn\p im¥ntk\ A\nhmcyam-sW∂p Km‘nPn IcpXn.

k¿thmZbkaqlØnte°p≈ Hcp D]m[nbmbn´mWv CXn-s\ A-t±lw I≠-

Xv. kwL¿jßfpw kmapZmbnIelfIfpw D≠m-Ip∂ Ahkc-Øn¬ k-am-

[m-\w ]p\-ÿm-]n-°p--∂Xn-\p≈ H-cp a[y-h¿-Øni-‡nbmbn im-¥ntk\ ]-

h¿-Øn-°Ww. ""1938 am¿®v- 18 \p "lcn-P-\n-'emWv im¥ntk-\-sb-∂ B-i-b-

sØ°pdn®v- Km‘n-Pn B-Zy-am-bn ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂Xv. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS in-jy-\m-

bn-cp∂ hn-t\m-_`m-sh C-Xn-s‚ ]m-[m-\yw Xn-cn-®-dn-™p. Z-£n-tW¥y≥ ]cy-

S-\-Øn-\n-sS 1957 BKkvXv 27 \v A-t±-lw im¥n tk\bpsS BZy bqWn‰v-

cq]oIcn®p. Ita-W im-¥n-tk-\-sb∂ B-ibhpw A-Xp \¬-Ip-∂ k-tµ-ihpw

cmPy-Øn-s‚ hnhn-[ `m-K-ß-fn-te°p -]-N-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

\n¿-am-WmflI]cn]SnIfn¬-°qSn Km‘n-Pn B-K-ln®Xv Xm-tgØ´n¬\n∂p≈ cm-

„-Øns‚ ]p\¿\n¿amWam-Wv. cmP-y-Øn-s‚ km-aq-ln-Ihpw km-º-Øn-I-hpam-b A-

`n-hr-≤n-°m-bp-≈ ]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-bm-Wv Km-‘n-Pn C-Xv A-h-X-cn-∏n-®Xv. \n¿-am-Wm-fl-I

]-cn-]mSnIƒ \S∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p \n-ch[n kwL-S-\Iƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°-s∏´p. Hmƒ C¥y

kv]n-t∂-gvkv Atkmkntbj≥, Hmƒ C¥y hnt√Pv C≥-U-kv-So-kv Atkm-kn-

tbj≥, lnµpÿm≥ \boXeow kwLv, IkvXq¿_mKm‘n \mjW¬ satΩmdnb¬

S-Ãv F∂nh Ahbn¬ NneXmWv. \n¿-am-Wm-fl-I]-cn-]m-SnIƒ ]Ncn∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p

Km‘nPnbpsS A\pbmbn- sP.kn. Ipac∏ henb kw`mh\Iƒ \¬-In-bn´p-≠v.

kXyKlbp-sS ]Xy-£ X-e-ß-fn-sem∂m-bmWv Km‘nPn \n¿-am-Wm-flI ]-cn-

]mSnIsf I-cp-Xn-bXv.

213


\-ap-°p ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw

a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS \n¿am-W]-cn-]m-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®v H-cp I -sk-]v-‰v am∏v

X-bm-dm°pI.

kXyK-l

a-lm-flmKm-‘n kXy-K-lsØ k¿thmZb \S∏nem-°p∂Xn\p-≈ k-ac X-¥-ß-

fnsem-∂mbm-Wp \n¿-tZ-in-°p-∂Xv. kXyKlw ]uccpsS ]m-c-º-cy-kn-≤amb

P∑mhImihpw ]-cn-ip-≤amb I¿ahp-am-sW∂p Km‘nPn ]-d-bp-∂p. F√m A-\o-Xn-

Iƒ°pw ASn®a¿Øen-\pw NqjWØn-\p-sa-Xncm-b hnip≤amb Bflobi‡nbpsS

]tbm-K-sa∂-Xm-Wp k-Xy-K-lw A¿-Y-am-°p-∂-Xv. Xn-∑sN-øp-∂-bm-fn -s\

\in∏n°msX Abmfn-se Xn∑sb \in∏n-°p-I F-∂ X-¥-am-Wp k-Xy-K-ln kzbw

kl\Øn-eq-sS \-S-∏m-°p-∂Xv. kXyKlnbpsS kzbw kl\w sX‰p-Imc-s‚ lr-Z-

bsØ ]cnh¿-Ø\-w sN-øp-Ibpw AXv A-bmƒ°p k¿thmZ-bbnte-°p h-gn Im-´n-

s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

Km-‘n-b≥ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-ep-≈ tkm-jy-enkw

Hm-Iv-kv-t^m¿-Uv \n-L-≠p-hn-s‚ \n¿-h-N-\-]-Im-cw,"" D¬∏mZ\ ˛ hn-XcW ˛ ssI-am-

‰ D-]m-[n-I-fpsS am¿Kßƒ ssIbm-fp∂Xpw \nb¥n-°p∂Xpw kaq-l-w H-∂m-sI-b-

m-bn-cn-°p∂ km-aqln-Ihy-h-ÿ-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ cm-jv-So-b ˛ km-aq-ln-I kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv

tkm-jy-en-kw''. A-cm-P-I-Xzw ap-X¬ am¿-Iv-kn-kw h-sc \o-fp-∂ hnhn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈

A-h-ÿ-I-fp-sS a-[y-Øn-em-bmWp tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚ C-S-w.

a-lm-flm-Km-‘n ]-d-bp-∂p: "" b-Ym¿-Y tkm-jy-en-kw \-ap-°v ssI-am-dnb-Xp -]n-Xmal∑m-

cm-Wv. Cu qan apgp-h≥ "tKm-]me\p' kz¥-am-sW-∂v A-h¿ \-sΩ ]Tn-∏n®p, F-hn-sS-

bm-W-Xn-s‚ A-Xn¿-Øn tc-JIƒ? a\pjy-\mWp AXn¿hcºpIƒ kr„n-®Xv A-Xp-

sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ah\p-Xs∂ A-Xn√m-Xm-°m\pw Ign-bpw. tKm-]m-e≥ F-∂-Xn-s‚ hm-

Nym¿-Yw Imenta-bv-°p∂h≥ F-∂mWv; Cu-iz-c≥ F-∂¿-Yw Iq-Sn A-Xn-\p-≠v. Km-

‘n-Pn ap-t∂m- -p-h-bv-°p∂ tkmjyenkw kaXzm-[n-jvTnX kaql-amWp e£yanSp∂Xv.

Xp-ey-Xbn¬ F√m-h-scbpw F-Øn°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS tkm-jy-en-k-

Øn-s‚ km-cmw-iw. kmaqlnI\o-Xn-bp-sS ÿm-]-\-Øn-te-°v C-Xp \-bn-°pw. am-\p-

jnIaqeyßfmb kmtlmZcyhpw klh¿ØnXzhpw h-f-¿Øp-Ibpw sN-øpw.

sFIyhpw ka-Xz-hp-amWv Km‘nb≥ tkmjy-en-kØn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-camb

khnti-jX-Iƒ. a-lm-flmKm-‘n ]-d-bp∂p: "" F-s‚ tkmjy-enkw Ahkm\sØ

hy‡n°p hsc kaXzw e`n°pI F-∂-Xm-Wv''. "l-cn-P\n¬' Km-‘n-Pn F-gpXn:'' Xm-

\n-∂ph-sc A-dn-™Xn¬ G‰hpw at\m-lcamb hm-°mWv tkmjy-en-k-w. k-aq-l-

Øn-se F√m Aw-K-ßfpw tkm-jy-en-k-Øn¬ Xpey-cm-Wv. Bcpw Xm-sgtbm Bcpw

ap-I-fntem A√. F-¥p-sIm-s≠∂m¬ H-cp i-co-cØn¬ in-c-n-\p A-Xv i-co-c-Øn-s‚

G-‰hpw ap-I-fn-em-sW-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p Hu-∂Xyw Iq-Sp-∂n√. A-Xp-t]m-se `q-an-sb kv-

214


]¿-in-°p∂ ]m-Z-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-bn-ep-≈ D-≈-¶m-en\p i-co-c-Øns‚ G-‰-hpw Xm-sg-bm-

b-Xp-sIm-≠v \n-µy-X-bp-an√. H-cp i-co-c-Øn-se A-h-bh-ßƒ Xp-ey-am-Ip-∂-t]m-se

k-aq-l-Øn-se Aw-K-ßfpw Xp-ey-cmWv. ""Km‘nPn-bpsS tkmjyenkØn¬ cmPmhpw

KmaoW-\pw, [\nI\pw ZcnZ-\pw, sXmgnemfnbpw apXemfnbpw F√m-hcpw Xpeycm-

Wv. Km-‘n-bp-sS tkm-jy-en-k-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv e-£y-an-Sp∂Xv kaXzØnepw

kmtlmZcyØnepw, \oXnbnepw A-[n-jvTnXamb Hcp amXrImkaql-am-Wv.

a-lm-flmKm-‘n-bp-sS tkm-jy-enkw kXy-hpw kwip≤hpamb am¿-KØneqsS amX-

ta t\-Sn-sb-Sp°m≥ km-[n-°p-I-bp≈q. \ΩpsS PohnXssien amdmsX b-Ym¿Y

tkmjyen-kw t\-Sn-sb-Sp°m≥ I-gn-bn-s√∂p Km-‘n-Pn hn-iz-kn-®n-cp∂p. A-Xp-sIm-

≠m-Wv Km-‘n-Pn Cß-s\ ]-d-bp-∂Xv: ""F-s‚ tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚ B-cw-`w ]cn-

h¿Ø-\-amWv. A-Ø-cØn¬ am-‰w kw-`-hn-® H-cm-fp-s≠¶n¬ \n-ßƒ-°p ]q-Pyß-sf

A-h-tbm-sSm-∏w tN¿-°m-\m-Ipw.''

a-lm-flm-Km-‘n \¬-Ip-∂ am-¥n-I-kq‡w

""Rm≥ \n-ßƒ-s°m-cp c-£m-Ih-Nw \¬-Imw. F-t∏m-sg-¶nepw \n-ßƒ°v kw-i-bw

tXm∂nbm¬, A-s√¶n¬ F-t∏mƒ A-lw-t_m-[w \n-ß-fn¬ G-dp-tºmƒ, Cu ]-

co£-Ww D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. \n-ßƒ I-≠n-´p-≈Xn¬ G-‰hpw Z-cn-Z-\pw Zp¿-_-e-

\p-am-b ]p-cpj-s‚, kv-XobpsS ap-Jw- Hm¿-Øpt\m-°p-I. F-∂n-´v \n-ß-tfm-Sm-bn tNm-

Zn-°p-I, \n-ßƒ Nn-¥n-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ-°m-bp≈ Cu Im¬-h-bv-]v A-bmƒ-°v A-

hƒ°v F-s¥-¶nepw X-cØn¬ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tam, C-Xp-sIm-≠v A-bmƒ-°v /A-hƒ-

°v F-s¥-¶nepw t\-´w D-≠m-Ip-tam? A-bm-fp-sS/A-h-fpsS Po-hn-X-sØ-tbm hn-[n-

sbtbm \n-b-¥n-®v ]-g-b-]-Sn-bm-°m≥ C-Xn-\p I-gn-bp-tam? a-s‰m-cp co-Xnbn¬ ]-d-

™m¬, hn-i-∏pw Bflob Zm-cn-Zyhp-a-\p-`-hn-°p∂ e-£-°-W-°n-\m-b B-fpI-sf

CXp kz-cm-Pn-te-°v (kzm-X-¥yw) \-bn-°p-tam? F¶n¬ \n-ßƒ-°v kw-i-b-ßƒ-°p-

≈ D-Ø-cw I-s≠-Øm-\mhpw. A-tXm-sSm∏w A-lw-t_m-[w A-en-™n√m-Xm-Ip-I-

bpw sN-øpw.''

a-lm-flm-Km-‘n X-s‚ A-Km-[am-b km-aqln-I]-Xn_-≤-X ]-I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v 1948˛¬

A-h-km-\-am-bn F-gpXn-b Ip-dn-∏p-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wn-Xv. C-¥y-bp-sS `m-hn \-b-I¿-Øm-

°ƒ°p-≈ H-cp]-tZ-iw Iq-Sn-bm-WnXv. Z-cn-Zcn¬ Z-cn-Z-cp-sS hn-j-b-ßƒ°p `-c-W

\n¿hlW-Øn¬ ap≥K-W-\ \¬-I-W-sa-∂Xn-\v A-h-¿-°p≈ t]-c-W-bm-h-W-anXv.

k¿thmZb almflmKm-‘n°pti-jw

alm-flmKm‘nbpsS acWtijw k¿thm-Zb \-S-∏n¬ h-cpØp∂Xn\mbn

At±lØns‚ A\pbmbn-Iƒ hnhn[ ]≤-XnIƒ B-cw-`n-°p-I-bp≠mbn. hnt\m_

`mshbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ k¿thmZb kamPv cq]w sIm≠p. \n¿-amWmfl-I

215


]-cn-]m-Sn-I-ƒ ]-h¿Ø-I¿

XpScpI-bpw sN-b vXp.

hnt\m_`msh ]Øpam -

ktØm-fw A`bm¿-YnItfm-

sSm∏w sNehgn-®p. H-cp k-

Xy-K-ln-sb-∂ \n-ebn¬ A-

h-cp-sS a-\-n-se hn-tZz-jhpw

A-hn -izm -khpw C√m-Xm-

°m\pw A-t±-lw i-an-®p. cm-

Py-Øn-s‚ hnhn-[ C-S-ßfn¬

k-am-[m-\w ]p-\-ÿm-]n-°p-

∂-Xn-\m-bn A-t±lw im¥n

tk\ cq]o-Icn--®p. k¿-thm-

Z-b ÿm-]n-°p∂Xn-\m-bn

Km-‘n-Pn°p -tijw cq-]o-I-

c-n -°-s∏-´ Nn-e ]-ÿm\-

ßƒIq-Sn \-ap-°p hn-i-Ie-

\w sN-ømw.

`qZm≥ ]ÿm\w

k¿thmZbbnte°p≈ NphSphbv]v F∂\n-e-bn-¬ 1951˛em-Wv hn-t\m-_`msh qZm≥

]-ÿm-\-w A-h-X-cn∏n®Xv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A- n-]m-bØn¬ ""ap-gph≥ q-anbpw tKm]m-

e-\v (Cu-izc≥) kz-¥-am-Wv''˛. AXpsIm≠v- B¿°pw Ah\h\v- Bhiy-ap-≈Xn¬

I-hn-™p≈h ssIhiw hbv°m≥ AhIm-i-an-√. - `qZm≥ ]-ÿm-\-Øn-eq-sS `q-hp-S-

a-I-fpsS ssI-bn¬-\-n∂p e-£-°-W-°n-\v G-°¿ Zm\am-bn kzo-I-cn®v `q-an C√mØ-

h¿°mbn hnXcWw sNøm≥ Ign-™p.

kºq¿W hnπhw

k-ºq¿-Whn-π-h-sa-∂ Bi-bw 1974˛¬ P-b-]-Im-iv \m-cm-b-W-\m-Wv (sP.]n) hn-I-

kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv. k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ am-‰w hy-‡n-Iƒ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-bn I-≠v G-s‰-Sp-

t°-≠-Xp-s≠-∂pw hy-‡n-bp-sS am-‰sa-∂-Xv G-‰hpw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂pw Km-‘n-

sb ]n-¥p-S¿-∂v A-t±-lw Xn-cn-®-dn™p. C-Xn-em-Wv k-ºq¿W hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ ap-gp-h≥

X-Øz-Z¿-i-\-ßfpw A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. hy-‡n-PohnXØnepw kaqlPohnXØnepw

hnπhmflIamb apt∂‰w sIm-≠p-hcpI F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p k-ºq¿-Whn-π-h-Øns‚

e£yw. ""`-c-W-am-‰w F∂Xp am-Xam-bn-cp-∂n√ Cu ap-t∂-‰-Øn-s‚ D-t±iyw, A-tXm-

sSm∏w hy-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw k-aq-l-Øn-s‚-bpw am-‰w Iq-Sn- km-[y-am°p-I.'' C-Xp-sIm-

≠mWv sP.]n. C-Xn-s\ k-ºq¿-Whnπ-hw F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-X.v'' Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ k-

hn-t\m-_ `msh

Km‘nb\pw `qZm≥ ]ÿm\Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hp-amb

hnt\m_`m-sh a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-se sd-bvKUv Pn√bnse KtKmZm

Km-aØn¬ 1895 sk]vXw_¿ 11-\v P\n-®p. almflmKm‘nbp-

sS BXv-ao-b ]n-¥p-S¿-®m-h-Im-in-bm-bn-cp∂ At±lw kzmX¥y

kacØn¬ kPohambn ]s¶Sp-Øp. Km‘nPnbpsS

acWtijw Alnwkm kn≤m¥w ]Ncn∏n°p∂Xns‚ NpaXe

Gs‰SpØp. qZm≥ ]ÿm\Øns‚ ]NmcWm¿∞w hnt\m_

`mshbpw A\pbmbnIfpw C¥ybnepS\ofw ]ZbmXIƒ

\SØn. cmPyØns‚ ]e`mKØp\n∂pw 5000 Kmaßƒ

Dƒ∏sS 40 e£w G°¿ `q-an ]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ `m-K-ambn

hnXcWw sN-bvXp. 1982 \hw_¿ ]Xn-\-©n-\v A-¥-cn®p.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

216


akv-X ta-J-e-I-fnepw \n-e-\n¬-

°p∂ Agna-Xnbn√m-Xm°p-I F-

∂ e-£y-hpw sP.]n-°p-≠-mbn-cp-

∂p.kzm-X-¥ -]m-]v-Xn-°p-tijw

hn-t\m-_ `m-sh-bp-sS `qZm≥ ]-

ÿm-\Øn¬ B-Ir-„\m-b P-b-]-

Imiv \m-cm-b¨ ]q¿-Wk-a-b k¿-

t-hm-Z-b ]-h¿-ØI-\m-bn am-dp-

Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.

B¿-°v I-Ωyq-Wn-‰n

^m≥kn¬ \-S∂ Km‘nb≥ Bi-

b-ß-fpsS a-lØm-b ]-co-£-W-

amWv B¿-°v I-Ωyq-Wn‰n. ]-Sn-

™mdv \n-∂p≈ Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS

BZy in-jy-≥ ^-©p-Im-c\mb

em≥-k sU¬hm-Ã-bm-Wv B¿-°v

I-Ωyq -Wn -‰n -bp -sS ÿm-]I≥.

BlmcØn\mbp≈ ]b-Xv-\-sa-

∂ Km-‘n-b≥ Bi-bw ]m-h¿-Øn-I-am°n-b B¿-°v I-Ωyq -Wn-‰n kz-bw

]-cym-]v-X-X B¿-Pn-°m≥ ]-cn-i-an-°p-Ibpw A-h¿-°v Po-hn-XØn\mhiyam-b h-kv-

Xp-°ƒ ap-gp-h≥ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-bvXp. kaq-lPo-hn-X-Øn-s‚ G-‰hpw an-I-®

D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wn-Xv. A-lnwk- ]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn k-Xyw, kv-

t\lw, k-ln-jvWp-X F-∂n-h- B¿-°v I-Ωyq-Wn‰n ]n-¥p-S-¿∂p. -k-ºq¿-W k-a¿-∏-W-

tØm-sS Aw-K-ß-sf√mw H-cp-an-®p Po-hn-®p. efn-XPo-hn-Xw Cu k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ G‰hpw

hen-b ]-tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp∂p. kv-s]-bn≥, C-‰en, Iyp_-Iv F-∂n-hn-S-ßfn¬ B¿-°v

I-Ωyq-Wn-‰n- ÿm-]-\-ß-fp≠v.

Banjv IΩyqWn-‰n-

bq-tdm-∏nse P¿-a-≥`m-j kw-km-cn-°p-∂ cm-Py-ß-fn¬-\n∂v A-ta-cn-°-bn-te-°v H-∂-

c \q-‰m-≠p-ap-ºv Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b- h-n-`mKam-Wv B-an-jv I-Ωyq-Wn-‰n. Im¿-jn-I-hr-Øn kzo-I-

cn-®n-cn-°p-∂ C-h¿ A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS Kma-]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv h-kn-°p-∂Xv. k-am-[m-\-

hm-Zn-Ifm-b Ban-jp-Iƒ ]¶ph-bv-°--epw km-tlm-Z-cy-hpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈

]ucmWnI In-kv-Xp-a-X-Øn-s‚ H-cp -cq-]-am-Wp ]n-¥pScp∂Xv. B-[p\n-I Bibhn-

\n-a-b am¿-K-ß-fpw km-t¶Xn-Ihn-Zy-Ifpw Ch¿ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-dn√. £-a-sb-∂ hn-Im-

c-Øns‚ D-b¿-∂ X-ew kz-¥-am-°n-bn-´p-≈ Cu k-aq-lw BlmcØn\mbp≈ ]b-

Xv-\w A-h-iym-[n-jvTn-X D¬-∏mZ-\w F-∂n-hbpw ]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-°n-. D¬-∏m-Z-\m-h-iy-

ßƒ-°m-bn DNn-X km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bmWv C-h¿ kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sv

hen-b B-Zc-hv ]p-e¿-Øp-∂ AXo-h e-fn-Xam-b Po-hn-X-ssi-en-bm-Wv C-h-cp-tSXv. F-

s¥-¶nepw tk-h-\-ßƒ-°mbn cm-Py-sØtbm A-\p-_-‘ ÿm-]-\-ß-sftbm C-h¿

B-i-bn-°m-dn√.

P-b-]-Im-iv \m-cmb¨

C¥y≥ kzmX¥ykacØnse

ap∂Wnt∏mcmfnbpw tkmjy-enÃvv

t\Xmhpw k¿thm-Z -b ]-h¿-

ØI\pambncp∂p temIv\mbIv

Pb]-Imiv \mcmbW≥.1902

HtŒm_¿ 11-\v _nlmdn¬

knX–nb Kma-Øn¬ P\n-®p. kzm-

X-¥y k-a-cØn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Øv \n-ch-[n X-h-W P-bn¬-

hm-kw A-\p- -hn®p. kzm-X-¥ym-\¥-cw k¿-thm-Z-b ]-

ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn. k-ºq¿-W hn-π-h-Øn-\p Xp-

S¿-®-bm-bn \n-e-hn¬h∂ 1977 se P\-Xm k¿-°m-cn-

s‚ cq-]o-I-c-WØn¬ \n¿-Wm-b-I ]-¶p h-ln-®p.

sP.]n. F∂ Npcp-°t∏cn¬ hn-fn°s∏Sp∂p. 1979

HtŒm-_¿ F-´n\v A-¥-cn®p.

\a

p°v A

dnb

mw

217


kw-K-lw

$ Km-‘n-Pn ap-t∂m-´p-h-bv-°p-∂ B-Z¿-im-fl-I k-aq-lI-a-am-Wv k¿-thm-Z-b.

$ k¿-t-hm-Z-b F-∂ hm-°ns‚ A¿-Y-w G-h-cp-tSbpw t£-aw F-∂-m-Wv.

$ Km-‘nPn tPm¨ d-kv-In-s‚ " A¨ Sp Zn- em-kv-‰v ' F-∂ ]p-kvXIw Kp-P-dm-Øn-`mjbn-te-°v

k¿-thm-Z-b F-∂ t]cn¬ ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn.

$ F√m PohPmeßfpsSbpw GIXzw F∂ XØzamWp k¿thmZbbpsS A-Snÿm-\w.

$ Xp-ey-X, \oXn, kzm-X-¥yw, k-l-I-cWw, ]-c-kv-]-c_-lp-am-\w F∂nh k¿-thm-Z-bk-aq-l-Øn-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv.

$ hy-‡n-°mWv k¿-thm-Z-bk-aq-l-Øn¬ G-‰hpw ]m-[m\yw \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

$ k-aq-lw F∂-Xv H-cp hy-‡n-bp-sS h-f¿-®-bv-°v G-‰hpw A-\n-hm-cy-am-b H-∂mWv.

$ A-bn-Øm-N-c-Ww k¿-thm-Z-bk-aq-lØn¬ D-≠m-bn-cn-°n√.

$ k¿-thm-Z-bk-aqlw enw-K-\o-Xn-°m-bn \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂- H∂mbn-cn-°pw.

$ G-gp km-aq-ln-IXn∑I-fn¬-\n-∂v k¿-thm-Z-bk-aq-lw hn-ap-‡-am-bn-cn-°pw.

$ \n¿-am -Wm-fl-I]-cn -]m-Sn -Ifpw k-Xy -K-l-hp -am -Wv k¿-thm-Z -bk-aq -l-Øn-te-°v

F-Øn-t®-cm-\p-≈ h-gn-Iƒ

$ k-aq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®pw k-ap-Zm-b-sØ∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ A-Snÿm-\mib-ßƒ Xn-cn-®-dnbm≥

I-gn-bp∂p.

$ k¿-thm-Z-b-bp-sS A¿-Yw, B-hn¿- mhw, Xm-Øzn-Iam-b A-Sn-ÿm-\w F∂n-h Xn-cn-®-dnbm≥

I-gn-bp∂p.

$ k¿-thm-Z-b- ap-t∂m-´p-h-bv-°p∂ km-aq-ln-I-I-a-sØ hn-e-bn-cpØm≥ I-gn-bp∂p.

$ G-gp km-aqln-IXn-∑I-fp-sS sh-fn-®-Øn¬ C-∂sØ km-aqln-II-a-sØ hn-e-bn-cp-Øm\pw

\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ ]-iv-\-ßƒ-°v ]m-tbm-Kn-I]-cn-lmc-ßƒ I-s≠-Øm\pw I-gn-bp∂p.

$ \n¿-am-Wm-fl-I ]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw k-Xy-K-l-hpw km-aqln-I ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°p-≈ ]-cnlmc

am¿-K-am-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂p Xn-cn-®-dnbm≥ I-gn-bp∂p.

$ Km-‘n-b≥ tkm-jy-en-k-w F-∂ B-i-bsØ hn-e-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

F\n-°p I-gnbpw

218



1 hyXncn‡X F∂Xp ]IrXn\nbaamWv. F√m kaqlßfpw AwKßsf

sXmgneSnÿm\Øn¬ hn`Pn°mdpap≠v. Hmtcm kaqlhpw sXmgnens\ hnebncpØp∂

coXnIfpw hyXykvXßfmWv˛ Cu ]kvXmh\bpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ Km‘nPnbpsS

kmaqlnIh¿KoIcWsØ∏‰nbp≈ ImgvN∏mSv hnebncpØpI.

2 AbnØw C√mXm°p∂Xn\p Km‘nPn apt∂m´ph® ]cn]mSnIƒ Fs¥√msa∂p

hniZam°pI.

3 k¿thmZbkaqlw ÿm]n°p∂Xn\mbn Km‘nPn c≠p am¿KßfmWv

apt∂m´phbv°p∂Xv. Ah GsXms°sb∂p Is≠Øn ]k‡n hnebncpØpI.

4 k¿thmZbkaqlw Ggp kmaqlnIXn∑Ifn¬\n∂v ap‡amWv. Ch GsX∂p Xncn®dn™v

Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.

5 hy‡nsbbpw kaqlsØbpw Ipdn®p≈ Km‘nPnbpsS ImgvN∏mSv hnebncpØpI.

6 almflmKm‘n aZymk‡nsb ]m]hpw kmaqlnI]iv-\hpambmWv IW°m°nbncp∂Xv.

CXn\p≈ ImcWsa¥v? Cu ]iv-\sØ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Km‘nPn apt∂m´phbv°p∂

\n¿tZißƒ Fs¥√msa∂p Is≠ØpI.

7 \n¿amWmflI]cn]mSnIfn¬ e£°W°n\v BfpIƒ°v am\yamb Pohn°p∂Xn\p≈

hcpam\w Is≠Øm≥ klmbn°p∂ Hcp ]≤Xn \n¿tZin°p∂p. CtXsX∂p Is≠Øn

]m[m\yw hnebncpØpI.

8 ''Fs‚ tkmjyenkØns‚ Bcw`w cq]m¥camWv.' '˛ tkmjy-enksØ∏‰nbp≈

Km‘nPnbpsS ImgvN∏mSv Cu ]kvXmh\bpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hnebncpØpI.

219


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Transcript of w ¢mkv - XI studies.pdf · 8 XI˛mw ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw˛ Km‘n-b≥ ]T\w kwkvImcw kwkvImcw F∂...