Volume 4 Engineering and infrastructure Section 3: Specifications · · 2016-11-01Engineering and...

Queensland Health Capital Infrastructure Requirements Volume 4 Engineering and infrastructure

Section 3: Specifications

Queensland Health Capital Infrastructure Requirements‐2nd edition

Volume 4 Engineering Section 3 Specifications

Queensland Health Capital Infrastructure Requirements manual Published by the State of Queensland (Queensland Health), June 2013

This document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au © State of Queensland (Queensland Health) 2013 You are free to copy, communicate and adapt the work, as long as you attribute the State of Queensland (Queensland Health). For more information contact: Health Infrastructure Branch, Office of the Director-General Department of Health GPO Box 48 Brisbane QLD 4001 [email protected] 3006 2816

Queensland Health disclaimer Queensland Health has made every effort to ensure the Queensland Health Capital Infrastructure Requirements (CIR) are accurate. However, the CIR are provided solely on the basis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessment of the matters discussed. Queensland Health does not accept liability for the information or advice provided in this publication or incorporated into the CIR by reference or for loss or damages, monetary or otherwise, incurred as a result of reliance upon the material contained in the CIR.

The inclusion in the CIR of information and material provided by third parties does not necessarily constitute an endorsement by Queensland Health of any third party or its products and services.



Edition Author Version Description Released

Date Approved for Release by

1.0 Health Planning and Infrastructure Division, Queensland Health

First public release 28 May 2012 Deputy Director-General (DDG) – Health Planning & Infrastructure Division

1.1 Health Infrastructure Branch

Name changed from Capital Infrastructure Minimum Requirements to CIR Approved

5 April 2013 DDG-System Support Services

2.0 Health Infrastructure Branch

Second public release. Updated information regarding Legionella, infection control and other minor edits.

3 September 2014

Deputy Director-General, Office of the Director -General



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Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Overarching objectives ....................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Application of standards and codes ................................................................................... 2

2. Mechanical services ...................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 2.2. Infection control .................................................................................................................. 4 2.3. Design criteria for health facility areas ............................................................................... 4 2.4. Ventilation ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.5. Outdoor air ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.6. Exhaust air ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.7. Segregation of systems .................................................................................................... 15 2.8. Noise levels ...................................................................................................................... 15 2.9. Standby power operation .................................................................................................. 15 2.10. Ventilation upon loss of electrical power .......................................................................... 15 2.11. Functional area requirements ........................................................................................... 15 2.12. Selection of mechanical systems ..................................................................................... 22 2.13. Cooling and heating load calculation ................................................................................ 24 2.14. Air distribution system—ductwork .................................................................................... 26 2.15. Air distribution devices ...................................................................................................... 27 2.16. Air filtration ........................................................................................................................ 28 2.17. Humidifiers ........................................................................................................................ 28 2.18. Electrical ........................................................................................................................... 29 2.19. Building management and control systems ...................................................................... 29 2.20. Fire alarm and mechanical services systems ................................................................... 29 2.21. Ancillary mechanical service ............................................................................................ 29

3. Electrical services ........................................................................................................ 30 3.1. Main electrical supply requirement ................................................................................... 30 3.2. Electrical supply demand .................................................................................................. 30 3.3. Standby power .................................................................................................................. 32 3.4. Submains .......................................................................................................................... 35 3.5. Switchboards .................................................................................................................... 35 3.6. Patient electrical protection systems (body and cardiac patient areas) ........................... 36 3.7. Provision of power points ................................................................................................. 36 3.8. Outlets and switches ........................................................................................................ 36 3.9. Lighting ............................................................................................................................. 36 3.10. Battery back-up................................................................................................................. 38 3.11. Clocks ............................................................................................................................... 38 3.12. Electro magnetic radiation ................................................................................................ 38 3.13. Main switchboards ............................................................................................................ 39 3.14. Lightning protection .......................................................................................................... 39

4. Security systems .......................................................................................................... 40 4.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 40 4.2. Door and window security ................................................................................................ 40 4.3. Treatment and interview rooms ........................................................................................ 41

5. Fire services ................................................................................................................ 41 5.1. Automatic fire sprinkler system ......................................................................................... 41 5.2. Hydrant and hose reel system .......................................................................................... 44 5.3. Portable fire extinguishers ................................................................................................ 46 5.4. Fire detection and alarm system ...................................................................................... 46 5.5. Occupant warning system ................................................................................................ 47 5.6. Testing, commissioning and maintenance ....................................................................... 47 5.7. Maintenance ..................................................................................................................... 48 5.8. Integration with other services .......................................................................................... 49



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5.9. Integration with other facility buildings .............................................................................. 49 5.10. Water saving initiatives ..................................................................................................... 49

6. Hydraulic services ........................................................................................................ 50 6.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 50 6.2. General reticulation requirements .................................................................................... 50 6.3. Sanitary plumbing and drainage ....................................................................................... 50 6.4. Trade waste ...................................................................................................................... 52 6.5. Stormwater drainage ........................................................................................................ 54 6.6. Water storage for reuse .................................................................................................... 54 6.7. Heat recovery systems ..................................................................................................... 55 6.8. Pumping systems and deep excavation ........................................................................... 55 6.9. Landscape irrigation ......................................................................................................... 55 6.10. Gas service installations ................................................................................................... 55

7. Lifts .............................................................................................................................. 57 7.1. General ............................................................................................................................. 57 7.2. Number of Lifts ................................................................................................................. 57 7.3. Type and mix of lifts .......................................................................................................... 57 7.4. Drive systems ................................................................................................................... 57 7.5. Lift controls ....................................................................................................................... 58 7.6. Earthquake protection ...................................................................................................... 58 7.7. Traffic analysis and lift performance ................................................................................. 58 7.8. Lift car—sizes and finishes ............................................................................................... 58

8. Medical gases .............................................................................................................. 59 8.1. Medical gas purity ............................................................................................................. 59 8.2. Sources of supply and backup provisions ........................................................................ 59 8.3. Oxygen systems ............................................................................................................... 59 8.4. Medical breathing air ........................................................................................................ 60 8.5. Surgical tool air ................................................................................................................. 61 8.6. Medical vacuum ................................................................................................................ 61 8.7. Sizing Information ............................................................................................................. 61 8.8. Pipeline distribution .......................................................................................................... 62

9. Central energy facilities ............................................................................................... 64

10. Acoustics and vibration ................................................................................................ 64 10.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 64 10.2. Internal noise and vibration criteria .................................................................................. 64 10.3. Road, rail and aircraft noise intrusion ............................................................................... 66 10.4. Vibration criteria ................................................................................................................ 66 10.5. Reverberation time criteria ............................................................................................... 66 10.6. Internal sound insulation ................................................................................................... 67 10.7. Doors ................................................................................................................................ 69 10.8. Glazing .............................................................................................................................. 69 10.9. Impact sound insulation .................................................................................................... 69 10.10. Environmental noise emission .......................................................................................... 69 10.11. Construction noise and vibration ...................................................................................... 69

11. Commissioning, testing and validation of system ........................................................ 69 Tables Table 1: Factors affecting air conditioning systems ................................................................ 3 Table 2: Internal environmental criteria including ventilation and filtration requirements ........ 6 Table 3: Isolation room requirements ................................................................................... 19 Table 4: Water cooled chiller IPLV requirements .................................................................. 23 Table 5: Air cooled chiller IPLV requirements ....................................................................... 23 Table 6: Heat gain from equipment ....................................................................................... 25 Table 7: Electrical load profile ............................................................................................... 30



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Table 8: Planned spare electrical capacity ........................................................................... 31 Table 9: Standby power coverage ........................................................................................ 32 Table 10: Submain spare capacity ........................................................................................ 35 Table 11: Standard preset lighting scenes ............................................................................ 37 Table 12: Sprinkler system location temperatures ................................................................ 43 Table 13: Recommended internal design sound levels from AS/NZS 2107:2000—healthcare facilities ................................................................................................................................. 64 Table 14: Acoustic criteria for vertical transportation services .............................................. 66 Table 15: Recommended reverberation times for healthcare facilities from Australian Standard 2107 ...................................................................................................................... 66 Table 16: Sound insulation parameters ................................................................................ 67 Table 17: Sound insulation ratings (DnT, w dB) recommended between adjacent spaces .. 68 Figures Figure 1: Design process for selection of special colour rendering lamps ............................ 38

Queensland Health Capital Infrastructure Requirements‐2nd Edition


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1. Introduction 1.1. Background 1.1.1 Queensland Health Capital Infrastructure Requirements (CIR) The Capital Infrastructure Requirements (CIR) is part of a suite of documents associated with development works by Queensland Health. Works may include: • new construction • redevelopment • condition based asset replacement • extension and annexure. This document forms Volume 4, Section 3, of the CIR. Other documents that form part of the CIR series include: • Volume 1—Overview • Volume 2—Functional design brief • Volume 3—Architectural and health facility design • Volume 4—Engineering Volume 4 outlines the requirements for engineering, with the other volumes addressing development process and architectural/planning requirements as noted above. The volumes of the CIR are intended to be independent but complimentary. An individual discipline of facility planning, architecture or engineering should not be required to read other volumes, but this is recommended to understand more completely the overall development process and requirements. 1.1.2 CIR Volume 4 Engineering and infrastructure minimum requirements The engineering and infrastructure minimum requirements of the CIR comprise three sections: • Section 1—contains the principles applicable to Queensland Health development. This

section generally does not specify how compliance is achieved in detail but outlines overarching requirements which must be adhered to. Section 1 may be read independently of the following sections.

• Section 2—provides a manual with checklists and procedures required to be followed during development works. Section 2 shall be read in conjunction with Section 1.

• Section 3 (this document)—is a detailed technical specification for key items associated with engineering for health facility development works by Queensland Health. Section 3 relies on the principles and methodologies described in Sections 1 and 2 and should not be referenced independently of these documents.

1.2. Overarching objectives For all Queensland Health projects, the purpose of applying the CIR is to provide excellence in engineering planning and design through the application of engineering best practice to: • support continuous health delivery • ensure business continuity • deliver reliable and maintainable plant and equipment • deliver efficient, cost effective design • address whole of life design considerations, including location and climate impacts • support infection control • be compliant with mandatory and other performance guidelines.



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1.3. Application of standards and codes In the event of any conflict between the requirements contained in this suite of documents and the scope of works prepared by Queensland Health, the scope of works details shall prevail. In the preparation of this document references are made to the latest guides, codes and standards applicable. The user of this document must verify the latest guidance material available at the time work is to be carried out. Reference standards and documents are noted in CIR, Volume 1, Overview. The minimum requirements shall be those listed in legislation, mandatory and relevant standards and accepted good practice guides relevant to health care facilities. It is a pre-requisite that designers make themselves familiar with referenced documents as well as the relevant parts of any specific reference documents noted in individual sections. Users of this guide are invited to provide feedback on any aspect of the standards that may be considered of benefit in order to facilitate continuous improvement in the design and operation of the healthcare facilities. 1.3.1 Work health and safety Comply with all federal and Queensland Work health and safety (WHS) policies and guidelines, including general Queensland requirements and Queensland Health specific requirements. The most stringent requirement shall apply in the event of any conflicts. 1.3.2 Deemed to satisfy Queensland Health facilities and supporting engineering services shall be designed and installed in accordance with the Building Code of Australia (BCA) as a ‘deemed to satisfy’ position. Fire engineering should only be undertaken and is only allowed when the result of the engineered solution will not impact on future expansion and future flexibility. Thermal modelling to meet the requirements of the BCA, Section J, may be used as a method of demonstrating compliance. This is considered a ‘deemed to satisfy’ approach via a non-prescriptive option. 2. Mechanical services 2.1. Introduction 2.1.1 Application This guideline applies to all HVAC systems in health facilities and includes: • air conditioning • heating • ventilation • piped services for heating and cooling systems. For health building projects in Queensland, this document provides a uniform basis for the selection of these systems and their equipment. 2.1.2 Standards and codes Design requirements are to be in accordance with relevant Australian Standards, building codes and regulations.



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In addition to the standards, codes and guidelines specified in Volume 1, the following are considered key references for the design of mechanical services systems: • ASHRAE 1991, HVAC Applications Volume, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration

and Air Conditioning Engineers Inc. • ASHRAE 2005, Fundamentals Volume, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and

Air Conditioning Engineers Inc. • AIRAH Melbourne 1990, AIRAH/ACS Design Aid DA 9 A: Air Conditioning Systems—

Design and 71 Temperature Data. • AIRAH Melbourne 1990, AIRAH/ACS Design Aid DA 9: Air Conditioning Systems—Load

Estimation and Psychometrics. 2.1.3 Criteria for types of mechanical systems The following criteria should be considered as part of the determination of mechanical systems that may be applied. 2.1.3.1. Statutory requirements Examples include WorkCover authority regulations or the BCA regulations. Such regulations relate only to the provision of mechanical ventilation and limits on temperatures. They do not prescribe air conditioning or any other means of achieving temperature control. 2.1.3.2. Patient safety Examples of such areas are recovery, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Coronary Care Unit (CCU) and High Dependency Unit (HDU) and mental health units. In these areas a controlled environment reduces stress on patients and permits observation of them with only limited bed covering. Uncontrolled environments (heat and humidity) can exacerbate risk of violence, such as mental health units, waiting rooms, and emergency departments. 2.1.3.3. Infection control In areas, such as infectious isolation rooms, wards housing immuno-suppressed patients, mortuary and dissection suite, operating and sterile stock rooms, laser surgery rooms, manufacturing pharmacy, mechanical systems and air conditioning provide a means for reducing the spread of airborne infectious organisms from one space to another. Uncontrolled environments (warm and humid) are more conducive to growth of pathogens and increase the risk of nosocomial infection. These environments also encourage insect infestations and make infection control more difficult. 2.1.3.4. Essential for activity/equipment Examples include pathology and research laboratories where stable environmental conditions are required for consistent results, parts of medical imaging containing heat sensitive equipment and mainframe computers servers. 2.1.4 Factors affecting air conditioning systems The following factors will affect the load on an air conditioning system. Table 1: Factors affecting air conditioning systems

Factor Influence

Climatic zone

Different parts of the state have different climatic conditions which will affect air conditioning load estimation and plant selection. Main climatic elements are:

• ambient dry bulb temperature • ambient wet bulb temperature • solar radiation • cloud cover



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Factor Influence • wind speed.

Functional areas Different functional areas, such as clinical and ward areas have different cooling loads and energy consumption.

Operating hours Plant operating time will have a significant effect on energy consumption, i.e. 12 or 24 hours.

Building construction Type of construction i.e. light-weight, heavy-weight, single storey, multi-storey, insulation, affects both plant capacity and energy consumption.

Orientation/ fenestration

The angle and direction of the sun together with shading devices can significantly influence plant capacity and energy consumption.

landscaping For low rise buildings trees, plants and adjacent structures can shield buildings from wind and shade the building from the sun to reduce both plant capacity and energy consumption.

2.2. Infection control 2.2.1 General Refer to the principles outlined in Volume 4, Section 1. 2.2.2 Air handling and supply • Air shall provide the required room pressurisation. • Provision shall be made to ensure adequate air supply with varying filter resistances in

areas requiring high levels of airborne contaminant control. • Fans in systems serving areas requiring airborne contaminant control shall be operated

24 hours per day to maintain airflow patterns from clean to less clean areas. • Energy conservation design shall not compromise infection control systems. • The requirements of Australian Standards/ New Zealand Standards (AS/NZS) 4187 shall

be maintained in respect of ambient conditions for sterile stock. 2.3. Design criteria for health facility areas The various areas within the health facility shall comply with the design criteria below. Note that: • all air conditioning systems shall be capable of maintaining the rooms and areas at any

temperature set point value within the range of temperatures indicated during normal operation over the entire range of outdoor ambient conditions. Refer to notes attached to the table

• the table must be read in conjunction with the notes following the table • rooms housing heat sensitive equipment, such as main frame computers, linear

accelerators, medical radiology (MR)I equipment and the like, shall have conditions according to the equipment manufacturer’s recommendations

• humidification shall be provided in critical care areas where relative humidity could fall below 30 per cent in the absence of humidification. This can occur in winter for systems with high outdoor air rates. Humidification is also required when flammable agents are to be used. In this instance relative humidity shall be controlled to maintain 55 per cent. Humidity control is not to be achieved via sprays in the air handling units without careful consideration that microbial and/or chemical contamination will not occur. This should be assisted by completion of a risk management plan.

• control set points shall be selected to suit occupant preferences consistent with energy conservation



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• kitchens require special attention to deal with high internal heat load and outdoor air make-up for hoods. Kitchen hoods with dedicated makeup air systems shall be considered.



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Table 2: Internal environmental criteria including ventilation and filtration requirements

Area designation

Air pressure relationship to adjacent area (n)

Minimum air changes of outdoor air per hour

Minimum total air changes/hour

All room exhausted directly to outdoors (j)

Filtration efficiency (x)

Air re-circulated by means of room units (a)

Relative humidity (k) (%)

Space design temp (l) °C

Surgery and critical care

Operating cystoscopic rooms (m) (n) (o)

Positive AS 1668.2 (y) 20 50% G4–F8 HEPA

(w) No 30–60 19–24

Class A operating procedure room (o) (d) Positive 3 (y) 15 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 21–24

Class B/C operating rooms (m) (n) (o)

Positive AS 1668.2 (y) 20 50% G4-F8 HEPA

(w) No 30–60 16–27

Birthing/delivery rooms (m) (n) (o) Positive 5 20 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 20–23

Set-up and sterile store room Positive AS 1668.2 (z) 15 To

AS1668 G4–F8 HEPA No 30–60 20–23

Sub sterile service area N/R 2 6 N/R G4–F8 No N/R N/R

Recovery room N/R AS 1668.2 (aa) 10 To

AS1668 G4–F8 No 30–60 21–24

Critical and intensive care Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 21–24 Neonatal intensive care Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 22–26 Burns Positive 3 10 N/R G4–F8 No 30–95 21–32 Treatment room (p) Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 21–24 Trauma room (c.) Positive 3 15 N/R G4–F8 No 45–60 21–24 Anaesthesia gas storage ® Negative 2 8 Yes G4–F8 No N/R N/R Gastrointestinal endoscopy procedure room Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 20–23

Endoscope cleaning Negative 2 10 Yes G4–F8 No N/R N/R



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Area designation









Bronchosopy, sputum induction and pentamidine (n) Negative 3 12 Yes G4–F8 No 30–60 20–23

Emergency unit and radiology waiting room (q) Negative 2 12 Yes G4–F8 No 30–60 20–23

Emergency unit triage Negative 2 12 Yes G4–F8 No 30–60 20–23 Laser eye room Positive 3 15 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 21–24 ER waiting rooms (q) Negative 2 12 Yes G4–F8 N/R Max 65 21–24 Nursing Patient room Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 No Max 60 21–24 Toilet room Negative 2 10 Yes G4–F8 No N/R 21–24 Newborn nursery suite Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 24 Protective environment isolation room (f) (n) (t) Positive AS 1668.2 12 N/R G4–F8 HEPA No Max 60 21–24

Airborne infection isolation—all rooms (e) (n) (u) Negative AS 1668.2 12 Yes G4–F8 No Max 60 21–24

Isolation alcove or anteroom (t) (u) Neg or Pos AS 1668.2 12 Yes G4–F8 No Max 60 21–24

Labour/delivery/post-partum room (s) Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 N/R Max 60 21–24

Patient Corridor N/R 2 6 N/R G4–F8 N/R Max 60 21–24 Diagnostic and treatment Examination room N/R 2 6 N/R G4–F8 N/R max 60 21–24 Medication room Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 N/R max 60 21–24



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Area designation









Treatment room N/R 2 6 N/R G4–F8 N/R 30–60 24 Hydrotherapy Negative 2 6 N/R G4–F8 N/R N/R 22–27 Physical therapy Negative 2 6 N/R G4–F8 N/R max 65 22–27 Haemodialysis Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 20–25 Radiology (v) Radiology (Surgical, critical care and catheterisation) Positive 3 15 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 21–27

Radiology (Diagnostic and treatment) Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 No 30–60 21–24

Darkroom (g) Negative 3 10 Yes F7 No 30–60 21–24 Laboratory General (v) Negative 2 6 N/R F7 N/R N/R 21–24 Biochemistry (v) Positive 2 6 Yes F7 No N/R 24 Cytology (v) Negative 2 6 Yes F7 No N/R 21–24 Glass washing Negative 2 10 Yes F7 No N/R max 26 Histology (v) Negative 2 6 Yes F7 No N/R 21–24 Microbiology (v) Negative 2 6 Yes F7 No N/R 21–24 Nuclear medicine (v) Negative 2 6 Yes F7 No N/R 21–24 Pathology (v) Negative 2 6 Yes F7 No N/R 21–24 Serology (v) Negative 2 6 Yes No N/R 21–24 Sterilisation Negative 2 10 Yes F7 No N/R 21–24 Autopsy room (n) Negative AS 1668.2 12 Yes F7 No N/R 20–24



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Area designation









Non-refrigerated body holding room (h) Negative 2 10 Yes F7 No N/R 21

Pharmacy (b) Positive 2 4 N/R G4–F8 N/R 30-60 21–24 Media transfer Positive 2 4 N/R G4–F8 N/R 30-60 21–24 Bacteriology Negative 2 6 Yes G4–F8 No 30-60 21–24 Sterilising and supply ETO steriliser room Negative 2 10 Yes G4–F8 No N/R 24 Steriliser equipment room Negative 2 10 Yes G4–F8 No N/R max 26 Central medical and surgical supply

Soiled or decontamination room Negative 2 6 Yes F4 No N/R 20–24

Clean workroom—central medical and surgical supply Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 No 30-60 21–24

Clean workroom—support space Positive 2 4 N/R G4–F8 N/R N/R 21–24

Sterile storage Positive 2 6 N/R G4–F8 N/R Max 60 21–24 Service Food preparation (i) N/R 3 10 N/R G4–F8 No N/R 21–24

Warewashing Negative N/R 10 Yes F5 No N/R max 26

Dish/pot washing Negative 3 10 Yes F4 No N/R max 26 Dietary day storage Negative 2 6 n/r F4 No N/R 22–25



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Area designation









Laundry general Negative 3 10 Yes F4 No N/R N/R Soiled linen (sorting and storage) Negative 3 10 Yes F4 No

Clean linen storage Negative 2 6 N/R G4–F8 N/R N/R 21–26 Linen and garbage chute room Negative N/R 10 Yes F4 No N/R N/R Bathroom Negative N/R 10 Yes F4 No N/R 21–26 Bedpan room Negative N/R 10 Yes F4 No N/R 21–26 Cleaner's cupboard Negative N/R 10 Yes F4 No N/R N/R Hazardous material storage Negative 2 10 Yes F4 No N/R 21–26



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Table notes: a) Recirculating room HVAC units (with heating or cooling coils) are acceptable to

achieve the required air change rates. Because of the cleaning difficulty and the potential for build up of contamination, recirculating room units shall not be used in areas marked ‘no’. Isolation and intensive care unit rooms may be ventilated by reheat induction units in which only the primary air supplied from a central system passes through the reheat unit. Gravity-type heating or cooling units, such as radiators or convectors, shall not be used in operating rooms and other special care areas.

b) Pharmacy compounding areas may have additional air change and filtering requirements beyond the minimum of this table depending on the type of pharmacy, the regulatory requirements, the associated level of risk of the work and the equipment utilised in the spaces.

c) The term trauma room, as used herein, is a first aid room and/or emergency room used for general initial treatment of accident victims. The operating room within the trauma centre that is routinely used for emergency surgery is considered to be an operating room by this standard.

d) Pressure relationships need not be maintained when the room is unoccupied. e) Some isolation rooms may be provided with a separate anteroom f) Protective environment isolation rooms are those used for high-risk immune-

compromised patients. Such rooms are positively pressurized relative to all adjoining spaces to protect the patient.

g) Exception: All (Airborne infection isolation room) air need not be exhausted if darkroom equipment has a scavenging exhaust duct attached and meets ventilation standards regarding workover and NOHSC and local employee exposure limits (2) (3).

h) A non-refrigerated body-holding room is applicable only to facilities that do not perform autopsies on-site and use the space for short periods while waiting for the body to be transferred.

i) Minimum total air changes per hour (ach) shall be that required to provide proper makeup air to kitchen exhaust systems as specified in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 154.4

j) In some areas with potential contamination and/or odour problems, exhaust air shall be discharged directly to the outdoors and not recirculated to other areas. Individual circumstances may require special consideration for air exhausted to the outdoors, for example, intensive care units in which patients with pulmonary infection are treated and rooms for burn patients. To satisfy exhaust needs, constant replacement air from the outdoors is necessary when the system is in operation.

k) The RH ranges listed are the minimum and maximum limits where control is specifically needed. Air conditioning systems will generally maintain RH values within the range listed for each area with de-humidification control, but without specific humidification equipment and control. Notwithstanding, areas, such as burns rooms will require humidification equipment and control.

l) All air conditioning systems shall be capable of maintaining the rooms and areas at any set point value within the range of temperature indicated during normal operation over the entire range of outdoor ambient conditions. Lower or higher temperature shall be permitted when patients’ comfort and/or medical conditions require those conditions. Note that temperature range refers to operative temperature as defined in Cibse Guide A with a PMV +/- 0.25 (ISO 7730). Clothing and activity levels are as per normal health facility operations for the areas listed.



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m) The control tolerance for temperature shall be +/- 1.5 degrees Celsius from setpoint. Closer control of +/- 1 degree Celsius shall apply to class A, B and C operating rooms.

n) NOHSC criteria documents regarding occupational exposure to waste anaesthetic gases and vapours and control of occupational exposure to nitrous oxide (7) indicate a need for both local exhaust (scavenging) systems and general ventilation of the areas in which the respective gases are utilised.

o) If monitoring device alarms are installed, allowances shall be made to prevent nuisance alarms. Short-term excursions from required pressure relationships shall be allowed while doors are moving or temporarily open. Simple visual methods such as smoke trail, ball-in-tube or flutterstrip shall be permitted for verification of airflow direction. Recirculating devices with HEPA filters shall be permitted in existing facilities as interim, supplemental environmental controls to meet requirements for the control of airborne infectious agents. The design of either portable or fixed systems should prevent stagnation and short circuiting of airflow. The design of such systems shall also allow for easy access for scheduled preventative maintenance and cleaning.

p) Surgeons or surgical procedures may require room temperatures, ventilation rates, humidity ranges and/or air distribution methods that exceed the minimum indicated ranges.

q) Treatment rooms used for bronchoscopy shall be treated as bronchoscopy rooms. Treatment rooms used for procedures with nitrous oxide shall contain provisions for exhausting anaesthetic waste gases.

r) In a recirculating ventilation system, HEPA filters shall be permitted instead of exhausting the air from these spaces to the outdoors provided the return air passes through the HEPA filters before it is introduced into any other spaces. This requirement applies only to waiting rooms programmed to hold patients awaiting chest X-rays for diagnosis of respiratory disease.

s) See NFPA 99 for further guidance (8). t) For patient rooms, labour/delivery/recovery rooms, labour/delivery/recovery/

postpartum rooms and four total ach shall be permitted when supplemental heating and/or cooling systems (radiant heating and cooling, baseboard heating) are used.

u) The protective environment airflow design specifications protect the patient from common environmental airborne infectious microbes (i.e. Aspergillus spores). Recirculation HEPA filters shall be permitted to increase the equivalent room air exchanges, however the outdoor air changes are still required. Constant volume airflow is required for consistent ventilation for the protected environment. If the design criteria indicate that AII is necessary for protective environment patients, an anteroom should be provided. Rooms with reversible airflow provisions for the purpose of switching between protective environment and Airborne Infection Isolation (AII) functions shall not be permitted.

v) The Airborne Infection Isolation (AII) room described in this standard shall be used for isolating the airborne spread of infectious diseases, such as measles, varicella, or tuberculosis. The design of AII rooms shall include the provision for normal patient care during periods not requiring isolation precautions. Supplemental recirculating devices using HEPA filters shall be permitted in the patient room to increase the equivalent room air exchanges, however the outdoor air changes are still required. AII rooms that are retrofitted from standard patient rooms—from which it is impractical to exhaust directly outside—may be recirculated with air from the AII room, provided that the air first passes through a HEPA filter. HEPA filtered exhaust air from AII rooms may mix with exhaust air that serves non-AII spaces prior to being discharged directly outdoors. Rooms with reversible airflow provisions for the



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purpose of switching between protective environment and AII functions shall not be permitted.

w) When required, appropriate hoods and exhaust devices for the removal of noxious gases or chemical vapours shall be provided in accordance with Australian Standard 1668 and American Conference of Governmental Hygienists. Alternatively NFPA 99.8 may be referenced.

x) HEPA filters shall be installed at the air outlet and comply with Australian Standard 4260, Type 1, Class A, Grade A2, with minimum efficiency of 99.99 per cent

y) Filtration efficiency—first filter listed is the pre-filter if two filters are listed, second is the main filter and the HEPA, if listed, is the final terminal filter. Filtration efficiencies shall comply with Australian Standard 1324. Manometers or differential pressure monitoring devices shall be installed across filter banks with efficiencies greater than grade F6.

z) The minimum outdoor airflow rate shall be 20L/s per person at an occupancy of 5m² per person or 50 per cent, whichever is greater.

aa) The minimum outdoor airflow rate shall be the greater of 10L/s per person or 2 m2 per person.

bb) The minimum outdoor airflow rate shall be the greater of 10L/s per person or 4 m2 per person.

Other references 1. Code of Federal Regulations: 21CFR 173.310 (April 1999), US Dept. of Health and

Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. 2. Adopted National Exposure Standards For Atmospheric Contaminants In The

Occupational Environment [NOHSC:1003(1995)] 3. Guidance Note on the Interpretation of Exposure Standards for Atmospheric

Contaminants in the Occupational Environment [NOHSC:3008(1995)]) 4. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 154-2003 Ventilation for Commercial Cooking Operations,

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA. 5. NFPA 90A. National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA

02169. 6. NFPA 96. National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169. 7. NIOSH Critical Documents. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,

available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) web site: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pubs/criteria_date_desc_nopubnumbers.html

8. NFPA 99-2005: Standard for Health Care Facilities. National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts USA 02169

9. SMACNA Duct Cleanliness for New Construction Guidelines, (2000), Chantilly, VA 20151.

10. CIBSE Guide A, Environmental Design (2007) 2.3.1 Temperature difference within rooms • For conventional fully mixed or displacement air conditioning systems the temperature at

1. 5 metre above the floor in a room shall not vary by more than 1 degree Celsius. • The temperature difference between rooms on the same zone shall vary by not more

than 3 degree Celsius. The temperature difference between floor level and 1.5 metre above the floor shall be not more than 1.5 degree Celsius.

• Zoning of air handling plant shall be provided to the extent required to limit the temperature difference between rooms served by the same zone to a maximum of 3 degree Celsius.



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• Individual temperature and humidity control (as required for clinical need) shall be provided for critical care areas, including operating rooms, cystoscopy rooms, cardio cath lab, delivery room, recovery room and newborn nursery ICU.

2.3.2 Average air velocity within rooms • Average air velocity in the room shall be between 0.1 and 0.15 metres per second. • Under no circumstances shall the supply air rate be less than 4.5 ACHR in any room any

time. This applies to minimum air quantities on variable air volume systems as well as to constant volume systems.

2.4. Ventilation • To meet Australian Standards and statutory requirements, with minimums not less than

those nominated in the table above. 2.5. Outdoor air • Outside air shall be provided according to Australian Standard 1668.2 as adopted by the

BCA and the requirements of the table of environmental criteria above. • In areas where there are high people densities, the actual number of people in the space

shall be used. • Ensure that there is sufficient outdoor supply to provide make up for exhaust systems. • All ventilation systems shall be designed to control the high level of odours often

generated within healthcare facilities. • 100 per cent outside air systems with heat recovery, such as to provide optimum indoor

air quality should be considered in all areas. • Variable volume supply air systems shall incorporate control devices to ensure minimum

outdoor air supply to all areas is maintained at all times. • All bathroom and toilet exhaust systems shall be fully ducted and discharge to outside,

not to common roof or ceiling space. • Sanitary compartments, dirty utility rooms and similar spaces shall not be ventilated by a

system which also serves areas such as operating rooms. • Outdoor air intakes and exhaust discharges shall comply with Australian Standard 1668

with additional guidance from ASHRAE 170–008. • Further assessment of outside emission sources and their potential to contaminate

indoor spaces may be required and any subsequent risks should be managed accordingly (such as for cooling towers, co-/tri-generation etc.)

2.6. Exhaust air 2.6.1 Exhaust ventilation • Exhaust systems shall be provided where required by code or for life safety. • Minimum exhaust air change rates for dirty utilities or equivalent shall be 20 ACH. Higher

air change rates in these spaces are acceptable for odour control. • Dedicated exhaust systems shall not to be connected to general return air systems or

general exhaust systems. 2.6.2 Fan systems • Fan systems shall be monitored by the building management systems (BMS) to provide

remote alarm indication of fan failure. This shall not apply to independent toilet exhaust systems serving single use toilet/shower or bath areas.

2.6.3 Scavenging • Each space routinely used for administering inhalation anaesthesia and inhalation

analgesia shall be served by a scavenging system to vent waste gases. If a vacuum system is used, the gas collecting system shall be arranged so that it does not disturb



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patients’ respiratory systems. Gases from the scavenging systems shall be exhausted to the outside.

• Anaesthesia evacuation systems may be combined with the room exhaust systems provided that the component used for anaesthesia gas scavenging exhausts directly to the outside and does not recirculate.

• Scavenging systems are not required for areas where gases are used only occasionally such as emergency rooms and offices for outline dental work.

• Any scavenging system is recommended to be designed to remove as much waste anaesthetic gas as possible from the room environment (released by patient exhalation and anaesthetic machine/tubing leaks).

2.7. Segregation of systems • Air handling systems shall be segregated to permit individual departments to be shut

down when not in use. • A layout plan showing areas/departments that are served by different air handling

systems shall be included in the engineering services section of the scheme design report and/or PDP.

2.8. Noise levels • Unless required otherwise by the project brief, the design interior noise shall be those in

AS/NZS 2107 for ‘Recommended design sound level—maximum’. • The location of air handling plant in proximity to staff and/or patients shall be considered

to ensure noise and vibration levels are maintained within the recommended levels as per Australian Standard 2107.

2.9. Standby power operation • Refer to CIR, Electrical services—Standby power. 2.10. Ventilation upon loss of electrical power • Even in the event of loss of normal electrical power the following spaces shall be

provided with mechanical ventilation by generator supply: − isolation rooms and protective environment rooms − Class B and C operating rooms, including delivery rooms (Caesarean).

2.11. Functional area requirements 2.11.1 General The following lists some specific requirements for key areas. This is not an exhaustive treatise and not all areas likely to be encountered are covered. Designers should refer to the following publication for additional guidance—ASHRAE ‘HVAC design manual for hospitals and clinics’. 2.11.2 Classification of surgeries The designer should refer to the Queensland Health representative to establish classification of surgical suites for a particular project. 2.11.3 Operating suites Where procedures, such as organ transplants justify special designs, installation shall meet performance needs as determined by applicable Australian Standards. These special designs are recommended to be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. For all other installations, the following shall apply:



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2.11.3.1. Supply air • Supply air to operating rooms shall be delivered at high level in a way that minimises

turbulence and the recirculation of potentially contaminated room air and provides the cleanest practical air supply over the operating table area.

• The directions of air flows within operating units shall always be from the operating room and set-up room, through immediately adjacent inner anterooms, scrub-up and anaesthetic rooms to the entrance foyer, recovery, changing and post operative clean-up rooms i.e. from clean to less clean areas.

• Graduated pressurisation relative to pressure can be achieved by using carefully balanced supply air and exhaust air systems in areas adjacent to the operating unit. A pressure relationship diagram shall be established by the designers.

• Airflow into the operating unit shall be by means of a distribution system that provides a flow of clean supply air over the operating area first then away.

• Entry of air shall be from the ceiling to deliver a downward air movement with a minimum velocity 0.2 m/s at the level of the operating table (0.3 m/s max). To achieve this requirement a velocity of 0.4 m/s is normally required at the filter face.

2.11.3.2. Humidity • Room shall be maintained within the range of 30 per cent to 60 per cent relative humidity

(RH), except when flammable agents are used, in which case the requirement of Australian Standard 1169 (withdrawn)—'Minimising of combustion hazards arising from the medical use of flammable anaesthetic agents'—is to maintain relative humidity above 55 per cent.

• Where humidifiers are used they shall be of the steam type. • Limiting humidity range by cooling coil design is acceptable unless there is a specific

surgical requirement to warrant precise control of humidity. 2.11.3.3. Temperature • The operating room temperature shall be adjustable to suit the requirements of the

procedure in progress. The temperature adjustment range is generally recommended to be 16 degrees Celsius to 24 degrees Celsius (adjustable).

• Systems shall be designed to be able to achieve 17 degrees Celsius on a summer design day and also shall be sufficient to keep relative humidity levels no greater than 60 per cent when outdoor air humidity levels are high (such as warm rainy day).

• Burns surgery rooms may require temperatures up to 42 degrees Celsius. Requirements should be confirmed with Queensland Health for the particular facility.

• To enable individual temperature, infection and odour control, each operating room shall be served by a dedicated air-conditioning unit which may also serve that operating room's adjacent sterile support rooms.

2.11.3.4. Exhaust arrangements • Exhaust registers shall be located so that the whole room is effectively scavenged,

particularly at floor level. • The consultant shall account for the adverse effect (turbulence) of the air flow pattern

near the surgical field created by surgical lamps due to their shape, size location and the heat generated by the lamps.

• Operating rooms for special procedures such as orthopaedic surgery, organ transplants or total joint replacement may require the provision of an ultra clean air (UCA) system to suit their intended use.

• Extraction of relief air and, if incorporated, return air shall be located at low to mid level. • Supply air outlets shall be located directly above the operating table. Exhaust/relief air

shall be extracted at least in three corners of the operating room to remove anaesthetic gas leakages from the work area whilst ensuring good airflow through the room.



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• Low level exhaust shall be extracted at 200 millimetres above floor level. • Lint filters should be provided in low level extract outlets (replaceable behind hinged

grilles). • Low level exhaust and other provisions in accordance with Australian Standard 1169

(withdrawn) shall generally be provided where flammable anaesthetics are used. Where full provision is not made in accordance with Australian Standard 1169 (withdrawn), operating rooms shall have a notice affixed as required, indicating that flammable agents must not be used.

• Nitrous oxide shall not be used where low level exhaust is not provided and the range of surgical procedures undertaken in the operating room restricted accordingly.

• Operating rooms where lasers and diathermy equipment are being used shall have adequate suction/evacuation controls for the plume generated. Additionally, over-door lights shall be included externally to the room indicating ‘laser in operation’.

• The siting of the return air grilles shall not cause short circuiting of the supply air. 2.11.3.5. Ultra clean air systems • UCA systems shall provide sufficient filtered air moving in the correct direction to

efficiently remove the bacteria dispersed by the operating team. The air flowing from the final filter shall contain not more than 0.5 colony forming units per cubic metre of air (CFU/m3).

2.11.3.6. Airflow Down flow system The air flow at one metre from the supply air outlet shall have a minimum average velocity of 0.35m/s and at working height, not less than 0.3m/s. Cross flow system The minimum average velocity shall be 0.4m/s measured one metre from the filter or diffuser face. 2.11.3.7. Control instrumentation The control instrumentation shall include the indication of: • operating status such as 'in use' or 'not in use' • terminal filter pressure differential • system purging. 2.11.3.8. Digital operating theatres Designers shall ensure adequate provision for current known and proposed digital theatre requirements. These requirements include: • cooling loads • ventilation to equipment cupboards • electrical and communications • communications infrastructure • specialist mechanical services including medical gas reticulation. The designer shall ensure allowance is made for known intrusions into the laminar air field caused by digital theatre equipment. Revised air distribution may be required altering the above requirements to ensure appropriate air distribution.



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2.11.4 Critical care areas 2.11.4.1. General CCUs include ICU, wound intensive care (burn units), neonatal intensive care, examination rooms, cast rooms. design guidance should be sought from ASHRAE HVAC design manual for hospitals and clinics. 2.11.4.2. Procedure, recovery, delivery and dental rooms • Procedure rooms in which the administration or aspiration of gaseous anaesthetics or

analgesics are carried out, shall have adequate ventilation to ensure that the level of gaseous contamination does not rise above a maximum acceptable level. The utilisation of a scavenge system is acceptable.

• Store rooms containing anaesthetic machines shall be ventilated to remove the build-up of nitrous oxide.

• The designer shall also consider odour control in determining the amount of permissible recycled air and shall seek advice from the appropriate medical staff as to the procedure to be used. Consideration for 100 per cent exhausts for such spaces as burn treatment rooms where treatment can be particularly odorous.

2.11.4.3. Bronchoscopy and sputum induction units • Supply air to bronchoscopy and sputum induction rooms shall be delivered at a high level

in a way that minimises recirculation of potentially contaminated room air and provides the cleanest practical air supply over the procedure area.

• The directions of air flows within the procedure room shall always be from clean to less clean areas.

• Total circulated air quantity shall not be less than 12 ACHR when the supply air filters are at their maximum pressure drop of which a minimum of 20 per cent shall be outdoor air. Procedure rooms and recovery rooms shall be maintained at a negative pressure in relation to adjacent areas.

• Rooms or booths used for bronchoscopy, sputum induction, aerosolised pentamidine treatments and other high risk cough-inducing procedures shall be provided with local exhaust ventilation.

• Air from rooms used for bronchoscopy shall not be recirculated unless a HEPA filter is provided.

• Air from rooms used for sputum induction shall not be recirculated. 2.11.4.4. Endoscopy • Fully self-contained endoscope cleaning units shall be used to minimise the problems

associated with glutaraldehyde fumes. Local exhaust systems shall be provided as necessary to suit the machine.

• Fibre optic endoscopes storage cupboards shall be mechanically vented with an exhaust system to remove glutaraldehyde residuals.

• Procedure rooms used for endoscopy shall be maintained at a negative pressure to surrounding spaces. Room air shall not be recirculated to other areas.

• Supply air shall be directed over the procedure table with exhaust at the perimeter. 2.11.4.5. Sterile supply services • Sterile supply services shall comply with the requirements of Australian Standard1668.2. • Air movement and ventilation shall achieve a positive airflow from clean to contaminated

work areas. Ventilation rates shall be maintained when the zone is not occupied sufficient to ensure dilution rates are maintained.

• Air quality delivered to these spaces shall be equivalent to that delivered to operating theatres using HEPA filters.



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• Where steam sterilisers are provided dedicated local exhaust shall be provided above the unit, especially above the doors.

2.11.5 Isolation rooms 2.11.5.1. Introduction Isolation rooms are categorised as five different types (plus quarantine) under HB 260: • Type 1 (shared) room • Type 2 (single room, no ensuite) room • Type 3 (patient protection) room • Type 4 (standard isolation) room • Type 5 (respiratory isolation) room • Type 5 (quarantine isolation) room. 2.11.5.2. Requirements Isolation rooms shall comply with the requirements of Australian Standard 1668.2 and HB260. The various main criteria for isolation rooms are summarised below: Table 3: Isolation room requirements

Room type 1 2 3 Patient protection

4 Std isolation

5 Respiratory isolation

5 Quarantine isolation

Infection control

No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Minimum air change rate AC/hr

NR NR 15 NR 12 15

Minimum outdoor air rate

To AS1668

To AS1668

The greater of 10L/s per person and 2L/s per sqm

To AS1668



Isolation room pressure -ve/+ve

NR NR +ve (minimum 10% greater supply than exhaust)

+ve -ve (minimum 10% greater exhaust than supply)

-ve

Monitoring of room pressure

NR NR Yes No Yes Yes

Recirculated air

NR NR NR NR No No

Pressure gradient to adjacent air lock or anteroom

NR NR Yes NR Yes Yes

Pressure gradient dampers

NR NR NR NR Yes Yes

Dedicated air handling unit

NR NR Yes1 NR Yes1 Yes1



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Room type 1 2 3 Patient protection

4 Std isolation

5 Respiratory isolation

5 Quarantine isolation

Independent exhaust

NR NR No No Yes yes

Room and exhaust duct under negative pressure within building

NR NR No No Yes Yes

Provision for cleaning of supply air ducting

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Provision for fumigation

NR NR NR NR NR Yes

Hepa filters to supply air

NR NR Yes No No NR (confirm with users)

Hepa filters to exhaust air

NR NR No No No (unless air has to be recirculated)

Yes (Bag in/Bag out)

Room air sealed

NR NR NR NR Yes Yes

Backup power supply to fans

NR NR Yes Yes Yes Yes

Notes: Where there are multiple rooms consideration can be given to common air handling unit with separate exhaust systems per room. NR: No specific requirements. 2.11.5.3. Air handling and fans • Both the supply and exhaust ventilation systems to isolation rooms shall be either

separate independent systems for each room or shall incorporate controls to prevent the possibility of cross contamination in the event of a fan failure.

• Supply air and extract air ventilation fans shall be interlocked so that failure in either supply or extract will shut down the corresponding extract or supply to that room.

• Supply air and exhaust systems should be interlinked to prevent one system over or under pressurising in the event of a failure in the other system.

• Provide pressure instrumentation, local alarms to the nurse station with a delay to prevent nuisance alarms and monitor fan status.

• Ensure that rooms are well sealed, including all services penetrations, to enable the pressure differentials to be maintained.

2.11.5.4. Power • Where standby power is available, all isolation rooms shall be supported off this power

source to prevent loss of containment in the event of mains power failure. This shall include all associated fans, controls and alarms.



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2.11.6 Pathology, autopsy and body holding • Systems serving pathology areas shall be independent of other systems. • Exhaust from these areas shall be designed not to create any harmful effect to occupants

or contamination or to any adjacent areas. • Supply air and exhaust serving autopsy and dissection areas shall be designed to protect

personnel undertaking procedures and be discharged in a manner that will not contaminate any adjacent area or system.

• Requirements for facilities that conduct autopsies include: − single pass air conditioning utilising 100 per cent exhaust of all air exhaust intakes arranged to provide maximum fume and odour removal with protection of personnel − operating the room at negative pressure in relation to adjacent areas − if necessary, exhaust air to be filtered and odours removed with carbon filters − installation of down-draught or back-draught exhaust − exhaust system to suit the requirements of the specialist autopsy table.

2.11.7 Pharmacy—additive and cytotoxic suites • Pharmacy facilities shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the

Queensland Health policies and guidelines, including: − Queensland workplace health and safety strategy—Guide for handling cytotoxic drugs and related waste − PICS guidelines − APIC manufacturing of sterile API guide.

• Laboratory and dispensing areas in pharmacy shall be investigated for the necessity to control air flow and exhaust to avoid any possibility of contamination to any adjacent areas.

• Cytotoxic suites shall be designed and constructed in accordance with Australian Standard 2639 Laminar flow cytotoxic drug safety cabinets—Installation and use. The basic design shall be that of an ISO Class 7 cleanroom (AS/NZS 14644) varied in accordance with the requirements of Australian Standard 2639.

2.11.8 Laboratories and clean rooms • Laboratory areas and dispensing areas in pharmacy shall be designed to comply with:

− AS/NZS 2982—Laboratory design and construction − AS/NZS 2243 series—Safety in laboratories − AS/NZS ISO 14644—Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments.

• Physical containment (PC) laboratories shall be designed and constructed according to the requirements of the genetic manipulation advisory committee publication 'Guidelines for small scale genetic manipulation work' when any work involving genetic manipulation is undertaken.

2.11.9 Podiatry, prosthetics, dental and orthodontic workshops • Fresh air, ventilation and air-conditioning systems shall be provided with a minimum

supply air quantity of 20 litres per second per square metre of facility floor space. • Extraction shall be localised as close as practicable to the sources of contamination

identified above. • Capture velocities at the point of localised extraction shall exceed two m/s. • Exhausts from this area shall be suitably filtered and discharged in a manner that will not

contaminate any adjacent area or system. • Fume cupboards complying with AS/NZS 2243 Safety in laboratories—Fume cupboards

shall be installed in chemical mixing areas. • Consideration is recommended to be given to acoustics to prevent noise nuisance.



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2.11.10 Linen processing areas • Air filtration, mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning systems servicing linen

processing areas shall be designed to ensure appropriate lint and dust control. • Mechanical ventilation systems shall be designed to remove the heat generated by

laundry drying processes utilising systems, such as exhaust registers over the dryers or dryers ducted direct to outside air with lint collection provision on all exhaust discharges.

• Provision shall be made for regular maintenance to prevent the excessive build up of lint which can be the source of a fire hazard.

• Spot cooling with air-conditioned or tempered supply air is recommended to be considered to provide adequate operator comfort in laundries.

2.11.11 Linen store areas • Soiled linen rooms in Queensland shall be tempered to prevent ambient temperatures

causing smells. • Any exhaust shall be provided through a dedicated exhaust system to reduce the risk of

cross infection. • The clean linen store shall be supplied with clean, filtered air. Air pressure shall be

positive in respect to the rest of the laundry. 2.11.12 Kitchen • Kitchens shall be provided with conditioned air to ensure appropriate working

environment. • Supply air systems for kitchens shall not be shared with other areas. • The various areas within a production kitchen shall be ventilated/air conditioned to

ensure compliance with food safety standards including: − relevant sections of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra − Australia Cook Chill Council, Guidelines for chilled food production systems including Food safety programs 2000 − AQIS code of hygienic practice for heat-treated refrigerated foods packaged for extended shelf life, 1992.

2.11.13 Mental health units • All mental health facilities shall be designed in accordance with the Queensland Health—

mental health design guidelines. • Special purpose equipment designed for psychiatric or prison use shall be used to

minimise opportunities for self harm. • All air grilles and diffusers shall be of a type that prohibits the insertion of foreign objects.

Air diffusers shall be purpose designed with air flow performance data provided by the manufacturer to ensure correct air distribution.

• All exposed fasteners shall be tamper-resistant. • All HVAC items exposed in the room shall be constructed with rounded corners and shall

have closures fastened with tamper-resistant screws. • HVAC equipment shall be of a type that minimises the need for maintenance within the

room. • All balancing, service and maintenance shall be performed from outside the patient

rooms and preferably from outside the mental health unit where feasible. 2.12. Selection of mechanical systems 2.12.1 Air handling units Air handling units shall: • be factory built units where possible for quality control and future maintenance • include a minimum 1300mm high access doors for maintenance



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• include separate chambers for fans, filters, coils and mixing plenums • include lights in each accessible chamber • include stainless steel drip trays internally • include air-tight door locking mechanisms and door seals • be provided with clearance to allow all doors to be opened 110 degree Celsius to allow

safe and easy maintenance. 2.12.2 Cooling system • Chillers shall be selected to meet the following integrated part load value (IPLV) as

calculated in accordance with ARI 550/590–2003. • The following values are minimum requirements: 2.12.2.1. Water cooled chillers Table 4: Water cooled chiller IPLV requirements

Capacity (kw) IPLV Less than 500 5.8 Between 500 and 1000 9.0 Between 1000 and 2000 9.0 Greater than 2000 9.0

2.12.2.2. Air cooled chillers Table 5: Air cooled chiller IPLV requirements

Capacity (kw) IPLV Less than 100 4.2 Between 100 to 250 4.4 Between 250 and 500 4.5 Greater than 500 4.5 Chillers shall be selected to meet the minimum energy efficiency ratios as required by Section J of the current edition of the BCA at time of design. 2.12.3 Cooling towers • Cooling towers shall be constructed of stainless steel to maximise operational life. • Cooling towers and evaporative condensers shall include a side stream filter or cyclonic

separator system to provide solids removals from the circulating water systems. • Condenser water pipework shall be stainless steel. Spiral wound pipework shall not be

used for condenser water. 2.12.4 Heating • All heating systems shall be thermostatically controlled. • Heating systems with long thermal lag (such as most types of slab heating) shall only be

used when no alternative is available and only when combined with a control system to hold space temperature within two degree Celsius of the winter design value. Generally, slab heating will not be required in Queensland.

• Systems that rely on opening windows to compensate for over-heating are not acceptable.

• The surface temperature of heating equipment in occupied areas shall not exceed 43 degree Celsius. Temperature of the floor shall be not more than 1.5 degree Celsius above the air temperature at 1.5 metre above the floor.



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• Open fires, portable heaters and unfluted gas heaters shall not be installed in patient areas.

• All electric heaters over 1kW shall be provided with SCR control. • All electrical heaters shall include safety systems for heater overload and heater fault and

meet the requirements of Australian Standard 3102. • Central boiler and heating water plant shall be fully unattended. 2.13. Cooling and heating load calculation 2.13.1 Outdoor design conditions • Outside design conditions shall be based on the most accurate climatic data available for

the location of the proposed project. • Outside design conditions shall be selected as follows:

− for the locations listed in AIRAH: Application manual DA09—Load estimation and psychometrics − for operating theatres, ICU, emergency department (ED), special care baby unit (SCBU), neonatal and all areas where highly invasive medical procedures take place, plant equipment shall use the critical process or 24-hour data if available for the location, otherwise use the comfort or non-critical data with the dry bulb temperature increased by two degree Celsius or the wet bulb by one degree Celsius − for all other plants use the comfort or non critical process installations data − for locations not listed in AIRAH, use data for the nearest listed location having similar climatic characteristics.

2.13.2 Solar gain through glass • All glazing shall be selected to meet the overall energy performance requirement, which

is an improvement over that required by BCA, Section J. • For glazing that is not always fully shaded, the glazing system shall be selected for an

overall shade coefficient of not more than 0.6. 2.13.3 Heat gain from lights and equipment • Heat gain from lights shall be calculated from the lighting designers’ plans. Refer to CIR,

Volume 4, Electrical—Lighting. • For preliminary calculations before the completion of the lighting design based on gross

department areas, the following approximate values may be used. They are based on lighting levels in the electrical section.

• Heat gain from electrically powered equipment shall be based on the actual equipment to be used within the space. Lacking specific information, the following may be used, based on gross department areas.



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Table 6: Heat gain from equipment Department Lighting W/m2 Power W/m2 Medical/surgical wards 12 5 Orthopaedic 12 5 Paediatric 12 5 On-call accommodation 12 5 Rehabilitation 12 5 Allied health 12 5 Psychiatric 12 5 Psychogeriatric 12 5 Oncology 12 5 Bio-medical engineering 12 10 Medical imaging 12 10 Emergency 15 10 Medical records 12 5 Pharmacy 12 10 Nuclear medicine 12 10 Pathology 15 10 Blood donor unit 12 5 Medical library 12 5 Day procedures 12 10 Operating suite 35 40 Intensive care unit 15 10 Coronary care unit 15 10 Mortuary 10 5 Linen handling 10 5 Regional store 8 2 Engineering and maintenance 8 5 Kitchen 10 - Staff cafeteria 12 10 Education 8 5 Main entrance and foyer 8 5 Admission/discharge 12 15 General administration 12 15 Staff amenities 8 - Additional allowances are required where equipment located in air conditioned space is heated by other means, such as hot water or steam. 2.13.4 Outdoor air and people • Designs shall comply with the requirements noted in Table 2, which contains data from

the Australia Standard 1668, Part 2, with the addition of data on areas of health facilities not covered by the standard. Table Al of the Australian Standard 1668 and be read in conjunction with the standard.

• It should be noted that Australian Standard 1668, Part 2, permits some concessions on outside air flow rate if filters of sufficiently high efficiency are installed. This use of such



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filters is permissible provided they are shown to be cost effective by life cycle cost analysis.

• In areas where there are high people densities, the actual number of people in the space shall be used.

• Heat recovery shall be evaluated for cost effectiveness for all systems requiring above 50 per cent outside air.

2.13.5 Other loads • Margins for other sources of cooling load, including infiltration, duct heat gain, fan power

and the like shall be calculated according to standard references. 2.13.6 Safety margins • Safety margins on cooling load calculations shall be five per cent. 2.13.7 Air conditioning heating load Heating load calculation shall be based on the following: • Calculation method for heating load as part of air conditioning plant shall be performed

using software as noted in CIR, Volume 4, Section 2, Engineering and infrastructure manual.

• Design allowances shall be: − zero solar gain − outside design conditions for winter − inside design conditions for winter − zero heat gain from lights − zero heat gain from people − outside air quantity as calculated − other heating loads such as infiltration − zero safety margin.

2.13.8 Determination of spare capacity of plant and equipment • Except as provided below, all plant and equipment shall be sized as set out in the

preceding sections to be equal to the load it serves with minor additional ‘safety margin’ for cooling.

• Diversity of load shall be considered when sizing plant that serves multiple systems or areas.

• No additional capacity shall be provided for future loads unless the required capital for the future plant and/or building has been committed. Refer also to CIR, Volume 4, Section 1, for discussion of future allowances.

• Where extension of the system is planned, provision shall be made, as blanked valves, for future connection to the existing system but not as additional plant capacity.

• Any allowance for additional capacity shall not reduce the efficiency of the ‘base’ system below that if selected with no additional capacity when operating under the initial installed load.

2.14. Air distribution system—ductwork 2.14.1 Requirements • The air-distribution design shall maintain the required space pressure relationships,

taking into account recommended maximum filter loading, any heating-season lowered airflow operation and cooling-season higher airflow operation.

• Airstream surfaces of the air-distribution system downstream of Filter Bank No. 2, shall comply with Section 5.5 of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2007.



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• The air-distribution system shall be provided with access doors, panels, or other means to allow convenient access for inspection and cleaning. For further information, see ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1.

2.14.2 Duct construction • Duct construction shall be in accordance with Australian Standard 4254. • Access for inspection and cleaning shall be provided in accordance with Australian

Standard 3666. 2.14.3 Duct sizing • Duct sizing shall be based on:

− velocity: main runs: 7.5m/s maximum branch runs: 5m/s maximum terminal connections: 4m/s maximum flexible duct: 2.5m/s maximum

− pressure drop: 0.8pa/m maximum for all velocities and ducts.

2.14.4 Duct design • Access panels shall be fitted at each reheat coil and fire and smoke damper to allow

annual essential services inspection. • Roof voids shall not be used for air plenums for return air. • Ceiling voids shall not be used for air plenums. • Duct acoustic treatment and equipment, such as fan coil units, conditioners and VAV

boxes incorporating fibrous insulating materials shall not have fibres exposed to the airstream. Perforated facing shall have impervious and steam cleanable linings.

• Supply air ducting shall be designed and manufactured to prevent possible induction of contaminated air.

• Radiused bends with turning vanes shall be utilised on all systems to minimise pressure drops and acoustic issues.

2.14.5 Duct insulation—general • As a minimum, insulation shall comply with the BCA, Section J. The requirements for

additional insulation eg. for acoustic attenuation purposes, should be assessed for each project.

• Insulation shall be provided for ductwork to achieve thermal and acoustic performance as follows:

Zone Thermal Acoustic Air conditioning supply ducts in air conditioned spaces Yes Yes Air conditioning supply ducts in non air conditioned spaces

Yes Yes

Air conditioning return ducts in air conditioned space Yes Yes Air conditioning return ducts in non air conditioned space

Yes Yes

Outside and exhaust ducts Yes Intake plenums Yes Air handling chambers Yes Yes

2.15. Air distribution devices All air distribution devices shall meet the following requirements: • surfaces of air-distribution devices shall be suitable for cleaning



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• the supply diffusers in surgeries shall be designed and installed to allow for internal cleaning

• psychiatric, seclusion and holding-patient rooms shall be designed with security diffusers, grilles and registers. Security diffusers shall be purpose designed to provide correct air distribution to occupied spaces

• supply air and exhaust air grilles shall be made of non-corrodible material, for example anodised aluminium section

• grilles within an occupied space shall be suitable for swab-down cleaning (not waterproof)

• cores for grilles shall be removable without requiring in-ceiling access or disconnection of ductwork

• in mental health patient bedrooms, ceiling-mounted air devices shall be of a secure type such that removal cannot be effected without special tools. In addition there shall be no sharp projections or hanging points where cord/string can be fixed.

2.16. Air filtration • Filter banks shall be provided in accordance Australian Standard 1324 and Table 2. • Each filter bank with an efficiency of greater than MERV 12 (Grade F6 to AS1324) shall

be provided with an installed manometer or differential pressure measuring device that is readily accessible and provides a reading of differential static pressure across the filter to indicate when the filter needs to be changed.

• Extended surface filters shall be used as they prolong filter life, reduce maintenance costs and reduce energy use.

• Filter frames shall be durable and dimensioned to provide an airtight fit with the enclosing ducting.

• All joints between filter segments and the enclosing ducting shall be fitted with a gasket or sealed to provide a positive seal against air leakage.

2.17. Humidifiers • When outdoor humidity and internal moisture sources are not sufficient to meet the

requirements of Table 2, humidification shall be provided by means of the healthcare facility air handling systems.

• Locate humidifiers within air handling units or ductwork to avoid moisture accumulation in downstream components, including filters and insulation.

• Chemical additives used for steam humidifiers serving health care facilities must comply with Australian Standard 3666.

• Reservoir type water humidifiers or evaporative-pan-type humidifiers shall not be used in ductwork or air handling units in healthcare facilities.

• A humidity sensor shall be provided, located at a suitable distance downstream from the steam injection source.

• Provide controls to limit duct humidity to a maximum value of 90 per cent RH when the humidifier is operating.

• Humidifier steam control valves should be designed so that they remain off whenever the air handling unit is not in operation.

• Purified water shall be provided for all humidifiers serving infection control critical areas such as operating theatres

• Humidity control is not to be achieved via sprays in the air handling units without careful consideration that microbial and/or chemical contamination will not occur. This should be assisted by completion of a risk management plan.



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2.18. Electrical • All mechanical services chiller switchboards shall be a minimum Form 3B. Consideration

shall be given to a Form 4 board based on site and plant functional impact risk assessment.

• All mechanical services distribution boards (MSSBs) shall be a minimum Form 2B. 2.19. Building management and control systems • Provision shall be made to operate the HVAC systems within the required temperature

and humidity range. The range may need to be adjusted to suit local preference or medical needs when, for instance, elderly patients and babies may require higher temperature.

• All air and water systems shall be variable flow except where specific functional requirements exist.

• All adjustable controls, such as thermostats/sensors are recommended to be provided with locking covers to prevent tampering.

• Temperature sensors that can only allow change of setpoint remotely are recommended. • All components such as temperature sensors within an occupied space shall be suitable

for swab-down cleaning (not waterproof). • Refer to CIR, Volume 4, Section 2, for further discussion of the requirements for BMS. 2.20. Fire alarm and mechanical services systems Refer to CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual. Comply with all statutory requirements. 2.21. Ancillary mechanical service 2.21.1 Dental system • Dental compressed air shall be designed in accordance with Australian Standard 2866

(withdrawn). • Dental suction shall be designed in accordance with Australian Standard 2686

(withdrawn). Refer also to UK HTM 02–01 for design guidance for dental compressed air and vacuum systems.

• Where these standards reference other standards the latest version shall be used. 2.21.2 Sterilisers Sterilisers are generally procured as Group 3 items by the Hospital and Health Service directly. Details of services requirements for sterilizers should be obtained from the Queensland Health representative and user groups. 2.21.3 Steam generating systems Centralised dedicated steam plant is sometimes required for larger central sterilising departments in hospitals. Guidance on the requirements for steam should be discussed with the health facility engineering staff. 2.21.4 Mortuary equipment Mortuary equipment is generally procured as Group 3 items by the Hospital and Health Service directly. Details of services requirements for this equipment shall be obtained from the Queensland Health representative and user groups. 2.21.5 Pneumatic transport systems Refer to CIR, Volume 4, Section 2, Engineering and infrastructure manual.



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2.21.6 Compressed air systems for industrial use Compressed air for industrial use in the hospital context is usually confined to compressed air for workshops and for laboratories. The requirements for compressed air in these areas can be obtained from UK HTM ‘Specialist services health technical memorandum 08–06: Pathology laboratory gas systems’. 2.21.7 Coolroom and freezer refrigeration systems • The requirements for coolroom and freezer room refrigeration can be obtained from

Ashrae handbook, Refrigeration. • Cool room and freezer systems for critical services such as pharmacy, pathology and

mortuary shall be provided with duty/standby refrigeration systems operating as completely independent circuits.

• All cool room systems within healthcare facilities shall be monitored by the BMS and alarms raised for any equipment fault.

• All refrigeration systems associated with medicine, vaccine and blood storage shall be designed in accordance with the Queensland Health guidelines for the Storage, transportation and handling of refrigerated medicines, vaccines and blood in Queensland Health facilities.

3. Electrical services 3.1. Main electrical supply requirement Refer to Volume 4 Section 1 Engineering and infrastructure principles. 3.2. Electrical supply demand 3.2.1 Introduction Refer also to CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual. 3.2.2 Electrical load profile and transformer capacity Table 7 shall used when calculating an initial maximum demand assessment for the purposes of determining transformer capacity.

Table 7: Electrical load profile

Department VA/m2 Catering (commercial kitchen) 200 Day procedures—patient treatment areas 120 Emergency 120 Engineering services (other than on-site catering) 100 Critical care units 120

General inpatient wards 110 Main entrance 80 Mortuary 110 Operating theatre suites 120 Offices 100 Waiting areas, public spaces, corridors 80



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• Demand factors shall also be considered when utilising the above figures. A demand

factor reflects that not all electrical systems will be used to full capacity and not all areas connected to one substation will have the same time of day profile (for example clinics versus 24-hour wards).

• Designers shall assess the demand factors for each service and department to make a value judgement of the site-wide normalised diversity. The rational shall be documented within design reports.

3.2.3 Planned spare capacity • When appropriate, the planned spare capacity shall be assessed based on the

anticipated power requirement of the future development.

• However if the information is not readily available then the capacity shall be assessed based on the following per unit area allowance as per Table 8.

Table 8: Planned spare electrical capacity

Building categories: VA/m2 Air-conditioned with non-electric heating 100 Air-conditioned with electric heating 120 Air-conditioned (reverse cycle) 110 Electric heating with no cooling 100 Non-electric heating with no cooling 60

3.2.4 Contingent spare capacity • In the absence of any known future requirements, a contingent spare capacity of not

more than 25 per cent shall be included. 3.2.5 400v distribution transformer and capacity • The transformer capacity shall be sized to include the assessed present requirement and

the planned spare capacity or the contingent spare capacity (refer to Electrical supply demand), whichever is greater.

• The supply authority shall normally determine the size and quantity of the transformers where it owns and supplies the transformers.

• The designer shall provide an analysis of different infrastructure options for internal, external substations, configuration and ownership.

• Where indoor type substations are required, they shall be in a fire-rated enclosure within the main building or in an outbuilding.

3.2.6 High voltage supply • Refer also to Volume 4, Section 1 of the CIR for supply requirements. • The supply authority shall deliver the primary electrical supply at the customer’s terminals

at a voltage depending on what is available and practicable for the healthcare facility. • Where practical, feeders shall emanate from two independent network circuits and from

two different street reticulation routes. • Due to improved reliability, underground HV supply cable reticulation shall be adopted in

lieu of overhead cables where possible. 3.2.7 Tariff selection • The selection of tariffs shall be on a project-by-project basis, subject to the requirements

of the facility, existing supply arrangements and physical location.



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3.3. Standby power 3.3.1 General Refer also to CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual, for discussion of generators, fuel storage and other standby power requirements. 3.3.2 Standby power coverage • The following services shall be provided with standby electrical supply from a diesel

generating plant in accordance with the recommendations of Australian Standard 3009 and as modified in Table 9 below.

• Lighting or power provided with less than 100 per cent supply may be distributed through the department in any pattern to suit departmental needs.

Table 9: Standby power coverage

Area/facility Lighting Power Angiographic laboratory - Angio equipment

100 % 100 % 100 %

Blood bank refrigerators 30 % 100 % Blood bank type and cross matching areas 30 % 100 % Cardiac catheterisation room - Cath lab equipment

100 % 100 % 100 %

Computer centre cooling systems 100 % 100 % Consultation room 30 % Nil Coronary care unit - Acute beds - Elsewhere

100 % 50 %

All socket outlets per bed Note1 50 % socket outlets

Critical care areas (see DP14) 50 % 100 % Diagnostic laboratories 30 % 30 % Emergency department treatment rooms 100 % All socket outlets

per bed Note1 Food preparation (cooking) 30 % 30 % General corridors 25 % Nil High dependency beds 50 % All socket outlets Inpatient beds All socket outlets

per bed Inpatient treatment rooms 30 % 30 % Isolation rooms—negatively pressurised 100 % Exhaust fans Intensive care unit - Beds - Elsewhere - Ventilation

100 % 50 %

All socket outlets per bed Note 1

50 % socket outlets

Ventilation system Labour and delivery suite 30 % All socket outlets Nurses station and work area 30 % 30 % Obstetrical recovery rooms 30 % All socket outlets Offices 30 % Nil Post-operative recovery room 50 % All socket outlets Reception/waiting 30 % 100 %



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Area/facility Lighting Power Renal units 30 % 100 % Specialist neonatal 50 % 100 % Surgical suite - Operating rooms - Anaesthetic rooms - Elsewhere - Ventilation system

100 % 100 % 30 %

All socket outlets All socket outlets

Nil Full ventilation

Therapy rooms 30 % Nil Toilets/bathrooms/change rooms 30 % Nil Tutorial room 30 % Nil Utility—dirty or clean 30 % Nil Air conditioning refrigeration plants Nil Critical care areas

only. See Note 3 Essential communications facilities including supporting air-conditioning plant

30 % 100 %

Fire alarm system Nil 100 % Helipad 100 % 100 % Lifts Nil See Note 2 Medical suction and air system Nil 100 % Security alarm system including duress alarms

Nil 100 %

Smoke exhaust fans Nil Nil Note 1: The quantity of power outlets to be connected to the standby supply system has negligible impact on the generator capacity requirement. However, the wiring for power outlets will be simplified significantly and hence cost-reduced if all outlets are on the same system. Note 2: Power will be made available to bring all lift cars down to the ground level sequentially. When all cars are brought down, only one selected car will be provided with standby power. This will be the lift available for transportation of critical care patients and shall include a lift that transports patients from helipad to the emergency department. Note 3: The supply of standby power to chilled water plant servicing critical areas should be considered. This should include communications cupboards and data centres. 3.3.3 Fuel storage • The diesel fuel storage capacity for the standby generating plant shall be assessed by

the designer taking into consideration the following factors: − full load fuel consumption rate of the generating plant − locality of the health facility and its proximity to a fuel supply depot (time needed to refill tank) − the role of the health facility as a medical service provider in the region − average fuel level in the tank prior to tank refill − quantity of fuel stored in the tank and its turnover time or rejuvenation cycle.



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3.3.4 Connection of mobile generator • Regardless whether a healthcare facility has permanent diesel generating plant installed,

a quick connection facility (i.e. socket outlet connection or busbar cable connection facility) shall be provided for linking the loads identified under standby power to a temporary (mobile) generator set.

• Provision of generator start signals in both normally open and normally closed configurations shall be provided at the plug in point.

• The plug point shall ideally be located in a locked enclosure in an accessible position, such as adjacent to a loading dock or other suitable location for positioning of a temporary generator.

3.3.5 Uninterruptible power supply • Each Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system shall comprise a rectifier/charger and

inverter combination and shall be provided complete with static switch to satisfy synchronous bypass operation requirements.

• The UPS shall provide continuity of electric power to the load within the specified tolerances without interruption upon failure or deterioration of the input source for a maximum protection time determined by the capacity of the battery bank.

• The UPS system shall be designed to supply high quality AC electric power to single and three phase equipment.

• The system shall include: − 12 pulse fully controlled static rectifier/charger − static inverter − independent on board oscillators − output isolation transformer (see Note 1 at bottom of Section 3.3.5) − output filtering − ventilation fans − instrumentation monitoring and control functions − sealed lead acid battery banks (recombination cells) − battery bank circuit breakers (complete with earth leakage protection) − battery bank enclosures − static switch (synchronous bypass facility) − external maintenance bypass facility − system control for control, instrumentation and alarms − operational and maintenance manuals.

• The UPS shall comply with performance limits set out below: − load power factor range 0.1 lagging to 0.8 leading without derating − efficiency at full load of at least 98 per cent with the battery on float charge − input harmonic distortion mitigation (<3 per cent THDV and <12.5 per cent THDI) − battery bank rating at 10 years minimum design life − screened against the emission of electromagnetic interference to Australian Standard 1044 − overload protection at input − output voltage regulation for:

static transfer ± 5 per cent 50 per cent load change ± 8 per cent drop out or return of incoming supply ± 5 per cent.

• Testing shall be carried out during manufacture and at completion in accordance with manufacturer's normal test programme. Load and performance tests shall be carried out at power factor between 0.8 and unity. Power factor shall be recorded. Tests shall include: − load test for minimum of 6 hours at full rated load. − main supply on and off



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− bypass effected automatically by simulated component failure − bypass effected manually − load steps with balanced load − load steps with unbalanced load − overload conditions.

• Site tests utilising load bank shall be performed after installation is complete and before final connection of load. Tests shall include: − functional tests of all controls, indicators and alarms − load test for minimum of three hours at full rated load. Mains shall be switched off. − waveforms analysed for harmonic content − standby generator power test.

• Note 1: Transformerless insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) technology may be considered where circuit isolation, local neutral and grounding points are not required and existing infrastructure is compatible e.g. rectifier and bypass AC input must be the same source.

3.4. Submains 3.4.1 General Refer also to the requirements of CIR, Volume 4, Section 2, Engineering and infrastructure manual. 3.4.2 Assessment of submain capacities • Submains for mechanical service, fire services and lifts shall be sized to match the rated

duties of the equipment. • Submains for lighting and general purpose power circuits shall be assessed by

calculation method using the permitted diversity factors in accordance with AS/NZS 3000 Electrical installations.

In addition to the assessed capacity for the present requirement, normal (mains) supply submains for light and power circuits shall include spare capacities not exceeding the percentages as noted in

Table 10.

Table 10: Submain spare capacity

Circuit designation Dedicated circuit Shared circuit Pathology light and power 50 % 25 % Kitchen Power 30 % 15 % Imaging light and power 50 % 25 % Inpatient wards 30 % 15 % Administration 30 % 15 % ICU 30 % - CCU 30 % - Operating suite 30 % - Other areas 15 % 10 %

3.5. Switchboards Switchboards (main and distribution boards) shall be provided for the submains as described above.



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3.6. Patient electrical protection systems (body and cardiac patient areas)

3.6.1 General Refer also to the requirements of CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual. 3.6.2 Protective devices • In accordance with AS/NZS 3003, the wiring to power outlets and electrical equipment

within the cardiac or body protected patient areas shall be protected by either: − residual current devices (RCDS) − isolation transformer and line isolation monitors.

• RCDs are more cost effective than the alternative transformer isolated supplies. Therefore they shall be used for all listed body and cardiac protected areas.

• Transformer isolated supplies may be used in selected cardiac protected areas provided that it can be justified on the basis of clinical needs.

3.6.3 Wiring system to socket outlet circuits • AS/NZS 3000:2007 currently requires the installation of 30mA RCDs on all general

lighting and power final sub-circuits in all areas of health facility buildings. 3.6.4 Ward areas generally • All zones within an inpatient ward that are designated as patient areas in accordance

with AS/NZS 3003 and therefore require either body or cardiac protection shall have 30mA or 10mA RCD protection for socket outlet circuits, as appropriate.

3.6.5 Protection of wet areas and trade areas • 30mA RCDs shall be installed where users function in a wet area or trade areas in the

repair of electrical equipment. − Wet areas generally comprise laboratories where electrical and conductive fluids exists, in x-ray dark rooms, kitchen and mortuary areas. − Trade areas generally comprise biomedical engineering, electrical and mechanical maintenance areas.

3.7. Provision of power points Refer to CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual. 3.8. Outlets and switches • All RCD protected outlets provided under AS/NZS 3003 shall be identified and labelled in

accordance with the standard. All other outlets and switches shall be labelled in accordance with AS/NZS 3000 and colour coded to AS/NZS 3003.

• Outlets in nurseries and children’s wards shall be fitted with safety shutters. 3.9. Lighting 3.9.1 General Comply with the requirements of CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual. 3.9.2 Power density – minimum energy performance requirement • The selection of lighting sources, luminaires and their control gear shall comply with the

regulatory limits prescribed in the BCA.



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• Except where specific lighting is required to meet the function of the critical care spaces, lighting shall consist of T5, compact fluorescent and/or LED fittings.

• The use of low voltage halogen lamps and the like shall be avoided. 3.9.3 Lighting control • The use of manual and/or automatic control of lighting in both administrative and patient

areas so that lighting ‘scenes’ can be selected for example, based on the ambient lighting conditions, or to account for different times of the day (day, evening) shall be considered. Table 11 notes standard schemes.

• Linking of interior perimeter light dimming systems, activated through daylight sensors shall be considered. This requires a collaborative design approach with the architect and HVAC engineer in order to maximise natural daylight whilst minimising energy gains.

• Artificial lighting control prescribed in the BCA, Section J6.3, shall be used where applicable (for example where parts of the facility have a separate building classification 3, 4, 5 or 6).

• Auto/off switches shall be provided to manually override the lighting control system if required.

Table 11: Standard preset lighting scenes

Standard preset lighting scenes (note these are to be tailored for the specific requirements of users) General ward Day General lighting locally switched

Night • Night lights switched manually from nurses station

• Patient reading light separately switched

Nurses station Day General lighting locally switched Night Task/over bench lighting locally

switched Ward corridor Day 24-hour timeclock control; consider

integrated daylight sensors Night Nightlights switched manually from

nurses station Interdepartmental corridor

Day/night Consider integrated use of timeclock control and movement sensors

3.9.4 Colour rendering • Colour corrected lamps shall be provided where required for clinical purposes. • Cyanosis lamps shall be provided where nominated by design codes or requested by

users. The use of cyanosis lamps shall be assessed on a project-by-project basis using the process noted in Figure 1.



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Figure 1: Design process for selection of special colour rendering lamps

3.9.5 Night lighting • Night lights shall be installed in all patient care areas and exit passages where normal

lighting levels will decrease at night. • Night lights shall be mounted at a low level and shall be low intensity and diffused. • Night light levels shall not interfere with patients’ sleep 3.9.6 Clinical lighting • A clinical observation light shall be provided where clinical observation is required. • A patient reading light shall be mounted at each bed head. • If the clinical observation light is not required to be colour-corrected, clinical observation

lighting and patient reading lighting can be incorporated into one fitting. 3.9.7 Security • Lighting shall be provided for security purposes where required based on site risk

assessment. • Refer also to requirements for security services in CIR, Sections 1, 2 and 3, Engineering

and infrastructure principles, manual and specifications. 3.10. Battery back-up • Battery back-up shall be provided for critical clinical systems based on site risk

assessment. 3.11. Clocks • Individual battery-operated clocks are highly reliable and relatively inexpensive and are

the preferred clock option. • Master/slave clocks shall only be installed in areas where access to clocks is difficult or

where time—for legal reasons—is required to be accurate over a number of similar rooms and where individual battery-operate clocks are considered unsatisfactory. Examples of such areas are operating suites and delivery rooms.

• The use of a network managed clock system (via an NTP server) shall be considered for cost effective delivery of a Master/slave clock system. This system may be integrated with other engineering services systems, such as nurse call.

3.12. Electro magnetic radiation • Designs shall comply with the requirements Australian Standards for electromagnetic

radiation and interference. • Remedial strategies shall be clearly documented to control EMF issues.



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3.13. Main switchboards • Main switchboards at all new healthcare facilities shall as a minimum be designed to the

following: − to withstand the maximum prospective fault level available with the maximum

substation transformer − shall be housed in a separate, accessible room, suitably ventilated and not subject to

flooding − divide the busbar system into separate ‘health facility essential’, 'fire essential' and

'non-essential' circuits, each segregated from the other by fixed and continuous barriers. Clearly label each segregated section of the busbar system

− MEN: Provide a bolted removable link in the incoming compartment, between the neutral and earth busbars

− Form 3B or higher to Australian Standards for Arc Fault Containment to AS/NZS 3439.1 Annex ZC. Tests: To AS/NZS 3439.1 Annex ZD

− front or rear connected, with a minimum of 1000 millimetres clearance in front of all switchboards

− parallel transfer switches be installed at the main switchboard for testing of the standby generator plant on live load in accordance with consultation with local network authority i.e. Ergon/Energex requirements

− 25 per cent spare capacity on all busbar sections − provide complete grading and discrimination of all switchgear throughout the

installation with the utility and standby generation system − service protection devices to be selected to grade with utility LV protection − surge protection at main switchboard to Australian Standard 1768 at point on entry

from external sources − power factor correction equipment to be installed − provision for the connection of a future cogeneration or tri-generation plant shall be

integrated into the design of the switchboard − main switchboard design and shop drawings shall be submitted to the local supply

authority for approval.

3.14. Lightning protection • The designer shall apply a separate risk assessment to each building within the

healthcare facility and where the risk assessment has deemed a lightning protection system necessary it shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of Australian Standard 1768.

• Where it is possible, the building roofing and structure shall be used for lightning protection to avoid separate air terminals and down conductors.

• If the roof and structure cannot be used, a traditional lightning protection system consist of air terminals, down conductors, earthing rods and equipotential bonding conductors shall be provided.

• Air terminals offering enhanced protection shall be spaced in accordance with Australian Standard 1768 for standard air terminals.

• As a minimum requirement overvoltage surge protection shall be installed at the main switchboard and at the point of entry into each building, to divert and attenuate the energy of a direct or indirect lightning strike and to reduce the opportunity for damage to the remainder of the electrical system.



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4. Security systems 4.1. Introduction The detailed requirements for security system are generally site specific. Solutions for security services design are not prescriptively specified to ensure that an appropriate risk assessment is conducted for each project and the security services provided are suitable. Refer to CIR, Volume 4, Section 1, Engineering and infrastructure principles for an outline of the requirements for security design and CIR, Volume 4, Section 2: Engineering and infrastructure manual for design assessment and process required. The key requirement for security services is that single site-wide platform for security within a site shall be provided. Multiple security systems for a single element (access control, CCTV) shall not be permitted. 4.2. Door and window security 4.2.1 Doors • External building perimeter doors shall be lockable. • Perimeter doors shall:

− be fitted with a quality single cylinder lockset that complies with fire regulations (refer to AS4145.2-1993/Amdt 1-1996 Locksets—Mechanical locksets for doors in buildings)

− have ‘boyd’ locking protection plates installed to external doors which open outwards − have a metal frame or have a strip of metal securely mounted to the frame from the

top to the bottom of the lock-side, with allowance for the lock tongue to be inserted − have protected hinge pins in order to resist removal by either replacing the existing

hinges with fixed pin, security butt hinges or having dog bolts installed to prevent pins being removed

− have entry alarms or warning buzzers fitted to doors that need to remain unlocked or open or to indicate that someone has entered the area

− have reed switches fitted to doors that are normally externally locked to signal when the doors are breached, chocked open or fail to close properly

− if fitted with glass panels, must be resistant to breakage and not shatter on impact. • After-hours public entry points, such as wards and external doors shall have access

controlled doors, with CCTV camera surveillance and intercoms (or video intercom) to allow screening of persons presenting at the door.

4.2.2 Windows • Entry through perimeter windows in existing facilities shall be minimised by:

− reinforcing windows to resist unauthorised entry − using heavy gauge glass bricks or laminated glass panels (in areas which require

natural light but no ventilation) that are securely mounted in the frame − permanently closing unused windows by fixing with bolts or screws − fitting key operated locks to all other windows − apply safety film to glass to resist breakage − glazing should be in accordance with Australian Standard 1288 as applicable to public

buildings − fully framed glazing to windows, doors partitions, glazing in balustrades and screens,

should comply with the Australian Standard 1288, Part 1. • Doors, sidelights, lights and windows subject to possible breakage, shall comply with

AS/NZS 2208, Safety glazing materials in buildings. Notwithstanding this, all entrance areas shall be glazed with safety glazing as these spaces can be the site for aggressive incidents.



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• Safety glass shall also be used for wall openings in activity areas, such as recreation and exercise rooms and for shower screens, internal doors and full height windows, including those in paediatric, mental health and emergency departments.

4.2.3 External screens and grilles • Security grilles and appropriate impact resistant glass or an electronic security system

shall be installed wherever high security areas have external windows, such as pharmacies, stores, workrooms and medical records areas.

• Special consideration shall be given to the design of counters in areas where the protection of staff from violence or criminal acts is required. The design issues shall include the provision of glazed screens; pass through documents/currency trays, communication systems, design of doors/hardware, viewing panels and partitions/ceilings adjacent to counters.

• The design shall provide for the type and level of violence anticipated such as liquids, objects and firearms. It may be necessary to seek advice from the police or an independent security consultant. Refer to AS/NZA 2208 Safety Glazing Materials in Buildings.

4.3. Treatment and interview rooms • Separate sound insulated rooms shall be provided to isolate distraught or emotionally

disturbed patients, families or friends; people with acute behavioural disturbance; and intoxicated or very noisy people.

• All treatment rooms, interview, consultation and meeting rooms that may be used by patients (of any kind) shall have: − preferably two doors on different walls to reduce risk of staff entrapment − duress alarm − if two doors are not feasible, the desk or staff seating position shall enable staff to

escape the room directly − a fitout configuration such that the staff member doesn’t sit with their back to the

patient while using a computer − glass observation panels on at least one door to allow casual observation by work

colleagues. 5. Fire services 5.1. Automatic fire sprinkler system 5.1.1 Water supply • The grade of water supply to a required sprinkler system shall not be less than specified

in specification E1.5 of the BCA. • Generally the grade of water supply required for health facilities include:

− for a building greater than 25 metres in effective height, grade one, except that a secondary water supply storage capacity of 25,000 litres may be used if:

i. the storage tank is located at the topmost storey of the building ii. the building occupancy is classified as no more hazardous than Ordinary

Hazard 2 (OH2) under Australian Standard 2118.1 iii. an operational fire brigade service is available to attend a building fire

− for a building not greater than 25 metres in effective height, at least grade 3. − for a building greater than 25 metres in effective height and consisting of an

occupancy greater than OH2 classification the required secondary water storage capacity shall be determined by full hydraulic calculations of the most favourable area. Automatic inflow to the tank can be incorporated in order to reduce the tanks required static capacity.



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• Grade one water supplies shall be connected to duplicate water sources. Each source shall be capable of providing the same pressure and rate of flow for the required time according to the hazard class.

• A grade one system shall generally consist of a town’s main connection and an onsite private storage tank.

• Two separate town’s main connections can constitute a grade one water supply provided the following additional requirements are met to ensure continuity of supply: − the mains shall either be independent or form part of an interconnected town mains

system having stop valves so arranged that in the event of a break down anywhere in the system, at least one of the mains to the installation shall remain operative

− the town’s main system shall be connected to more than one source − there shall be a branch connection from each main carried separately up to the

premises containing the installation. • A grade three water supply generally consists of a single town’s main connection.

However if the town’s main is incapable of providing the required flow rate an onsite private storage tank will generally be provided in lieu of a town’s main connection.

• Water supplied to the storage tank shall be automatically capable of refilling 100 per cent of the required tank storage capacity in less than six hours.

• For all grades of water supply if the town’s main alone is incapable of providing the required pressure unassisted an onsite automatic sprinkler electric or diesel booster pump shall be provided per town’s main connection.

• For all grades of water supply if an onsite sprinkler storage tank is provided and is incapable of providing the required pressure unassisted an onsite automatic sprinkler diesel booster pump shall be provided per tank.

• For major health facility with several separate buildings it is preferred to provide a looped underground fire main that is supplied by two separate town’s main connections via independent town’s mains to supply both the sprinkler, hydrant and hose reel systems.

5.1.2 Hazard categories • The hazard categories for each health facility need to be assessed independently,

however generally the following hazard categories shall apply under Australian Standard 2118: − light hazard occupancies (LH)—hospitals, medical and dental consulting rooms,

offices, residential portions of buildings, research and education rooms, ceiling or floor voids

− Ordinary hazard 1 occupancies (OH 1)—Plant rooms, restaurants and cafes − Ordinary hazard 2 occupancies (OH 2)—Car parks − Ordinary hazard 3 occupancies (OH 3)—Department and retail stores.

5.1.3 Sprinkler heads • Sprinkler heads shall comply with Australian Standard 2118.6 for the relevant hazard

class and be of the glass bulb type SSL and factory mutual approved for the site conditions. Heads shall be provided as follows: − LH occupancies with ceilings: ∅ 10 millimetres orifice, fast response and miniature

pendant type sprinkler heads. Sprinkler head finish and escutcheon plate type to be coordinated with architect

− LH Occupancies Without Ceilings: ∅ 10 millimetres orifice, fast response, brass finish sprinkler heads. Pendant, upright and/or conventional type to suit location

− OH occupancies with ceilings: ∅ 15 millimetres orifice, standard response and miniature pendant type sprinkler heads. Sprinkler head finish and escutcheon plate type to be coordinated with architect

− OH occupancies without ceilings: ∅ 15 millimetres orifice, standard response, brass finish sprinkler heads. Pendant, upright and/or conventional type to suit location



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− LH patient care areas with ceilings: ∅ 15 millimetres orifice, fast response and miniature pendant type, residential sprinkler heads. Sprinkler head finish and escutcheon plate type to be coordinated with architect

− Plant and car park areas: ∅ 15 millimetres orifice, standard response, brass finish sprinkler heads. Pendant, upright and/or conventional type to suit location

− Void spaces: ∅ 10 millimetres orifice, fast response, brass finish sprinkler heads. Pendant, upright and/or conventional type to suit location.

• Sprinkler head temperature ratings shall be in accordance with Australian Standard 2118.1.

Table 12: Sprinkler system location temperatures

Location Temperature °C Exposed heads out of direct sunlight 68°C Roof void 79°C Lift shaft and motor room 141°C Under kitchen exhaust hoods 141°C Kitchen exhaust hood associated ducts and plenums 182°C • The design of the sprinkler system shall not preclude the use of innovative sprinkler

heads such as extended coverage sprinklers and residential sprinklers.

5.1.4 Sprinkler control valve assembly • Wet systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed

spaces but including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control, including tail-end extensions does not exceed 9000m2 for light and ordinary hazard installations.

• Include in the sprinkler control valve assembly and associated components everything necessary for the function of the system and at least the following: − main stop valve: 0.S and Y type with flange connection, hand wheel, right handed or

monitored butterfly valve − alarm valve: Flanged connection, installed immediately above each main stop valve,

operates on fall in sprinkler system pressure − mounted approximately 1400 mm above the floor level − 50 millimetres drain valve and 15 millimetres test valve piped to local waste, including

screwed inspection plugs in the drain line for viewing of leaks in multiple valve installations

− connection to water motor gong, fire trip direct local fire brigade alarm and pumps − pressure switches − installation pressure gauges − retard chamber − trim listed with alarm valve − low pressure drop − proving line with throttling valve and measuring tapings.

• Sprinkler control valve assemblies shall be located in a secure room or enclosure which has direct egress to a road or open space.

• All sprinkler valve rooms and enclosures must be secured with a system suitable for use by the fire brigade.



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5.2. Hydrant and hose reel system 5.2.1 Water supply • The water supply for a hydrant and hose reel system shall be via a town’s main

connection. The minimum capacity of the source of water supply for the fire hydrant and hose reel system shall be not less than that necessary to satisfy the minimum flow rates specified in Australian Standard 2419.1, Clause 2.3.1 or 3.3, as appropriate for a duration of no less than four hours. Generally for health facilities the minimum flow rate will be 10 L/s per hydrant and two hydrants will be required to operate simultaneously.

• On-site water storage shall be provided where: − the off-site source (towns main) has insufficient capacity or is unable to achieve the

required flow rates − the building has an effective height in excess of 25 metres − the water agency requires the installation of a break tank.

• Where on-site storage is provided to satisfy the first point above it shall have a capacity appropriate to the circumstances.

• Where on-site storage is provided to only satisfy the second or third point above, it shall be not less than 25,000 litres.

• The on-site storage shall be arranged so that during any maintenance at least 50 per cent of the required volume remains available for use.

• Water supplied to the storage tank shall be automatically capable of refilling 50 per cent of the required tank storage capacity in less than 24 hours.

• If the towns main alone is incapable of providing the required pressure unassisted an onsite automatic hydrant diesel booster pump shall be provided per town’s main connection.

• If a pumproom is provided within the building it shall have a door opening to a road or open space, or a door opening to fire-isolated passage or stair which leads to a road or open space and except where the building is sprinklered, enclosed with walls with an FRL not less than that prescribed by the BCA.

• If an on-site hydrant storage tank is provided and is incapable of providing the required pressure unassisted an onsite automatic hydrant diesel booster pump and automatic hydrant electric booster pump shall be provided per tank.

• For major health facilities with several separate buildings it is preferred to provide a looped underground fire main that is supplied by two separate town’s main connections via independent town’s mains to supply both the sprinkler, hydrant and hose reel systems.

5.2.2 Hydrant fire brigade booster connection • A hydrant fire brigade sprinkler booster assembly shall be fitted to each fire hydrant

system where: − internal fire hydrants are installed:

external on-site fire hydrants are installed more than 20m from a fire brigade pumping appliance hardstand

more than 6 external on-site above ground fire hydrants are installed − a pump set is installed

on-site storage tanks are installed. • More than one external on site fire hydrant is required to serve a building where the floor

area of any fire compartment is greater than 2000 m2. • The booster connection must comply with the requirements of the local fire authority and

Australian Standard 2419 and shall: − be located outside at the main entrance to the building and in a position that is readily

accessible to fire brigade personnel − include a dial pressure gauge up to 2000 kPa with the maximum installation test

pressure marked on it



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− be labelled the booster ‘HYDRANT BOOSTER CONNECTION’ in 50 millimetres high lettering being white on a red background. Firmly attach the sign on or next to the booster for clear identification

− located approximately 750 millimetres above the external ground level − have two inlets (minimum), the required number of inlets is to be determined by full

hydraulic calculations − have notice of working and testing pressure signage and site block plan installed

adjacent to the hydrant booster arrangement.

5.2.3 Fire hydrants • External fire hydrants shall be installed on a 100 millimetres flanged branch directly from

the main. • Each external fire hydrant shall have two valve controlled outlets. Provide wire tie and

lead seal to each valve/handwheel. • Internal fire hydrants shall be installed on a 100mm branch directly from the main.

Internal hydrants shall be located generally in each required fire isolated exit or with four metres of non-fire rated required exits. Each internal fire hydrant shall have a single valve controlled outlet.

5.2.4 Fire hose reels • Manufacture fire hose reels in accordance with Australian Standard 1221, installed to

Australian Standard 2441 and be approved by the local fire authority. • Hose length of 36 metres shall be provided unless noted otherwise with a 20 millimetres

outside diameter 3 ply rubber hose and 6.5 mm internal nozzle diameters. • The nozzle must be twist adjustable for on and off control and interlocked with the hose

reel stop cock. • Water supply pipework shall not be less than 25 millimetres nominal diameter. • The centre of the reel hub shall be mounted 1500 above the floor and display the

operating instructions. The mounting stand or bracket shall suit the installation. 5.2.5 Hydraulic calculations • Full hydraulic calculations shall be provided for the system(s) in accordance with the

duties set down in Australian Standard 2419.1, Section 2.3, tables 2.2 and 2.3 and the requirements of Queensland Fire and Rescue Service (QFRS).

• Seek approval from QFRS for the installation, including by not limited to submission of forms, drawings, calculations and payment of fees.

5.2.6 Block plan • A block plan shall be provided at each hydrant booster, fire control room and pump room

to include, but not be limited to, the following: − area and hazards protected by each installation including drawing with approximate

scale (plan and elevation) − water supplies and capacities including street hydrants locations − main stop valve − main pump duty and location − main switchboard location − year of installation and/or modification − hydraulically most favourable and unfavourable area of operation, including pressure

and flow requirements − system schematic − underground piping and valves.

• A photostat copy of the block plan shall be provided within the installation manual.



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5.2.7 System monitoring and interfacing • Provide anti-tamper protection to selected valves by the provision of monitoring switches

connected to the FIP. The switch is to monitor the open position of the valve and is to register an alarm should the valve be operated without the monitoring circuit being isolated.

• For outside screw and yoke valves provide a supervisory switch similar to a potter or amtron OSYSU services switch or approved equal.

• Provide electrical monitoring of sprinkler electric and diesel pumps and water storage tanks via the FIP, this is to include: − electric pump monitoring:

pump standby pump fail pump run

− diesel pump monitoring: pump standby pump run pump fail fault low fuel level fuel level

− water storage tank monitoring: high level sprinkler tank low level sprinkler tank.

• All electrical monitoring is to be interfaced with the BMS via the FIP. 5.3. Portable fire extinguishers • Provide fire extinguishers in accordance with Australian Standard 2444 and as indicated

on the drawings. Generally use 4A:60B (E) type extinguishers. • Locate in other areas as required by the BCA and by QFRS. • Portable fire extinguishers shall comply as follows:

− classified rated in accordance with Australian Standard 1850 − general requirements Australian Standard 1841.1 − water type shall comply with Australian Standard 1841.2 − wet chemical type shall comply with Australian Standard 1841.3 − foam type shall comply with Australian Standard 1841.4 − dry chemical powder type shall comply with Australian Standard 1841.5 − CO2 type shall comply with Australian Standard 1841.6 − vaporising – liquid type shall comply with Australian Standard 1841.7 − indicator signs in accordance with Australian Standard 2444.

• Extinguishes shall be mounted on a bracket so that the top of the extinguisher is not more than 1200 millimetres and the bottom is not less than 100 millimetres above the adjacent floor level.

• Where an extinguisher is available with two or more product weights for the same rating the larger product weight extinguisher shall be selected.

5.4. Fire detection and alarm system In addition to the requirements noted in CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual, the following shall apply: • A fire detection and alarm system is required in accordance with the latest relevant BCA,

Part E2. • Australian Standard 1670 and 1668 detectors are required for fire fan operation, serviced

residential apartments and to electrical switch rooms and the like.



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• Fire Fans Control Panel shall be integrated with the FIP to control mechanical plant in fire mode. Interface to mechanical services equipment at mechanical control panels.

• Smoke detectors shall be installed to comply with BCA, Australian Standard 1670 and 1668 requirements. These areas include: − adjacent to lift landing doors − relief/return air grille − fire stair doors − within air-handling return/supply air duct.

• As per Australian Standard 1668.1 requirements, smoke detectors shall also be installed on an extended spacing throughout the occupied space, in smoke migratory paths.

• All system componentry and equipment shall be Australian made and approved and tested for its intended use. All systems are to be non-proprietary systems.

5.5. Occupant warning system • The occupant warning system shall be provided in accordance with the BCA, standards

and QFRS requirements. • Visual occupant warning shall be provided in patient care areas as a supplement to

reduced volume audible fire alarm signals, both to minimise trauma to patients in the area and to limit the alarm warnings being heard in adjacent areas which are not at risk.

• An emergency intercommunication system shall be provided, integrated with the occupant warning system and including warden intercom phones (WIPs) at selected staff stations and within each functional building zone to permit voice communication between staff members during management of an emergency or evacuation of occupants.

• Manual call points must be installed in evacuation routes so that no point on a floor is more than 30 metres from a manual call point.

5.6. Testing, commissioning and maintenance 5.6.1 General • Full functional testing of the installation of the works shall be provided for:

− fire sprinkler system − hydrant and fire hose reels − fire pumpsets − hydrant booster − detection system − emergency warning and intercommunication system − portable fire extinguishers − building fire mode control testing − hot smoke testing in accordance with the fire service − fan integrity tests to gas flooded rooms.

• On completion of each system or sub-system and before practical completion, satisfactorily complete the commissioning tests as noted below.

• All testing shall be completed in sufficient time to allow for a 14 day trial period prior to building occupation, during which no fault or instability shall occur. Faults shall result in a reset of the fourteen day timebar following rectification and re-testing.

• All test results shall be recorded, signed and dated. 5.6.2 Sprinkler system testing • Testing shall include:

− pressure test all pipework to the greater of 1400 kPa or 400 kPa above the maximum static working pressure in accordance with Australian Standard 2118.1 for two hours.

− test all concealed pipework before it is concealed. − should the pressure fall during the test, rectify all leaks and retest.



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− copies of piping test reports shall be provided and included in the operating and maintenance manuals.

• The whole system shall be tested on completion to prove all systems are sealed properly. • The flow proving line shall be used demonstrate the pressure and flows of each system. 5.6.3 Hydrant and hose reel system testing • Testing shall include:

− pressure test all pipework to the greater of 1700 kPa or 1.5 times the maximum working pressure for two hours

− test all concealed pipework before it is concealed − should the pressure fall during the test, rectify all leaks and retest − copies of piping test reports shall be provided and included in the operating and

maintenance manuals. • The whole system shall be tested on completion to prove all systems are sealed properly. • A flow test shall be provided to demonstrate the system operation. 5.6.4 Automatic fire detection and alarm system testing • Commission and test systems to Australian Standard 1670 and 1603 all parts where

required. • Additional tests shall be provided where required by QFRS. • A two day training seminar shall be provided for staff in the use of the EWIS and fire

detection systems. 5.6.5 Emergency warning and intercommunication system testing • Testing and commissioning of the installation shall be in accordance with Australian

Standard 1670.4, Section 6, including all applicable appendices. • The whole system shall be tested on completion to prove operation. • Copies of test reports shall be provided and included in the operating and maintenance

manuals. 5.6.6 Building fire mode control testing • The complete operation of all building services in fire mode shall be proved via system

integration testing. • Specialist building services trades shall attend testing, including:

− fire alarm and emergency warning system installer − fire sprinkler/hydrant system installer − access control and security system installer − mechanical services contractor − electrical services contractor − building management system installer.

• On the day of the test all plant shall be set in automatic mode of operation. Failure of systems integrations will require complete retesting to prove satisfactory operation.

5.7. Maintenance • Allowance shall be made within designs for on-going maintenance and testing for the fire

services installations in accordance with Australian Standard 1851. • The exact maintenance requirements shall be confirmed with building certifier, QRFS and

facility maintenance staff (BEMS).



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5.8. Integration with other services • Operation of other building services in fire mode must be carried out under the control of

the fire systems to ensure that they operate as per the agreed fire safety strategy and the emergency procedures developed by the health facility.

• Interfaces shall be provided between the fire detection system and the following other building services systems: − mechanical ventilation used for smoke hazard management − general air conditioning systems − specialised air conditioning or ventilation systems − emergency lighting and exit signage − building management systems − security and access control systems − automatic door operators − door holders for doors in fire or smoke compartment walls − elevators (lifts) to assist in controlled vertical evacuation.

• The level of integration may vary, however the overriding factor shall be that in fire mode operation, all equipment either fails to a pre-determined safe position, or operates under the control of the fire indicator panel or under direct manual control by the fire brigade or other authorised person.

5.9. Integration with other facility buildings • The level of integration shall be determined by the level of functional interaction required

between these buildings. • Existing buildings which have direct pedestrian links with the new building may be

required to operate or function in specific ways to aid in maintaining agreed fire safety levels and shall therefore require some integration of systems to enable this to occur.

• Other existing buildings which are stand-alone shall generally not require any integration. • The level of integration of fire brigade alarm signals and the details of the alarm

messages to be sent to the fire brigade, shall be discussed with QFRS in order to ensure they facilitate brigade operations and comply with any existing procedures being retained.

5.10. Water saving initiatives Water saving initiatives shall be used in design and shall include the following items. 5.10.1 Sprinkler systems • The installation of an on-floor electrically monitored isolation valve for each level so that

each level can be drained and isolated only. This will prevent the entire installation being drained and avoid large sections of the building being isolated during maintenance or alterations.

• The installation per level of a zone check automatic flow switch test. This test allows the maintenance fire contractor to test the flow switch without having to drain water as it circulates the water around the existing pipe reticulation.

• For the secondary water supply, the sprinkler water storage tank and sprinkler diesel pump, that an annubar test line be installed so that it discharges back into the sprinkler water storage tank so that it re-circulates and no water is discharged into the sewer.

• Provision of a separate holding storage tank and re-use for irrigation for the primary water supply annubar test line, the town’s main plus the sprinkler electric pump instead of discharging to sewer.

5.10.2 Hydrant systems • The installation of an annubar test line downstream of the hydrant booster pumps and

discharge the test line back into the hydrant water storage tank.



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• Provision of a separate holding storage tank and re-use for irrigation for the town’s main annubar test line instead of discharging it to sewer.

6. Hydraulic services 6.1. Introduction Refer to CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual for general requirements. 6.2. General reticulation requirements 6.2.1 Design pressure and velocity • The design of water piping systems shall achieve 200kPa minimum static water pressure

and a maximum water pressure of 500kPa. • The maximum velocity of water within pipework shall be limited to 1.5 metres per second, 6.2.2 Piping reticulation • Pipe sizing shall be calculated based upon a probable simultaneous demand. • The design shall allow for domestic hot water or warm water draw off loads to all sanitary

fixtures utilising an accepted diversity factor based on recommended probability of simultaneous use.

• All potable water pipework should be constructed of copper.

6.2.3 Water Quality • Maintain water quality in accordance with Sub-section 4.6 of the CIR Volume 4, Section

1. • Water treatment and monitoring equipment shall be designed by a specialist. • Consider delivery requirements for any chemicals. • Allow for containment of possible chemical spills. • Ensure all chemical injection ports do not exacerbate pipe corrosion (e.g. design injection

systems which prevent contact of concentrated, corrosive chemicals with susceptible pipe materials).

6.3. Sanitary plumbing and drainage 6.3.1 WC pans • WC pans shall be pedestal type with a flush-to-floor concealed trap connection and shall

be suitable for disabled persons use in compliance with Australian Standards. • Only when justified by cost analyses are wall hung WC pans or wall flush back pans

acceptable. • WC pans shall be provided with white open front seats (mixed sex use) where

appropriate, constructed of solid section, high quality, scratch resistant thermosetting plastic with soft close hinges. Seat covers shall only be provided to WC pans located in shower rooms or bathrooms.

• WC pans shall be provided with cisterns and dual flushing buttons, pads or levers. Concealed in-wall cisterns shall only be provided where architectural constraints demand.

• Flushing valves (either tank or mains-fed) shall be subject to cost justification. 6.3.2 Patient and public use basins • Basins for use by patients and the public shall be selected on the basis of the total cost to

install including the cost of any associated supports, vanity. • In general on stud walls patient-use basins shall be simple support vanity type with wall-

mounted cocks with self-draining spout. On masonry walls, wall-hung basins may be cost effective.



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• Basin shall be provided with 40 millimetres metal chrome plated ‘P’ or bottle trap with in-wall waste pipe. Integral trap basins shall be not be used except in disabled persons toilets.

• Subject to economic justification, single lever pillar taps may be used. • Supplies to taps shall be colour coded.

− Yellow: Warm water 38–43.5ºC − Blue: Cold 15ºC − Red: Hot water 50ºC and above (not for use in patient care areas).

6.3.3 Scrub basins • Scrub basins shall only be installed where a demonstrated clinical need for scrub

facilities exists. • Scrub basins shall be supported from masonry or suitably reinforced stud wall

construction. • Scrub taps shall be elbow action or knee action with wall mounted self draining spout. • Temperature controlled water shall be provided in accordance with warm water practice. 6.3.4 Scrub troughs • Scrub troughs (refer to Australian Standard 1756—household sinks) shall be fabricated

from stainless steel grade 302 1.2mm thick. • Scrub troughs shall be provided with single lever down cast spray elbow action taps,

knee operated or sensor taps. Client request for knee-operated or sensor taps may be approved if justified. These shall be supplied from a temperature adjustable thermostatic mixer valve.

• Only where clinical justification can be established shall hands free proximity switch or similarly activated sprays be provided. Where provided, such taps shall incorporate a timer and TMV temperature control and be of modular electronic design suitable for easy component replacement.

• Consideration shall be given to the incorporation of modular electronic temperature control and operation, however these more sophisticated methods of control will need to be justified as part of a cost in use analysis.

6.3.5 Showers • Showers shall be provided with slide rail telephone-type handsets and flexible hose. Slide

rails shall be 32 mm stainless steel securely fixed as a grab rail. Hoses shall extend 1800 from wall mounting and terminate not less than 150 millimetres above the flood level of the shower floor. Handsets shall be impact resistant. White plastic hoses shall be minimum 15 millimetres reinforced plastic material.

• Consideration shall be given to the methods of limiting stagnant water in handsprays and the periodic sterilisation of such.

• Particular attention shall be provided to sealing shower outlets effectively to a continuous water proof membrane. The membrane which shall prevent the transmission of water via the interface between floor waste risers passing through floors.

• The floor of en suite rooms shall be graded from door of room to floor waste outlet. At an early stage of planning, incorporate a set down into concrete floor so that provision is made for graded floor.

6.3.6 Sinks • Sinks shall be constructed of stainless steel with wall-mounted taps and local isolation

taps. Where appropriate, provide lever action single mixer tap rather than hot and cold sink set taps.

• Sinks for domestic applications of a non-medical nature shall be standard commercial products.



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• Non standard fabricated stainless steel sinks shall only be provided in kitchens or where a clinical need can be demonstrated.

• Sinks shall be complete with stainless steel on plastic 50 millimetres waste outlets. Provide loose fitting plastic plug.

6.3.7 Urinals • Wall hung ceramic urinals with manual cisterns shall be used in preference to stainless

steel urinals or electronic flushing devices. • Stand on grate stainless steel urinals shall not be used. • Automatic urinal flush cisterns shall not be used. • The use of water less urinals shall be considered as part of the overall water saving

measures. Their incorporation shall be subject to a detailed cost in use exercise as the replacement of fragrance inserts and additional cleaning requirements may not be viable when compared to the cost of water especially if the water is reclaimed.

6.3.8 Baths • Baths shall be constructed of thermoplastic and shall have wall mounted cocks. • Flow rates to baths shall allow a quick fill time (20 millimetres inlet outlet cocks and

services shall be provided). • Cleaning regimes shall utilise non abrasive cleaning materials. 6.3.9 Flow control • Water flow to showers shall be determined by flow required from selected shower outlet

for 10 minute duration. • Diversity of flow shall be applied to the number of showers in the facility. • Water conservation by terminal fitting flow control is considered important to water

quantities used by healthcare facilities at fixtures which provide a continuous flow, such as showers and basins. Where a filled fixture (such as bath or pot sink) is provided, the fill time shall not be increased by excessive flow control.

6.3.10 Isolation • Individual isolation shall be provided where the architectural layout is such that group

isolation to basins is not economical. • Individual mini taps shall be used for hot and cold service flow control where required. 6.4. Trade waste 6.4.1 Introduction • Wastes which are not acceptable for direct discharge to sewer mains shall be identified

and a method incorporated in the design that will treat or break down the strength or temperature of the liquid waste so that compliance with.

6.4.2 Alternative approaches to pre-treatment • Assumptions shall not be made regarding the type and strength of liquid waste that may

be generated from areas of health facilities. • At scheme design stage of planning, written statements from users shall be obtained

regarding the frequency, quantity and strength of liquid tradewaste which may be generated and ask the water authority for an opinion regarding appropriate method of treatment. Liquid tradewaste treatment may be assumed and it may not be necessary.

• As part of the scheme design phase of the project a ‘waste audit’ shall be undertaken for all types of waste (solid or liquid). The audit can then be used to assist in deciding the most appropriate ways of dealing with the waste.

• Options for dealing with trade waste shall be, in order of preference: − eliminate or minimise the waste



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− pre-treat the waste before discharge to sewer − reduce the concentration of contaminants to acceptable levels − separate the waste and have it removed from the site by other means (usually

contractor).

6.4.3 Regulatory standards • The following shall not be disposed of to the sewerage system:

− hypodermic needles − syringes − instruments − utensils swabs − dressings − bandages paper or plastic items − any portions of human or animal anatomy − infectious and solid waste subject to agreement of the regulation authority.

6.4.4 Grease traps • All waste pipework shall be insulated and trace heated to guard against grease

deposition whilst in transit to the grease arrestor where temperatures cannot be guaranteed.

• Where pre-cooked meals are produced off site and re-constituted on site the provision for grease treatment shall be adjusted in accordance with the on site load.

• Should washing up be undertaken on site and cooking off site, grease trap provisions related to 50 per cent of full load calculations shall be offered to authorities for negotiation and approval.

• Grease traps shall be of the type approved for use by the local authority. • Grease traps generate corrosive fumes and the use of copper materials with grease

wastes shall be avoided. • Grease traps shall be located on site in a position accessible from outside of the building

without need to interrupt any services and which is easily accessible for tanker vehicle access. − Should the grease arrestor be located internally of the building, a suitably sized and

ventilated room shall be provided above the arrestor to allow cleaning and to ensure objectionable odours do not escape into other areas of the facility.

• The designer shall review in detail the grease producing facilities and assess whether small packaged under bench grease control measures are appropriate for use in the facility.

• All pre-treatment waste systems, such as dilution pits, arresters and strainer baskets shall be located in the service/dirty zones of the department if the system cannot be installed externally.

• The direct pumping of grease waste shall be avoided. − Where provision for pumping of the grease arrestor for maintenance purposes only,

then a permanent pump-out pipe link to a disposal point shall be provided if no alternative exists.

− Pumps shall be a positive displacement helical screw type. − Mobile pump arrangements provided by the cleaning service are preferred to in-house

pump systems. Where practicable locating pump points above stainless steel traps should be considered.

6.4.5 Plaster traps • Plaster traps shall have easy access for emptying and cleaning. • Traps shall be located outside the treatment room or shall be accessible from outside the

room. Servicing should be able to be carried out with minimum disruption.



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6.5. Stormwater drainage 6.5.1 General Refer also to CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual. 6.5.2 Surface stormwater • The minimum design criteria for surface water collection shall be based on local and

regional rainfall criteria. • The requirements for increased surface run-off in tropical areas shall be considered. 6.5.3 Stormwater detention • Where required by the local authority, a stormwater drainage system that will collect roof

water and surface water runoff shall be installed in accordance with local council requirements.

• The piping system shall generally be configured to cater for the 100 year storm, lesser intensities can be considered where the risk of flooding is not high i.e. canopies. The designer shall undertake a full review of the roofs and identify those that are critical before reducing the return frequency.

• Under no circumstances shall the return frequency be less than 20 years. • Stormwater is to flow through a series of pipelines and pits and gravitate to an on-site

stormwater detention basin. The stormwater shall then discharge into council’s system for the area, waterway, or storage system.

6.5.4 Stormwater retention • Where required by the local authority, a stormwater drainage system that will collect roof

water and surface water runoff in accordance with local council requirements shall be installed.

• The stormwater shall flow through a series of pipelines and pits and then treated for impurities, before infiltration into a number of in-ground absorption pits.

6.5.5 Roof drainage • Roof rainwater collection systems shall be designed to cater for a storm event suitable for

the area of design. Particular attention shall be made to tropical areas and the requirements for increased rainwater discharge.

• Roof drainage systems shall be designed to incorporate separate overflow relief discharges to minimise roof gutter overflow and consequent building damage and service interruptions. Overflows shall be located in a safe but visible location.

• Methods of preventing leaf build up in gutters shall be incorporated into the design to prevent building damage and service interruption due to gutter overflow.

• Box gutters shall not be used for health care facilities. Eaves gutters or fail safe design are required.

• All gutters and external downpipes shall be manufactured from high grade (316) stainless steel to maximise life expectancy.

6.6. Water storage for reuse 6.6.1 General • Water storage and reuse shall comply with all local, state and federal regulations

associated with water efficiency, health and safety and public health.



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6.6.2 Roof water • It is not recommended that roof water be used for potable use in healthcare facilities.

Where it is proposed for non-potable use (such as garden watering), it shall not be used in a way where aerosols can be generated and inhaled.

6.6.3 Grey water • Collection of shower, bath and basin waste shall be assessed with a life cycle costing

analysis to determine if the collection of grey water is acceptable and if the local authority will allow it.

• The assessment shall review the types of treatment necessary to ensure human health is not compromised.

• Grey water shall not be used in a way where there is potential for aerosols to be generated.

6.7. Heat recovery systems • Solar energy as a heat source for water heating within Queensland shall be used for all

facilities. • Heat recovery from other plant and equipment, particularly major mechanical plant, shall

be investigated and applied based on life-cycle costing analysis. 6.8. Pumping systems and deep excavation • Pumping systems for sewer, stormwater and water supply shall be avoided if other

means are available. • Systems, positions of risers, improved grading and other planning decisions shall be

revised to eliminate the need for pumping. • Prudent design shall be exercised to avoid excessively deep drainage. Pumping may be

unavoidable where the cost effectiveness of full gravity drainage is not viable. 6.9. Landscape irrigation • Landscape irrigation systems shall be avoided where possible. Planting should comprise

native plants suitable for the geographical location. • Landscape contracts shall include a significant plant stabilisation period to establish self-

sustaining growth. • Landscape watering, where provided, shall comprise local hose cocks with manual local

controlled satellite systems. • Recycled or non-mains water shall be used for landscape irrigation where provided. • Self-activated tractor sprinklers shall be utilised for large grassed areas. • Where automatic irrigation systems are unavoidable, dripper or subsoil systems shall be

provided in preference to spray systems. 6.10. Gas service installations • The gas service installation is to be designed and installed in accordance with:

− Australian Standard 5601 gas installations − AS/NZS 1596 the storage and handling of LP gas − local authority requirements.

6.10.1 Natural gas • Where natural gas is available, it shall be used in preference to LP gas. • The incoming pipeline shall be a metered service with associated regulator and located in

an appropriate position on the property. • All necessary safety valves and equipment shall be provided as per standards and

authority requirements, including QFRS.



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6.10.2 LP gas • An LPG storage tank shall be located in a safe and secure area where it is accessible to

service vehicles. • The LPG tank shall have with lockable hinged steel dome cover to valve and regulator

complete with hinge pins, padlock and keys. • The tank size shall ensure that the time between refilling is not less than three weeks at

maximum daily load, subject to a site risk assessment necessitating greater capacity. • The LPG tank shall be installed on a minimum of 100 millimetres thick reinforced

concrete slab designed by the structural engineer to suit the ground conditions. • An 1800 millimetres high chain wire fence security with galvanised steel posts and

galvanised steel top and bottom rails shall be provided. • Appropriate fire protection facilities shall be installed. • Kitchens shall be provided with appropriately labelled gas isolation valve/s at the main

entry point for isolation in event of fire. • The LPG service and pipework shall be sized for natural gas to enable easy conversion

should natural gas become available to the site in the future.



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7. Lifts 7.1. General Refer also to CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual for requirements for lift services. 7.2. Number of Lifts • The number of lifts required for a health facility building shall be determined by the peak

two way traffic requirements in terms of the following: − number of people and vehicles (trolleys) requiring the lift service during the peak

period, peak traffic or peak period is not defined in the guideline. Examples potentially giving rise to peak traffic periods would be staff shift changeovers, visiting times, meal times, casualty or outpatient overloads

− handling capacity of the proposed lifts (i.e. the number of passengers and vehicles the lift system can transport in a five minute peak period)

− the extent of two way traffic during the peak period − whether it is desirable to group all lifts together. Consideration should be given to the

separation of general public and specialised patient lifts in larger health facility situations and the effect this has on the budget.

• Detailed traffic analysis and performance calculations shall be carried out during the early planning stage of the project to determine the number of lifts required and their optimum grouping and location.

• Should the results of the traffic study indicate that only one lift is required for both ambulant and non-ambulant patients, one additional lift of the same type shall be provided in case of one lift being put out of service for routine maintenance or due to equipment faults. Both lifts shall be grouped together but may be located in separate fire rated shafts.

7.3. Type and mix of lifts • The types and mix of lifts shall be assessed based on the following criteria:

− bed/passenger lifts are to be used for both people and vehicular traffic for moving goods and patients on trolleys

− orthopaedic bed/passenger lifts may be used in place of bed/passenger lifts provided that the need for a larger lift car can be justified on the basis of clinical need

− consideration may be given to a separate food services lift for meal delivery. However, justification for the provision is required.

• For lift installations with four or more cars, the lift car entrance at the main landing for loading of food trolleys and other supplies trolleys shall be separated from the normal lift lobby.

• Where functionally allowable patient and public lifts shall be separated. • Exclusions:

− Dedicated Food services lift(s) is/are not required.* Express services can be provided by the provision of special key control in the lift control system.

− Dedicated ‘dirty’ goods lift(s) is/are not required. − Lifts used for waste/dirty goods shall not be planned for dual use as food services

lifts.

7.4. Drive systems • Machine room-less and conventional overhead traction type lifts shall be considered to

maximise efficiency and minimise plant requirements. • Hydraulic lifts shall only be considered suitable for the following applications:

− Low rise health facility of up to two landings and not more than five metre travel



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− Very large capacity low rise applications.

7.5. Lift controls 7.5.1 General • Each lift group shall be controlled by a common control system, facing lifts being

considered as a single controlled group. • The control systems shall be microprocessor based. • A special service control facility accessed from within the lift car, shall also be provided to

permit authorised staff to secure exclusive service of the designated lift(s) for medical emergencies or routine meal delivery.

• An interface shall be provided to the security system which shall allow the specification of a priority call from security for operational emergencies, building security and fire.

7.5.2 Operation under emergency control • The lift control system shall be capable of operating the lifts on emergency power in the

following manner: − immobilise lifts already stopped at the main landing − bring remaining lifts, one at a time, to the main landing in sequence − permit one or more designated lift(s) to then return to and remain in service as

determined by the available capacity of the emergency power supply. • All critical health facility operations lifts shall run as per normal service requirements

when on emergency power. Generators shall be sized to accommodate all such lift loads. 7.6. Earthquake protection • The lift design and installation shall incorporate earthquake provisions in accordance with

the Australian standard Australian Standard 1170.4 (with Supplement 1) Earthquake loads.

7.7. Traffic analysis and lift performance • Refer to CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1, Engineering and infrastructure principles for

discussion of providing a lift traffic assessment. 7.8. Lift car—sizes and finishes 7.8.1 Lift car sizes • A bed/passenger lift shall have a minimum clear size of 1600 millimetres wide between

hand/bump rails x 2360 millimetres deep x 2300 millimetres high to the underside of the lift car ceiling and be provided with hand/bump rail all round and a skirting as specified in Section 22 of the Lift Code Australian Standard 1735, Part 2.

• A bigger car size, 1800 millimetres wide between hand/bump rails x 2675 millimetres deep x 2300 millimetres high to the underside of the lift car ceiling, shall be provided where appropriate to accommodate orthopaedic and intensive care beds.

• Where there are project specific requirements for other lift sizes (e.g. helicopter trauma lift), these shall be sized based on site needs assessment of size, speed and number of lifts.

7.8.2 Finishes • Lift car finishes shall be cleanable and chemical resistant. • Car finishes shall be free from edges, ledges and joins which would impact on infection

control. • Car floors shall be hard-wearing, durable and may be selected to meet architectural

requirements.



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8. Medical gases 8.1. Medical gas purity Refer to CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual. 8.2. Sources of supply and backup provisions 8.2.1 General • Gas consumption shall be estimated as normal average consumption. • The time taken to obtain an alternative source shall be estimated on a worst case basis,

i.e. as occurring late at night, on holidays or weekends. • The types, capacities and locations of primary and reserve sources of supply shall be

based on both system design parameters and the need for supply security, identified by a risk assessment during the planning stage. Security of medical air supplies must be given a high priority.

• Total electrical failure shall not be allowed to jeopardise supplies and all medical air systems must be supported by an appropriate fully automatic manifold.

8.2.2 Special care locations • For medical gas pipeline systems in special care locations where patients are dependent

on specific gases, a complete alternative local source, for the area, of such dependent gas or gases shall be installed if only a local area failure alarm is provided.

• If an emergency gas supply alarm is provided, the capacity of the emergency gas supply shall be such that it should continue to supply for a time estimated to be twice that required to obtain an additional gas supply.

8.3. Oxygen systems 8.3.1 Cryogenic liquid systems • Where used the cryogenic supply system shall consist of at least three sources of supply,

namely primary, secondary and emergency supply. • The secondary supply, which is contained within the liquid oxygen cryogenic vessel, shall

contain at least an average day’s requirements unless delivery schedules and the site medical gas risk assessment indicate that a greater volume should be held.

• The emergency supply shall contain at least an average day’s requirements unless delivery schedules and the site medical gas risk assessment indicate that a greater volume should be held.

• The emergency supply shall be so arranged that, when operating, the gas supply to the pipeline distribution system can be maintained indefinitely without interruption.

• The emergency supply shall consist of at least one of the following systems: − a cylinder manifold containing at least two banks of cylinders − a system of permanently manifolded cylinders contained in road trailers or packs − a system of cryogenic vessels or containers such as vacuum-insulated evaporators (VIE), portable liquid containers, pallet tanks.

• Regardless of which system above is selected, the contents of the emergency supply shall be monitored continuously and shall activate an alarm on the warning system when a loss of 25 per cent of contents is detected.

• In cryogenic liquid systems an inlet to the system for connecting a temporary auxiliary source of gas supply for emergency situations shall be incorporated in a location that is easily accessible as a service facility inlet. The inlet shall be physically protected to prevent tampering and unauthorized access and shall have a gas specific inlet.



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8.3.2 Oxygen demand • When designing or reviewing an installation to supply medical oxygen to a healthcare

facility, the most appropriate method of supplying the gas shall be determined by the potential size and variability of the facility medical oxygen demand.

• To determine the most suitable and cost-effective method of supplying medical oxygen and the appropriate size of the installation, comprehensive demand figures shall be provided to the designer. These demand figures should be based on: − the current average daily gas usage based on the past 12 months’ supplies − the maximum potential daily demand volumes based on peak flow conditions, as

below − any planned extensions to the health facility/pipeline that may affect the demand − the expected natural annual growth in the use of medical oxygen.

• The maximum potential daily demand shall be based on the peak flow conditions measured between 8 am and 6 pm, with all operating rooms in use and with maximum demand being provided to pipeline outlets. It shall not be based on the theoretical pipeline design flow conditions.

• Where actual flow monitoring is impracticable, daily cylinder or liquid consumption figures shall be used.

• Historic consumption records shall be reviewed to assess the current usage and the natural growth of the medical oxygen demand. The growth predictions shall take into account any planned extensions to the health facility or pipeline systems and changes in clinical practices in the health facility that could affect the medical oxygen demand.

• For new health facilities, where no historic information is available, the estimated demand shall be based on the proposed size and type of the health facility and the usage figures of the facilities being provided. A guide to oxygen flows based on bed numbers is shown in UK HTM Health Technical Memorandum 02-01: Medical gas pipeline systems Part A: Design, installation, validation and verification.

8.3.3 Cylinder systems • The cylinder supply system shall consist of an automatic changeover manifold with both

working (primary) side and secondary side of the manifold containing each a minimum of one working day’s supply, unless delivery schedules or the site medical gas risk assessment indicate that greater volumes should be held.

• The supply system shall be designed to achieve continuity of supply to the terminal units in normal condition and in a single fault condition.

8.4. Medical breathing air • The central supply system for compressed medical breathing air shall supply air of a

minimum purity as specified in Australian Standard 2568. • The system shall be installed in accordance with the electrical requirements of Australian

Standard 3000 and shall be from one of the following: − An air compressor system using a minimum of two air compressors (n+1), preferably

identical, with each capable of supplying the design flow rate of compressed air on its own.

− A cylinder supply system for medical breathing air in accordance with Clause 2.9.3 of Australian Standard 2896.

− A combination of Items (a) and (b) using one compressor and a single manifold of cylinders in accordance with Clause 2.9.4. of Australian Standard 2896.

• If medical breathing air is supplied to a special care location in whole or in part by medical air compressors, not less than 100 per cent of the designed flow shall still be available if any one compressor is not functional.

• The medical breathing air system shall incorporate one or more of the following: − An electrical supply for air compressors and driers from an essential power supply.



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− A medical breathing air supply from an engine-driven compressor. − A standby cylinder manifold system containing at least two hour average use, installed in accordance with Clause 2.4. of Australian Standard 2896

• Changeover shall be automatic and independent of mains electrical supply. Facilities for manual changeover shall also be provided.

• The compressors shall be suitable for continuous running on load and for high frequency start/stop operation

• Compressors shall be selected to maximise energy efficiency. The efficiency of plant, expressed as the volume of air delivered to the pipeline distribution system (after losses in the drying system and filtration system) per kilowatt-hour (kWh), should be stated by the supplier of the system.

• Dewpoint shall be less than the minimum recorded ambient temperature or a maximum of 2°C whichever is drier, at pipeline pressure.

8.5. Surgical tool air • The central supply system for surgical tool air shall supply air of a minimum purity as

specified in Australian Standard 2568 and a water content of not more than 25 ppm. • Cylinder supply systems for medical tool air shall be provided in accordance with Clause

2.4 and 2.9.3 of Australian Standard 2896 with at least four hour capacity under average use.

8.6. Medical vacuum • A minimum of two suction pumps (N+1), preferably identical, shall be installed with each

capable of supplying the design flow rate on its own. • Multiple suction pump installations shall be electrically connected so that failure of one

suction pump shall not interfere with the correct operation of the remaining pump (or pumps).

• Vacuum pumps must be dry type. • Gas scavenge may be connected to vacuum systems. Scavenge outlets must be

separately identified in accordance with Australian Standard 2896. 8.7. Sizing Information • Automatic changeover manifolds shall be provided for all cylinder supplies. • Sufficient cylinders for changing one complete bank shall be stored in the manifold room

for all gases except nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture, for which two complete changes should be stored in the manifold room.

• Sufficient additional cylinders shall be held in the medical gas store to ensure continuous supply for one week or greater, subject to site risk and supply assessment.

8.7.1 Air receivers • One or more air receivers complying with the design requirements of Australian Standard

1210 shall be installed in the compressed air system. • To ensure continuity of medical breathing air supply when the receiver is shut down for

survey or maintenance, a manual valve bypass facility shall be installed. • The nominal volume of the receiver and pipework should approximate the design flow

rate volume per minute of the system. • Receiver capacity shall be such that each compressor starts less than 10 times per hour

during normal working conditions. 8.7.2 Suction receiver • Where a receiver is fitted, its quality of materials, welding and general construction shall

be in accordance with Australian Standard 1210.



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• The nominal volume of the receiver and pipework should approximate the design flow rate volume per minute of the system. Receiver capacity shall be such that no pump starts more than 10 times per hour during normal working conditions.

8.7.3 Nitrous oxide • Nitrous oxide, if required, shall be reticulated from a manifold located adjacent to the

point of use. • When nitrous oxide is being used to provide sedation, an appropriate method for

scavenging of expired gases shall be provided by connection of appropriate scavenging adaptors to the suction system.

• The risk of chronic exposure to nitrous oxide shall be reviewed as part of design of any scavenge system.

8.8. Pipeline distribution 8.8.1 Provision of terminal outlets (gas outlets) • All health facility beds shall be provided with medical gases as appropriate for the level

and type of treatment provided. • The location and number of medical gas outlets shall be determined based on Australian

Standard 2896 requirements, planning guidelines and user consultation. • Terminal outlets and connections shall be as per the requirements of Australian Standard

2896. • Terminal units shall be gas specific and not interchangeable with other connectors in the

health care facility. • Terminal units of a threaded connection type shall be in accordance with Figure 3.1 of

Australian Standard 2896. • Each terminal unit for medical gas shall be equipped with a self-sealing valve, except for

venturi ejector suction which shall be controlled with a flow control valve. • Terminal units under test shall be labelled as such (see Clause 5.3 of Australian

Standard 2896). • Terminal units shall be sufficiently robust to withstand arduous use. 8.8.2 Pipeline and pressure flows • The nominal design working pressures shall be:

− 415 kPa for medical gas supply − −60 kPa for medical suction − 1400 kPa for surgical tool gas supply.

8.8.3 Pipeline design—general • The pipeline system shall be designed so that the flows given in Australian Standard

2896 can be achieved at each terminal unit: the flows are expressed in free air. • Diversified flows shall be used for the purposes of pipe size selection. • The overall pipeline design shall be based on a five per cent pressure drop from the

plant/source of supply to that measured at the terminal unit outlet at the specified test flows.

• Size of piping to all areas shall be calculated from the design flow. • Pipework and terminal units shall be arranged in such a manner that the service can be

expanded as required without major alterations to the building being necessary (i.e. within dedicated medical gas risers/ducts).

8.8.4 Medical suction pipework design • The design of the suction pipeline system and capacity of the pumps shall be such that

an occluded suction of not less than −60kPa gauge pressure and a free airflow of not less than 40L/min shall be achieved at any one suction point.



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• In the sizing of plant for medical suction, the sizing factors for medical vacuum terminal units and the diversity factors given Australian Standard 2896 shall be applied.

8.8.5 Surgical tool air design • The design of pipework and systems for surgical tool air shall allow continuous use of

tools for a period of up to three minutes. • The surgical tool air receiver shall be sufficiently sized to accommodate flow for all

theatres and procedure rooms, based on diversification of flows as per Australian Standard 2986.

• The starts per hour of tool air compressors shall be carefully considered where tool air plant is provided in lieu of bottled supply.

8.8.6 Pipeline identification • Medical gas pipelines shall be identified at all junctions, terminations (such as at the rear

of outlet fittings), control points, on both sides of bulkheads and wall penetrations and at intervals not exceeding 3 m throughout their length.

• Identification of all pipework and outlets shall conform to Australian Standard 2896. • Pipelines shall not be installed in or through any air duct, clothes chute, lift well, rubbish

chute or ventilating duct. • Medical gas risers may be installed in pipeline shafts if suitable protection against

physical damage, effects of excessive heat, corrosion or contact with oil is provided. 8.8.7 Pipeline Installation • Medical gas piping shall be kept away from areas where they may be subject to any of

the following: − mechanical damage − chemical damage − excessive heat − splashing, dripping or permanent contact with oil, grease or bituminous compounds,

electrical sparks. • Exposed pipelines shall not be installed in lift shafts, kitchens, laundries, boiler plant

rooms, generator rooms, incinerator rooms, storage rooms designed to house combustible materials, or in any other fire-risk areas.

• Where pipelines in hazardous areas are unavoidable, they shall be enclosed in non-combustible, non-corrosive materials that have no electrolytic reaction with copper in order to prevent the possibility of the liberation of gases into the room in the event of pipeline failure.

• Medical gas pipelines shall be routed away from natural gas pipelines where there is a potential for a flammable gas mixture to accumulate in the case of a leak.

• Where pipelines are run in enclosed ducts with other services such as water supply systems, they shall be inspected regularly as corrosion can occur as a result of chloride deposits following leakage.

• Pipework shall not be run in enclosed ducts with other services where they cannot be inspected.

• Internal pipelines should be suitably protected where there is a possibility of physical damage, for example from the passage of trolleys, tugs.

• External pipe runs shall be avoided when possible. Where external runs, however are necessary, they shall be protected as follows: − on external vertical surfaces up to the maximum height of exposure to possible

damage (for example vehicular movement): by means of galvanised, profile-section steel of sufficient thickness to afford adequate protection. The protection should cover the entire space taken up by the pipeline(s), but stand off the surface such that the



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pipes can be inspected visually (The armour should be readily detachable to permit more detailed inspection).

− when crossing horizontal surfaces, roofs: similar protection to (a) above should be provided to withstand ‘stepping’ damage using profiled section, as above.

• Pipework shall be protected from lightning strikes. • Underground pipelines shall be run in properly drained ducts not less than 450

millimetres x 450 millimetres which have removable covers. • Where it is not possible to provide removable covers, two full sized pipes shall be run in

separate trenches with valves provided in a convenient location at either end. The separation distance between the two trenches should be not less than two metres.

• The route of any underground pipeline should be identified on the surface and should be clearly shown on site layout drawings.

• Pipelines concealed within walls shall have their route clearly shown on ‘as-built’ drawings.

• Pipelines need further protection in certain circumstances as follows: − where pipes pass through walls, partitions or floors, they should be provided with

sleeves of copper pipe (with fire stopping) − where exposed to general view, be provided with appropriate wall or ceiling plates.

9. Central energy facilities Refer to CIR, Volume 4, Section 2, Engineering and infrastructure manual for discussion of the approach to designing a central energy facility.

10. Acoustics and vibration 10.1. Introduction Refer also to CIR, Volume 4, Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual for requirements for acoustical as noted under other disciplines within this document. 10.2. Internal noise and vibration criteria 10.2.1 Building services and traffic noise The internal noise criteria in Table 13 apply to combined mechanical services noise and road traffic noise intrusion. The requirements of this table shall be used for design of building services and building fabrics. Table 13: Recommended internal design sound levels from AS/NZS 2107:2000—healthcare facilities

Type or occupancy/activity Recommended design sound level, LAeq, dB(A) Satisfactory Maximum

Casualty areas 40 45 Corridors and lobby spaces 40 50 Consulting rooms 40 45 Delivery suites 45 50 Dental clinics 40 45 Geriatric rehabilitation 40 45 Intensive care wards 40 45 Kitchens, sterilizing and service areas 50 55 Laboratories 45 50 Nurses’ station 40 45



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Type or occupancy/activity Recommended design sound level, LAeq, dB(A) Satisfactory Maximum

Office areas 40 45 Operating theatres 40 45 Pharmacies 45 50 Sterilizing areas in operating theatres 40 45 Surgeries 40 45 Wards 35 40 Waiting rooms, reception areas 40 50 . 10.2.2 Mechanical services • The mechanical services design shall consider:

− transfer of noise where ductwork penetrates acoustically rated partitions − transfer of noise between acoustically rated rooms via air conditioning

grilles/openings − noise generated through air movement, moving parts (such as fans) and vibration

associated with the mechanical services system − plant rooms will be designed to control noise breakout through the building structure

to adjacent spaces in accordance with AS/NZS 2107:2000 as shown in Table 13.

10.2.3 Reticulated gas and vacuum systems • The reticulated gas systems required for a healthcare facility shall be considered as a

mechanical service and acoustic treatments designed in conjunction with the other services.

10.2.4 Hydraulic services • Consideration shall be given to the design of the hydraulic services system to address

noise related issues, including: − structure-borne noise through the connection of the pipework to the building structure − noise from water movement in pipes − transfer of noise where pipework penetrates acoustically rated partitions/baffles.

• Where waste pipes are located in the ceiling spaces of occupied areas the waste pipes shall be acoustically separated by a construction with an Rw +Ctr rating of 30.

• Short term noise intrusion from occasional but regular hydraulic sources, such as fluid flow noise from cisterns, waste and supply pipes, shall typically be designed to a criterion 5 dB (A) below the satisfactory level shown in Table 13.

10.2.5 Electrical and data outlets • Sockets, switches, medical-gas outlets, integrated plumbing system panels shall not be

back-to-back in partitions intended to provide sound insulation. 10.2.6 Nurse call systems • Consideration shall be given to the use of non-audible systems for nurse call, especially

at night. 10.2.7 External plant • Noise intrusion from externally located plant shall be controlled to meet the ‘satisfactory’

levels in Table 13 above. • The location of plant, screening and fabric design shall address issues of noise intrusion.



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10.2.8 Vertical transportation • The lift shafts and motor rooms must be designed to control noise transfer into adjoining

spaces. • The architectural design shall not locate patient bedrooms against lift shaft walls or lift

motor rooms. • The selected vertical transportation system shall achieve the noise and vibration criteria,

or better, as noted in Table 14. Table 14: Acoustic criteria for vertical transportation services

Scenario Criteria Inside lift foyer (measured 1 metre from doors): Lift pass by Leq 55 dB(A) Opening and closing of doors Lmax 60 dB(A) Inside lift car with fan turned off Car levelling onto floor and door opening Leq 60 dB(A) Car accelerating or decelerating Leq 60 dB(A) Car running at speed Leq 55 dB(A) Inside lift car with fan switched on and car stationary Leq 45 dB(A) Inside lift motor room Leq 75 dB(A) Inside lift shaft Leq 75 dB(A)

10.3. Road, rail and aircraft noise intrusion • The design shall ensure consideration of road, rail and aircraft noise intrusion. • A site specific assessment shall be conducted. • The design shall include allowance for emergency vehicle traffic, including ambulances

and helicopter services. 10.4. Vibration criteria • Vibration caused by plant, medical equipment and activities within the building shall not

affect the use of the building. • Vibration in occupied spaces must comply with occupational health and safety

requirements for safe working and sleeping environments. • Vibration should be controlled by the design, selection, installation and operation of

equipment and by isolation devices. 10.5. Reverberation time criteria • Reverberation time criteria shall be based on the requirements of AS/NZS 2107:2000. • Reverberation times shall comply with Table 15 or detailed justification shall be provided

to deviate from these requirements. • Acoustic treatments shall be applied to achieve reverberation criteria. • Consideration shall be given to issues of speech privacy and intelligibility. Table 15: Recommended reverberation times for healthcare facilities from Australian Standard 2107

Type of occupancy/activity Recommended reverberation time (seconds)1

Casualty areas 0.4–0.6 Corridors and lobby spaces 0.4–0.6 Consulting rooms 0.4–0.6



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Type of occupancy/activity Recommended reverberation time (seconds)1

Delivery suites 0.4–0.6 Dental clinics 0.4–0.6 Geriatric rehabilitation 0.4–0.6 Intensive care wards 0.4–0.6 Kitchens, sterilizing and service areas 0.6–0.8 Laboratories 0.4–0.7 Nurses’ stations 0.4–0.7 Office areas 0.4–0.7 Operating theatres -2 Pharmacies 0.4–0.6 Sterilising areas in operating theatres -2 Surgeries 0.4–0.7 Wards 0.4–0.7 Waiting rooms, reception areas 0.4–0.7 Notes: 2. Assessed at mid-frequencies (i.e. the reverberation time at 500 Hz or 1000 Hz). 3. Specialist advice shall be sought for these spaces.

10.6. Internal sound insulation • Internal insulation shall be provided to provide appropriate privacy between rooms and to

prevent noise intrusion into rooms. Room classifications shall be based on the requirements of

• Table 16 as a minimum. • The privacy requirements of the source room shall be defined as:

− confidential—raised speech would be audible but not intelligible and normal speech would be inaudible

− private— normal speech would be audible but not intelligible − moderate—normal speech would be audible and intelligible but not intrusive − not private—speech would be clearly audible and intelligible.

• The sensitivity of the receiver room shall be defined as: − sensitive—room cannot accommodate any noticeable noise from adjacent rooms − medium sensitivity—room needs to be reasonably free of noise from adjacent rooms − not sensitive— noise from other rooms does not affect the use of the receiver room.

• Acoustic insulation shall be provided as per Table 17 as a minimum.

Table 16: Sound insulation parameters

Room Privacy of source room

Noise generation of this source

Sensitivity to noise as a receiver room

Single bed wards Confidential Typical Medium Multi-bed wards Moderate Typical Medium



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Room Privacy of source room

Noise generation of this source

Sensitivity to noise as a receiver room

Consulting/examination/ treatment rooms

Confidential Typical Medium

Delivery suites Private Very high Medium Operating theatres Private Typical Sensitive Laboratories Moderate Typical Medium Nurses' stations Moderate High Medium Single person office Private Typical Medium Multi-person office Moderate Typical Medium Open plan office Not private Typical Medium Meeting/boardroom Confidential High Medium Multi faith/chapel Private High Sensitive Waiting rooms/reception areas Not private Typical/high Not sensitive Kitchen, sterilizing and service areas

Not private High Not sensitive

Toilets Moderate Typical Not sensitive Storerooms Not private Low Not sensitive Locker/change rooms Moderate High Not sensitive Corridors and lobbies Not private Typical Not sensitive

Table 17: Sound insulation ratings (DnT, w dB) recommended between adjacent spaces

Privacy of source room

Noise generation within source room

Noise sensitivity of adjacent room

Not sensitive Medium sensitivity Sensitive

Confidential

Very high 47 52 Avoid High 47 47 52 Typical 47 47 47 Low 42 42 47

Private

very high 47 52 Avoid High 42 47 52 Typical 42 42 47 Low 37 42 42

Moderate

very high 47 52 Avoid High 37 42 47 Typical 37 37 42 Low No rating No rating 37

Not private

very high 47 52 Avoid

High No rating 42 47

Typical No rating No rating 42

Low No rating No rating 37



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10.7. Doors • Doors to ‘confidential’ or ‘private’ rooms shall be located as far apart as possible and not

directly opposite each other. • Doors shall be provided with seals to achieve room insulation. It is noted doors generally

degrade a wall system performance significantly and care is required in the selection of seals based on room privacy and sensitivity.

10.8. Glazing • Where practicable, glazed viewing panels should be matched to the sound insulation

performance of the partition. • Where not practicable, the glazing configuration alone should achieve an Rw no more

than 10 dB below the partition rating. 10.9. Impact sound insulation • Sources of impact noise shall be controlled at source wherever possible. • Where it is likely that impacts will be generated within certain spaces a discontinuous

construction shall be incorporated in the partition, i.e. between bathrooms and private wards.

• Floors under highly trafficked areas such as wards, recovery and theatre shall be designed to achieve at least Ln,w ≤ 55.

10.10. Environmental noise emission • Noise emissions from the site shall be controlled to meet Queensland and local

environmental noise laws. • Noise emissions from site shall be based on both day and night time requirements. 10.11. Construction noise and vibration • Construction noise and vibration shall be carefully managed in order to minimise impact

on existing healthcare facilities and nearby sensitive receivers. • Where there are residences close by, or vibration sensitive equipment, such as MRIs,

CAT scans, a specific construction management plan shall be prepared to ameliorate the potential risk of noise and/or vibration posing a potential risk.

11. Commissioning, testing and validation of system Refer to CIR. Volume 4. Sections 1 and 2, Engineering and infrastructure principles and manual, along with other requirements outlined within this Section 3, for discussion of commission, testing and handover requirements.

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