Volume : 1 Issue : 2 June - July 2014 25/- - INDIAN WIND TURBINE · Empanelment of Small Wind...

Volume : 1 Issue : 2

June - July 2014 ` 25/-

Research & Development Supports multi-institutional research on wind energy Performance testing of Small Wind Turbines / Aerogenerators Empanelment of Small Wind Turbine manufacturers Acoustic Noise measurement Study of wind-solar-diesel hybrid system Wind Resource Assessment Site condition assessments for wind monitoring & wind farm development and field visits Procurement, installation and commissioning of met mast of 50m to 120 m height Providing measurement campaign management, assisting clients in the installation and monitoring of

meteorological masts, LIDAR and SODAR stations Data collection, management, quality control and wind energy resource reporting Analysis of Data with sophisticated software tools and techniques Long-term Trend Data Analysis (NCEP/NCAR/MERRA) Turbine array layout design, optimization, field Micro siting and Produce bankable P50, P75, and P90

yield predictions. Investment Grade wind energy resource assessment reports (gross/net Predictions, uncertainty

Power Performance measurements Load measurements Power Quality measurements Safety and function tests Yaw efficiency test User defined measurements The services are not limited by type or size of the Wind Turbines The services are certified as per the requirements of ISO 9001: 2008 and accredited as per the

requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 : 2005Certification Services Accord type approval / type cer tification to wind turbines in accordance with Indian Type Certification

Scheme [TAPS - 2000 (amended)]. Type Certification Services are certified as per ISO 9001 : 2008 Preparation of Indian standards on wind turbines Issue the Revised List of Models and Manufacturers (RLMM) of wind turbines periodically Issue the recommendation for grid synchronization to facilitate installation of prototype wind turbinesTraining Capable of providing Wind / Solar Resource Measurement & Analysis Wind Resource Modelling Techniques Wind Speed Statistics / Solar irradiation and Energy Calculations Micro-siting and Layout of wind / solar farms Wind Turbine / Solar Technology Design and Safety requirements as per standards O & M practicesSolar Radiation Resource Assessment Direct Normal (DNI), Diffused Horizontal (DHI) & Global Horizontal (GHI) irradiation measurements Data quality checking Solar resource data delivery Calibration Laboratory for solar Solar Map preparation Preparation and vetting of feasibility, DPR of Solar projects

analysis, etc.) Analysis of existing wind farm operations Technical due diligence in complying with international standards Power curve demonstration guarantee test Preparation of Tender document for development of wind farm Helping the evaluation of tender as one of the tender evaluation committee members DPRs (Detailed Project Reports) preparation through State of art software tool for wind farm developers Testing Services As per Internationally accepted procedures and stipulations for :

(An Autonomous R & D Institution under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India)

Velachery - Tambaram Main Road, Pallikaranai, Chennai - 600 100Phone : +91-44-2246 3982 / 83 / 84 Fax : +91-44-2246 3980

http://cwet.res.in www.cwet.tn.nic.in E-mail : [email protected]

NEE RD GN YI TW E

R C

O H

F N OE

LR OT N GE YC

CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

A Bi-monthly Magazine of Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association

Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association4th Floor, Samson Tower, 403 L, Pantheon Road, Egmore

Chennai - 600 008. Tel : 44 43015773 Fax 44 4301 6132 Email : [email protected]

[email protected] Website : www.indianwindpower.com

(For Internal Circulation only)

ContentsIn Conversation with Shri K.S. Popli, Chairman and Managing Director, IREDA 3

Budget and its Impact on the Wind Sector in India 6Balawant Joshi, Managing Director, Idam Infrastructure Advisory Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai

Global Offshore 8Steve Sawyer, Secretary General, Global Wind Energy Council, Brussels, Belgium

Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems 12J.P. Singh and Hari Bhaskaran, A., Scientists, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi

Introducing the MW scale Wind-Solar Hybrid 16Krishna Manoharan, Business Development, ReGen Powertech Pvt Ltd.

Global Installed Wind Power Capacity (MW) - 19 Regional Distribution

Small Wind Turbine and Solar Hybrid System 22Rajesh Katyal, Sr. Scientist and Unit Chief, Research & Development Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai – 600 100

General Perspective on Wind Solar Hybrid 30Dr. Balaraman K & Ms. Rashmi Shekar Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore

Budget 2014 - An Over View 33R. Balajee, Chief Executive Officer, CW Renewable Energy (India ) Pvt Ltd., Chennai

Snippets on Wind Power 36Sri Abhijit Kulkarni, GM, SKF INdia Ltd. and IWTMA

Photo Feature 39

Page No.

Chairman

Mr. Madhusudhan Khemka Managing Director Regen Powertech Pvt. Ltd., Chennai

Vice Chairman

Mr. Chintan Shah President & Head, (SBD) Suzlon Energy Limited, Pune

Honorary Secretary

Mr. Devansh Jain Director, Inox Wind Limited, NOIDA

Executive Members

Mr. Ramesh Kymal Chairman & Managing Director Gamesa Wind Turbine Pvt. Ltd., Chennai

Mr. Sarvesh Kumar Dy. Managing Director, RRB Energy Ltd., New Delhi

Mr. V.K. Krishnan Executive Director Leitner Shriram Mfg. Ltd., Chennai

Mr. Ajay Mehra Director, Wind World India Limited, Mumbai

Secretary General

Mr. D.V. Giri, IWTMA, Chennai

Associate Director and Editor

Dr. Rishi Muni Dwivedi, IWTMA, Chennai

The views expressed in the

magazine are those of the

authors and do not necessarily

reflect those of the association,

editor or publisher.

INDIAN WIND POWER2

Dear Reader,

Greetings again from IWTMA!

We earnestly hope that the readers enjoyed our

inaugural issue of the “INDIAN WIND POWER” and we

are pleased to release our second issue.

The largest democracy in the world has exercised its

franchise and we now have Shri Narendra Modi as the

Prime Minister with a decisive victory. Hon’ble Finance

Minister has announced the Budget for the year 2014-

15. There is some cheer to the wind industry. There is

further cheer on the statement of the Union Finance

Minister that necessary amendments will be made in the finance bill to reintroduce AD for wind energy sector. This

will accelerate the growth of the sector and the entire wind fraternity thanks the Government for the much needed

initiative.

We have two articles detailing the highlights of the budget and its relevance to the Renewable Energy Sector.

The monsoon is delayed and is casting shadows on the economy and let us hope that a good monsoon revives.

This issue highlights wind solar hybrid system wherein the two strong renewable energy sources complement each

other and optimize land use and grid evacuation facility. Nature has endowed that solar and the wind cycle truly

complements each other. We are sure that the article on wind solar hybrid system is of interest to our readers.

We are pleased to inform our readers that the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy had organized an interactive

session of all wind associations with our Hon’ble Minister Shri Piyush Goyal on the way forward for wind energy

ahead of the Union Budget. The opportunities and challenges were discussed in detail in the meeting with a

definite time frame to resolve them.

It may be interesting to add that the industry is looking at a target of 5,000 MW on a year on year basis and our

Hon’ble Minister wanted a road map to achieve 10,000 MW or 10 GW per annum. Once we achieve this kind of

target, the two Asian countries – China and India – will be topping the table in the global wind market.

Enjoy reading and look forward to your feedback.

Madhusudan Khemka

Chairman

From the Desk of the Chairman - IWTMA

INDIAN WIND POWER 3

IWTMA : Electricity is the basic requirement of the people. The electricity generation through renewables especially wind power generation requires encouragement. Like agriculture, MSME and other sectors, the electricity generation also requires categorization as Priority Sector allocation of certain percentage for banks to finance to enable it to source loans at reduced interest rate. The bringing wind power financing under priority sector will reduce the cost and more people will invest in the area. Is this point under consideration?

Shri K.S. Popli : Renewable energy is increasingly becoming an important component of India's energy planning process. The importance of renewable energy sources in the transition to a sustainable energy is now recognized globally. At the Government level, political commitment to renewable energy manifested itself in the establishment of the first Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources in 1982, which was then upgraded to a full-fledged Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in 1992, subsequently renamed as Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and setting up of specialized financial institution like IREDA to promote private sector participation in the RE sector.

With the help of various initiatives by the GoI and the incentives provided to the wind sector like Income Tax Holidays, Duty Exemptions, Accelerated Depreciation benefits and Generation Based Incentives etc., today wind sector is amongst the most commercialized RE technology in India and accounts for nearly 2/3rd of the total RE installations in the country.

Although India already has the fifth largest wind generation capacity in the world at more than 20,000 MW, recent policy shifts had temporarily slowed wind energy's momentum during last two years. Recognizing the importance of wind power in India, MNRE is in the process of launching the National Wind Energy Mission (NWEM) through which it will play the role of a "facilitator" to strengthen grid infrastructure for wind power, identify high wind power potential zones and facilitate in clearing hurdles in speedy development of power in the country.

In Conversation with Shri K.S. Popli, Chairman and Managing Director, IREDA

IWTMA : 95 percent of the wind power projects are owned and funded by private sector investments. The wind power installations need a large financial outlay. It requires leveraging the Debt Equity Ratio of 85:15 instead of conventional 70:30 and a repayment period of 15 years for a satisfactory IRR. Does IREDA have this point to consider?

Shri K.S. Popli : IREDA is at the forefront of providing financing solutions to the RE project including increased debt participation under consortium financing, flexible structured repayment schedules and longer repayment periods in order to achieve satisfactory project IRRs. In select cases requiring longer repayment periods, IREDA has considered door to door tenure of 14-15 years. As regards debt equity ratio, we have provided loan up to 75% of the project cost. In many cases we are considering longer repayment period and 75:25 debt equity ratio subject to satisfactory debt service coverage ratio.

IWTMA : Interest subsidy is provided to the wind power generators. It is a welcome move. On similar lines would IREDA like to consider the financial assistance to OEMs for installation of Sub Stations and HT transmission lines up to the connection point?

Shri K.S. Popli : IREDA shall provide financial assistance for installation of sub-station and High Tension transmission lines. IREDA has schemes in place for financing of evacuation infrastructure, which includes setting up of substation and laying the transmission lines. Few projects have already been financed by IREDA under the scheme for wind and hydro projects.

IWTMA : The role of IREDA to pursue the use of National Clean Energy Fund for the development of Green Corridor?

Shri K.S. Popli : The portion of NCEF being routed through IREDA at present is not intended to be utilized for the development of green energy corridor, however, MNRE has arranged funds for green energy corridor from various other sources which includes funds from KfW & ADB etc.

INDIAN WIND POWER4

IWTMA : The budgetary allocation provided for GBI is very small. The installations during 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 are 3197, 1740 and 2026 MW respectively. Mostly IPPs have made the investment and have taken the GBI in their IRR calculations. How does IREDA propose to make the GBI payment to all the eligible installations?

Shri K.S. Popli : The GBI scheme is applicable for the entire 12th plan period having a target of 15000 MW. The total budgetary requirement for the scheme would be Rs. 16,364 Cr., which would spill over in the 13th and 14th plan periods, which will be provided for in the budget of MNRE and will be released by IREDA subject to receipt of funds from MNRE.

IWTMA : The new move is to have the Wind Solar hybrid to have the better grid stability. Is IREDA preparing any scheme for financial assistance for Wind Solar hybrid?

Shri K.S. Popli : We will be able to provide funding to any viable Wind-Solar hybrid project and a specific scheme can also be made for it, if required.

IWTMA : Repowering of old 250 and 500 KW wind turbines is needed now. How the financing for Repowering is to be done by IREDA?

Shri K.S. Popli : IREDA will be happy to consider financing of Repowering of Wind Turbines in case viable project proposals are received for the same.

IWTMA : What is the position of overdue loans in wind power sector and what is the reason stated by the wind power generators for this overdue? How you compare this with overdue situation of other sectors and other financial institutions?

Shri K.S. Popli : Failure of the projects in realizing envisaged revenue from REC market affecting the viability of the projects, policy uncertainty in the states like Rajasthan and Right of Way issues in Maharashtra resulting in delayed project implementation are some of the major reasons adversely affecting the timely repayment capability of wind power projects apart from some project specific issues. Overdue loans in wind power sector are very few in IREDA. There are few instances where overdue is on account of non–realization from RECs of project getting delayed due to Right of Way issued or delay in obtaining necessary approvals.

Dear Reader,

It is our endeavour to make IWTMA magazine Indian Wind Power, “THE MAGAZINE” for the Indian wind Industry. Your feedback on the general impression of the magazine, quality of articles, topics to be covered in future, etc. will be of immense value to us. We are thankful to your response. Kindly address your mail to "[email protected]".

Thank You,

The Editor - “Indian Wind Power”

Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association 4th Floor, Samson Towers, 403 L, Pantheon Road, Egmore, Chennai - 600 008. Tel : 44 43015773 Fax : 44 4301 6132 Email : [email protected]

www.indianwindpower.com

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INDIAN WIND POWER6

Budget and its Impact on the Wind Sector in India

Need to Re-ignite Wind SectorPost-enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003, the wind sector got a jumpstart. Feed in tariff regime, renewable purchase obligations and accelerated development policies resulted in the sector witnessing impressive growth of around 30 percent. Annual generation capacity addition reached peak in 2011-12 when wind sector added nearly 3200 MW capacity, which was around 65% of total renewable energy capacity added in that year. However, the annual wind power capacity addition in the recent past has suffered significantly with country adding only around 3700 MW in the last two years i.e. 2012-13 and 2013-14. Total wind generation capacity in the country stands at 21262 MW while total estimated potential is in well excess of 100 GW.

At the same time, India faces unique social and economic difficulties such as poor access to energy, large and mounting bills of fossil-fuel imports (entire trade deficit is equivalent to fossil fuel imports), and increasing international pressure to reduce carbon emissions despite its low per capita emissions—difficulties that can be mitigated most effectively by using renewable energy sources in general and wind energy resources in particular especially considering its cost competitiveness. Despite these obvious advantages of wind energy, the country has allowed wind capacity addition to lose steam.

Union Budget 2014-15: Expectations of Wind SectorPlagued by lack of stable and long-term policy environment, inadequate RPO enforcement mechanism, slow pace of infrastructure planning and eco-system development for wind power evacuation and grid integration, the Union Budget was expected to re-invigorate the wind sector by showcasing not only short-term measures to mitigate challenges but also a long term vision for the wind sector.

The general elections for the constitution of 16th Lok Sabha of India experienced significant euphoria. People of India elected BJP as the single largest party with unprecedented majority. Amongst the various areas identified in its election manifesto, renewable energy held

a significant place and provided for the much needed impetus for sluggish renewable energy sector in general and wind energy sector in particular. On 26th May 2014, new Government was formed with former Chief Minister of Gujarat Shri Narendra Modi as Prime Minister. Given his track record of promoting renewable sources of energy in Gujarat, expectations from the first budget of the Government were very high.

Union Budget 2014-15: Key FeaturesUnion Minister of Finance Mr. Arun Jaitley presented his maiden budget on July 10. While calling renewable energy as a ‘high priority area’ for the government, the Union Budget brought some cheer for the wind sector by moving towards addressing key challenges that are being faced by the wind sector in terms of wind energy policy framework, mobilisation of funds for wind sector and fiscal incentives for the sector. Some of these initiatives are:

1. Re-introduction of Accelerated Depreciation

Traditionally Accelerated Depreciation or AD benefit has played a key role in development of Wind energy sector in India. As a result of AD benefit, several investors with strong balance sheet participated in development of wind sector in India. While it is often accused that as a result of AD benefit, players with less concern for performance of wind generation plant entered the wind business, the fact cannot be ruled out that wind sector development took place due to investments catalysed by AD benefit. For continuous growth of wind sector, it was necessary to continue with AD benefit. This benefit was removed in 2012-13, as a result of which wind capacity addition dropped by more than 50% in that year, which caused major setback to the industry.

Finance Minister has clarified that the AD benefit for wind sector shall be introduced. With the reintroduction of Accelerated Depreciation benefit, the growth momentum is expected to be back in the coming years. However, there is a need to have longer term policy certainty on the control period of AD benefit. The Government must confirm that the benefit will be available for atleast 5-7 years.

Balawant Joshi Managing Director, Idam Infrastructure Advisory Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai

INDIAN WIND POWER 7

2. Increase in Clean Energy Cess to Raise Resources

Lack of resources has always been one of the main problems faced by the clean energy sector. The Union Budget has announced doubling of clean energy cess from Rs. 50 per tonne to Rs. 100 per tonne. This cess would form part of the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF), which according to some sources has already accumulated to more than Rs 10,000 crore. The increased allocation in NCEF is expected to address key challenges such as lack of resources to undertake research and development and to develop transmission infrastructure.

Of course, there have been concerns regarding appropriate utilisation of the NCEF. It is often argued that the fund is not being utilised for the purpose for which it was created. The guidelines for providing support under NCEF are generic. As the result, the money from the fund has been utilised for the projects that are strictly speaking not related to clean energy. However, it is learnt that changes are being proposed to operating framework for NCEF that would ensure that NCEF money is available only for clean energy project development.

3. Fast Track Implementation of Green Energy CorridorTransmission constraint has emerged as one of the most significant challenges for scaling-up wind power capacity in India. Wind projects have been forced to back down during peak season for want of evacuation infrastructure in some of the wind dominant States such as Tamil Nadu. The fast track implementation of Green Corridor will go a long way in mitigating power evacuation risk for wind projects. The Union Budget 2014-15 has provided for accelerated deployment of Green Energy Corridor to facilitate evacuation of power from renewable energy projects.

4. Extension of 10 Year Tax Holiday under 80IA till March 31, 2017The renewable energy projects in India have enjoyed income tax holidays, which reduce tax liability during the first 10 years. The Union Budget also proposes to extend tax holiday for power projects which begin generation, distribution or transmission of power by March 31, 2017. The policy certainty w.r.t. to extension of 80IA benefit for the next 3 years will surely lead to improvement in investor sentiment. Further, many projects that have been delayed due lack of approvals from various government authorities, lack of funding etc. will get fresh look by investors.

A confusion that still exists is treatment of these incentives under the proposed Direct Tax Code or DTC. The proposed DTC is expected to bring meaningful reduction in tax rates without impacting revenue

generation. It is suggested that the government should ensure that tax incentives given to wind energy projects are continued even after implementation of the DTC.

5. Indirect Tax Proposals

The Union Budget has proposed reduction in basic customs duty from 10 percent to 5 percent on forged steel rings used in the manufacture of bearings of wind electricity generators and exemption from Special Additional Duty (SAD) of 4 percent on parts and raw materials required for the manufacture of wind electricity generators. The measures are expected to lower the capital cost of the wind projects, which has been increasing over last few years. The overall reduction in capital cost will go a long way in reducing the cost of generation from wind projects and making it competitive with their thermal counterparts.

In a longer term horizon, it is suggested that even though the present Indirect Tax System involving levy of CENVAT and the State-level VAT has resulted in increase in tax revenues of the Union and State governments, the issue of cascading tax prevails and has adversely affected the wind industry and suitable amendments are required to be undertaken to prevent cascading of indirect taxes.

Further, the proposed Goods and Services Tax (GST) too comes with its set of uncertainties with regard to cascading of duties, exemptions, and non-inclusion in the negative list. Thus, provision for promotion of wind industry should be made in the present indirect tax system as well as in the proposed GST.

Way ForwardThe Indian energy sector is still dominated by coal. India produced 565 million tonnes of coal in 2013/14; this is not enough to meet local demand, and the country imported 171 million tonnes of coal in 2013/14. Demand is projected to reach 980 million tonnes by 2017 (end of the 12th five year plan). In order to bridge this projected demand–supply gap, domestic coal production will also need to grow at an average rate of 8 percent per year between now and 2017, compared to actual growth of 4.6 percent in the 11th five year plan. Such growth in domestic coal production seems unlikely and the country will have to increasingly rely on imported fossil fuels if it does not increase its domestic production of renewable energy in general and wind energy in particular.

Wind energy is seen, mostly, from the point of view of GHG reductions and as a means of meeting India’s international bilateral commitments. It is high time that the government also views wind energy as a means of meeting its commitment to the people of India in terms of Employment generation, Economic benefit, Energy access, and Energy security.

INDIAN WIND POWER8

The State of Play of the Global Offshore MarketIn the twenty-three years since the Vinde by offshore wind farm was built in shallow waters off the coast of Denmark, turbine size has increased from 450 kW to 7-8 megawatts, costs have gone down by about 30% per decade, and projects have moved to water depths of over 40 meters and up to 100 km from shore.

Today, more than 90% of installations are in European waters: in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and in the Atlantic Ocean. However, offshore development in China is starting to take off, followed by Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the US.

Global Offshore New and Cumulative Capacity 2013 (MW)

EU Offshore1,567 megawatts of new offshore wind capacity came online in Europe in 2013, a 21% increase over the 2012 market. The total now stands at 6,562 MW, and offshore wind power installations represented over 14% of the annual EU wind

energy market in 2013, up from 10% in 2012.

However, a closer look reveals a slow-down during the year - two-thirds of the new capacity came online in the first six months. With 12 projects currently under construction, down from 14 this time last year, market and regulatory stability is critical to bringing forward the 22,000 MW of consented projects across Europe.

According to the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), wavering political support for offshore wind energy - especially in key offshore wind markets like the UK and Germany - has led to delays to planned projects and fewer new projects being launched. This means installations are likely to plateau

until 2015, followed by a decline as from 2016.

47% of all new capacity was installed in the UK (733 MW), which was significantly less than in 2012 (73%). Denmark was second (350 MW or 22%), followed by Germany (240 MW, 15%) and Belgium (192 MW, 12%).

Global OffshoreSteve Sawyer

Secretary General, Global Wind Energy Council, Brussels, Belgium

Photo: Denmark©GWEC

INDIAN WIND POWER 9

In total, there are now 2,080 offshore wind turbines installed and connected to the electricity grid in 69 offshore wind farms in 11 countries across Europe. The 6,562 MW will produce 24 TWh in a normal wind year, enough to cover 0.7% of the EU’s total electricity consumption.

The UK has the largest amount of installed offshore wind capacity in Europe (3,681 MW), 56% of all installations, Denmark follows with 1,271 MW (19%), Belgium is third 571 MW (8.7%), followed by Germany (520 MW: 8%), the Netherlands (247 MW: 3.8%), Sweden (212 MW: 3.22%), Finland (26 MW: 0.4%), Ireland (25 MW), Norway (2.3 MW), Spain (5 MW) and Portugal (2 MW).

In 2013 Siemens was the leading turbine supplier (69%), DONG Energy the leading developer (48%), and Bladt the leading substructure supplier (37%), as they were in 2012.

Table Offshore EU 2013

Market Outlook for 2014 and 2015Once completed, the 12 offshore projects under construction will increase installed capacity by a further 3 GW, bringing cumulative capacity in Europe to 9.4 GW by 2015.

UK maintains its Leading PositionThe UK is the global leader in offshore wind, with as much installed capacity as the rest of the world combined. Four offshore sites - London Array, Lincs, Teesside & Gunfleet Sands - came online in 2013 for an annual market of 733 MW.

Currently, 3.8 GW is either under construction or has planning approval, and a further 7.8 GW is in the planning system. Industry projections see a total of 8 GW of capacity by 2016 and around 18 GW by 2020, supplying 18-20% of national electricity demand1.

Employment growth in the sector has been substantial since the numbers were first sourced in 2008 and now stands at more than 6,800 full time employees.

In 2013, an Offshore Wind Industrial Strategy was launched by the UK Deputy Prime Minister. The strategy aims to ensure that the maximum economic benefit can be derived for the

1 http://www.renewableuk.com/en/renewable-energy/wind-energy/offshore-wind/index.cfm

UK supply chain from the development of offshore wind and includes a number of support programmes, including the Grow2 offshore wind supply chain project.

Denmark completes Anholt Wind FarmIn 2013, Denmark added 349 MW, bringing total offshore capacity to 1,271 MW. The most significant development of the year was the commissioning of the 400 MW Anholt wind farm, which is Denmark’s largest offshore wind farm, supplying 4% of national electricity consumption.

The Danish government’s target includes 1,500 megawatts of new offshore installations by 2020, as follows:

² Horns Reef 3 Offshore Wind Farm with a capacity of 400 MW in the North Sea, expected to come on line in early 2020.

² Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm with a capacity of 600 MW in the Baltic Sea, expected to come on line in early 2020.

² An additional 500 MW of near shore installations (distance to shore >4 km) with 50 MW dedicated to test turbines. The 450 MW near shore installations are distributed over six projects, with a tendering deadline of March 2016. The near shore projects are covered by a local ownership scheme, where at least 20% ownership is to be offered for sale to local citizens.

Belgium is the World’s 3rd largest Offshore MarketWhen it comes to offshore wind development, Belgium is a pioneer country with 572 MW of capacity installed, even though the country has less than 100 km of coastline. This is mainly due to a spatial planning zone specifically devoted to offshore development. In 2013, Belgium added 192 MW of offshore capacity making it the world’s third biggest offshore market.

However, the mid-term perspective for offshore wind is not promising, given that strong grid reinforcement is urgently needed to exceed 800 MW of offshore capacity, and plans to do so are currently blocked. Belgium expects to add about 90 MW of new offshore capacity in 2014, and the federal government has set a target of 2,000 MW by 2020 and 3,800 MW by 2030.

Germany has an Ambitious target of 15 GW by 2020

In 2013, 48 offshore wind turbines totalling 240 MW came online bringing the total number of offshore turbines in the German zone in the North and Baltic

2 http://www.growoffshorewind.com/

INDIAN WIND POWER10

Seas up to 116, and total offshore capacity up to 520 MW. A further 2,432 MW are under construction and scheduled to become operational in 2014 or 2015.

The average offshore wind turbine installed in Germany in 2013 had a capacity of 5 MW, a rotor diameter of 126 meters and a hub height of 90 meters.

A review of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) will take place in August 2014 and may have an impact on the future of the German offshore wind sector. Maintaining the existing framework conditions until the end of 2019, which were agreed in the Coalition agreement of December 2013, has strengthened planning security for investors and for the industry. However, this has now been challenged by a recent announcement of a reduction of support for 2018 and 2019.

According to the German government’s energy strategy, offshore wind power will become the second most important renewable energy source in Germany. However, due to the risks involved, financing difficulties and grid connection delays, deployment is lagging behind projections. Therefore, offshore wind receives an additional ‘starter bonus’ of EUR 3.5 cent / kWh (USD 4.9 cent) included in the initial tariff for offshore wind power, which is set at 15 cent/kWh (USD 21 cent) and paid for at least twelve years depending on distance to shore and water depth. Moreover, a so-called “optional compression model” was introduced for projects, which come online before the end of 2017. This gives developers the option of an initial tariff of EUR 19 cent/kWh (USD 26.5 cent) for 8 years, instead of EUR 15 cent/kWh for 12 years. The annual degression rate for new offshore wind turbines increases from 5% to 7% from 2018 onwards.

Germany expects to add about 1,500 MW of offshore wind energy in 2014, and another 1,000 MW in 2015. The German government has set a target of 6,500 MW of offshore wind by 2020 and 15,000 MW by 2030.

Chinese Offshore slowly starting to Take OffChina installed 39 MW of offshore wind in 2013, much less than in 2012, for a total of 428.6 MW, making it the fifth biggest market globally. The majority (70%) of Chinese offshore projects are inter-tidal (300.5 MW), and the remaining 128.1 MW are near shore demonstration projects.

New Offshore Projects in China in 2013

Project Name

Location DeveloperManu-

facturers

Number of

Turbines

Installed capacity

(MW)

Guodian Longyuan 5MW testing project

Jiangsu Longyuan DEC 1 5

Jiangsu xiangshui T5 project

Three Gorges

DEC 1 3

Rudong Intertidal testing site

Jiangsu Longyuan Envision 1 4

Longyuan Tianjin Binhai 33MW

Tianjin LongyuanUnited Power

18 27

The top three players in the Chinese offshore market are Sinovel, Goldwind and Siemens (Siemens formed joint venture with Shanghai Electric in 2012). Sinovel and Siemens have mainly installed near shore projects, while Goldwind’s projects are predominantly inter-tidal.

Manufacturers and market share

ManufacturersNumber of Turbines

Installed Capacity

Market Share

Sinovel 56 170 39.7

Goldwind 44 109.5 25.5

Siemens* 21 49.98 11.7

United Power 22 39 9.1

CSIC 4 14 3.3

SHE 6 13.6 3.2

DEC 2 8 1.9

XEMC 2 7.5 1.7

Envision 3 7 1.6

Mingyang 3 6 1.4

Sanyi 2 4 0.9

Total 165 428.58 100

*Siemens here before the JV with SHE

Offshore development in China has been relatively slow, but there are more than 1,000 MW currently under construction. However, it is unlikely that the target of 5 GW by 2015 will be reached. One of the major reasons is the lack of a feed-in tariff for offshore wind, which is crucial for covering the huge investment and financing needed for the development

INDIAN WIND POWER 11

of the sector. Moreover, improved coordination between various administrations is needed to ensure a more efficient permitting procedure for offshore projects. Solving these two key bottlenecks could lead to a breakthrough for offshore wind development in China in the next few years.

Japan’s Offshore needs a New PushJapan is an island country with a strong maritime industry and the world’s 6th largest marine Exclusive Economic Zone. This makes offshore wind an attractive option, and Japan currently has 49.6 megawatts of offshore capacity, including 4 MW of floating turbines.

At the moment there are four offshore projects totalling 254 MW, which are under the EIA procedure, including two floating wind turbines (14 MW) developed by the Fukushima FORWARD project.

The Japanese government set a new tariff for offshore wind of JPY 36/kWh (EUR 0.26/USD 0.35) in March 2014, with effect from 1 April 2014. According to the Japanese industry, however, this level is not sufficient, given the lack of costly infrastructure needed for offshore wind development, including under-sea-cables, jack-up ships and port facilities. In the short-term offshore wind development will be limited to shallow waters near port areas using 2-3 megawatt turbines with monopile or gravity foundations.

South Korea - New Projects off Jeju Island 2013 was a quiet year for Korean offshore, at the end of the year the Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) began installation of their 5.5 MW turbine off Jeju Island. Samsung is currently building an 84 MW wind farm off the coast of Korea’s Jeju Island using their new 7 MW turbines.

Meanwhile, a government-led initiative involving six utilities is in the early stages of development of a test field off the coast of Jeollanam and Jeollabuk provinces to test 20 different turbines from a number of Korean manufacturers.

The Korean government uses an RPS as an incentive to support the renewable energy industry, after scrapping the FIT system in 2010. This obliges Korean utilities to generate 3.5% of their electricity from renewable sources by 2015 and 10% by 2022.

While the development of onshore wind in Korea is slow due to limited land availability and costly and time-consuming planning processes, more offshore wind power is needed to meet the RPS target.

Korea has set a target of 900 MW of offshore wind by 2016 and 1.5 GW by 2019.

Two New Pilot Projects start in TaiwanThe Taiwanese government has set targets of 600 MW by 2020 and 3 GW by 2030 for offshore wind. By 2030, the Bureau of Energy (BOE) estimates the offshore industry to be worth TWD 500 billion (EUR 11.9/USD 16.4 bn).

Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has signed an agreement to build two offshore wind plants off the country’s coast by 2015. The deal with Formosa Wind Power (FWP) and Fuhai Wind Farm (FWF) will see four to six offshore wind turbines set up for testing before 2015.

The projects awarded will have TWD 2,500 million (EUR 59.4/USD 81.9 mn) to cover the cost of the pre-work of the project and an incentive of up to 50% of the construction cost. Two turbines from each project are aimed to be installed by 2015.

The first US Offshore ProjectsThe two most advanced projects in the US are the 468 MW Cape Wind Project developed by Energy Management Inc (EMI), and Deepwater Wind’s 30 MW Block Island project, both of which had made sufficient investment to qualify for the latest version of the PTC, which expired at the end of 2013.

The Cape Wind project, located in Nantucket Sound south of Cape Cod, MA, has been pursued by EMI for 12 years. Despite various legal and political difficulties over the past decade, Cape Wind is moving ahead and has secured a PPA for 77.5% of its output and a wide array of investors both domestic and international have come up with the $2.6 billion needed for what will be the largest US offshore wind farm. The investors include Siemens, which will supply the turbines.

The $250 million Block Island project, located in state waters off Rhode Island, has secured a PPA with utility National Grid for 20 years for 100% of its output. Deepwater Wind aims to begin construction of foundations in autumn 2015, with cabling and erection of its Alstom turbines in the first half of 2016. Deepwater Wind has also secured permission for an additional 1 GW in federal waters off Massachusetts and Rhode Island.

There is a long list of other projects in the pipeline, mainly located off the northeast coast and in the Great Lakes. The US Department of Interior’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) has in recent years streamlined the permitting process for offshore projects. In 2013, BOEM started leasing tracts for offshore wind development in federal waters off the coasts of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Virginia, with more leases expected in the not too distant future.

GWEC

INDIAN WIND POWER12

IntroductionSmall Wind Turbines (SWTs) and Small Wind Energy–Solar Hybrid Systems (SWES) are becoming more popular worldwide as the technology matures. These systems can play a major role in decentralized energy generation and its utilization and can potentially reduce the pressures on centralized generation systems, transmission and distribution networks. Presently, a small annual market (a few hundred kilowatts) for small wind and wind–solar hybrid systems exists in the country. The market is driven mostly by the capital subsidy programme of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India, started way back in 1994/95. Besides the subsidy-driven market, the non-subsidy market also exists and its share is nearly equal to that of the subsidy-driven market. As on 28th Febraury, 2014 the total cumulative installation of SWTs/ SWES in India was 2.182 MW under the subsidy programme. However, the potential market for renewable-energy-based micro–generation as per a study conducted by World Institute of Sustainable Energy (WISE) (in 2009) is estimated at 83,000+ MW. This covers applications such as rural electrification, pump energization, communication towers, replacement of diesel-based captive power plants, and replacing or supporting UPS and inverters. A sizable potential out of the estimated 83,000 MW micro-generation potential in India can be developed using SWT and wind–solar hybrid systems.

In view of the increasing power cuts in an urban as well as in rural areas, usefulness of microgeneration systems in displacing diesel-based generation, conventional power generation, supporting power quality, and voltage improvements at the tail end of a power network, there is a dire need for promoting small wind technology or its hybrids for micro-generation in India.

Small wind turbines have always been a hobbyist’s dream. The simplicity of their construction and the “achievable” tasks posed a challenge to many amateurs. Modern wind turbines have improved dramatically in their power rating, efficiency and reliability. With the industry slowly but steadily moving towards achieving economies of scale, the costs of SWT and SWT hybrid is definitely on a downturn.

Programme and Project ImplementationThe present mechanism of promoting renewable energy systems including SWTs in India is through the SNAs, and consulting organizations. Suppliers and manufacturers of SWTs and hybrid systems are mainly involved in promotion and deployment. The MNRE is responsible for formulating the policies for development and promotion of different renewable energy systems, including SWTs and hybrid systems, at the national level. The MNRE also supports a programme for wind resource assessment in the country through C-WET. Basically, projects on SWTs and wind–solar hybrid systems can be implemented mainly in two ways: (a) as subsidy by MNRE routed through SNAs, and (b) non-subsidy projects or direct sales by manufacturers, suppliers, or system integrators. The mechanism of project implementation through the first option, namely MNRE subsidy, is discussed here.

The present MNRE scheme (Table 1) for SWTs and hybrid systems covers aero-generators up to 100 kW. The maximum rated capacity of individual aero-generators that can be used in a hybrid system will be 100 kW each; however, MNRE support for installation of a wind–solar hybrid system will be restricted to a maximum system capacity of 50 kW. Imported and indigenously manufactured or assembled aero-generators are covered under the scheme. The manufacturers will have to get their aero-generator model/s empanelled with MNRE based on type testing/certification as per IEC 61400-2 and IEC 61400-12-1 for design requirement and power performance and for safety as per the empanelment procedure evolved by C-WET, Chennai. Stand-alone hybrid systems (e.g. wind–solar) are also covered under the scheme.

Table 1: CFA for SWTs and wind–solar hybrid systems in India

Central Financial Assistance (CFA) under the programme is available only to the community users.

CFA under the programme Rs 1.00 lakh/kW

Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems

J.P. Singh and Hari Bhaskaran, A., Scientists, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi

Hari Bhaskaran. A


Implementation of SWES in India – An OverviewThe Ministry of New and Renewable Energy initiated an exclusive programme in 1994/95 for small wind energy and hybrid systems. Although the programme helped to promote awareness of small wind systems in India, it created interest only among very few users and is yet to make a real impact like that seen in other countries the world over. The programme is implemented through state nodal agencies mainly in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Goa. Manufacturers of aero-generators and wind–solar hybrid systems are also eligible to market the systems directly to users. The programme is being extended to other potential states. The development path of wind–solar hybrid systems sanctioned by MNRE in India since 1994 is summarized in the Figure 1.

Figure 1 : Small wind and hybrid system installations in India

The above-mentioned cumulative installed capacity (kW) represents subsidy based SWT wind–solar hybrid projects. The cumulative capacity addition of aero-generators and wind–solar hybrid systems up to June 2014 was 2321 kW. From 1993/94 to 2001/02, the MNRE sanctioned, on average, about 30 kW a year; however, only a small proportion of this figure was actually installed. Sales of aero-generators and hybrid systems increased from 2002/03 and the annual increase in sanctioned capacity was up to 300 kW. This scenario has changed from 2009, and SWT systems have represented diagonal growth from 2009/10 with 1333 kW installed so far in the country, which is about 61% of the cumulative installations. During the 11th Five-Year Plan (FYP) (2007 to 2012) almost 1020 kW capacity was added against 488 kW during the 10th FYP (2002 to 2007), which itself was a major achievement. The increased sanctioned and installed capacity during the 11th FYP shows the wider and increasing acceptance of the technology.

Need of Grid-interactive Hybrid Systems in IndiaGrid-tied wind–solar hybrid systems are useful in coping with the widening gap between supply and demand of electricity. It is important to analyse the application areas of grid-tied and stand-alone SWT systems in India. The application areas for grid-tied SWT systems may be various industries and commercial establishments using diesel generators for back-up power or residences with ample roof space available depending upon economic feasibility. However, before promoting grid-tied SWT systems in India, the research group strongly feels that the SWT technology should first be customized to Indian conditions and then standardized. Interconnectivity issues, types of metering and tariff philosophies need to be analysed before promoting such systems.

Currently no substantial work being pursued in this area of grid-connectivity of small wind turbines in India. However, one such grid-connected wind–solar hybrid system of 40.4 kW capacity is installed at Gamesa Wind Turbine Pvt. Ltd. in Chennai. This project is envisaged to be the first of its kind demonstrating the feasibility of large-scale installation of grid-connected small renewable systems.

Most rural locations in India have a weak grid characterized by heavy voltage fluctuations and low availability and reliability of electric power. Electricity generation from wind using small wind turbines is an established technology today. The need for reliable power to support the growing commercial and domestic energy requirements of rural consumers as well as establishments at remote locations necessitates large-scale deployment and interconnection of small wind farms to the local grid. Grid interconnection avoids the losses involved in transmission of electricity from the source to the user point. Moreover, the small wind turbine (SWT) system user benefits by avoiding the cost of storage components, which forms a major portion of the capital and maintenance costs. In this way, the grid acts like a bank for the electricity produced by the systems and thus helps SWT systems be more cost competitive and user friendly as compared to conventional options.

Economics and Cost–benefit AnalysisAlthough SWT and hybrid systems involve a significant initial investment, they can be competitive with conventional energy sources when we account for a lifetime of reduced or altogether avoided utility energy costs, especially considering the escalating fuel costs. A kilowatt aero-generator system should produce about 3 to 4 kWh at wind speeds of 4–5 m/sec. Similarly, a kilowatt solar energy system generates about 4 to 5 kWh per day. However, as a thumb rule, 60%–70% wind and 40%–30% solar is the ideal combination for most locations in the country, which can generate about 3.5 to 6 kWh a day depending on available resources. In high wind areas, higher wind component is preferred.

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INDIAN WIND POWER14

Considering the fiscal benefits available for hybrid systems, the average life cycle cost of energy from a hybrid system can be estimated at Rs 11 to Rs 13 per unit. This is comparable to the cost of energy generated from fossil fuels as captive power at present. This SWT cost of Rs 11–13 is nearly fixed for the next 20 to 25 years whereas energy costs for fossil fuel (diesel) generation can be estimated at Rs 17 per unit. Considering the present level of subsidies (up to 33%) on diesel and the northward prices of diesel, SWT and wind–solar technologies are competitive even today and can potentially replace diesel generation.

One Earth: Suzlon Energy Ltd, Corporate Office, PuneIndia’s first mega urban wind park hybrid system has been constructed at One Earth, Suzlon Energy Ltd corporate complex, Hadpasar, Pune. This system consists of a 155 kW wind–solar hybrid system. Aero-generators are installed along the periphery of Suzlon’s building along with a building-integrated PV system.

The system comprises 85.5 kW of wind (18 aero-generators of 4.75 kW each) and 69.33 kW of solar including 13.44 kW building-integrated PV systems, totalling to 154.83 kW. The total system cost is estimated at Rs 32.00 Lakh. This system is designed for total annual generation of 1,85,000 – 2,25,000 kWh and is likely to meet about 5% of the energy consumption of Suzlon’s corporate complex. Figure 2 shows some photos of the wind–solar hybrid system at Suzlon ‘One-Earth’.

Figure 2 : Wind–solar hybrid system at Suzlon ‘One-Earth’

Gamesa Wind Turbine Private Ltd, Corporate Office, ChennaiA 40.4 kW capacity grid-connected wind–solar hybrid system has been installed on the terrace of Gamesa’s corporate office building in Chennai. It is a rooftop-based hybrid system constructed and supplied by Unitron Energy and commissioned in November 2011. Four units of 5.1 kW Unitron make small wind turbines and 20 kW solar panels are installed on the terrace of the 9-storey building. Figure 3 shows some of the original photos of the hybrid system.

Figure 3 : Grid tied wind–solar hybrid system at Gamesa, Chennai

SWES installed in Manipur

Figure 4 : Manipur hybrid system site (Tinkai)

ConclusionsIn India, currently more than thirty-six manufacturers and system integrators are offering about 152 models and also exporting them to both developing and developed countries. As the power crisis across the country deepens, the need to deploy such micro generation systems on mass scale is felt more and more acutely. As the cost of energy generated from diesel is pretty high, it makes greater sense to reduce the consumption of diesel to generate electricity. More applications need to be developed with wind–solar hybrids in the stand-alone or grid-connected mode.

INDIAN WIND POWER16

As an expert in the field of gearless wind turbines, ReGen Powertech Pvt Ltd has taken a new leap into the field of MW scale solar energy solution. The MW scale wind-solar hybrid solution has an efficiently shared infrastructure between the two sources, allowing for greater economic and social utilization of resources: land, evacuation, inverter and O&M.

The Hybrid unit is designed to pool DC power from the wind and solar PV generators and evacuate this combined power to the grid through a common transformer. To our knowledge, this is the first time globally such a MW scale hybrid inverter is launched. This level of system integration is possible only because of the unique permanent magnet excited gearless wind turbine generator that is coupled to a frequency converter.

A company with a well-established technological expertise, in house manufacturing capability, strong project execution resources and extensive service team in the wind and solar inverter sector will have an ideal portfolio to enter the hybrid business.

It takes a forward looking vision to invest in novel technologies and out of the box ideas. There is lot of hope and expectations from this trendsetting launch. So let’s join our hands together and welcome “The Hybrid”.

What is the Global Scenario of Wind-Solar Hybrid?Hybrid is evolving as one of the hottest trends in renewable energy. Globally people have tried similar MW scale hybrid systems where, solar and wind systems co-exists sharing broader infrastructure like land and substation but operate independently. Such hybrid systems are called co-located hybrid systems. EDF Energy is setting up a 140MW-wind

Highlights1. The cost of installing a solar power plant comes

down drastically when installed as hybrid.

2. Provides efficient socio-economic utilization of available resources.

3. Wind and solar generation complement each other – provides a stable source of energy to the grid.

4. A small add-on unit will convert the existing wind energy convertor to a wind-solar hybrid converter.

5. Separate tariffs for wind and solar may be received.

6. Pooled power increases the operating level of inverter closer to the rated power and thereby increases convertor efficiency and energy yield.

7. Advanced technology with cost effective and localized service.

8. The solar add-on may come in flexible power ranges from 100kW to 1MW.

Introducing the MW Scale Wind-Solar Hybrid

Krishna Manoharan Business Development, ReGen Powertech Pvt Ltd.

and 143MW-solar co-located hybrid farm near Southern California. Several small scale (kW range) hybrids for off-grid applications are also available in the market.

However, the one we are talking about is called a true Hybrid, where system level integration has been achieved efficiently.

How do you Define the True Hybrid?An ideal wind-solar true hybrid system is one that generates electrical energy by using an optimum combination of wind-turbines and solar-PV with an efficiently shared infrastructure allowing for greater economic and social utilization of all resources.


What’s the Big Deal in using Common Resources?

Land: The land around the wind turbine is efficiently used after extensive shadow studies, land roughness and access roads for panel placement. The benefit here is that greater power can be evacuated per unit area. Even areas, which otherwise can never be used for solar PV installation (e.g. forest area) can be used if they are part of the wind turbine’s footprint.

Evacuation: Wind generation is predominant during evening & night and solar peaks during the day. This favorable phenomenon is represented in the adjacent picture. Hence the energy produced by both the sources can be supplied to the grid using common evacuation resources while keeping the opportunity loss due to wind’s peak power production to a minimum.

O&M: Except for PV panel cleaning, most of the other O&M related activities are covered in wind. Material and manpower can be effectively shared among both the systems. This results in huge recurring savings over 20 years.

Inverter: The unique feature of ReGen’s true wind-solar hybrid system is that, the wind-solar integration starts from the inverter stage (i.e. a single inverter for both the systems).

Now, why is this single inverter concept so exciting?

1. Avoids the need to store separate spares (IGBTs, chokes etc.) for the solar and wind inverter, reducing a lot of inventory management cost.

2. The hybrid inverter operates at higher efficiency as the pooled power is always closer to the rated power of the inverter. This improves the overall yield by 2% to 5%.

What is the Concept behind this Wind-Solar Hybrid?

The wind turbine generator generates variable voltage and frequency power which is converted into a constant voltage DC power and intern is converted into a constant voltage and frequency (matching the grid) AC Power by the frequency converter (1).

The Solar generators (3) generate variable DC voltage power which is converted into a constant DC voltage (matching the wind turbine’s DC power) by the hybrid add-on unit (2) and is combined with the wind converter’s DC section.

The wind and solar power are pooled at the DC-link and then evacuated into the grid through a common inverter which is inside the wind converter (1), through a grid transformer (4).

What about Shadow of the Wind Turbine?The shadow of the wind turbine is estimated based on the sun-path and the wind rose at the site. The solar panels are arranged predominantly in the non-shadowed area so that no losses or minimum losses are incurred due to the shadowing of the wind turbine. The shadow footprint of a wind turbine located in the state of MH will look like the one below (this will vary based on the location, as the sun path is different at different latitudes).

At the moment Wind and Solar has Different Tariffs, how is this issue Tackeled?We are actively working for a solution along with the utilities, different state and the central government to

INDIAN WIND POWER18

bring in policy changes that will help the industry adapt the wind-solar true hybrid into main stream. Many different solutions are being proposed and the most popular one is explained below.

DC meters are proposed to take advantage of the preferential tariff that’s prevailing for solar over wind.

The utility and regulatory bodies are not at any disadvantage as actual billing will only be done post-losses on the HV side as already being done.

DC-meter will be used only to bifurcate the share of generation from solar and wind individually from the total energy fed in to the grid. The following formula is proposed:

W S Wind Gen = H

(W+S) Solar Gen =

H

(W+S)

While the global community is pushing the power sector towards renewables and especially when India is aiming at achieving 20% alternate energy portfolio by 2020, it is our responsibility to identify and work on India specific renewable energy solutions; and going for Wind-solar hybrid is a huge step in this direction. One can confidently say that the success of wind-solar hybrid is definitely going to change the way the world looks at renewables and transform alternate energy into mainstream or conventional form of energy.

Theme of the Next Issue of "Indian Wind Power"

The theme of the next issue of the “Indian Wind Power” is

“Financing Wind Power Sector, Innovative Methods of Financing / Funding,”

We invite relevant articles to the theme. We solicit your cooperation.

Editor


Global Installed Wind Power Capacity (MW) - Regional Distribution

End 2012 New 2013Total

(End of 2013)

AFR

ICA

& M

IDD

LE E

AST

Ethiopia 81 90 171

Egypt 550 - 550

Morocco 291 - 291

Tunisia 104 - 104

Iran 91 - 91

Cape Verde 24 - 24

Other(1) 24 - 24

Total 1,165 90 1,255

ASI

A

PR China 75,324 16,088 91,412

India 18,421 1,729 20,150

Japan 2,614 50 2,661

Taiwan 571 43 614

South Korea 483 79 561

Thailand 112 111 223

Pakistan 56 50 106

Sri Lanka 63 - 63

Mongolia - 50 50

Other (2) 71 16 87

Total 97,715 18,216 115,927

EURO

PE

Germany 31,270 3,238 34,250

Spain 22,784 175 22,959

UK 8,649 1,883 10,531

Italy 8,118 444 8,552

France 7,623 631 8,254

Denmark 4,162 657 4,772

Portugal 4,529 196 4,724

Sweden 3,746 724 4,470

Poland 2,496 894 3,390

Turkey 2,312 646 2,959

Netherlands 2,391 303 2,693

Romania 1,905 695 2,600

Ireland 1,749 288 2,037

Greece 1,749 116 1,865

Austria 1,378 308 1,684

Rest of Europe (3)

4,956 832 5,737

Total Europe of which EU-28(4)

109,817 106,454

12,031 11,159

121,474 117,289

End 2012 New 2013Total

(End of 2013)

LATI

N A

MER

ICA

& C

ARI

BBEA

N

*Brazil 2,508 953 3,461

Chile 205 130 335

Argentina 142 76 218

Costa Rica 148 - 148

Nicaragua 146 - 146

Honduras 102 - 102

D o m i n i c a n Republic

33 52 85

Uruguay 56 4 59

Carribean (5) 136 - 136

Other (6) 54 20 74

Total 3,530 1,235 4,764N

ORT

H

AM

ERIC

A USA 60,007 1,084 61,091

Canada 6,204 1,599 7,803

Mexico 1,537 380 1,917

Total 67,748 3,063 70,811

PACI

FIC

REG

ION

Australia 2,584 655 3,239

New Zealand 623 - 623

Pacific Islands 12 - 12

Total 3,219 655 3,874

World total 283,194 35,289 318,105

Source : GWECNote :

* Projects fully commissioned, grid connections pending in some cases

Project decommissioning of approximately 374 MW and rounding affect the final sums

1. Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Libya, Nigeria, South Africa

2. Bangladesh, Philippines, Vietnam

3. Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Faroe Islands, FYROM, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Norway, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine.

4. Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK

5. Caribbean: Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Cuba, Dominica, Guadalupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Granada

6. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela

INDIAN WIND POWER22

1. IntroductionThe Small Wind Turbine and Solar Hybrid systems are becoming popular for remote/ rural area power generation due to the advancements in the renewable energy technologies. The market for these systems has been on the upswing in the last three to four years. The main drivers to its growth are the demand-supply gap in energy, increased prices of the fossil fuel, improved small wind turbine technology and the diverse application to which it can be used both for ‘grid- tied’ and ‘stand-alone’ systems. The market for wind-solar hybrid technology is encouraging in India also, and may require market drivers like favourable policies, adoption of micro generation technologies, reduced costs etc., to reach a significant level.

The small wind turbines and SPV find application in isolated or stand alone systems, mainly rural electrification, commercial applications (telecommunication towers) etc. Most of the existing systems come under this category (stand alone). Hybrid systems constitute a major share of these isolated systems, as they combine two or more sources of renewable energy to ensure continuity of supply. Grid connected small wind turbines are becoming popular in the countries like USA, Canada and European countries; the grid connected machine feeds power to the grid via a net metering system and the consumer is allowed to export or import power. Mini wind farms consisting of large number of such wind turbines in vast open spaces in cities have also become a reality and can serve as miniature power plants.

2. Small Wind Turbine (SWT)The small wind turbines / aero-generators consist of a set of two or three rotating blades. Each blade has a suitable aerofoil sectional structure by which the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into the mechanical / rotational energy very efficiently due to the high lift and low drag function of the aerofoil shape of the blades.

The power (kW) or energy (kWh) generated by the SWTs not only has direct relationship with the

instantaneous wind speed or the average wind speed, but also is exponential in nature. For every increase of the wind speed by a factor of two (2), the power/ energy increment is to the tune of cube of the factor. Thus, doubling the wind speed (factor of 2) means an increase in the power output by 23 (factor of 8).

Equation (1) gives the expression for the power extracted by the SWT :

....(1)

where, P is the power extracted from the wind, ρ is the air density at standard atmospheric conditions, A is the rotor area, V is the wind speed and Cp is the power coefficient.

Equation (2) shows the relation between the mechanical torque and the power generated due to the rotation of the rotor blades:

....(2)

where, T is the mechanical torque at the turbine side and ω is the rotor speed of the wind turbine.

Another interesting characteristic is that during the monsoon, when the solar irradiation (SPV output) is at the lowest, the wind speed is at its peak. Hence, to balance the power output throughout the year, the SWT output is coupled with the SPV panel output and they complement each other. This combination is known as wind-solar hybrid system. Figure 1 shows the nature of the power/energy output with reference to the Indian context.

Figure 1: Prediction of the wind-solar output power

Small Wind Turbine and Solar Hybrid System

Rajesh Katyal Sr. Scientist and Unit Chief, Research & Development

Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai – 600 100 Email: [email protected]


The wind speed is intermittent and variable in nature and accordingly, the wind power fluctuates due to the varying wind speed and the wind direction throughout the day. Figure 2 gives the typical view of the wind power variation during the day.

Figure 2: Variation of the wind power during the day

3. Solar Photovoltaic System (SPV)The DC power output (current and voltage) from the solar photovoltaic system has a direct relationship with the solar radiation i.e. when radiation is low, the power output is low and vice versa. Figure 3 shows the typical power curve during the daytime, in the Indian context.

Figure 3: Typical solar power curve

In practice, during the course of the day, there are further fluctuations in the radiation due to the changes in the weather, the temperature and the appearance / disappearance of the clouds. Hence, the power curve slightly varies, as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Power curve with variations in solar radiation

3.1 Solar InsolationThe radiation received from the sun is known as solar insolation and is measured in W/m2. The energy obtained from the SPV panel is a time integral of the

power output and is measured in kWh. Due to shorter daylight hours during the winter and lower radiation (power) during the monsoon, the daily energy output from the SPV varies from season to season, throughout the year, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: SPV power variation during the year

4. Classification of Small Wind TurbinesAs per IEC 61400-2, wind turbines with rotor swept area less than 200 sq.m and is capable of generating 1000 V AC or 1500 V DC are classified as small wind turbines. Several sub-divisions may exist within this classification based on the rating of the machine, swept area of the rotor, axis of rotation, direction in which wind approaches the rotor and kind of force used by the machine to create torque.

4.1. Based on Swept Area of RotorThe Table 1 shows a categorization of commercial SWTs on the basis of rated power.

Table 1: Small wind turbine categories

CategoryRated power,

kWRotor swept

area, m2

Pico wind <1 <4.9

Micro-wind 1–7 <40

Mini-wind 7–50 <200

A limit of 100 kW is defined as the maximum power that can be connected to a low voltage grid.

4.2. Based on Axis of Rotation4.2.1 Suggestion:

Horizontal axis wind turbine: The propeller type rotor is mounted on a horizontal axis. The rotor needs to be positioned into the wind direction by means of a tail wane or active yawing by a yaw motor (Figure 6). The small size machines are available from 2 to 20 m. diameter with power output from few watts to hundred kilowatts.

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)

INDIAN WIND POWER24

Figure 6: Horizontal Axis Small Wind Turbine under test at WTRS, Kayathar

4.2.2 Suggestion:

Vertical axis wind turbine: It is omni directional and requires no yaw mechanism to continuously orient towards the wind direction. Secondly, its vertical drive shaft simplifies the installation of the gearbox and the electrical generator on the ground, making the structure much simpler. On the negative side, it normally requires guy wires attached to the top for support. The power output of the vertical axis machine cannot be easily controlled in high winds simply by changing the blade pitch. The two main types are Savonius or Darrieus. In the Savonius type, the wind pushes the blade, hence speed of rotation is lower than wind speed. The shape of the rotor of the Darrieus type makes it possible for the rotor to spin faster than the wind speed. The most commonly used vertical wind turbines are shown in Figures 7 & 8.

Figure 7: Darrieus Type Figure 8: Savonius Type

4.3. Based on Direction of Wind4.3.1 Suggestion:

Upwind machines: Majority of the wind turbines are of this type, the rotor faces the wind and avoids the wind shade behind the tower.

4.3.2 Suggestion: Downwind machines: The rotor is placed on the lee side of the tower and has the theoretical advantages that they can be built without a yaw mechanism. This makes the rotor more flexible, and is an advantage with regard to the weight, the structural dynamics of the machine.

The downwind machines are thus slightly lighter than the upwind machines.

4.4. Based on Forces Acting on Rotor4.4.1 Lift and Drag type wind turbines: The Vertical axis

wind turbine (VAWT) can be categorized as lift type and drag type devices. A good way of determining whether a VAWT design is based on drag or lift is to see if the tip speed ratio (TSR) is better than 1. A tip speed ratio above 1 means some amount of lift, while TSR < 1 means mostly drag. The savonius machine comprising of two half cylinders placed in opposite direction is a drag based turbine. Whereas the darrieus machine characterize by its C-shaped rotor blades resembling like an egg beater is a lift type turbine. However, the horizontal axis wind turbine normally has a tip speed ratio ranging between 6 -7 and can give more output power and work more efficiently.

5. Market ChallengesThe market challenges/market barriers for the small wind turbine and the hybrid sector are shown below:

6. Applications

6.1 Off - the Grid Power Systems / Standalone SystemsThe standalone systems are designed to produce and store DC power. The output of the photovoltaic system or the wind turbine is converted to DC power from where it goes to the load through the inverter. The battery charger is a DC-DC buck boost converter. The power in excess of the load goes to the battery. If excess power is available after fully charging the battery, it is shunted in the dump load. When no input power is available, the battery discharges through the inverter to provide the load. The wind turbines and PV systems are also used in tandem as hybrid systems.

The small wind turbines use permanent magnet alternators, which are designed to match the characteristics of the wind turbine. A direct drive


system eliminates the gearboxes. The rotor windings connect through the slip rings to the tower wiring. The turbine if operated with constant tip speed ratio corresponding to the maximum power point can generate 20 to 30 percent more electricity per year. However, this requires a control scheme to operate with variable speed. Two possible schemes of variable speed operation are as follows:

6.1.1 Constant Tip-Speed Ratio Scheme

Conveniently most turbines operates efficiently on a constant tip speed ratio (TSR). The TSR is defined as the ratio of the tower blade tip speed to that of wind speed.

T.S.R = ωR/V

Where, ω is rotational speed, R is radius of turbine and V is wind velocity.

The optimal TSR is physical characteristics provided by the manufacturers after based on pre-production testing. Though, TSR remains constant throughout the design life but slightly changes as the blade bows / bends, pickup dust and debris.

The system design for a constant TSR operating scheme is shown in Figure 9 below. By measuring the wind speeds locally the optimal rotor speed is computed using reference speed ratio. This optimal speed is compared to the actual rotor speed and electrical loading adjusted to correct the difference.

Figure 9: Maximum power extraction using the constant tip speed ratio scheme

6.1.2 Peak Power Tracking Scheme

The power Vs rotor speed curve shown in Figure 10 below as well defined peaks and the following expression provides the condition of maximum power point i.e.

dP---- = 0 ....(3)dω

Therefore by incrementally varying the rotor speed by small amounts and evaluating dP/dω the peak power tracking scheme continuously tracks the optimal operating point and adjust rotor speed accordingly.

Figure 10: Maximum power extraction using the peak point extraction scheme

6.1.3 Photovoltaic System

Figure 11 shows a standalone photovoltaic system. The peak power tracker senses the voltage and current and adjusts the operating point to extract maximum power.

Figure 11: Peak power tracking photovoltaic module

The array diode Da is to prevent reverse flow from the battery to the array during the night. The controller monitors the system signals, such as the array and the battery currents and voltages, keeps track of the battery state of charge by book keeping the charge/discharge ampere-hours, and controls the converter, and dump load.

6.1.4 Peak Power Tracker

Let the voltage and current corresponding to the operating point on the i-v curve be V & I respectively. The power output of the PV module is P = V · I watts. If the operation moves away from the above point, such that the current is now I +∆I, and the voltage is V +∆V, the power output will be:

P + ∆ P = (V+∆V).(I+∆I)

∆P = ∆V.I+V. ∆I

At the peak point, ∆P = 0, since it lies in a flat neighborhood.

INDIAN WIND POWER26

dV -V---- = ---- ....(4)dI I

dV VWhere---- is the dynamic impedance, and ---- is the dI I

static impedance of the source.

The peak power is electrically extracted based on equation (4). One method is by injecting into the array bus a small signal current periodically, and measuring the dynamic (Zd) and static bus impedance (Zs). The operating voltage is then adjusted until Zd = -Zs.

6.1.5 Charge Converter

The battery charge converter of a PV system either steps up or steps down the DC output to a constant DC voltage of the desired level to charge the battery (Figure 12). The switching device may be a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), Metal Oxide Semi-conductor Field Electric Transistor (MOSFET) or the Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), which are turned on and off at high frequencies.

Figure 12: Battery charge converter for PV systems (buck- boost converter)

6.2 BatteryThe battery is the energy storage option used in standalone systems. It consists of electro-chemical cells connected in series-parallel to achieve the desired operating voltage and current. These cells store energy at low potential, typically a few volts.

The cell capacity, C, is measured in Ahr. The battery rating is specified in terms of the average voltage during the discharge and its Ahr capacity.

Charging a 600 Ah battery at C/10 rate means charging at 60 A rate continuously for 10 hours. Similarly discharging the battery at C/2 rate means draining it by 300 A continuously for 2 hours. Equation (5) gives the state of charge (SOC) of the battery.

Ahr capacity in the remainingSOC =

Rated Ahr capacity ...(5)

The major rechargeable batteries for wind-solar hybrid systems are the lead-acid (Pb acid), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and nickel-cadmium (NiCd). The lead acid is the most common type of rechargeable battery used because of its maturity and high performance over cost, even though it has the least energy density by weight and volume. In the lead-acid battery under discharge, water and lead sulfate are formed, the water dilutes the sulfuric acid electrolyte and the specific gravity of the electrolyte decreases with decreasing SOC. The recharging reverses the reaction in the cell. Lead-dioxide is formed at the negative and positive plates respectively, restoring the battery to its originally charged state. The lead-acid battery comes in the shallow-cycle version and the deep-cycle version. The deep-cycle version is suitable for repeated full charge and discharge cycles. The lead-acid battery is also available in sealed ‘gel-cell’ version with additives, which turns the electrolyte into a non-spillable gel that is expensive and used for specific military applications.

Nickel cadmium cells have half the weight of the conventional lead-acid cells. They have a longer deep-cycle life, and are more temperature tolerant than the lead-acid batteries. However, this electrochemistry has a memory effect, which degrades the capacity if not used for a long time. Cadmium is not considered environmentally safe, hence Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) is being replaced by Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH).

The widely fluctuating voltage and current from the wind-solar hybrid cannot be connected to any electrical load, since no electrical equipment or appliance can operate on a fluctuating power supply. An electrical storage battery is therefore used to first store the output power from the SPV and SWT and simultaneously supply a steady electrical power to the electrical load. The most economical, optimally efficient and suitable bulk power storage is the battery comprising of a number of lead acid storage cells, each cell of 2 V. Figure 13 shows the circuit diagram of the wind-solar hybrid system with the battery backup.

Figure 13: Circuit diagram of the wind-solar hybrid system


6.3 Backup GeneratorsBackup generator may not be used at all in a properly sized power system, especially if the consumer can adapt the load to the availability of resource. With backup generator, the system can be designed with less battery storage than otherwise needed. As generators run most efficiently near full load, they should be run only after the batteries fall to about 20 % of their full charge. The generators can then run until the batteries are brought back to 80 % of full charge. The renewable sources should be then used to top up the batteries with long duration charging cycles. This way, the overall running time of the generator is limited and fuel consumption is kept down. The generator can be started and stopped by monitoring the state of charge of the battery.

6.3.1 Utility Backup

In a system with utility backup an automatic transfer switch senses the load and switches between inverter

supplied power and the utility’s. If the renewable energy sources do not provide enough power, the grid can be brought in to charge the batteries. This may seems to defeat the purpose of a standalone system. However, the stand alone systems can provide when the grid supply is disrupted. This technique is apt for areas where utility power is unreliable. The utility charges the battery and the load draws the current from the inverter that is powered by the batteries. The inverter stand by losses will add up in this system.

7. Grid Connected SystemsGrid connection of wind and photovoltaic power systems helps in riding over the temporary excess or shortfalls in the generated renewable energy. This improves the overall economy. The grid supplies power to the load when needed, or absorbs excess power when available. Figures 14 & 15 indicate the schematic of such grid connected systems.

Figure 14: Grid connected wind system

Figure 15: Grid connected PV system

INDIAN WIND POWER28

The renewable energy systems interface through the breaker at the output end of the inverter. The power flows in either direction depending on the site voltage at the breaker terminals.

The fundamental requirements on the site voltage for interfacing with the grid are as follows:

• The voltage magnitude and phase must equal to that required for the desired magnitude and direction of the power flow. The voltage is controlled by the transformer turns ratio and/or the rectifier/inverter firing angle in a closed-loop control system.

• The frequency must be exactly equal to that of the grid, or else the system will not work. To meet the frequency requirement, the only effective means is to use the utility frequency as a reference for the inverter switching frequency.

8. System SizingMost of the loads are supplied by batteries, hence the loads can be fed directly or through an inverter. Another important factor is the DC voltage of the system. As demand increases, the optimal system voltage required also increases. Except for small applications (< 2 kWh / day), the system should be sized for 24 / 48 V. However, with increasing consumption and long cable runs, voltages of the order of 120 V / 240 V are preferable. This way, the siting of renewable energy sources becomes flexible.

For small loads, say a few lights in a rural household, a 12 V PV system consisting of one or two panels of 75 W, may be appropriate; as PV are less expensive than wind for such applications. Wind and solar become more attractive with increasing loads. At good windy sites, wind – solar becomes more cost effective than the solar alone.

The output of the PV system also varies over seasons, and from region to region. The performance of PV systems can be optimized by adjusting the tilt of the panels seasonally. A normal practice is to tilt the panels at latitude plus 15 degrees during winter and latitude minus 15 degrees during summer. Mounting the PV array on a tracker is a more precise way of boosting the performance of the system. The tracker may boost performance by about 10-15 % during winter and about 40-50 % during summer.

A wind solar hybrid system requires sizing and siting of the PV array for summer insolation, thus reducing the number of PV modules needed. For low wind speed sites, wind turbines with relatively large diameter rotors and smaller generators prove better than those with smaller rotors and high power ratings. Larger rotor machines maintain a constant charge all

the time, which is ideal for batteries. Smaller rotor machines with high power ratings may be capable of good generation during high winds only.

The inverter should be sized by adding the demand from all appliances that are likely to operate at the same time. The continuous rating of the inverter indicates what the inverter can supply over a long period without failure. In case the load consists of appliances like the motor, and the surge rating should also be considered. The inverter should also offer power factor correction for inductive loads.

The batteries add significantly to the cost of a standalone system. Batteries for such application must be capable of numerous deep discharges. Lead acid batteries must not be discharged beyond 80% of their capacity.

9. ConclusionTraditional ‘mega-power’ production of electricity is insufficient today because of exponential industrial growth and higher living standards. Micro-generation can act as a catalyst for cultural changes in consumer attitude, and provides evidence of the significant impact that microgeneration has had on consumer attitude and behaviour related to energy production and use. Micro-generation, which includes technologies small wind turbines, biomass gasifiers, solar power, micro-hydro, is both a serious form of clean energy production and a cultural movement, which is gathering momentum worldwide.

We should therefore focus on a programme to expand the market for SWTs and hybrid systems in India by industry stabilization through mass production, expanded megawatt scale annual market (both stand alone and grid interactive systems), diverse product portfolio, standardization of products, product testing, and product certification, improved O&M service network, business model restructuring, innovative policy and regulatory framework and capacity building.

Reference:1. Wind and Solar Power Systems – Mukund R Patel

2. Wind Power – Paul Gipe

3. IEC 61400-2, Wind Turbines, Part 2: Design requirements for small wind turbines

4. Certification testing for small wind turbines, NREL & southwest Windpower

5. A strategic road map for developing the market for small wind turbines and wind-solar-hybrid systems in India – Report prepared by WISE on behalf of C-WET.

Our groundwork enables our

clean energy contribution

to touch the sky

Our groundwork is what earns us the wings:

§ Robust operations -

from concept to commissioning and lifetime care thereafter

§ Comprehensive in-house manufacturing facilities –

including complete turbines and towers

§ Turbine technology -

reliable and proven gearless technology

§ Holistic solutions –

to all wind energy related financial / regulatory / CDM aspects

§ Proven track record -

18 years of operation; capacities exceeding 4200MW

www.windworldindia.com

Wind World (India) Ltd.Wind World Towers, Plot No. A-9, Veera Industrial Estate, Veera Desai Rd., Andheri (W), Mumbai 400 053, India.Tel: +91 22 6692 4848 | Email: [email protected]

INDIAN WIND POWER30

IntroductionEnvironmental concern and declining availability of conventional resources coupled with rise in the cost of electrical power production and availability issues has laid a path for tapping the naturally available renewable sources in particular wind and solar. Though both these resources are intermittent in nature, but there is an element of complimentary in nature which has led to growing interest in wind solar hybrid power plants as a means to overcome them. With the complementary characteristics between wind and photovoltaic, one crucial decision faced by a hybrid plant designer is to optimize land between wind and solar installations to maximize the generation at reduced infrastructure costs. The power produced by a wind turbine depends on the wind speed. The power produced by a PV module depends on the solar irradiance and temperature. Photovoltaic or PV cells, known commonly as solar cells, convert the energy from sunlight into DC electricity. PVs offer added advantages over other renewable energy sources in that they give off no noise and require practically no maintenance.

General Perspective on Wind Solar Hybrid

Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore [email protected], [email protected]

The general steps involved in designing the overall system

is shown in Figure 1. The critical issues to be considered in

the overall design is to have-

² A comprehensive performance assessment technique

for a wind-solar hybrid system based on local climate

and weather conditions, land area available for

renewable energy harvesting, and device limitations.

² Performance evaluation based on measures of energy

throughput and availability, so as to assist the risk/

energy trade-off decision faced by the system planner.

² Use of the above analysis to optimally size the

wind and solar installations in a given land area

there by maximizing energy throughput at optimal

infrastructure costs.

Figure 1: Steps for establishing a Hybrid Solar and Wind plant

Optimal Mix ProblemThe temporal relationship between wind and solar output is the key driver for resulting net load variability. Depending on the nature of wind and solar, a multi-dimensional scenario based study approach needs to be considered to evaluate the transmission line loadings/adequacy of the transmission system. Based on the solar DNI radiation data for typical location under study for 8760 hrs of the year, solar generation periods for the whole year is segregated as under-

Dr. Balaraman K Ms. Rashmi Shekar


² Maximum solar radiation season - This period is observed during the months of February to May

² Average solar radiation season - This period is observed during the months of January and June to October

² Minimum solar radiation season - This period is observed during the months of November and December

Further an attempt has been made to analyze the various scenarios & corresponding wind variation during these three major seasons of solar energy penetration months and is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Scenario Description

Solar generation seasons Wind generation

*Peak solar generation period

February to May

Day peak Lean wind season (Average wind generation at this time in this season)

Day minimum

Average solar generation period

January and June to October

Day peak Peak wind season (Average wind generation at this time in this season) except in January

Day minimum

*Minimum solar generation period

November and December

Day peak Average wind generation at this time in this season

Day minimum

Statistical analysis based on the data is critical to quantify variability of wind and solar generation over multiple time frames (seasonal, daily, hourly and 10-minute). To investigate the power evacuation schemes and feasibility analysis during the above mentioned seasons corresponding system demand (for typical days in a month in MW) and wind generation (for a typical wind farm in region) scenarios coincident relationship needs to be evaluated.

Hybrid Wind and Solar Power PlantGiven the total area of land available for renewable energy harvesting, an optimal mix determines the best way to divide the land into the wind and the solar resource installations based on year round availability and maximum energy output. The factors to be considered are the historical behavior of the weather of that location (obtained by extracting data for the particular land area), wind turbine and solar panel specific parameters.

Based on the solar & wind generation data available for the given area for various months in a year, coincidental maximum of solar and wind generation is observed during the months of peak wind generation season. In the example, if 100 MW of wind generation and 50 MW of solar generation are considered, the generation duration curve is plotted based on the available data in Figure 2. From the Figure 2, it is observed that there is marginal increase of total capacity of power available.

Figure 2: Solar, Wind and Hybrid generation duration curve

INDIAN WIND POWER32

Based on the solar and wind data available, 100MW of wind generation and 50 MW of solar generations are estimated based on the past data for a typical day in peak wind season. During this season, 100 MW of wind farm would be generating 84 MW and the generation from 50 MW of solar plant is 33 MW. The coincidental maximum of solar and wind generation of 117 MW is observed during the months of peak wind generation season which is presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Solar –Wind coincidence during typical day in peak wind season

Similarly, generation data of wind and solar is estimated during a typical day in peak solar season is studied based on the past data. During this season, 100 MW of wind farm is generating 0.8 MW and 50 MW of solar plant is generating 52 MW. The coincidental maximum of solar and wind generation of 52.8 MW is observed during the months of peak solar generation season which is represented in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Solar –Wind coincidence during typical day in peak solar season

If the Plant Load Factor observed for wind farm and solar park are 23% and 18% respectively, then, based on these PLF’s, the energy generated per year would be 201.5MU for a wind power project of installed capacity 100 MW and energy generated would be 78.8MU for a solar power plant of installed capacity 50 MW. For an integrated wind and solar system, the energy generated would be around 280 MU.


The BudgetThe budget presented by the Finance Minister Arun Jaitely on the 10th of July, 2014, clearly indicates that the present government is aggressively prepared to erase the curve of the GDP, which was dipping south wards arguably, for the last few years. On the contrary the budget of 2014 has revealed undoubtedly the measures to leap forward to touch the magic number of 7% plus growth and consolidate with impressive figures, which the nation awaits.

Whilst minimum government and maximum governance is the slogan to achieve the overall growth, FM has laid clear emphasis on fiscal consolidation, by increasing investments in manufacturing & agriculture and create infrastructure on large scale across India. To achieve the figure of 7% growth, he has laid emphasis on expenditure reforms, to maximise output. To sync to the above objectives, FM has raised the FDI in insurance and defence sector as well.

Post BJP rule 10 years ago, the UPA it appears never really got into the mainstream infrastructure development, albeit they have been speaking about it. It is here FM in his budget speech (1) laid significant emphasis on massive infrastructure creation such as, construction of additional around 5 kms road per day to add 8500 kms to the existing national highway network; (2) developing of smart cities among tier I and II cities; and (3) workable schemes for the construction and development of new airports.

Arun Jaitely, having laid clear cut policies and frame work for overall growth, he has given major thrust on employment of youth across all sectors. PM’s most popular election slogan “development of skills” among the youth is addressed comprehensively with the announcement of new schemes to virtually increase the skills of our youth population for entrepreneurial development on the one side and employability of them on the other.

Identifying the negligence of the agri sector (which is still the back bone of the Indian economy) and recognising the requirement in this sector, the government has instituted price stabilisation fund to protect the volatility of agri

produces. FM has also introduced “affordable housing” both in urban in rural areas and proposed to inject Rs. 4000 cr and Rs. 8000 Cr respectively towards urban and rural housing. This is perhaps to ensure the close knit of the social infrastructure. In continuation to this, FM has also proposed Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) by modifying the existing structure with a status to avoid double taxation. The budget also has announced lots of tax measures to improve the general sentiments of the investor community, besides promising them that, in future not to introduce retroactive amendments. While there is no mention of GST anywhere in the budget, FM has spoken his commitment to introduce it, however no time lines were indicated.

Every budget thus far cannot be said that, it has spoken both the mind and heart of the presenter / party, but here the FM, it appears has done it. The element of sustainability and inclusiveness for overall growth is clearly visible, while FM has at large really embraced differently abled community, apart from those socially and economically, marginalised.

Key driversTo achieve comprehensive economic growth with lower inflation, FM has spelt key drivers and some of them are:

i. Manufacturing and Industry :

a. ` 10,000 cr fund to be set up to provide seed capital and risk capital to start-up companies

b. Redefining medium and small enterprises to provide for higher capital investment ceiling, in plant and machinery

c. Subject to FIPB approval, FDI in defence sector

d. Setting up of fund to support and enhance the technological requirement of defence systems

ii. Infrastructure :

a. Initiating works on select expressways and development of industrial corridor

b. For the benefit of economically weaker section, urban poor and low income group, the budget

Budget 2014 - An Over ViewR. Balajee

Chief Executive Officer, CW Renewable Energy (India ) Pvt Ltd., Chennai

INDIAN WIND POWER34

has set aside a sum of Rs. 4000 Cr thro NHB for extending loans at lower interest rate

c. Setting up of National Industrial Corridor Authority, to monitor the development of industrial corridor along smart cities

d. FM has proposed to set aside a sum of Rs. 500 crore for the purpose of supplying uninterrupted power to rural areas and for strengthening sub-transmission and distribution systems. Further to promote cleaner and more efficient thermal power, he has allocated an initial sum of ` 100 crore for preparatory work for a new scheme “Ultra-Modern Super Critical Coal Based Thermal Power Technology.”

e. Comprehensive measures for enhancing domestic coal production are being put in place along with stringent mechanism for quality control and environmental protection, which includes supply of crushed coal and setting up of washeries.

iii. Agriculture :

a. Stabilisation fund to protect the volatility of agri produces

b. Extend the awareness through a dedicated communication channel, knowledge of modern and efficient technology in agriculture for maximum productivity

c. Regulating and introducing efficient logistics for the distribution of agri produces, both perishable and non-perishable

iv. Financial Services and Capital Markets :

a. New DRT’s to be set up for quick revival of stressed assets in the Indian banking system

b. New and flexible structuring will be introduced while extending long term loans for infrastructure projects

c. Increase of FDI from 26% to 49% in the insurance sector, subject to FIPB approval

v. New & Renewable Energy :

a. New & Renewable Energy deserves a very high priority. It is proposed to take up Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects in the States of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Laddakh in J&K. FM has set aside a sum of Rs. 500 crore for promotion of this sector. More focus will be on solar power driven agricultural pump sets and water pumping stations for energizing 100,000 pumps and FM has proposed to allocate a sum of Rs. 400 crore for this purpose. An additional Rs. 100 crore

is also set aside for the development of 1 MW size solar parks on the banks of the canals. The government has also laid serious emphasis on the implementation of exclusive corridor for evacuating green energy across the country.

b. Encouraging those entities that would set up generation, transmission and distribution of power before 31st March, 2017, FM has extended the 10 year tax holiday to those entities. This perhaps will speak about the stability in the policy that will help the investors to plan their investments with clarity.

c. Give more impetus to wind energy, FM has proposed to reduce the basic customs duty from 10% to 5% on forged steel rings used in the manufacture of bearings of WTG’s. He has also proposed to exempt the SAD of 4% on parts and raw materials required for the manufacture of wtg’s. He further proposed to prescribe a concessional basic customs duty of 5% on machinery and equipment required for setting up of compressed biogas plants (Bio-CNG).

d. To comprehensively develop renewable sources of energy, FM has further proposed to exempt the following from ED:

• EVA sheets and solar back sheets and specified inputs used in their manufacture;

• Solar tempered glass used in the manufacture of solar photovoltaic cells and modules;

• Flat copper wire for the manufacture of PV ribbons for use in solar cells and modules;

• Machinery and equipment required for setting up of a project for solar energy production;

• Forged steel rings used in the manufacture of bearings of wind operated generators;

The most populous and much awaited sop was in the form of accelerated depreciation for wind sector, which was withdrawn two years ago, is being reinstated from the current fiscal. This will boost the wind sector to greater heights for times to come.

The current estimated potential for wind projects is in the region of 100,000 MW as against the total installation of over 21,128 MW as of March 2014. PM’s vision of “absolute contribution” of RE in the total power generation of the country is going to be another feather in BJP’s cap and also towards major contribution to save our planet, for generation next.

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INDIAN WIND POWER36

Accelerated Depreciation Restored

The government has announced that it was reinstating the accelerated depreciation (AD) scheme which was withdrawn two years ago. “This is being done because of the many requests from the wind energy sector, number of concessions for which development have been made in this budget,” Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said in parliament replying to the debate on the Budget for 2014-15. He added that the necessary amendment will be made to the Finance Bill.

Source: IANS | July 18, 2014

Coal Cess Increased to Rs. 100 Per Tonne

Hon’ble Finance Minister Shri Arun Jaitley has increased the Clean Energy Cess from Rs. 50 to Rs. 100 per tonne as per the budget presented on July 10, 2014.

"Clean Energy Cess is presently levied on coal, peat and lignite for the purposes of financing and promoting clean energy and funding research in the area of clean energy. I propose to expand the scope of purposes of levying the said cess to include financing and promoting clean environment initiatives and funding research in the area of clean environment. To finance these additional initiatives, I propose to increase the Clean Energy Cess from Rs. 50 per tonne to Rs. 100 per tonne".

Central Pollution Control Board Changes All Wind Projects from RED to GREEN Category

Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association had taken up the matter with Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi regarding categorisation of wind energy projects. The board has issued the order on 2nd June 2014, declaring that wind projects of all capacities have now been listed under the GREEN category.

KERC Order on Wheeling and Banking

Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission has issued the order dated 4th July 2014 on Wheeling and Banking Charges as below:

1. The Wheeling charges shall be 5% of the injected energy for wind, mini-hydel, Bagasse based co-generation plants and Biomass based project;

2. The banking charges shall be 2% of the injected energy and shall be applicable for wind and mini-hydel projects only;

3. The annual banking facility is continued for non-REC wind, mini hydel and solar energy projects and henceforth the banked energy unutilised at the end of the wind year, water year or financial year, as the case may be, shall be deemed to have been purchased by the Distribution Licensee of the area where the generator is located and shall be paid for at 85% of the generic tariff determined by the Commission in its latest orders in case of wind, mini-hydel and solar projects. The Commission decides to discontinue the differential UI charges payable, to account for the difference in the power purchase cost between the time of injection and drawal, for both existing as well as new projects utilizing the banking facility;

4. These charges shall be applicable for the above mentioned renewable energy projects wheeling energy to consumers within the State of Karnataka and commissioned on or before 31.3.2018 and shall be valid for a period of 10 years from the date of commissioning of the project or units;

5. For REC route captive power plants, the wheeling and banking charges as specified in the order dated 09.10.2013 shall continue.

RERC releases Final Tariff Order for Wind Power

Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory Commission has released final tariff order for wind power on 16th July 2014, as below:

Table : Tariff for wind power plants getting commissioned during FY 14-15

S. No.

Particulars

Tariff ( ̀ / kWh) if higher depre-

ciation benefit is not availed

Tariff ( ̀ / kWh) if higher depre-

ciation benefit is availed

1 2 3 4

1

Wind Power Plants located in Jaisalmer, Jodhpur & Barmer districts

5.64 5.31

2

Wind Power Plants located in districts other than Jaisalmer, Jodhpur & Barmer districts.

5.93 5.57

Snippets on Wind Power


India achieves 12.95% of renewable energy potential

The installed capacity of renewable energy has touched 32,269.6 MW or 12.95% of the total potential available in the country, as on March 31, 2014. With this, the renewable energy, including large hydro electricity, constitutes 28.8% of the overall installed capacity in India.

According to the India Renewable Energy Status Report 2014 released at the ongoing Green Summit 2014 in Bangalore on Thursday, the total renewable energy potential from various sources in India is 2,49,188 MW. The untapped market potential for overall renewable energy in India is 2,16,918.39 MW that shows huge growth potential for renewable energy in India.

Source: http://www.business-standard.com, Jun 5, 2014

Tata Power to commission 2 South African wind projects in 2017

Tata Power, which has an installed generation capacity of 8,560 MW, is developing the two South African wind projects (134.4 MW Amakhala Emoyeni and 94.8 MW Tsitsikamma plants) through an equal joint venture with Exxaro Resources.

Suzlon to raise Rs 1,000 cr from non-core asset sales in FY15

Wind turbine maker Suzlon Energy, which is working on its business revival strategy, plans to raise about Rs 1,000 crore from sale of non-core assets this financial year. Besides, Suzlon is exploring new markets for business opportunities, according to a top company official. Suzlon has already mopped up more than Rs 700 cr by selling two non-core assets one US-based Big Sky wind farm and another Chinese manufacturing facility.

Source: http://www.business-standard.com, Jun 1, 2014

Regen Powertech to launch wind-solar hybrid systems

Regen Powertech Ltd, one of India’s leading wind turbine manufacturing companies, is all ready to launch wind-solar hybrid systems. While the idea of putting a solar power plant under a windmill is not altogether new, Regen has perfected the system, marrying photo-voltaic plants of either 500 kV or 750 kV with Regen’s 1.5 MW wind turbines. The cost of the solar plant would be 20 per cent lower than a standalone solar plant of the same capacity.

Source: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com, Jun 13, 2014

Indian wind power sector has potential to add 3,000 + MW this year

Speaking to reporters on the sidelines of Renergy 2014, Mr. Madhusudan Khemka, Chairman of IWTMA and MD of ReGen Powertech, said that “At an all-India level, this year we expect an addition of around 3,000 MW. With the accelerated depreciation this will increase another 500 to 700 MW more.”

Source: http://www.steelguru.com, June 15, 2014

Inox Wind bags Rs 900 cr order

Inox Wind Energy, a subsidiary of Gujarat Fluorochemicals Limited, has bagged a Rs 900 crore order from a subsidiary of Morgan Stanley to build wind power complexes of 170 megawatt (MW) capacity in Ratlam and Mandsaur districts of Madhya Pradesh and is one of the largest wind turbine orders in the country for a single project.

Source: http://www.telegraphindia.com Jun 16, 2014

CLP India Selects Suzlon Wind Turbines

CLP India has given the Suzlon Group a notice to proceed (NTP) for a 100.8 MW wind power project using Suzlon’s S97-2.1 MW wind turbines featuring doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) technology. When completed, the project will increase CLP India’s wind power portfolio to approximately 1000 MW.

Source: http://www.smartmeters.com, June 30, 2014

Incentives for wind power producers to be simplified

Power, Coal and MNRE minister Sri Piyush Goyal held an interactive meeting with all the stakeholders in the wind sector. The representatives from four wind associations — Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA), Wind Independent Power Producers Association (WIPPA), Indian Wind Energy Association (InWEA) and Indian Wind Power Association (IWPA) — were called for discussions. The officers from MNRE, IREDA and C-WET were also present.

Goyal asked IREDA to simplify the procedures for GBI releases and make them more transparent. Augmentation of transmission and evacuation facilities by state governments is another major issue, which needs to be improved. There was a loss of around 2.1 billion units in Tami Nadu alone during windy season (May-August) last year on account of putting the wind turbines off-grid, the associations informed the minister.

Requirement of enforcement of renewable purchase obligation (RPO) was emphasised by the industry. This will create the market for REC mechanism. It was mentioned

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by the developers that the wind sector has not yet reached to a stage to go for competitive bidding and, therefore, the route of feed-in-tariff (FIT) should continue.

Timely payment of electricity generated from wind projects is another necessity. Signing of PPA is uncertain in some states. It was also suggested that renewables should be categorised under the “priority sector” by RBI.

Source: http://www.business-standard.com, July 2, 2014

Top 15 Wind Turbine Suppliers of 2013

MAKE Consulting has released its list of the top 15 global wind turbine suppliers of 2013 as follows:

1. Vestas - 13.2% (also held the No. 1 spot in MAKE’s top 10 list of 2012)

2. Goldwind - 10.3% (up from No. 7 in 2012)3. Enercon - 10.1% (up from No. 5)4. Siemens - 8.0% (down from No. 3)5. Suzlon Group - 6.3% (up from No. 6)6. GE - 4.9% (down from No. 2)7. Gamesa - 4.6% (down from No. 4)8. United Power - 3.9% (same position as in 2012)9. Mingyang - 3.7% (up from No. 10)10. Nordex - 3.4% (did not rank in MAKE’s 2012 top 10

list)11. XEMC - 3.2%12. Envision - 3.1%13. DEC - 2.3%14. Sinovel - 2.3% (down from No. 9 in 2012)15. Sewind - 2.2%

Two Renewable Public Sector Companies to be Set Up

There are plans to form two state-owned joint ventures (JVs) to oversee the construction of renewable energy projects, contributing to India’s energy security and reducing reliance on conventional sources of fuel such as coal. The proposal is being worked out by oil and renewable energy ministries, which sees them setting up one JV to oversee large-scale, grid-integrated projects and the other for off-grid projects. These new public sector units will be promoted as joint ventures between state-owned oil sector firms such as Indian Oil Corp. Ltd (IOC), Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd, Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd, Oil and Natural Gas Corp. Ltd (ONGC), Oil India Ltd and Solar Energy Corp. of India and the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) (a public Limited Government Company under the administrative control of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)). One of the JVs will be led by ONGC and the other will be led by IOC. The initial funding for the new firms will come from the JV partners implementing the projects. The funds they put in such projects will be considered part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributions.

Government Approves Nine Transmission Projects

Published on Friday, 27 June 2014

For fast track building of high capacity inter-state transmission lines, the Ministry of Power has approved 9 new projects with an estimated cost of INR 12,518 crore, which will states like Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, etc. by enabling high capacity 765 kV lines carrying up to 2100 MW each apart from construction of new 765/400 kv substations.

These projects will help evacuation from central generating stations for instance 660 MW Sipat of NTPC, 1600 MW Gadarwara, private sector generating stations such as Sassan UMPP (1320 MW). Congestion will also be reduced in Haryana region by the strengthening of the northern transmission system. Projects which will be developed through tariff based competitive bidding process inviting participation from all bidders including the private sector.

The transmission projects approved by the Government for high capacity inter-state or inter-region transmission are as follows:

S. No

Scheme NameEstimated

Cost (INR Cr)

1 Northern Region system Strengthening Scheme - XXXV

88

2 Additional System Strengthening for Sipat STPS

2473

3 System Strengthening for IPPs in Chhattisgarh & Western Region

823

4 Additional System Strengthening Scheme for Chhattisgarh IPPs

2191

5 Transmission system associated with Gadarwara STPS (Part-A)

2525

6 Transmission system associated with Gadarwara STPS (Part-B)

2360

7 Connectivity lines for Maheshwaram (Hyderabad) 765/400 kV

396

8 Transmission system for LTA of 400 MW for 2x500 MW NLC

612

9 Transmission System Strengthening associated with Vindhyachal-V

1050

Total 12518

Source: Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India, Friday, 27 June 2014

Snippets compiled By:

Sri Abhijit Kulkarni General Manager, Sales - Renewable Energy Segment, SKF India Ltd. - Strategic Industries, Chinchwad, Pune

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and IWTMA Team


Knowledge ForumIndian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association regularly conducts Knowledge Forums for the benefit of the wind power industry on the topics of technological and other developments.

In this series IWTMA conducted Wind Knowledge Forum in association with CWET and Meteopole on 27.06.2014 at C-WET Conference Hall, Chennai.

The topics were was “Power performance optimization of Wind Farms using Nacelle mounted LiDAR technology (Wind IRIS)” & “A Disruptive Approach to Reduce Uncertainties to Make Future Wind Projects More Bankable”.

The Speaker was Mr. Karim Fahssis, CEO & Co-Founder, MeteoPole, France.

Delegetes at the Knowledge Forum

Dr. S. Gomathinayagam, ED, CWET inaugurating the Knowledge Forum

Mr. Karim Fahssis CEO and Co-Founder Meteopole addressing at the Knowledge Forum

Photo FeatureGreen Power 2014Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), CII-Sohrabji Green Business Centre, Hyderabed Renewable Energy Council had organised an International Conference and Exposition on Renewable Energy “Green Power 2014” on 17th and 18th July 2014 at Chennai. IWTMA members participated in various sessions as Panel Members.

A view of the panel on “Technology and Financing in Wind Energy Sector” held on 18th July 2014.

Mr. Ateesh Samant, CEO, ILFS Wind Power Services Ltd., Dr. S. Gomathinayagam, ED, CWET, Mr. S. Karthikeyan, Senior Counselor, CII-SGGBC, Mr. Madhusudan Khemka, Chairman, IWTMA, Mr. D.V. Giri, Secretary General, IWTMA, Mr. Pascal Storck, COO, 3 Tier Inc. and Dr. K. Balaraman, CGM, PRDC

INDIAN WIND POWER40

Published and Edited by Dr. Rishi Muni Dwivedi on behalf of Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association, 4th Floor, Samson Tower, No 403 L, Pantheon Road, Chennai 600108. Printed by R.R. Bharath on behalf of Ace Data Prinexcel Private Limited, 3/304F, (SF No. 676/4B), Kulathur Road, odd NH 47 By Pass Road, Neelambur, Coimbatore 641062.

Editor: Dr. Rishi Muni Dwivedi

The Inaugural Issue of IWTMA magazine Indian Wind Power was released by Sri Upendra Tripathy, IAS, Secretary, MNRE on 25th June 2014 at New Delhi.

At the release from left to right are Sri B.M.L. Garg, Director, IWTMA, Sri Mahesh Vipradas, Vice President, Suzlon, Sri Dilip Nigam, Director, MNRE, Sri Ajay Mehra, EC Member, IWTMA, Sri Upendra Tripathy, IAS, Secretary, MNRE, Sri Madhusudan Khemka, Chairman, Sri Devansh Jain, EC Member and Sri D.V. Giri, Secretary General IWTMA.

Sri Piuysh Goyal, Hon'able Minister for Power, MNRE and Coal interacting with the wind power investors on 1st July 2014 at New Delhi

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The V87 is a fine example of ReGen Powertech’s expertise and commitment to offering turbines that are highly efficient, reliable and low maintenance.

NO WONDER WE HAVE CONFIDENCE OFWORLD CLASS IPP CLIENTS

Samson Tower, 403L, Pantheon Road, Egmore, Chennai – 600 008. Tel: +91 44 3023 0200, Fax: +91 44 30230298/99.Email: [email protected] www.regenpowertech.comChennai: +91 98401 61228, Delhi: +91 98112 27535, Mumbai: +91 98190 63836Factories : Andra Pradesh: Survey No.182 to 188, APIIC Industrial Park, Mambattu Village, Tada Mandal, Nellore District 524121, A.P.Udaipur: NH-76 Udaipur – Chittorgarh Road, Village – Bhatewar, Tehsil – Vallabh Nagar, Dist.Udaipur (Rajasthan), Pincode: 313601, Opp. Sir Padampath Singhnia University.

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