Volpi CCS new red

CorsodiGeologiaMarina2014-15

Università di Trieste Corso di Laurea in Geologia

Anno accademico 2015 - 2016

Geologia Marina

Parte VI

Modulo 6.3 Confinamento geologico della CO2

Docente Valentina Volpi

Geologia Marina 2016/2017


GREENHOUSEGASES

Thisprocessconsistsoftheglobalwarmingduetotheemissionofgas(CO2,watersteam,methane…)intheatmosphere.GreenhousegasesallowsunlighttopassthroughtheatmospherewhileobstructingthepassagetothespaceoftheinfraredradiationfromtheEarth'ssurfaceandloweratmosphere(theheatre-issued);inpracticetheybehaveliketheglassofagreenhouseandhelptoregulateandmaintainthetemperatureoftheearthwithtoday.

ThisisanaturalprocessandallowsthatthetemperatureoftheEarthbe33°Chigherthanwhatitwouldbewithoutthepresenceofthegases.

Globalwarmingandclimatechangearetermsfortheobservedcentury-scaleriseintheaveragetemperatureoftheEarth'sclimatesystemanditsrelatedeffects.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate


Ice cores from Antarctica have allowed to reconstruct the temperature trend and the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere

for the the last 400.000



CorrelationbetweentemperatureincreaseandconcentrationofCO2

intheatmosphereoverthelast400,000years(drillingoficeinAntarctica)

MaximunconcentrationofCO2(last400.000years)

300ppmIN2005:381ppm

GLOBALWARMING

Globalvariationofthetemperature(red)andtheCO2presentintheatmosphere(blu)inthelast1000years.

CO2concentration in the atmosphere is increased by circa ~40% from

1750 (Rivoluzione Industriale; IPCC, 2014)



Climate change

Acidification

WorldemissionsofCO2fromtheusageoffossilfuels:6.5GtC/y(o24GtCO2/a)

©BRGMim@gé

CO2exchangebetweenEarthandAtmosphere(Billiontons/yearsofCarbon)

TotalamountofemittedCO2:30billiontons/yearor8.1billiontons/yearsofcarbon


mailto:im@g%C3%A9


CO2GEOLOGICALSTORAGE CARBONCAPTUREANDSTORAGE

..oneoftheoptionstoreducetheglobalCO2emissionsby2050

©BRGM-BLCom

Three main phases: 1. Capture2. Transport3. Storage



CO2CAPTURE:MAINCO2EMISSIONSThemainsourcesofCO2emissionsconsistoftheBIGSTATIONARYSOURCES:

• fossilfuelpowerplants

• industrialinstallationsfortheproductionofiron,steel,cementand

• chemicalsrefineries

➢POST-COMBUSTION:separationofCO2fromotherproducts(watervapor,N2...)ofcombustionofprimaryresourcesandbeingabsorbedbychemicalsolvents.TheCO2isseparatedfromthesolventandcompressedtobetransportedandstored.

➢PRE-COMBUSTION:treatmentofthefuelwithoxygenorairand/orsteambeforecombustiontoproduceagasmixtureconsistingofcarbondioxideandhydrogen,separatedbeforeemission

➢OXYGENCOMBUSTION:oxygenisseparatedfromtheairbeforecombustionandmixedwithfuelathighpressure.ThiscombustionprocessproducesonlyvaporandconcentratedCO2thatcanbetreatedeasilyandsenttobestored.

CAPTUREPROCESSES



TRANSPORTOFCO2

Tanks,pipelinesandshipsNoteconomicallyconvenient

LaCO2canbetransported,bothonlandandoffshore,inthreephases:

GAS LIQUID SOLID



ExistingReservoir

• Salineaquifers• Oilandgasfileddepleted• Coalseams

STORAGEOPTIONS



Depth:between800(toallowtheCO2supercriticalstage)and2000-3000m

Characteristicsofthereservoir:goodporosityepermeability

Distance:withinaradiusof200kmfromthesourceofemissionofCO2

Caprock:presenceofasealinggeologicalformation

Heatflow:theheatflowdoesnothavetobehigh,inordernottoaltertheconditionsofstabilityofCO2

Tectonicsetting/seismicity:theareamustbestabletoensurethestructuralconditionsforstorage

CRITERIAFORIDENTIFICATIONOFSUITABLESITESFORCO2STORAGE



CO2STORAGE

theymustbeataDEPTHbetween800(sothattheCO2remainsinconditionsofsupercriticalstate)and1500m;

ForthepurposesofCO2storage,therockthatservesasareservoirmustmeetthefollowingrequirements:

theymusthaveacertainporosityandpermeability;



•T>31.1°C

•P>73.9bar

CO2PHASE:“supercriticalstate”



T=100°C, P=280bar (2800m)

density (kg/m3)

Viscosity (cP)

CO2 supercritic

615 0.05

water 804 0.16

gas (methan) 150 0.02

…CO2insupercriticalstateisliquidorgas?

ANSWER:

•densitysimilartoliquid

•viscositysimilartogas

Geologia Marina 2015/2016Geologia Marina 2016/2017


TheCO2atsupercriticalconditions tendstorise...

CAPROCK ESSENTIALPRESENCEOFSEALINGROCKFORMATIONS(CAPROCK)



STRUCTURALTRAPS

Fault consists of different material

Faults and unconformities

Folding and anticlines



•Structuraltrapping:theCO2islighterthanthesaltwaterpresentintheintersticesoftherockandittendstoriseupwardandtrappedbytheimpermeablerocks(caprock)

•Hydrodynamictrapping,whereCO2isinjectedintosupercriticalconditionsatdepths>800manditmovesthepresentsaltwater

•Dissolutiontrapping:onceinjectedCO2startstodissolveinsaltwater.Thewaternowbecomesheavierandtendstodrop.ThismechanismsputincontactwaterwithdissolvedCO2withfreshwater,promotingadditionaldissolution.After10years:15%ofinjectedCO2isdissolved;after10.000years95%ofCO2isdissolved.

•MineraltrappingwhereCO2reactswithsomemineralsintheaquifertoformcrystallinecarbonates

Trappingmechanisms

IPCC,2005



Multichannelseismicdata

Wellboredata

-Logs(Sonic,GammaRay)

-Temperatureandpressureatreservoirdepth

KEYDATAFORTHECHARACTERIZATIONOFARESERVOIR-CAPROCKSYSTEM

-Porosityepermeabilityofreservoirecaprockrockformations

2D-regionalscale

3D-sitescaleImageofaloggingtoolinahole



CHARACTERIZATIONRESERVOIR-CAPROCK:WELLDATAanalysis



CHARACTERIZATIONRESERVOIR-CAPROCK:SEISMICDATAANALYSIS



MaincharacteristicsofapotentialsiteforCO2storage

• Capacity,tocontaintheamountofCO2tobestored;keyparameter:porosity

• Injectivity,toinjecttheCO2acertainrateofinjection;keyparameter:permeabilityofreservoir

• Containment,toavoidCO2leakage;keyparameter:permeabilityofcaprock



CCSProjectMainsteps

1. Identificationofthepotentialstoragesite

2. ModellingofCO2injection

3. Monitoring(pre-,duringandpost-injection)

4. Riskevaluationandremediationplan



+

Geophysicalloganalysis Seismostratigraphicandstructuralinterpretationofmultichannelseismicprofiles

Dataanalysis



Exampleof3Dgeologicalmodel

Geologicalmodeling



24

Exampleof3Dgeologicalmodel

Geologicalmodeling



Modeling of CO2 Injection ONE WELL located on top of the anticline

Free CO2 saturation Pressure increase (>5bar) from static conditions

maximum increase of pressure due to injection : 23.5 bar



PotentialareassuitableforCO2

geologicalstorageinsiliciclasticformations

PRELIMINARYESTIMATESOFTHESTORAGECAPACITY:~12Gt

Donda et al., 2011

StorageofItaly’sannualCO2emissionsforthenext50years


http://www.geology.cz/geocapacity


27

“EMILIA MARE”25 km

Donda et al., 2011

Exampleofapotentialareasuitablefor

CO2geologicalstorageinaterrigenousformation



Civile et al., 2013

Potential areas suitable for CO2 geological

storage in carbonate formations



“Lachiarella– Binasco”

ExampleofapotentialareasuitableforCO2geologicalstorage

inacarbonateformation

Civile et al., 2013



CHARACTERISTICSOFTHESOUTHERNADRIATICSITEOPTIONS

Storageoptions

➢Salineaquifer/structuraltrap

Location

➢Offshore

Lithology

➢Carbonatereservoir



Puglia

STORAGESITEINTHESOUTHADRIATICOFFSHORE

Name Storage type Area E+6 (M6)

Bulk Volume E+6 (M6)

Porosity(Scaglia)

Rovesti Oil and Gas reservoir 1.7 195 13 -15 %

Grifone Saline aquifer 1.0 191 10 – 20%

Grazia Saline aquifer 1.3 241 2 - 13 %

Volpietal.,2014.SouthernAdriaticSeaasapotentialareaforCO2geologicalstorage.OilandGasScienceandTechnology,IFPEnergiesnouvelles;DOI:10.2516/ogst/2014039

Puglia



GRAZIASTRUCTURE



ROVESTISTRUCTURE

PugliaPuglia



GRIFONESTRUCTURE

PugliaPuglia


CorsodiGeologiaMarina2014-15Geologia Marina 2016/2017


MonitoringofstoragesiteGeologia Marina 2016/2017

Benson,S.M.,Gasperikova,E.andHoversten,:,2004.Overviewofmonitoringtechniquesandprotocolsforgeologicstorageprojects.IEAGHGReport.NO.PH4/29.


IDENTIFICATIONANDMONITORINGOFCO2BEHAVIOURAFTERINJECTION

CourtesyStatoil/CO2STOREproject



SEAFLOORDEPTH,FROMMULTIBEAMECHO

SOUNDING

MOSAICOFSIDESCANSONARDATA


CorsodiGeologiaMarina2014-15Geologia Marina 2016/2017

Volpi CCS new red

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