Vol2 no2 4

JOURNAL OF FOREST PRODUCTS & INDUSTRIES, 2013, 2(2), 27-30 ISSN:2325 – 4513(PRINT) ISSN 2325 - 453X (ONLINE)

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Abstract— The main objective of the study was to determine

the effect of pruning height and time on growth of five Mulbery

species (Morus alba M. acidosa, M. mesozygia, M. malIotfolia and

M. tiliaefolia). The study was conducted in Dindir town, Dindir

locality, Sinnar State, during 2000 - 2002. The propagules of the

five species at age four months were planted at spacing of 0.60 x

0.75 m, 0.50 x .1.00 m, 1.50 x 1.00 m, and 2.00 x 2.00 m. using

split randomized block - plot design.

The plants were cut at 5 cm, 20 cm, and 40 cm, from ground level

and leaves and branches weights from the pruning were

recorded. Coppice growth was assessed after one month from

cutting (five months old plants). Final assessment of leaves and

branches weight by lopping at the same levels from ground after

three months from the first lopping was conducted. The result

showed that pruning height had marked effect on tree growth,

pruning height showed positive relation with yield i.e. as the

pruning height increases the yield increased. The study

recommended all species can be pruned every three to four

months at 40 cm stump height.

Index Terms— mulberry, pruning, height, yield, coppice,

lopping

I. INTRODUCTION

ulberry trees refer to some species of the genus Morus

that used to cultivate Bombyx mori (silkworm) on their

leaves, and branches to where the worm produces silk

during its metamorphosis from larva to pupa [1]. There are

several kinds of silkworm such as tasar, eri and muga (Indian silks) and anaphe (African silk). Mulberry silk accounts for

more than 90% of silk production in the world [2]. Beside silk,

mulberry tree offer a variety of products that increase farmer’s

income and reduce the consumption of natural resources [3].

Mulberry Leaves are used as feed for cattle and poultry with

observed improvement in milk and eggs production and for

human they supply vitamins and minerals [4]. The leaves that

contain 3000 calories have 70 g of protein 0.8 g of calcium, 10

mg of iron, 5000 iv of vitamin A, 1 mgof

vitamin C and 4000 iv of vitamin D [2]. The leaves can be

used in human diet as substitute for amaranths, cucumber, peas and drumstick. The tree bark is used in paper pulp and in

the treatment of worms. The fruit is cooked into squashes,

Jellies and pickles. Mulberry seeds are rich in oils. The roots

are used in dyeing tanning and coloring process [1].

Doxyjirimycine extracted from black mulberry (Morus nigra)

is a candidate in treatment for AIDS [3]. One hectare of

mulberry garden can produce about 5 tons of dry mulberry

material a year, but in irrigated mulberry garden, the figure

can reach 12.1 tons [5].

Mulberry has many species and varieties where the genus

Moms has many varieties within the species like (Morus alba and Morus mutticaulis). Both are diploid of dense nodes type,

with short internodes, Pipa (M. alba) has high leave yield and

Nax (M. muhicaulis) is of good quality and some resistance to

bacterial diseases [6].

Gongxiyou (Morus alba) and Yunlianyou (Morus alba) are

triploid. The former is noted for its high leaf yield and

resistance to bacterial disease. The latter has a leaf protein

content of 24 to 25% Tongzi (Morus alba) is diploid and has a

high leaf protein (25.5-25.9%). Yazhau (Morus austalis) is

atripoid suitable for use as strong root stock and it shows early

leaf maturity, but poor resistance to pests or draught. Cangxi

(Mours alba) is diploid and selected from good seedlings as good parent type, with wide adaptability and stress resistance.

It has good leaf qualities with protein content of 24.5 % [6]. A

high yielding variety Saniish 37 is produced at the central Asia

Silk institute (Saniish) in Uzbekistan from inter-varietal cross

15-6-64 x Saniish 14 of Morus alba. It is a dipliod (2n = 28)

variety that exceed the local grown standard. Tadzhikistafl

BessemyaflflaYa (Tajik seedlings) in leaf yield by 12% in

spring and 32.8% in Autumn. It has up right habit producing

17 - 19 vertical 3m long branches with 1-2 cm long internodes

and no lateral branching. The leaves were entire and

elongated- over in shape and 18.3x 15.1 cm in size. The leaf weight 9.3 ton/ha yields 886 kg of live silkworm (cocoons) or

up to 172 kg raw silk per ha [7].

Morus alba variety karyoroso has high consumption of leaf

than variety khinose, which gave better results for commercial

Effect of Pruning Height on Growth of five

Morus species Mohamed Tom Abmed Eltayb

1, Essam Eldin Ibrfihim Warag,

2 Ahmed EIhiuri

3

1 Forests National Corporation, Sinnar State Tel. 822278. Email: [email protected] 2 University of Khartoum, Faculty of Forestry. Email: [email protected]

3 University of Khartoum Faculty of Forestry

(Received: January 22, 2013; Accepted: February 10, 2013)

M


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characters of silkworm cocoons [8]. Morus Latfo1ia, M.

ichikie husung, shinichiflose and M. alba were planted in

National Agricultural Research Centre in Islamabad in 1993 in trial for silkworm rearing. The best growth obtained was with

M. latfotia, ichihie and husung respectively [9]. Pruning height

on leaf of Mulberry (Morus alba) variety Kanava - 2 was

studied by [10] showed an increase in leaf yield with higher

pruning heights. Similar results were obtained for mulberry

variety Sujanpur. The result also indicated that pruning should

not be done immediately after crop harvest under the

subtropical conditions. Studies revealed rearing of silkworm

fed on mulberry leaves from plant pruned at higher stumps

height [10]. In a study during (1977-1981) in Sao Paulo,

Mulberry plants at 1.5 x 1.0 m, spacing were pruned in

October, January and April to soil level, 15, 20, or 45 cm heights. All pruned to soil level in winter (July). Leaves and

branches were harvested (for silkworm production) were

recorded no significant differences between treatments in

average leaf and branch production [11]. Morus lactea

(Mildder) is a tree up to 26 m, bole 6-18 in high. Morus

mesozygia (Stapt) large trees up to 30 - 40 m. high, bole clean

up to 20m. Morus alba anative to Asia is grown in many

gardens, but with limited success [12]. Higher the survival %,

better will be the performance mulberry varities. Studies

evaluated propagation parameters of mulberry varieties, like

sprouting survival rate and shoot growth was found a significant variation in growth [13]. Propagation of mulberry

is done through vegetative means such as cuttings or by

grafting so as to preserve the phenotypic characters [14].

Mulberry trees are pruned in sericulture twice or three times a

year to obtain a better yield of leaves [15].

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of

pruning height on survival and growth of five Morus species.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was investigated in Dindir nursery, Dindir town,

Sinnar State during 2000-2003. The weather is generally hot

and dry with rainy season between July and September. The

mean annual rainfall is between 400 and 450 mm. in the North

and between 600 mm and 1000 mm, in South. Temperature

ranges between 20° C and 42° C. The coolest months of the

year are December, January, and February while the hottest months are March to June.

Uniform propagules of five Morus species (M. alba, M.

mesozygia, M. acidosa, M. tiliaefolia and M. mallotifolia)

were transferred from the nursery (Where they were raised)

and planted in designated plots according to the tested spacing

in April 2000 within two days period.

Three pruning (Lopping) heights were applied to five species

at the tested spacing the tested pruning heights were at 5 (m)

20 and 40 cm from ground level. The first pruning was applied

after five month from planting and the second one for the

same plants at the same heights after 3 months from the first

pruning. The assessment was carried from the coppice plants.

The leaves and branches fresh weight per plant, was

determined after three months from pruning height of the first treatment. Statistical analysis system (SAS) was used for data

analysis, Duncan’s multiple range test was used to defer mine

significance of difference between means.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of pruning height on leaves and branches weight

The leaves and branches weight per pruned tree were not

affected by pruning height in the first harvest (Table 1 a). However the effect of pruning height was highly significant in

the second harvest (Table 1 b). The weight of leaves and

branches was higher with high pruning height (Table a b).

Effect of pruning height in coppice growth

Pruning height had significant effect on height, leaves and

branches number in the coppice after three month from the

first harvest. Pruning at height 40 cm gave higher values

compared to the low pruning heights (Table 2). The

performance of the original growth of the five Morus tested

species in term of leaves number, leaves weight and branches number, branches weight, Morus alba showed high values,

followed by M. mesosygia, M. acidosa, M.inallotiflia, while

M. tiliaefolia showed low values (Table 3). This is in line with

that reported by [13].

Table (1)

Weight of leaves and branches in the first harvest and second

harvest at different pruning heights’

(A): First Harvest (five month old plants)

pruning height

(cm)

Weight of leaves

(kg) p (0.8)

Weight of

branches

(kg) p (0.75)

40

20

5

0.75 a

0.69 a

0.64a

0.65 a

0.63 a

0.55a

Pr= 0.8 0.75

Means with same letter in the same columns are not

significantly different at 0.05 level using Duncan multiple

tests.


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(b): Second harvest (three months after the first harvest)

pruning height

(cm)

Weight of leaves

(kg)

Weight of branches

(kg)

40

20

5

0.48 a

0.29b

0.19b

0.46 a

0.3Oab

0.24b

Pr = 0.0001 0.02


significantly different at 0.05 level using Duncan multiple

tests.

Table (2)

Mean height, number of leaves and branches in the second

harvest (after three month from the first harvest).

Pruning

height

(cm)

Height of

branches

(cm)

No. of

leaves

No. of

branches

40

20

5

30.14 a

24.21b

17.20c

167a

l0ib

33c

34.90 a

19.l0b

5.60c

Pr = 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001


significantly different 0.05 levels using Duncan multiple tests.

Table (3)

Performance of the original growth of the five Morus species

investigated in term of leave number, leave weight, branch

number, and branch weight per plant at the age of three months coppiced plants.

Species Leaves

Number

Leaves

Weight

(kg)

Branches

Number

Branches

Weight

(kg)

M. alba

M. mesozygia

M. acidosa

M. mallotifolia

M. tiliaefolia

131.90a

113.30 a

107.70a

103.10 a

31.70 b

0.54a

0.48 a b

0.3lcb

0.25 c d

0.07 d

28.20a

24.90a

23.25a

11.90 b

12.30 b

0.56a

0.46 a b

0.30b

0.28 b

0.0b c

Pr = 00002 0.0001 0.0006 0.0006

Mean with same letter in the same columns are not

significantly different at 0.05 level using Dunken multiple

tests.

Pruning height and frequency on yield and growth

The pruning height has no effect on leaves weight in the

original plant growth, but with marked effect in the coppice,

which is similar to that reported by [10]. Trees pruned at 40 cm from ground level, gave high production of coppiced

leaves and branches, compared with those pruned at 5 cm, 20

cm from ground level. This is in line with the study conducted

in Jammu and Kashmir by [10]. He showed an increase on leaf

yield, with higher pruning height, for the coppice of Morus

alba variety Kanava -2 and variety Sujanpur. And opposite to [11] who recorded no significant differences between

treatments in average leaf and branch production. The result of

this study showed an expectation opportunity of producing

high quality cocoons at high pruning height (40 cm) as stated

by [8]. The result also showed that Morus alba produced high

quantity of leaves than other species which in line with result

reported by [5] and [6].

The Morus species trees can be pruned more than once a year

(every three month) this result agreed by [15] who stated that

mulberry trees can be pruned twice or three times a years. By

comparing the weight of leaves and branches of the first

harvest (age 5 month) and coppice yield (after 3- month) indicate reasonable growth every three months. In managing

fodder trees in Rwanda, [16] recommended cutting every 3 to

4 month for Morus alba in an agro-forestry system. The time

of pruning was not significant as reported by [10]. He reported

no significant difference in number of leaf, number of branch

for trees pruned in October, January and April to soil level or

15, 20 and 45 cm height. The study revealed that 8 tons of

leaves can be produced in single hectare at 40 cm pruning

height, this result laid in the same range of that reported by [3]

who stated 5-12.1 tons.

IV. CONCULSION

The inter-specific variation was significant in coppice growth.

Pruning height is a significant factor, in the yield per plant in

coppice growth. The higher the pruning height the more

foliage production achieved. The pruning height of 40 cm

from ground is significantly higher than 20 and 5 cm in the

coppice growth. Frequent pruning will result in high

productivity per unit area. This result will encourage an

investment on mulberry field for silk production, food,

medicine and poultry, beside contribution on eradication of

poverty in rural areas, perhaps national income.

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