Visual Aspect Of dyslexia Chapter Facoetti
7
Chapter 8 Spa ti al Attent i on Di so rd e rs in Developmental Dyslexi a: Towards the Prevention of Read i ng Acqu is ition Deficits Andrea Facoetti Developmental dyslexia and phonological de coding Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a Ileurobiological disorder (see Habib, 2000; Demonet & Reilhac, 2012 in the present book for reviews) characterized by difficulties in reading acquisition despite adequate intelligence, conventional education, and motivation (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). It is widely believed that impaired phonologi- cal processing characterizes individuals with DD (see RanlUs, 2003; Vellutino et aI., 2004; Shaywitz & Shaywitz, 2005; Gabrieli, 2009 for reviews). Thus children and adults with DD display poor phonological awareness, slow lexical retrieval, and poor phonological short- term memory. These phonological deficits interfere with one of the most critical skills for successful reading acquisition, that is, phonological decoding (e.g. Ziegler et aI., 2003; Ziegler & Goswami, 2005). Phonological decoding is based on letter-to-sound conver- sion, allowing children to make the connection between novel letter strings and words that are already stored in their phonological (spoken word) lexicon (Share, 1995). Efficient phonological decoding requires accurate auditory representations at the phoneme level (e.g. Harm & Seidenberg, 1999; Perry et aI., 2007). Since Italian letter- to-sound orthogra- phy is particularly regular, phonological decoding is crucial for learning to read. Nevertheless, it is also essential for learning to read in more irr egular letter-to-sound orthographies, such as English (Share, 1995). Devel opmental dyslexia and auditory processing Many studies have sought to explain impaired phonological skills in terms of lower-level deficits, with special reference to sensory and aHentional auditory processing. They indi- cate that au ditory deficits impair speech perception, whic h, in turn, affects grapheme-to- phoneme mapping and phonological s hort - term memory (Ramus, 2003). Indeed, developmental deficits that affect speech perception do increase the risk of language and literacy problems. Recent biobehavioural evidence supports the idea that individuals with DD and/or with specific language impairment (SU) are impaired in their perception
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Transcript of Visual Aspect Of dyslexia Chapter Facoetti
Chapter 8
Spatial Attention Disorders in Developmental Dyslexia Towards the Prevention of Reading Acquisition Deficits
Andrea Facoetti
Developmental dyslexia and phonological decoding Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a Ileurobiological disorder (see Habib 2000 Demonet amp
Reilhac 2012 in the present book for reviews ) characterized by difficulties in reading
acquisition despite adequate intelligence conventional education and motivation
(American Psychiatric Association 1994) It is widely believed that impaired phonologishy
cal processing characterizes individuals with DD (see RanlUs 2003 Vellutino et aI 2004
Shaywitz amp Shaywitz 2005 Gabrieli 2009 for reviews) Thus children and adults with DD
display poor phonological awareness slow lexical retrieval and poor phonological shortshy
term memory These phonological deficits interfere with one of the most critical skills for
successful reading acquisition that is phonological decoding (eg Ziegler et aI 2003
Ziegler amp Goswami 2005) Phonological decoding is based on letter-to-sound convershy
sion allowing children to make the connection between novel letter strings and words
that are already stored in their phonological (spoken word) lexicon (Share 1995) Efficient
phonological decoding requires accurate auditory representations at the phoneme level
(eg Harm amp Seidenberg 1999 Perry et aI 2007) Since Italian letter-to-sound orthograshy
phy is particularly regular phonological decoding is crucial for learning to read
Nevertheless it is also essential for learning to read in more irregular letter-to-sound
orthographies such as English (Share 1995)
Developmental dyslexia and auditory processing Many studies have sought to explain impaired phonological skills in terms of lower-level
deficits with special reference to sensory and aHentional auditory processing They indishy
cate that auditory deficits impair speech perception which in turn affects grapheme-toshy
phoneme mapping and phonological short -term memory (Ramus 2003) Indeed
developmental deficits that affect speech perception do increase the risk of language
and literacy problems Recent biobehavioural evidence supports the idea that individuals
with DD andor with specific language impairment (SU) are impaired in their perception
l
l
132 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
with both DD andor SLi (eg Geiger et al 1994 Facoetti et aI 2003 Stevens et aI 2008)
In particular these studies consistently demonstrate that the inhibitory aspects of attenshy
tion-that are crucial for perceptual noise exclusion-can be remediated by appropriate
rehabilitation programmes (Geiger et aI 1994 Facoetti et al 2003 Stevens et al 2008)
Our data demonstrate that a pure visual spatial treatment (based on rapid letter string
presentation) not only improved phonological decoding but also improved the inhibitory
attentionalmechanisms required for left-to-right serial searching ofletter strings (Facoetti
amp Lorusso unpublished data see Vidyasagar amp Pammer 2010 for discussion) In fact
even the pure phonologically-based treatment programmes that are typically used to
rehabilitate DD have to make use of fundamental auditory attentional mechanisms
It is intriguing to note that playing action video games significantly improves visual
attentional orienting and engagement (for a recent review see Dye et al 2009) Critically
this increase in rapid attentional orienting generalizes to various tasks beyond game situshy
ations Thus action video game play improves general attentional resources allowing
garners to better aHocate their attention across both space and time (Dye et al 2009)
Video gaming might therefore provide an efficient attentional training regimen to
induce reading improvement in DD children as well as in pre-reading children at risk of
DO Overall the findings reported here offer the possibility of developing new more
efficient treatments ofDD through the use of intensive trainil1g to improve multisensory
orienting of spatial attention in pre-reading children at risk of reading failure
Acknowledgements
This chapter is dedicated to Giulio Camilla and Tiziana AF is supported by grants from
the ItaJian Ministry of University and Scientific Research (PRIN2007) CARIPARO
Foundation (Borse di Dottorato CARIPARO 2009) and the University of Padova
(Assegni di Ricerca 2009 and Progetto di Ateneo 2009) I sincerely thank Milena Ruffino
Anna Noemi Trussardi Simone Gori and Sandro Franceschini for helpful discussions
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SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 135
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1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
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visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
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reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
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dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
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accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimenlil1 PsycilOlogy HlImal1 Perceptiollllnd Performame 28 1149-62
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dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
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engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
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excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
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136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
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Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmcrica in press
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l
132 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
with both DD andor SLi (eg Geiger et al 1994 Facoetti et aI 2003 Stevens et aI 2008)
In particular these studies consistently demonstrate that the inhibitory aspects of attenshy
tion-that are crucial for perceptual noise exclusion-can be remediated by appropriate
rehabilitation programmes (Geiger et aI 1994 Facoetti et al 2003 Stevens et al 2008)
Our data demonstrate that a pure visual spatial treatment (based on rapid letter string
presentation) not only improved phonological decoding but also improved the inhibitory
attentionalmechanisms required for left-to-right serial searching ofletter strings (Facoetti
amp Lorusso unpublished data see Vidyasagar amp Pammer 2010 for discussion) In fact
even the pure phonologically-based treatment programmes that are typically used to
rehabilitate DD have to make use of fundamental auditory attentional mechanisms
It is intriguing to note that playing action video games significantly improves visual
attentional orienting and engagement (for a recent review see Dye et al 2009) Critically
this increase in rapid attentional orienting generalizes to various tasks beyond game situshy
ations Thus action video game play improves general attentional resources allowing
garners to better aHocate their attention across both space and time (Dye et al 2009)
Video gaming might therefore provide an efficient attentional training regimen to
induce reading improvement in DD children as well as in pre-reading children at risk of
DO Overall the findings reported here offer the possibility of developing new more
efficient treatments ofDD through the use of intensive trainil1g to improve multisensory
orienting of spatial attention in pre-reading children at risk of reading failure
Acknowledgements
This chapter is dedicated to Giulio Camilla and Tiziana AF is supported by grants from
the ItaJian Ministry of University and Scientific Research (PRIN2007) CARIPARO
Foundation (Borse di Dottorato CARIPARO 2009) and the University of Padova
(Assegni di Ricerca 2009 and Progetto di Ateneo 2009) I sincerely thank Milena Ruffino
Anna Noemi Trussardi Simone Gori and Sandro Franceschini for helpful discussions
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developmental dyslexia Psychological Bulletill 133 346-66
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between sensory processing speech perception orthographic and phonological ability and literacy
achievement Brain ald Language 106 29--40
Bosse a q
Bosse
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Facbe
a
Faco
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Fac
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Fis
I
t al 2008)
of attellshy
ppropriate al 2008)
per string in hibjtory
~ (Facoetti l)In fact
Iy used to
srns res visual
Critically [m e situshy
allowing
2009)
imen to t risk of
rts from lrPARO
Padova
RufflIlo ions
13Jld
1-13-8
fa iling
ns rJcy
SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 133
Bosse ML amp Valodis S (2009) IntJuence of the visual attention span on child reading performance
a cross-sectional studv jVl1llal ofResearch n Reading 32 230-53
Bosse ML Tainturier MJ amp Valdois S (2007) Developmental dyslexia The visual attention span
deficit hypothesis Cogitolz 104 198-230
Bouma H (1970) Interaction effects in parafovealletter recognition Nature 226 177-S
Buchholz j amp McKone E (2004) Adults with dyslexia show deficits on spatial frequency doubling
and visua l attention tasks Dyslexia 10 2~3
Carrasco MWilliams P amp Yesburum Y (2002) Covert attention increascs patial resolution with or
without masks Support for signal enhancement jOlmal ofVision 2 467-79
Castles A amp Coltheart M (2004) Is there a causallillk from phonological awareness to success in
learning to read Cognition 9177-111
Cestnick L amp Coltheart M (1999) The relationship between language-processing and visual
processing deficit in developmental dyslexia CognitiOll 71231-55
Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2009) Ventral and dorsal contributions to word reading In MS Gazwniga
(Ed) The Cognitive Neuroscience (4th edn) pp 789-804 Cambridge MA The MIT Press
Corbetta 11 amp Shulman GL (2002) Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the
brain Nature Review NetlrGscicnce 3 201-15
Cornelissen P Richardsoll A Ivlason A Fowler S amp Stein J (1995) Contrast sensitivity and
coherent motion detection measured at photopic luminance levels in dyslexics and controls Vision
Research 35 1483-94
DeFries Je (1985) Colorado reading project In DB Gray amp JF Kavanagh (Eds) Biobchavioral measures ofdyslexia pp 107-122 Parkton MD York Press
Demonet jF amp Reilhac C (2012) A Neurological Account of Dyslexia InJ Stein amp Z Kapoula (Eds)
Visual Aspects ofDyslexia pp 1-14 Oxford Oxford University Press
Dosher B N amp Lu Z (2000) Noise exclusion in spatial attention Psychological Science 11 139-46
Dye MW Green eS amp Bavein D (2009) Increasing speed of processing with action middotideo games
Current Direction in Psychological Scierlce 18321- 6
Eden GF amp Zeffiro TA (1998) Neural systems affected in developmental dyslexia revealed by
functional neuroimaging Neuron 21279-82
Enns JT amp Di Lollo V (2000) hat s new in vi sual masking Trwds in Cogllitive Science 4 345-52
Facoetti A Lorusso M L Paganoni P Umilta e amp Mascetti GG (2003) The role otvisuospatial
attention in developmental dyslexia evidence from a rehabilitation study Cognitive Brain Research
15154-64
Facoetti A Ruffino M Peru A Paganoni P amp Chelazzi L (2008) Sluggish engagement and
disengagc111cnt of non-spatial attention in dyslexic children Cortex 44 1221- 33
Facoetti A Gori S Bigoni A Ruffino M Molteni M amp Cecchini P (2009) Ivfagnocellular-dorsal
pathway and sub-lexical route in developmental dyslexia Perception 38103
Facoetti A Corradi N Ruffino M God S amp Zorzi Ivl (201 Oa) Visual spatial attention and speech
seglllentation are both impaired in preschoolers at familial risk for developmental dyslexia Dyslexia
16226-39
Facoetti A Trussardi AN Ruffino M Lorusso ML Ca ttaneo e Galli R et al (2010b)
Multisensory spatial attention deficit s are predictive of phonological decoding skills in development
dyslexia journal ofCognitive Neuroscience 22 1011-25
Facoetti A Ruffino M Gori 5 Rigoni A Benassi M Bolzani R et al (2010c) On the relationship
between magnocellular pathway and automatic attentional orienling evidences from developmentalshy
dyslexia jOllnzal nfVision 10 281
Ferretti G Mazzotti S amp Brizzolara D (2008) Visual scanning and reading ability in normal and
dyslexic children Behavioral Neurology 19 87-92
Fisher JH (1905) Cae of congenital word blindness (Inability to learn to read) Ophthalmological
Review 24 315- 18
134 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Franceschini S Gori S Ruffino lvI Pedrolli K amp Facoetti A (2012) A causal link between visual
spatial attention and reading acquisition ClIrrellt Biology 221-6
Franceschini S Corradi N Ruffino M Gori S Giancsini T amp Faeoett A (2010) Atypical local
perception precedence in preschoQler poor readers Perception 3979
Fritz JB Elhilali M David SY amp Shamiddotmma SA (2007) Auditory attention focusing the searchlight
on sound ClIrrent Opinion ill NeurobiQlogy 17437-55
Gabrieli JD (2009) Dyslexia a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience Sciellce 325280-3
Gayan J amp Olson RK (2001) Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and
phonological skills in children with reading disabilities Developmental Nell rop_ych ology 20 483-507
Geiger G Lettvin JY amp Fanhle M (1994) Dyslexic children learn a new visual strategy for reading
a controlled experiment Vision Research 34 J223-33
Geiger G Cattaneo c Galli R Pozzoli U Lorusso ML Facoetti A et al (2008) Wide and
diffuse perceptual modes characterized dyslexics in vision and audition PerceptiOll 37 1745-64
Gormley Jr WT Philips D amp Gayer T (2008) Preschool programs can boost school readiness
Science 320 1723-24
Goswami U (2003) Wlly theories about developmental dyslexia require developmental designs
Trends ill Cognitive Science 7 534-40
Goswami U Thomson J Rimiddotchardson u Stainthorp R Hughes D Rosen S et al (2002)
Amplitude envelope onsets and developmental dyslexia A new hypothesi s Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the Ullited StMes ofAmerica 9910911-16
Goswami U Wang I-IL Cruz A Fosker T Mead N amp Huss M (2011) Language-universal
sensory deficits in developmental dyslexia English Spanish and Chinese JOllmal ofCognitive Nellrosciel1ce 23325-37
Griinling c Ligges M Huonker R Klingert M Mentzel HT Rzanny R et al (2004) Dyslexia
the possible benefit of multimodal int egration of fMRI- and EEG-data Journal ofNeural TranslI1ission 111 951-69
Habib M (2000) The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia an overview and working
hypothe~is Braitl 1232373-99
Hallgren B (950) Specific dyslexia (congenital word-blindness) a clinical and genetic study Acta Psychiatrica mid Ncwmiddotology Supplemellt 65 1-2R7
Hari R amp RenvaIl H (2001) Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia Trends in Cogn itive Sciellce 5 525-32
Hari R Remall H amp Tanskanen T (2001) Left minineglect in dyslexic adults Brain 124 1373- 80
Harm MW amp Seidenberg MS (1999) Phonology reading acquisition and dyslexia insights from
connectionist models Ps-ychological Review 106491-528
Hawelb S amp Wimmer H (2005) Impaired visual processing of multi-element arrays is associated
with increased number of eye movements in dyslexic reading Visiol1 Research 45855-63
Hawe1ka S Huber c amp Vimmer H (2006) Impaired visual processing oflette r and digit strings in
adult dyslexic readers Visiol1 Research 46 718-23
Hoeft F Hernandez A McMillon G Taylor-Hill H Martindale JL Meye A cl al (2006)
Neural basis of dyslexia a comparison between dyslexic and nondyslcxic children eqllated for
reading ability JOllrnal ofNeuroscience 26 10700-8
Jones MW Branigan HP amp Kelly M L (2008) Visllal deficits in developmental dyslex ia
rela tionships between non -lingllistic visual tasks and their contribution to components of reading
Dyslexia 14 95-115
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Kevan A amp Pammer K (2009) Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal
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p
Rm
RC
Ro
Ruf
R Ui
Sh
visual
local
chlight
nee
f3-507
d ing
fi
la
II
o
n
SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 135
Kinsey K Rormiddotc M Hans n P Richardson A amp Stein J (2004) t-lagnocdlular mediated
visual-spatlal attention and reading ability Nellroreport 15 2215- 18
Ladavas E Umilta C amp Mapclli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslCoxia Ncuropsychologia 35 1075-85
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ERP evid ence for amodaJ sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia Nellropsyrhologia 48 4 125- 35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD D rislane FW amp Galaburda AM (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evidence fo r a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the National Academy o(Scicnccs of United States ofA merica 88 7943-7
tvlartelli M Di FiLippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia jOllrnal of Vision 9 1- 18
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaen e S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusiform gyrus Trellds ill Cogl1itive Science 7 293-9
Menghini D Finzi A Benassi M Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli 5 et al (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developlilental dyslexia a comparative study
Neuropsyclzolugia 48 863- 72
Montani V Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublexical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pam m er K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2084) Symbol-string sensitivity and childrens
reading Brain 6- Langwlge 89 601-10
Peili DG (2008) Crowding A cortical constraint on object recognition Current Opiniol1 in
Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BmiddotF (2006) From single to multiple deticit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pemet e Anderssn J Paulesu E amp D emonet JF (2009) When ail hypotheses are right a multifocal
accounf of dyslexia J-hol1al1 Bmil1 A1appil1g 30 2278-92
Perry e Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) N ested incremental modehng in th e development of
computational theories The CDP+ model of reading aloud Psychological Review 114273- 315
Plaza M amp (ohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual altention in early
reading and sp_c1ling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) Th e time course of CQmpetition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimelltal Psychology Human Pcrception and Performance 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend W E Jenner AR Kats L Prost Sj Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading diGability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation ami Developmental Disabilities Research Rcvh1vs 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfun ction Current Opilion in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
joumal ofCogl1itive Neuroscience 14757- 68
Reynolds JH amp Heeger DJ (2009) The normalization model of attention Neurol 61168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrdevant visual information
in dyslexia Bmir 130 771- 85
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exclusion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perccption 39 80
Shamma SA amp Micheyl e (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currcnt Opi1lio1l Neurobiology 20 361-6
1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimenlil1 PsycilOlogy HlImal1 Perceptiollllnd Performame 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
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dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
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excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
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multi-element arrays Psychological Research 65107-18
Vellutino FR Fletcher JM Snowling MJ amp Scanlon DM (2004) Specific reading disability
(dyslexia) What have wc learned in tiLe past four decades )ollll1al ofChild Psychology and Psychiatty 45 2-40
Vidyasagar TR amp Pammer K (2010) Dyslexia a deficit in visuo-spatial attention not in
phonological processing Trends il Cognitive Science 1457-63
Whitney C amp Cornelissen P (2005) Letter position encoding and dyslexia loumal ofResearch ill Rcadirg 28 274-301
Wright BA Bowen RW amp Zecker SG (2000) Nonlinguistic perceptual deficits associated mth
reading and language disorders CIlTent Opinion ill Neurobiology 10482-6
Ziegler JC amp Goswami U (2005) Reading acquisition developmental dyslexia and skilled reading
across languages A psycholinguistic grain size theory Psychological Bulletin 1313-29
Zieglb Je Perry C Wyatt AM Ladner D t Schulte-Korne G (2003) Developmental dyslexia in
different languages Language-specific or universal lotlnal Ofpound1)crimental Child Psychology 86169-93
Ziegkr JC Pech-Georgel C George F Alario Fx Lorenzi C (2005) Deficits in speech perception
predict language learning impairment Proceedings of the National Academy ofScicnces ofthe United States ofAmerica 2714110-15
Ziegler JC Pech-Georgel C George F amp Lorenzi C (2009) Speech perception in noise deficits in
dyslexia Developmental Scicnce 12 732-45
Zorzi M (2005) Computational models of reading In G Houghton (Ed) Conncctionist modcls ill cogshynitive pSychology pp 403~H London Psychology Press
Zorzi M Barbiero C Facoetti A Lonciari I Carroni M Montico M Bravar L George F Pechshy
George C amp Ziegler J (2012) Extra-Large Letter Spacing Improves Reading in Dyslexia
Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmcrica in press
150 1m the pag
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srns res visual
Critically [m e situshy
allowing
2009)
imen to t risk of
rts from lrPARO
Padova
RufflIlo ions
13Jld
1-13-8
fa iling
ns rJcy
SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 133
Bosse ML amp Valodis S (2009) IntJuence of the visual attention span on child reading performance
a cross-sectional studv jVl1llal ofResearch n Reading 32 230-53
Bosse ML Tainturier MJ amp Valdois S (2007) Developmental dyslexia The visual attention span
deficit hypothesis Cogitolz 104 198-230
Bouma H (1970) Interaction effects in parafovealletter recognition Nature 226 177-S
Buchholz j amp McKone E (2004) Adults with dyslexia show deficits on spatial frequency doubling
and visua l attention tasks Dyslexia 10 2~3
Carrasco MWilliams P amp Yesburum Y (2002) Covert attention increascs patial resolution with or
without masks Support for signal enhancement jOlmal ofVision 2 467-79
Castles A amp Coltheart M (2004) Is there a causallillk from phonological awareness to success in
learning to read Cognition 9177-111
Cestnick L amp Coltheart M (1999) The relationship between language-processing and visual
processing deficit in developmental dyslexia CognitiOll 71231-55
Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2009) Ventral and dorsal contributions to word reading In MS Gazwniga
(Ed) The Cognitive Neuroscience (4th edn) pp 789-804 Cambridge MA The MIT Press
Corbetta 11 amp Shulman GL (2002) Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the
brain Nature Review NetlrGscicnce 3 201-15
Cornelissen P Richardsoll A Ivlason A Fowler S amp Stein J (1995) Contrast sensitivity and
coherent motion detection measured at photopic luminance levels in dyslexics and controls Vision
Research 35 1483-94
DeFries Je (1985) Colorado reading project In DB Gray amp JF Kavanagh (Eds) Biobchavioral measures ofdyslexia pp 107-122 Parkton MD York Press
Demonet jF amp Reilhac C (2012) A Neurological Account of Dyslexia InJ Stein amp Z Kapoula (Eds)
Visual Aspects ofDyslexia pp 1-14 Oxford Oxford University Press
Dosher B N amp Lu Z (2000) Noise exclusion in spatial attention Psychological Science 11 139-46
Dye MW Green eS amp Bavein D (2009) Increasing speed of processing with action middotideo games
Current Direction in Psychological Scierlce 18321- 6
Eden GF amp Zeffiro TA (1998) Neural systems affected in developmental dyslexia revealed by
functional neuroimaging Neuron 21279-82
Enns JT amp Di Lollo V (2000) hat s new in vi sual masking Trwds in Cogllitive Science 4 345-52
Facoetti A Lorusso M L Paganoni P Umilta e amp Mascetti GG (2003) The role otvisuospatial
attention in developmental dyslexia evidence from a rehabilitation study Cognitive Brain Research
15154-64
Facoetti A Ruffino M Peru A Paganoni P amp Chelazzi L (2008) Sluggish engagement and
disengagc111cnt of non-spatial attention in dyslexic children Cortex 44 1221- 33
Facoetti A Gori S Bigoni A Ruffino M Molteni M amp Cecchini P (2009) Ivfagnocellular-dorsal
pathway and sub-lexical route in developmental dyslexia Perception 38103
Facoetti A Corradi N Ruffino M God S amp Zorzi Ivl (201 Oa) Visual spatial attention and speech
seglllentation are both impaired in preschoolers at familial risk for developmental dyslexia Dyslexia
16226-39
Facoetti A Trussardi AN Ruffino M Lorusso ML Ca ttaneo e Galli R et al (2010b)
Multisensory spatial attention deficit s are predictive of phonological decoding skills in development
dyslexia journal ofCognitive Neuroscience 22 1011-25
Facoetti A Ruffino M Gori 5 Rigoni A Benassi M Bolzani R et al (2010c) On the relationship
between magnocellular pathway and automatic attentional orienling evidences from developmentalshy
dyslexia jOllnzal nfVision 10 281
Ferretti G Mazzotti S amp Brizzolara D (2008) Visual scanning and reading ability in normal and
dyslexic children Behavioral Neurology 19 87-92
Fisher JH (1905) Cae of congenital word blindness (Inability to learn to read) Ophthalmological
Review 24 315- 18
134 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Franceschini S Gori S Ruffino lvI Pedrolli K amp Facoetti A (2012) A causal link between visual
spatial attention and reading acquisition ClIrrellt Biology 221-6
Franceschini S Corradi N Ruffino M Gori S Giancsini T amp Faeoett A (2010) Atypical local
perception precedence in preschoQler poor readers Perception 3979
Fritz JB Elhilali M David SY amp Shamiddotmma SA (2007) Auditory attention focusing the searchlight
on sound ClIrrent Opinion ill NeurobiQlogy 17437-55
Gabrieli JD (2009) Dyslexia a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience Sciellce 325280-3
Gayan J amp Olson RK (2001) Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and
phonological skills in children with reading disabilities Developmental Nell rop_ych ology 20 483-507
Geiger G Lettvin JY amp Fanhle M (1994) Dyslexic children learn a new visual strategy for reading
a controlled experiment Vision Research 34 J223-33
Geiger G Cattaneo c Galli R Pozzoli U Lorusso ML Facoetti A et al (2008) Wide and
diffuse perceptual modes characterized dyslexics in vision and audition PerceptiOll 37 1745-64
Gormley Jr WT Philips D amp Gayer T (2008) Preschool programs can boost school readiness
Science 320 1723-24
Goswami U (2003) Wlly theories about developmental dyslexia require developmental designs
Trends ill Cognitive Science 7 534-40
Goswami U Thomson J Rimiddotchardson u Stainthorp R Hughes D Rosen S et al (2002)
Amplitude envelope onsets and developmental dyslexia A new hypothesi s Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the Ullited StMes ofAmerica 9910911-16
Goswami U Wang I-IL Cruz A Fosker T Mead N amp Huss M (2011) Language-universal
sensory deficits in developmental dyslexia English Spanish and Chinese JOllmal ofCognitive Nellrosciel1ce 23325-37
Griinling c Ligges M Huonker R Klingert M Mentzel HT Rzanny R et al (2004) Dyslexia
the possible benefit of multimodal int egration of fMRI- and EEG-data Journal ofNeural TranslI1ission 111 951-69
Habib M (2000) The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia an overview and working
hypothe~is Braitl 1232373-99
Hallgren B (950) Specific dyslexia (congenital word-blindness) a clinical and genetic study Acta Psychiatrica mid Ncwmiddotology Supplemellt 65 1-2R7
Hari R amp RenvaIl H (2001) Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia Trends in Cogn itive Sciellce 5 525-32
Hari R Remall H amp Tanskanen T (2001) Left minineglect in dyslexic adults Brain 124 1373- 80
Harm MW amp Seidenberg MS (1999) Phonology reading acquisition and dyslexia insights from
connectionist models Ps-ychological Review 106491-528
Hawelb S amp Wimmer H (2005) Impaired visual processing of multi-element arrays is associated
with increased number of eye movements in dyslexic reading Visiol1 Research 45855-63
Hawe1ka S Huber c amp Vimmer H (2006) Impaired visual processing oflette r and digit strings in
adult dyslexic readers Visiol1 Research 46 718-23
Hoeft F Hernandez A McMillon G Taylor-Hill H Martindale JL Meye A cl al (2006)
Neural basis of dyslexia a comparison between dyslexic and nondyslcxic children eqllated for
reading ability JOllrnal ofNeuroscience 26 10700-8
Jones MW Branigan HP amp Kelly M L (2008) Visllal deficits in developmental dyslex ia
rela tionships between non -lingllistic visual tasks and their contribution to components of reading
Dyslexia 14 95-115
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2008 ) Visual deficits in pre-readears at familial risk for dyslcxia Visioll Research 48 2835-9
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2009) Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal
stream functioning NeulOps)chologia 47 3174--8 J
p
Rm
RC
Ro
Ruf
R Ui
Sh
visual
local
chlight
nee
f3-507
d ing
fi
la
II
o
n
SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 135
Kinsey K Rormiddotc M Hans n P Richardson A amp Stein J (2004) t-lagnocdlular mediated
visual-spatlal attention and reading ability Nellroreport 15 2215- 18
Ladavas E Umilta C amp Mapclli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslCoxia Ncuropsychologia 35 1075-85
Lallier M Tainturier M J Dering R Donnadieu S Valdois S Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evid ence for amodaJ sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia Nellropsyrhologia 48 4 125- 35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD D rislane FW amp Galaburda AM (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evidence fo r a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the National Academy o(Scicnccs of United States ofA merica 88 7943-7
tvlartelli M Di FiLippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia jOllrnal of Vision 9 1- 18
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaen e S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusiform gyrus Trellds ill Cogl1itive Science 7 293-9
Menghini D Finzi A Benassi M Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli 5 et al (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developlilental dyslexia a comparative study
Neuropsyclzolugia 48 863- 72
Montani V Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublexical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pam m er K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2084) Symbol-string sensitivity and childrens
reading Brain 6- Langwlge 89 601-10
Peili DG (2008) Crowding A cortical constraint on object recognition Current Opiniol1 in
Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BmiddotF (2006) From single to multiple deticit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pemet e Anderssn J Paulesu E amp D emonet JF (2009) When ail hypotheses are right a multifocal
accounf of dyslexia J-hol1al1 Bmil1 A1appil1g 30 2278-92
Perry e Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) N ested incremental modehng in th e development of
computational theories The CDP+ model of reading aloud Psychological Review 114273- 315
Plaza M amp (ohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual altention in early
reading and sp_c1ling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) Th e time course of CQmpetition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimelltal Psychology Human Pcrception and Performance 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend W E Jenner AR Kats L Prost Sj Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading diGability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation ami Developmental Disabilities Research Rcvh1vs 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfun ction Current Opilion in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
joumal ofCogl1itive Neuroscience 14757- 68
Reynolds JH amp Heeger DJ (2009) The normalization model of attention Neurol 61168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrdevant visual information
in dyslexia Bmir 130 771- 85
Ruffino tv1 Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Giovagnoli S Menghini D et al (2010a) Attcntional
engagem ent deficits in dyslexic children NellropsyciJologia 48 3793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 Franceschini S amp Facoett i A (2010h) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
exclusion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perccption 39 80
Shamma SA amp Micheyl e (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currcnt Opi1lio1l Neurobiology 20 361-6
1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimenlil1 PsycilOlogy HlImal1 Perceptiollllnd Performame 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 FranceschiniS amp Facoetti A (2010b) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
Sharn ma SA amp Micheyl C (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currellt Opinion Neu robiology 20 361-6
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in
developmental dyslexia Nature Neuroscience 8 862-3
Stein J amp Walsh V (1997) To see but 110t to read The magnocellular theory of dyslexia Trends in NeuroSciencc 20 147-52
Stevens C Fanning J Coch D Sanders L amp Meville H (2008) Neural mechanisms of selective
auditory attcntional enhanced by computerized training ElectrophySiological evidence from
language-impaired and typicaUy developing children Brain ResClIrch 1205 55-69
Stevens C Sanders L amp Neville H (2006) NeurophysiologicaJ evidence for selective auditory
attention deficits in children mth specific language impairment Brain Research 111 143-52
Tallal P (2004) Improving language and literacy is a matter of time Nature Review Neuroscience 5721-8
Thomas CJ (1905) Congenital word blindness and its treatmcnt Ophthalmoscope 3 380--5
Turkeltaub PE Gareau L Flowers DL Zeffiro TA amp Eden GF (2003) Development of neural
mechanisms for reading Natnc Neuroscience 6 767-73
VaJdois S Bosse ML amp Tainturier MJ (2004) The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental
dyslexia review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder Dyslexia 10339-63
Valdois S Carbonnel SJuphard A Baciu M Ans B Peyrin C ct al (2006) Polysyllabic
pseudo-word processing in reading and lexical decision Converging evidencefrom behavioral data
connectionist simulations and functional MRI Bmin Research 1085149- 62
Van der Lubbe RH amp Keuss PJ (200 1) Focused attention reduces the effect oflJtcral interference in
multi-element arrays Psychological Research 65107-18
Vellutino FR Fletcher JM Snowling MJ amp Scanlon DM (2004) Specific reading disability
(dyslexia) What have wc learned in tiLe past four decades )ollll1al ofChild Psychology and Psychiatty 45 2-40
Vidyasagar TR amp Pammer K (2010) Dyslexia a deficit in visuo-spatial attention not in
phonological processing Trends il Cognitive Science 1457-63
Whitney C amp Cornelissen P (2005) Letter position encoding and dyslexia loumal ofResearch ill Rcadirg 28 274-301
Wright BA Bowen RW amp Zecker SG (2000) Nonlinguistic perceptual deficits associated mth
reading and language disorders CIlTent Opinion ill Neurobiology 10482-6
Ziegler JC amp Goswami U (2005) Reading acquisition developmental dyslexia and skilled reading
across languages A psycholinguistic grain size theory Psychological Bulletin 1313-29
Zieglb Je Perry C Wyatt AM Ladner D t Schulte-Korne G (2003) Developmental dyslexia in
different languages Language-specific or universal lotlnal Ofpound1)crimental Child Psychology 86169-93
Ziegkr JC Pech-Georgel C George F Alario Fx Lorenzi C (2005) Deficits in speech perception
predict language learning impairment Proceedings of the National Academy ofScicnces ofthe United States ofAmerica 2714110-15
Ziegler JC Pech-Georgel C George F amp Lorenzi C (2009) Speech perception in noise deficits in
dyslexia Developmental Scicnce 12 732-45
Zorzi M (2005) Computational models of reading In G Houghton (Ed) Conncctionist modcls ill cogshynitive pSychology pp 403~H London Psychology Press
Zorzi M Barbiero C Facoetti A Lonciari I Carroni M Montico M Bravar L George F Pechshy
George C amp Ziegler J (2012) Extra-Large Letter Spacing Improves Reading in Dyslexia
Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmcrica in press
150 1m the pag
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134 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Franceschini S Gori S Ruffino lvI Pedrolli K amp Facoetti A (2012) A causal link between visual
spatial attention and reading acquisition ClIrrellt Biology 221-6
Franceschini S Corradi N Ruffino M Gori S Giancsini T amp Faeoett A (2010) Atypical local
perception precedence in preschoQler poor readers Perception 3979
Fritz JB Elhilali M David SY amp Shamiddotmma SA (2007) Auditory attention focusing the searchlight
on sound ClIrrent Opinion ill NeurobiQlogy 17437-55
Gabrieli JD (2009) Dyslexia a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience Sciellce 325280-3
Gayan J amp Olson RK (2001) Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and
phonological skills in children with reading disabilities Developmental Nell rop_ych ology 20 483-507
Geiger G Lettvin JY amp Fanhle M (1994) Dyslexic children learn a new visual strategy for reading
a controlled experiment Vision Research 34 J223-33
Geiger G Cattaneo c Galli R Pozzoli U Lorusso ML Facoetti A et al (2008) Wide and
diffuse perceptual modes characterized dyslexics in vision and audition PerceptiOll 37 1745-64
Gormley Jr WT Philips D amp Gayer T (2008) Preschool programs can boost school readiness
Science 320 1723-24
Goswami U (2003) Wlly theories about developmental dyslexia require developmental designs
Trends ill Cognitive Science 7 534-40
Goswami U Thomson J Rimiddotchardson u Stainthorp R Hughes D Rosen S et al (2002)
Amplitude envelope onsets and developmental dyslexia A new hypothesi s Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the Ullited StMes ofAmerica 9910911-16
Goswami U Wang I-IL Cruz A Fosker T Mead N amp Huss M (2011) Language-universal
sensory deficits in developmental dyslexia English Spanish and Chinese JOllmal ofCognitive Nellrosciel1ce 23325-37
Griinling c Ligges M Huonker R Klingert M Mentzel HT Rzanny R et al (2004) Dyslexia
the possible benefit of multimodal int egration of fMRI- and EEG-data Journal ofNeural TranslI1ission 111 951-69
Habib M (2000) The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia an overview and working
hypothe~is Braitl 1232373-99
Hallgren B (950) Specific dyslexia (congenital word-blindness) a clinical and genetic study Acta Psychiatrica mid Ncwmiddotology Supplemellt 65 1-2R7
Hari R amp RenvaIl H (2001) Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia Trends in Cogn itive Sciellce 5 525-32
Hari R Remall H amp Tanskanen T (2001) Left minineglect in dyslexic adults Brain 124 1373- 80
Harm MW amp Seidenberg MS (1999) Phonology reading acquisition and dyslexia insights from
connectionist models Ps-ychological Review 106491-528
Hawelb S amp Wimmer H (2005) Impaired visual processing of multi-element arrays is associated
with increased number of eye movements in dyslexic reading Visiol1 Research 45855-63
Hawe1ka S Huber c amp Vimmer H (2006) Impaired visual processing oflette r and digit strings in
adult dyslexic readers Visiol1 Research 46 718-23
Hoeft F Hernandez A McMillon G Taylor-Hill H Martindale JL Meye A cl al (2006)
Neural basis of dyslexia a comparison between dyslexic and nondyslcxic children eqllated for
reading ability JOllrnal ofNeuroscience 26 10700-8
Jones MW Branigan HP amp Kelly M L (2008) Visllal deficits in developmental dyslex ia
rela tionships between non -lingllistic visual tasks and their contribution to components of reading
Dyslexia 14 95-115
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2008 ) Visual deficits in pre-readears at familial risk for dyslcxia Visioll Research 48 2835-9
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2009) Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal
stream functioning NeulOps)chologia 47 3174--8 J
p
Rm
RC
Ro
Ruf
R Ui
Sh
visual
local
chlight
nee
f3-507
d ing
fi
la
II
o
n
SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 135
Kinsey K Rormiddotc M Hans n P Richardson A amp Stein J (2004) t-lagnocdlular mediated
visual-spatlal attention and reading ability Nellroreport 15 2215- 18
Ladavas E Umilta C amp Mapclli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslCoxia Ncuropsychologia 35 1075-85
Lallier M Tainturier M J Dering R Donnadieu S Valdois S Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evid ence for amodaJ sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia Nellropsyrhologia 48 4 125- 35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD D rislane FW amp Galaburda AM (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evidence fo r a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the National Academy o(Scicnccs of United States ofA merica 88 7943-7
tvlartelli M Di FiLippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia jOllrnal of Vision 9 1- 18
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaen e S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusiform gyrus Trellds ill Cogl1itive Science 7 293-9
Menghini D Finzi A Benassi M Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli 5 et al (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developlilental dyslexia a comparative study
Neuropsyclzolugia 48 863- 72
Montani V Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublexical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pam m er K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2084) Symbol-string sensitivity and childrens
reading Brain 6- Langwlge 89 601-10
Peili DG (2008) Crowding A cortical constraint on object recognition Current Opiniol1 in
Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BmiddotF (2006) From single to multiple deticit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pemet e Anderssn J Paulesu E amp D emonet JF (2009) When ail hypotheses are right a multifocal
accounf of dyslexia J-hol1al1 Bmil1 A1appil1g 30 2278-92
Perry e Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) N ested incremental modehng in th e development of
computational theories The CDP+ model of reading aloud Psychological Review 114273- 315
Plaza M amp (ohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual altention in early
reading and sp_c1ling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) Th e time course of CQmpetition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimelltal Psychology Human Pcrception and Performance 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend W E Jenner AR Kats L Prost Sj Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading diGability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation ami Developmental Disabilities Research Rcvh1vs 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfun ction Current Opilion in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
joumal ofCogl1itive Neuroscience 14757- 68
Reynolds JH amp Heeger DJ (2009) The normalization model of attention Neurol 61168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrdevant visual information
in dyslexia Bmir 130 771- 85
Ruffino tv1 Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Giovagnoli S Menghini D et al (2010a) Attcntional
engagem ent deficits in dyslexic children NellropsyciJologia 48 3793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 Franceschini S amp Facoett i A (2010h) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
exclusion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perccption 39 80
Shamma SA amp Micheyl e (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currcnt Opi1lio1l Neurobiology 20 361-6
1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimenlil1 PsycilOlogy HlImal1 Perceptiollllnd Performame 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 FranceschiniS amp Facoetti A (2010b) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
Sharn ma SA amp Micheyl C (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currellt Opinion Neu robiology 20 361-6
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in
developmental dyslexia Nature Neuroscience 8 862-3
Stein J amp Walsh V (1997) To see but 110t to read The magnocellular theory of dyslexia Trends in NeuroSciencc 20 147-52
Stevens C Fanning J Coch D Sanders L amp Meville H (2008) Neural mechanisms of selective
auditory attcntional enhanced by computerized training ElectrophySiological evidence from
language-impaired and typicaUy developing children Brain ResClIrch 1205 55-69
Stevens C Sanders L amp Neville H (2006) NeurophysiologicaJ evidence for selective auditory
attention deficits in children mth specific language impairment Brain Research 111 143-52
Tallal P (2004) Improving language and literacy is a matter of time Nature Review Neuroscience 5721-8
Thomas CJ (1905) Congenital word blindness and its treatmcnt Ophthalmoscope 3 380--5
Turkeltaub PE Gareau L Flowers DL Zeffiro TA amp Eden GF (2003) Development of neural
mechanisms for reading Natnc Neuroscience 6 767-73
VaJdois S Bosse ML amp Tainturier MJ (2004) The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental
dyslexia review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder Dyslexia 10339-63
Valdois S Carbonnel SJuphard A Baciu M Ans B Peyrin C ct al (2006) Polysyllabic
pseudo-word processing in reading and lexical decision Converging evidencefrom behavioral data
connectionist simulations and functional MRI Bmin Research 1085149- 62
Van der Lubbe RH amp Keuss PJ (200 1) Focused attention reduces the effect oflJtcral interference in
multi-element arrays Psychological Research 65107-18
Vellutino FR Fletcher JM Snowling MJ amp Scanlon DM (2004) Specific reading disability
(dyslexia) What have wc learned in tiLe past four decades )ollll1al ofChild Psychology and Psychiatty 45 2-40
Vidyasagar TR amp Pammer K (2010) Dyslexia a deficit in visuo-spatial attention not in
phonological processing Trends il Cognitive Science 1457-63
Whitney C amp Cornelissen P (2005) Letter position encoding and dyslexia loumal ofResearch ill Rcadirg 28 274-301
Wright BA Bowen RW amp Zecker SG (2000) Nonlinguistic perceptual deficits associated mth
reading and language disorders CIlTent Opinion ill Neurobiology 10482-6
Ziegler JC amp Goswami U (2005) Reading acquisition developmental dyslexia and skilled reading
across languages A psycholinguistic grain size theory Psychological Bulletin 1313-29
Zieglb Je Perry C Wyatt AM Ladner D t Schulte-Korne G (2003) Developmental dyslexia in
different languages Language-specific or universal lotlnal Ofpound1)crimental Child Psychology 86169-93
Ziegkr JC Pech-Georgel C George F Alario Fx Lorenzi C (2005) Deficits in speech perception
predict language learning impairment Proceedings of the National Academy ofScicnces ofthe United States ofAmerica 2714110-15
Ziegler JC Pech-Georgel C George F amp Lorenzi C (2009) Speech perception in noise deficits in
dyslexia Developmental Scicnce 12 732-45
Zorzi M (2005) Computational models of reading In G Houghton (Ed) Conncctionist modcls ill cogshynitive pSychology pp 403~H London Psychology Press
Zorzi M Barbiero C Facoetti A Lonciari I Carroni M Montico M Bravar L George F Pechshy
George C amp Ziegler J (2012) Extra-Large Letter Spacing Improves Reading in Dyslexia
Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmcrica in press
150 1m the pag
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SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 135
Kinsey K Rormiddotc M Hans n P Richardson A amp Stein J (2004) t-lagnocdlular mediated
visual-spatlal attention and reading ability Nellroreport 15 2215- 18
Ladavas E Umilta C amp Mapclli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslCoxia Ncuropsychologia 35 1075-85
Lallier M Tainturier M J Dering R Donnadieu S Valdois S Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evid ence for amodaJ sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia Nellropsyrhologia 48 4 125- 35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD D rislane FW amp Galaburda AM (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evidence fo r a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the National Academy o(Scicnccs of United States ofA merica 88 7943-7
tvlartelli M Di FiLippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia jOllrnal of Vision 9 1- 18
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaen e S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusiform gyrus Trellds ill Cogl1itive Science 7 293-9
Menghini D Finzi A Benassi M Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli 5 et al (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developlilental dyslexia a comparative study
Neuropsyclzolugia 48 863- 72
Montani V Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublexical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pam m er K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2084) Symbol-string sensitivity and childrens
reading Brain 6- Langwlge 89 601-10
Peili DG (2008) Crowding A cortical constraint on object recognition Current Opiniol1 in
Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BmiddotF (2006) From single to multiple deticit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pemet e Anderssn J Paulesu E amp D emonet JF (2009) When ail hypotheses are right a multifocal
accounf of dyslexia J-hol1al1 Bmil1 A1appil1g 30 2278-92
Perry e Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) N ested incremental modehng in th e development of
computational theories The CDP+ model of reading aloud Psychological Review 114273- 315
Plaza M amp (ohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual altention in early
reading and sp_c1ling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) Th e time course of CQmpetition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimelltal Psychology Human Pcrception and Performance 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend W E Jenner AR Kats L Prost Sj Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading diGability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation ami Developmental Disabilities Research Rcvh1vs 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfun ction Current Opilion in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
joumal ofCogl1itive Neuroscience 14757- 68
Reynolds JH amp Heeger DJ (2009) The normalization model of attention Neurol 61168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrdevant visual information
in dyslexia Bmir 130 771- 85
Ruffino tv1 Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Giovagnoli S Menghini D et al (2010a) Attcntional
engagem ent deficits in dyslexic children NellropsyciJologia 48 3793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 Franceschini S amp Facoett i A (2010h) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
exclusion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perccption 39 80
Shamma SA amp Micheyl e (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currcnt Opi1lio1l Neurobiology 20 361-6
1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimenlil1 PsycilOlogy HlImal1 Perceptiollllnd Performame 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 FranceschiniS amp Facoetti A (2010b) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
Sharn ma SA amp Micheyl C (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currellt Opinion Neu robiology 20 361-6
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in
developmental dyslexia Nature Neuroscience 8 862-3
Stein J amp Walsh V (1997) To see but 110t to read The magnocellular theory of dyslexia Trends in NeuroSciencc 20 147-52
Stevens C Fanning J Coch D Sanders L amp Meville H (2008) Neural mechanisms of selective
auditory attcntional enhanced by computerized training ElectrophySiological evidence from
language-impaired and typicaUy developing children Brain ResClIrch 1205 55-69
Stevens C Sanders L amp Neville H (2006) NeurophysiologicaJ evidence for selective auditory
attention deficits in children mth specific language impairment Brain Research 111 143-52
Tallal P (2004) Improving language and literacy is a matter of time Nature Review Neuroscience 5721-8
Thomas CJ (1905) Congenital word blindness and its treatmcnt Ophthalmoscope 3 380--5
Turkeltaub PE Gareau L Flowers DL Zeffiro TA amp Eden GF (2003) Development of neural
mechanisms for reading Natnc Neuroscience 6 767-73
VaJdois S Bosse ML amp Tainturier MJ (2004) The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental
dyslexia review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder Dyslexia 10339-63
Valdois S Carbonnel SJuphard A Baciu M Ans B Peyrin C ct al (2006) Polysyllabic
pseudo-word processing in reading and lexical decision Converging evidencefrom behavioral data
connectionist simulations and functional MRI Bmin Research 1085149- 62
Van der Lubbe RH amp Keuss PJ (200 1) Focused attention reduces the effect oflJtcral interference in
multi-element arrays Psychological Research 65107-18
Vellutino FR Fletcher JM Snowling MJ amp Scanlon DM (2004) Specific reading disability
(dyslexia) What have wc learned in tiLe past four decades )ollll1al ofChild Psychology and Psychiatty 45 2-40
Vidyasagar TR amp Pammer K (2010) Dyslexia a deficit in visuo-spatial attention not in
phonological processing Trends il Cognitive Science 1457-63
Whitney C amp Cornelissen P (2005) Letter position encoding and dyslexia loumal ofResearch ill Rcadirg 28 274-301
Wright BA Bowen RW amp Zecker SG (2000) Nonlinguistic perceptual deficits associated mth
reading and language disorders CIlTent Opinion ill Neurobiology 10482-6
Ziegler JC amp Goswami U (2005) Reading acquisition developmental dyslexia and skilled reading
across languages A psycholinguistic grain size theory Psychological Bulletin 1313-29
Zieglb Je Perry C Wyatt AM Ladner D t Schulte-Korne G (2003) Developmental dyslexia in
different languages Language-specific or universal lotlnal Ofpound1)crimental Child Psychology 86169-93
Ziegkr JC Pech-Georgel C George F Alario Fx Lorenzi C (2005) Deficits in speech perception
predict language learning impairment Proceedings of the National Academy ofScicnces ofthe United States ofAmerica 2714110-15
Ziegler JC Pech-Georgel C George F amp Lorenzi C (2009) Speech perception in noise deficits in
dyslexia Developmental Scicnce 12 732-45
Zorzi M (2005) Computational models of reading In G Houghton (Ed) Conncctionist modcls ill cogshynitive pSychology pp 403~H London Psychology Press
Zorzi M Barbiero C Facoetti A Lonciari I Carroni M Montico M Bravar L George F Pechshy
George C amp Ziegler J (2012) Extra-Large Letter Spacing Improves Reading in Dyslexia
Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmcrica in press
150 1m the pag
tem ha
neural
started
cortica
ters an norma
that th
to be reo
ing on
readiuc
wOTkin
tude of just wil
Exist umque
the GU
serioU
scienli
tiOJ1 ~
et aI
has al COTlH
1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimenlil1 PsycilOlogy HlImal1 Perceptiollllnd Performame 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 FranceschiniS amp Facoetti A (2010b) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
Sharn ma SA amp Micheyl C (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currellt Opinion Neu robiology 20 361-6
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in
developmental dyslexia Nature Neuroscience 8 862-3
Stein J amp Walsh V (1997) To see but 110t to read The magnocellular theory of dyslexia Trends in NeuroSciencc 20 147-52
Stevens C Fanning J Coch D Sanders L amp Meville H (2008) Neural mechanisms of selective
auditory attcntional enhanced by computerized training ElectrophySiological evidence from
language-impaired and typicaUy developing children Brain ResClIrch 1205 55-69
Stevens C Sanders L amp Neville H (2006) NeurophysiologicaJ evidence for selective auditory
attention deficits in children mth specific language impairment Brain Research 111 143-52
Tallal P (2004) Improving language and literacy is a matter of time Nature Review Neuroscience 5721-8
Thomas CJ (1905) Congenital word blindness and its treatmcnt Ophthalmoscope 3 380--5
Turkeltaub PE Gareau L Flowers DL Zeffiro TA amp Eden GF (2003) Development of neural
mechanisms for reading Natnc Neuroscience 6 767-73
VaJdois S Bosse ML amp Tainturier MJ (2004) The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental
dyslexia review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder Dyslexia 10339-63
Valdois S Carbonnel SJuphard A Baciu M Ans B Peyrin C ct al (2006) Polysyllabic
pseudo-word processing in reading and lexical decision Converging evidencefrom behavioral data
connectionist simulations and functional MRI Bmin Research 1085149- 62
Van der Lubbe RH amp Keuss PJ (200 1) Focused attention reduces the effect oflJtcral interference in
multi-element arrays Psychological Research 65107-18
Vellutino FR Fletcher JM Snowling MJ amp Scanlon DM (2004) Specific reading disability
(dyslexia) What have wc learned in tiLe past four decades )ollll1al ofChild Psychology and Psychiatty 45 2-40
Vidyasagar TR amp Pammer K (2010) Dyslexia a deficit in visuo-spatial attention not in
phonological processing Trends il Cognitive Science 1457-63
Whitney C amp Cornelissen P (2005) Letter position encoding and dyslexia loumal ofResearch ill Rcadirg 28 274-301
Wright BA Bowen RW amp Zecker SG (2000) Nonlinguistic perceptual deficits associated mth
reading and language disorders CIlTent Opinion ill Neurobiology 10482-6
Ziegler JC amp Goswami U (2005) Reading acquisition developmental dyslexia and skilled reading
across languages A psycholinguistic grain size theory Psychological Bulletin 1313-29
Zieglb Je Perry C Wyatt AM Ladner D t Schulte-Korne G (2003) Developmental dyslexia in
different languages Language-specific or universal lotlnal Ofpound1)crimental Child Psychology 86169-93
Ziegkr JC Pech-Georgel C George F Alario Fx Lorenzi C (2005) Deficits in speech perception
predict language learning impairment Proceedings of the National Academy ofScicnces ofthe United States ofAmerica 2714110-15
Ziegler JC Pech-Georgel C George F amp Lorenzi C (2009) Speech perception in noise deficits in
dyslexia Developmental Scicnce 12 732-45
Zorzi M (2005) Computational models of reading In G Houghton (Ed) Conncctionist modcls ill cogshynitive pSychology pp 403~H London Psychology Press
Zorzi M Barbiero C Facoetti A Lonciari I Carroni M Montico M Bravar L George F Pechshy
George C amp Ziegler J (2012) Extra-Large Letter Spacing Improves Reading in Dyslexia
Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmcrica in press
150 1m the pag
tem ha
neural
started
cortica
ters an norma
that th
to be reo
ing on
readiuc
wOTkin
tude of just wil
Exist umque
the GU
serioU
scienli
tiOJ1 ~
et aI
has al COTlH
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in
developmental dyslexia Nature Neuroscience 8 862-3
Stein J amp Walsh V (1997) To see but 110t to read The magnocellular theory of dyslexia Trends in NeuroSciencc 20 147-52
Stevens C Fanning J Coch D Sanders L amp Meville H (2008) Neural mechanisms of selective
auditory attcntional enhanced by computerized training ElectrophySiological evidence from
language-impaired and typicaUy developing children Brain ResClIrch 1205 55-69
Stevens C Sanders L amp Neville H (2006) NeurophysiologicaJ evidence for selective auditory
attention deficits in children mth specific language impairment Brain Research 111 143-52
Tallal P (2004) Improving language and literacy is a matter of time Nature Review Neuroscience 5721-8
Thomas CJ (1905) Congenital word blindness and its treatmcnt Ophthalmoscope 3 380--5
Turkeltaub PE Gareau L Flowers DL Zeffiro TA amp Eden GF (2003) Development of neural
mechanisms for reading Natnc Neuroscience 6 767-73
VaJdois S Bosse ML amp Tainturier MJ (2004) The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental
dyslexia review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder Dyslexia 10339-63
Valdois S Carbonnel SJuphard A Baciu M Ans B Peyrin C ct al (2006) Polysyllabic
pseudo-word processing in reading and lexical decision Converging evidencefrom behavioral data
connectionist simulations and functional MRI Bmin Research 1085149- 62
Van der Lubbe RH amp Keuss PJ (200 1) Focused attention reduces the effect oflJtcral interference in
multi-element arrays Psychological Research 65107-18
Vellutino FR Fletcher JM Snowling MJ amp Scanlon DM (2004) Specific reading disability
(dyslexia) What have wc learned in tiLe past four decades )ollll1al ofChild Psychology and Psychiatty 45 2-40
Vidyasagar TR amp Pammer K (2010) Dyslexia a deficit in visuo-spatial attention not in
phonological processing Trends il Cognitive Science 1457-63
Whitney C amp Cornelissen P (2005) Letter position encoding and dyslexia loumal ofResearch ill Rcadirg 28 274-301
Wright BA Bowen RW amp Zecker SG (2000) Nonlinguistic perceptual deficits associated mth
reading and language disorders CIlTent Opinion ill Neurobiology 10482-6
Ziegler JC amp Goswami U (2005) Reading acquisition developmental dyslexia and skilled reading
across languages A psycholinguistic grain size theory Psychological Bulletin 1313-29
Zieglb Je Perry C Wyatt AM Ladner D t Schulte-Korne G (2003) Developmental dyslexia in
different languages Language-specific or universal lotlnal Ofpound1)crimental Child Psychology 86169-93
Ziegkr JC Pech-Georgel C George F Alario Fx Lorenzi C (2005) Deficits in speech perception
predict language learning impairment Proceedings of the National Academy ofScicnces ofthe United States ofAmerica 2714110-15
Ziegler JC Pech-Georgel C George F amp Lorenzi C (2009) Speech perception in noise deficits in
dyslexia Developmental Scicnce 12 732-45
Zorzi M (2005) Computational models of reading In G Houghton (Ed) Conncctionist modcls ill cogshynitive pSychology pp 403~H London Psychology Press
Zorzi M Barbiero C Facoetti A Lonciari I Carroni M Montico M Bravar L George F Pechshy
George C amp Ziegler J (2012) Extra-Large Letter Spacing Improves Reading in Dyslexia
Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmcrica in press
150 1m the pag
tem ha
neural
started
cortica
ters an norma
that th
to be reo
ing on
readiuc
wOTkin
tude of just wil
Exist umque
the GU
serioU
scienli
tiOJ1 ~
et aI
has al COTlH
