Virtual Reality, Challenge and Medical TreatmentPhilosophies of Medicine ! 20th Century Western...
Transcript of Virtual Reality, Challenge and Medical TreatmentPhilosophies of Medicine ! 20th Century Western...
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Virtual Reality, Challenge and Medical Treatment
Jim Blascovich May14, 2011
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The Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge/Threat Meets
Virtual Reality
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Overview
n Medical Philosophy n BPS Model of Challenge and Threat n Immersive Virtual Reality Technology n Synergistic Health Applications
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Philosophies of Medicine
n 20th Century Western Model of Medicine q Based on Cartesian dualism
n (separation of mind and body) q Biological cause and effect q Cures based on “Magic Bullets”
n Wholistic Model q Based on Monism
n (integration of mind and body) q Held sway for the better part of human history and re-
emerged during the late 20th Century in the West q Integrative biopsychosocial treatments
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“A relaxed attitude lengthens life..” Proverbs 14:30
“It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task, which more than anything else, will affect it’s successful outcome.” - William James
"The secret of health for both mind and body is … to live the present moment wisely and earnestly." - Siddartha Guatama Buddha
“Points”
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Marcia Angell, M.D. NEJM, June 13, 1985
…, it is time to acknowledge that our belief in disease as a direct reflection of mental state is largely folklore.
“Counterpoints”
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…there’s no evidence .. that an upbeat attitude can prevent any illness or help someone recover from one more readily. Cancer doesn’t care if we’re good or bad, virtuous or vicious, compassionate or inconsiderate. Neither does heart disease or AIDS or any other illness or injury. Richard P. Sloan, Ph.D., Professor of
Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University NYT, January 24, 2011
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What is meant by “mental state” or “upbeat attitudes” in such discourse?
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“Mental States” or “Attitude”
n Can mean many things colloquially. n Categorically
q Affect—positivity vs negativity of feelings q Cognition—automatic vs deliberate thoughts q Motivation—challenge vs threat
n Can physicians prescribe an attitude?
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The Biopsychosocial Model of…
Motivation
Challenge & Threat
Context
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Performance Situation
Challenge
Threat
Processes
Deliberate
Automatic
Affect
Cognition
Affect
Cognition
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Key Motivational States
n Challenge--when resources roughly equal or outweigh demands q Indexed by Dienstbier’s neuroendocrine-based
markers of physiological toughness (SAM Axis)
n Threat--when demands outweigh resources. q Indexed by Dienstbier’s neuroendocrine-based
markers of physiological weakness (SAM+HPA Axis)
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Total Peripheral Resistance (Resistance Units)
-120-100-80-60-40-200204060
-0.5
0.5
1.5
Cardiac Output (L/m)
Cardiovascular patterns associated with physiological toughness/weakness
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Heart Rate
0
2
4
6
8
Ventricular Contractility (PEP x (-1))
C T
0
2
4
6
8
Ventricular Contractility (PEP x (-1))
C T
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DIENSTBIER’S CARDIOVASCULAR INDEXES n Challenge
q HR increases q VC increases q Vasodilation q Blood Flow increases
n Threat q HR increases q VC increases q Vasoconstriction q Blood Flow is static or
decreases
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Does threat lead to negative health effects?
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n Proximally q Threat causes vasoconstriction and increased
blood pressure. q Repeated vasoconstriction and increased blood
pressure leads to coronary heart disease
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n Distally q Threat causes immune suppression (Kiecolt-
Glaser & Glaser) q Immune suppression puts people at greater risk of
disease via pathogens.
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What are antecedents to threat?
q Dispositions n Type A
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Type A Behavior Pattern
n Intense Drive; Ambition; Need for Achievement
n Time urgent; competitive; need to control
n Aggressive, Hostile n Multitasker n Talks fast, walks fast,
finish other’s sentences
n Rarely sees doctor; never sees psychiatrist
n Seldom out sick n Values respect, not liking n Hates vacations n Accepts and sticks to
difficult goals
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What are antecedents to threat?
q Dispositional n Type A n Defensive Pessimism
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Defensive Pessimism
n Academic Defensive Pessimism n Imagery Manipulation
q negative q neutral q positive
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Remote Associates Task (RAT)
n blue, smell, head, and ? n cold, white, ball, and ? n Shakespeare, king, skunk, and ?
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Results (Seery et al., 2008)
-100
-50
0
50
100
Relax Positive Negative
Defensive Pessimists
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Relax Positive Negative
Defensive Pessimists
CO TPR
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Results (Seery et al., 2008)
60
80
100
Relax Positive Negative
Defensive Pessimists
Performance
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What else facilitates threat?
q Dispositions Cognitions n Type A n Defensive Pessimism
q Affectively Negative Environmental Cues n Stigma
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Stigma
…is associated with membership in groups devalued by the socially dominant cultural group…
--Crocker, Major & Steele, 1998
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Bearer’s Perspective
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Members of stigmatized groups…
n experience threat via prejudice and discrimination q Directly q Indirectly
n have disproportionately high morbidity and mortality
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Dispositions associated with challenge
n Belief in a Just World n Resilience (Major et al.; Taylor et al.)
q Self-esteem q Optimism q Control
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n Attitude (define) q Functionality
n Affective Cues in the Environment q Grounded Reality (e.g., music, pets)
Other psychological concepts
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Music and Surgeons Allen & Blascovich, JAMA (1994)
n Background n Participants n Recruitment n Design n Procedures
q Music conditions (own, Pachelbel, none) q Serial subtraction
n Results
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Music and Surgeons Allen & Blascovich, JAMA (1994)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Performance
OwnMusic"D"
None
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Music and Surgeons Allen & Blascovich, JAMA (1994)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Mean ArterialPressure
OwnMusic"D"
None
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The Truth about Dogs and Cats
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Allen, Blascovich, Tomaka & Kelsey 1991
Lab Home
(Exp) (Dog) (BFF) BFF Dog Exp
Stressor (serial sub- Traction)
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Allen, Blascovich, Tomaka & Kelsey 1991
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Home
Exp P/F Spouse P/F+ Spouse
Stressor (serial sub- Traction)
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Virtual Reality
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Via virtual reality technology, threat and can be reduced via distraction…
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In burn patients…
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…and in chemotherapy patients.
Dr. Susan Schneider
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Reducing threat is only half the story.
n Challenge q HR increases q VC increases q Vasodilation q Blood Flow increases
n Threat q HR increases q VC increases q Vasoconstriction q Blood Flow is static or
decreases
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Chemo Dosage
n Initially based on body weight.
n Adjusted according to effectiveness
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Hypothesis
Using virtual reality technology, blood flow can be increased via virtual immersion of the patient in activities in which the patient has a resource to demand ratio advantage (i.e., is challenged).
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Challenge as a Mental State
Challenge Positive Consequences
Mediators Challenge
0
2
4
6
8
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
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What is virtually induced “challenge” good for?
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Increasing Blood Flow!
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Blood Flow
n Generally increases the efficacy of medication q Delivery of pharmacologic agents
n Decreases side effects
q Less toxicity q Better elimination of waste products
(metabolites and necrotic tissue)
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Increasing the efficacy of medications!
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Increasing the efficacy of chemotherapy!
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Increasing the efficacy of radiation!
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Research Objective
n Increase the efficacy of cancer treatments such as radiation and chemotherapy.
n Reduce the potentially insidious harm during treatment that comes to cancer and other patients via social stigma.
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Research Issues
n Test the hypothesis that challenge effects (e.g., increased blood flow) can be sustained in VR environments.
n Test the hypotheses that such blood flow potentiates chemotherapy and/or facilitates removal of waste products from treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation.
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